Abstract In the context of the international political economy, the human rights protection regime and the foreign investor regime are in tension because of a legal architecture that privileges freedom of capital. A content analysis of the Escazú Agreement would reveal, with respect to access to justice in environmental matters, that individuals and civil society have access to judicial and administrative instances contemplated in national legislation, while foreign investors under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and free trade agreements (FTAs) have access to justice through international arbitration tribunals that are not always independent, impartial and that privilege the interests of the market. This legal architecture conditions the actions of States in relation to society and its rights. The conclusions point out that the Escazú Agreement faces legal challenges in terms of the investor protection regime, where economic guarantees limit concrete actions to address the climate crisis, protect the environment or enforce human rights.

Resumen En el contexto de la economía política internacional, el régimen de protección de derechos humanos y el régimen de inversores extranjeros atraviesan tensiones como resultado de una arquitectura jurídica que privilegia la libertad de capitales. Un análisis de contenido del Acuerdo de Escazú revelaría, respecto al acceso a la justicia en temas ambientales, que las personas y la sociedad civil acceden a instancias judiciales y administrativas contempladas en la legislación nacional de cada país, mientras que los inversores extranjeros, bajo la figura de los tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBI) y libre comercio (TLC), recurren a la justicia mediante tribunales de arbitraje internacional que no siempre son independientes, imparciales y que privilegian los intereses del mercado. Esta arquitectura jurídica condiciona el accionar de los Estados frente a la sociedad civil y sus derechos. El Acuerdo de Escazú atraviesa desafíos jurídicos frente al régimen de protección a los inversores, en el cual las garantías económicas limitan las acciones concretas para abordar la crisis climática, proteger el medioambiente o hacer efectivos los derechos humanos.

Resumen Raúl Dorra se propuso estudiar los modos en que la articulación ininterrumpida entre las formas de la percepción hace sentido. Ese estudio se proyectó en un cuantioso número de artículos y en la elaboración de tres tratados de los que dos se publicaron bajo los títulos La retórica como arte de la mirada y La casa y el caracol. El tercer tratado que llevaría el título La escritura: entre lo visible y lo audible no fue publicado en vida de quien fuera el fundador del Programa de Semiótica y Estudios de la Significación. En este trabajo propongo revisar los temas de la empresa que fue el estudio de los materiales sensibles del sentido a partir del tránsito del cuerpo entre la respiración y la enunciación.

Abstract Raúl Dorra had the purpose of studying the ways in which the uninterrupted articulation between the forms of perception makes sense. This study was projected in many articles and in the elaboration of three treaties of which two were published under the titles La retórica como arte de la mirada (Rhetoric as an art of the gaze) y La casa y el caracol (The house and the snail). The third treaty bearing the title La escritura: entre lo visible y lo audible (Writing: between the visible and the audible) was not published in the life of the founder of the Programa de Semiótica y Estudios de la Significación. In this paper I propose to review the themes of the company that was the study of the sensitive materials of sense from the transit of the body between breathing and enunciation.

Résumé Raúl Dorra a entrepris d'étudier la manière dont l'articulation ininterrompue entre les formes de perception fait sens. Cette étude s’est projetée à travers un grand nombre d'articles et de la rédaction de trois traités, dont deux ont été publiés sous les titres La retórica como arte de la mirada (La rhétorique comme art du regard) et La casa y el caracol (La maison et l'escargot). Le troisième traité, intitulé La escritura: entre lo visible y lo audible (L'écriture : entre le visible et l'audible), n'a pas été publié du vivant du fondateur du Programa de Semiótica y Estudios de la Significación. Dans cet article, je me propose de passer en revue les thèmes de cette entreprise qui consistait à étudier les matériaux sensibles du sens à partir du passage du corps entre la respiration et l'énonciation.

Resumo O artigo examina o que determina o papel dos legisladores em comissões quando analisam tratados internacionais. Empregando a Análise Qualitativa Comparativa com um banco de dados original, a investigação cobre o caso do Protocolo de Adesão da Venezuela ao Mercado Comum do Sul e o período no qual passou pelo Congresso Nacional brasileiro. Concluímos que a pertença ou não à coligação que governa se sobrepõe a outros determinantes.

Abstract The article assesses what determines the role played by legislators in committees when analysing international treaties. Employing Qualitative Comparative Analysis with an original dataset, the investigation covers the case of the Protocol of Accession of Venezuela to the Southern Common Market and the period in which it passed through the Brazilian National Congress. We find that belonging or not to the ruling coalition upstages other confounders.

Abstract: The Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) has requested a modification of its Statute to address the challenges arising from an increasing workload. The aim is to redefine the competence of the EU courts in order to enable them to continue to fulfill, within a reasonable time, the mission assigned to them by the drafters of the Treaties in Article 19(1) of the EU Treaty. (“TEU”), namely, ensuring that “the law is respected in the interpretation and application of the Treaties.” The reform specifically provides for a partial transfer of interpretative powers to the General Court (“TG”), combined with the power of the CJEU to deal with matters of particular relevance. Furthermore, the possibility of bringing an appeal to the CJEU will be limited if the appeal boards of the EU agencies have already carried out a legal review in the first instance. A number of safeguards will avoid a situation where the sharing of the workload between two different courts could have a negative effect on the uniformity and consistency of case law.

Résumé: La Cour de justice de l'Union européenne («CJUE») a demandé une modification de son statut afin de faire face aux défis découlant d'une charge de travail croissante. L’objectif est de redéfinir la compétence des juridictions de l’Union européenne afin de leur permettre de continuer à remplir, dans un délai raisonnable, la mission qui leur a été assignée par les rédacteurs des traités, conformément à l’article 19, paragraphe 1, du traité UE («TUE»), à savoir veiller à ce que « le droit soit respecté dans l’interprétation et l’application des traités». La réforme prévoit spécifiquement un transfert partiel des pouvoirs d’interprétation au Tribunal («TG»), ainsi que la compétence de la CJUE de traiter des questions particulièrement pertinentes. En outre, la possibilité de faire appel devant la CJUE sera limitée si les chambres de recours au sein des agences de l'UE ont déjà procédé à un contrôle juridictionnel en première instance. Un certain nombre de garanties permettront d'éviter une situation dans laquelle le partage de la charge de travail entre deux juridictions différentes pourrait avoir un effet négatif sur l'uniformité et la cohérence de la jurisprudence.

Resumo: O Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia (“TJUE”) solicitou uma alteração do seu Estatuto para fazer face aos desafios decorrentes de uma carga de trabalho crescente. O objetivo é redefinir a competência dos tribunais da UE, a fim de lhes permitir continuar a cumprir, num prazo razoável, a missão que lhes foi atribuída pelos redatores dos Tratados no artigo 19.º, n.º 1, do Tratado UE (“TUE”), nomeadamente, garantir que “a lei é respeitada na interpretação e aplicação dos Tratados”. A reforma prevê especificamente uma transferência parcial de competências interpretativas para o Tribunal Geral (“TG”), combinada com a competência do TJUE para tratar de questões de particular relevância. Além disso, a possibilidade de interpor recurso para o TJUE será limitada se as comissões de recurso das agências da UE já tiverem realizado uma revisão jurídica em primeira instância. Uma série de salvaguardas evitarão uma situação em que a partilha da carga de trabalho entre dois tribunais diferentes possa ter um efeito negativo na uniformidade e na coerência da jurisprudência.

Resumen: El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (“TJUE”) ha solicitado una modificación de su Estatuto para hacer frente a los retos derivados de una carga de trabajo cada vez mayor. El objetivo es redefinir la competencia de los órganos jurisdiccionales de la UE con el fin de permitirles seguir cumpliendo, en un plazo razonable, la misión que les han asignado los redactores de los Tratados en el artículo 19, apartado 1, del Tratado de la UE (“TUE”), a saber, garantizar que “en la interpretación y aplicación de los Tratados se respete el Derecho”. La reforma prevé concretamente una transferencia parcial de las competencias interpretativas al Tribunal General (“TG”), combinada con la facultad del TJUE de tratar asuntos de especial relevancia. Además, la posibilidad de interponer un recurso ante el TJUE se limitará si las salas de recurso de las agencias de la UE ya han llevado a cabo una revisión jurídica en primera instancia. Una serie de salvaguardias evitarán una situación en la que el reparto de la carga de trabajo por dos órganos jurisdiccionales distintos pueda tener un efecto negativo en la uniformidad y coherencia de la jurisprudencia.

Resumo O Corredor Rodoviário Bioceânico, também conhecido como Rota Bioceânica tem por escopo implantar uma ligação terrestre que facilite a integração entre Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Paraguai, propiciando inclusive a conexão entre os oceanos atlântico e pacífico. Como consequências desta cooperação internacional, visa-se, primeiramente, o crescimento econômico da região central da América do Sul. Porém, além do viés econômico, vislumbra-se outras influências que o Corredor Rodoviário Bioceânico poderá trazer, como nas esferas jurídico-social. Insta destacar que a globalização vigente traz como corolário a mobilidade humana, e dentro disso são distintas as razões que levam ao processo migratório, dentre eles o laboral. Assim, com a perspectiva no aumento da migração laboral internacional entre os cidadãos de nacionalidade dos quatro países, tem-se por objetivo abordar a importância da Rede de Universidade da Rota de Integração Latino Americana (UniRILA), formada por universidades, dos quatro Estados soberanos, nos debates jurídicos, com o escopo de uniformização das legislações nacionais. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, ter-se-á o Brasil e sua legislação, no campo dos direitos sociais, como referência para tratar as normas de migração laboral dos outros três Estados. Apesar das significativas discussões no âmbito jurídico sobre migração laboral, dentro da UniRILA, chegou-se como resultado de que no campo legislativo pouco ou nada se alterou até o momento, em parte em função da dificuldade em se visualizar os problemas legais vindouros que a migração laboral internacional pode trazer. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada é a pesquisa dedutiva, qualitativa e bibliográfica, calcada em tratados, legislação, doutrina, artigos científicos, bem como sites oficiais e não oficiais. Argentina Paraguai pacífico visase, visase visa se, visa-se primeiramente Sul Porém vislumbrase vislumbra trazer jurídicosocial. jurídicosocial social. social jurídico-social humana migratório Assim países temse UniRILA , (UniRILA) universidades soberanos jurídicos nacionais terseá ter á legislação sociais chegouse chegou momento tanto dedutiva bibliográfica tratados doutrina científicos (UniRILA

Abstract The Bioceanic Road Corridor, also known as the Bioceanic Route, aims to implement a land connection that facilitates the integration between Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay, even providing the connection between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. As a consequence of this international cooperation, the main aim is the economic growth of the central region of South America. However, in addition to the economic bias, other influences can be seen that the Bioceanic Road Corridor may bring, such as in the legal and social spheres. It urges to highlight that the current globalization brings human mobility as a corollary, and within that, the reasons that lead to the migratory process are different, among them the labor. Thus, with the perspective of increasing international labor migration among citizens of nationality of the four countries, the objective is to address the importance of the University Network of the Latin American Integration Route (UniRILA), formed by universities, from the four sovereign States, in legal debates, with the aim of standardizing national laws. For the development of the research, Brazil and its legislation, in the field of social rights, will be used as a reference to deal with the labor migration norms of the other three States. Despite the significant legal discussions on labor migration within UniRILA, the result has been that little or nothing has changed in the legislative field so far, partly due to the difficulty in visualizing the coming legal problems that migration international labor force can bring. Therefore, the methodology used is deductive, qualitative and bibliographical research, based on treaties, legislation, doctrine, scientific articles, as well as official and unofficial websites. Argentina Paraguay oceans cooperation America However bias bring spheres corollary different Thus countries UniRILA , (UniRILA) universities States debates laws research legislation rights far Therefore deductive treaties doctrine articles websites (UniRILA

Resumen El Corredor vial bioceánico, también conocido como Ruta Bioceánica, tiene como objetivo implementar una conexión terrestre que facilite la integración entre Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Paraguay, proporcionando incluso la conexión entre los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico. Como consecuencias de esta cooperación internacional, se busca, en primer lugar, el crecimiento económico de la región central de América del Sur. Sin embargo, además del sesgo económico, se pueden ver otras influencias que el Corredor vial bioceánico puede traer, como en el ámbito legal y social. Urge resaltar que la globalización actual trae como corolario la movilidad humana, y dentro de ello, las razones que conducen al proceso migratorio son diversas, entre ellas la laboral. Así, con la perspectiva de incrementar la migración laboral internacional entre ciudadanos de nacionalidad de los cuatro países, el objetivo es abordar la importancia de la Red Universitaria de la Ruta de la Integración Latinoamericana (UniRILA), formada por universidades, de los cuatro Estados soberanos, en debates jurídicos, con el objetivo de uniformar las leyes nacionales. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizará como referencia Brasil y su legislación, en el campo de los derechos sociales, para tratar las normas de migración laboral de los otros tres Estados. A pesar de las importantes discusiones legales sobre migración laboral dentro de UniRILA, el resultado ha sido que poco o nada ha cambiado en el campo legislativo hasta el momento, en parte debido a la dificultad para visualizar los problemas legales que se avecinan que puede traer la migración laboral internacional. Por lo tanto, la metodología utilizada es la investigación deductiva, cualitativa y bibliográfica, basada en tratados, legislación, doctrina, artículos científicos, así como sitios web oficiales y no oficiales. Bioceánica Argentina Paraguay Pacífico busca lugar Sur embargo social humana ello diversas Así países UniRILA , (UniRILA) universidades soberanos jurídicos nacionales legislación sociales momento tanto deductiva bibliográfica tratados doctrina científicos (UniRILA

Abstract The objective of the article is to analyze the adequacy of the institute of international adoption from the perspective of international treaties and conventions in the Legal Orders of the Federative Republic of Brazil and Portugal. The method used was deductive and the methodological procedures in the construction of the documentary corpus of analysis considered the theoretical frameworks that define international adoption and the identification of existing convergences and divergences in the legal categories provided for in the legislation of Brazil and Portugal. The research results indicate that the Legal Orders of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Portuguese Republic, with specific reference to the Institute of International Adoption, have adapted the respective constitutional regulations and infra-constitutional legislation in accordance with the principle of Comprehensive Protection for children and adolescents, taking as a reference the contributions of International Treaties and Conventions, resulting from the internationalist movement in defense of the full protection of children and adolescents. Portugal Adoption infraconstitutional infra adolescents Conventions

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é analisar a adequação do instituto da adoção internacional a partir do viés dos tratados e convenções internacionais nos Ordenamentos Jurídicos da República Federativa do Brasil e de Portugal. O método utilizado foi o dedutivo e os procedimentos metodológicos na construção do corpus documental da análise considerou os marcos teóricos que definem a adoção internacional e a identificação das convergências e divergências existentes nas categorias jurídicas previstas na legislação do Brasil e de Portugal. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que os Ordenamentos Jurídicos da República Federativa do Brasil e República Portuguesa, no que se refere especificamente ao Instituto da Adoção Internacional, adequaram as respectivas normatizações constitucionais e legislações infraconstitucionais em conformidade ao princípio da Proteção Integral à criança e ao adolescente, tomando por referência os aportes dos Tratados e Convenções Internacionais, resultantes do movimento internacionalista em defesa da proteção integral à criança e ao adolescente. Portugal Portuguesa Internacional adolescente Internacionais

This study examined the plausibility and role of theosis in Augustine's theory of divine illumination as a theologic framework for decolonising theology. Theologic refers to God's revelation about himself and his nature. Therefore, through an analysis of Augustine's dogmatic treatise concerning the nature of the Holy Trinity, this article argues that Augustine's theory of divine illumination is a precedent for God to speak about himself. Moreover, this theory of divine illumination is useful in developing a non-biased theoretical framework for decolonialism in theology today. At the centre of this theory is the inability of human beings to possess and command true knowledge as a result of inherent sin. However, in contrast, this highlights the graceful nature of God as he assists us in partaking in his glory and wisdom through theosis. Therefore, by incorporating Augustine's philosophical analyses into empirical studies, the purpose of this study was to discuss the following: (1) The theologic of Augustine's theory of divine illumination in the process of decolonising theology; (2) Augustine's comprehension and use of divine procession through a triadic function of the human mind in his treatise De Trinitate; and (3) the role and plausibility of theosis because of God's love in the process of learning and teaching. Through critical analysis of Augustine's philosophical thought, this study develops an ethical theoretical framework for decolonising theology. Thus, the key contention is to succinctly present Augustine's dogmatic thought rationally and logically in the process of his pragmatic stance. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This article develops an ethical theoretical framework for decolonising theology based on Augustine's theory of divine illumination. The theologic of his divine illumination theory posits the pragmatic stance of his inner teacher concept, which he argued was the one true teacher in his philosophical treaties. Conversely, the study of decolonisation advocates for the inculturation of knowledge as an inclusive praxis that does not perpetuate a Eurocentric worldview. Thus, the authority of Augustine's inner teacher concept in his theory of divine illumination becomes ideal and fundamental in developing ethical hermeneutical praxis because of God's love.

This article argues that beyond the obligation of states to respect, promote and fulfil the right to education, the obligation to protect, which is crucial, is often neglected. Additionally, it highlights that access to and availability of education is limited when states do not protect the school space by making it safe for learners. With a focus on Nigeria, the article argues that the lack of fulfilment of the obligation to protect by the Nigerian state is a violation of its obligations under international human rights law. Relying on Nigeria's commitments under various African human rights treaties, national law and policies, the article makes recommendations on how the obligation to protect can be realised and, thus, the right to education respected in its entirety in Nigeria.

Abstract Roquefort and Canastra cheese are products of animal origin with Geographical Identification recognition. They are made with raw milk in a centuries-old traditional production. To protect the unique identity and quality of products such as these, treaties and agreements have been passed in the international community. At the same time, a debate revolves around food safety due to the use of milk without heat treatment, which creates barriers to commercialization. Thus, international health standards, internalized in the legislation of the signatory countries, must be applied to traditional production, sometimes with adaptations. This study aimed to promote a non-systematic review, analyzing the content of commercial and health international treaties, agreements, and norms, and the Brazilian and French/European Union legislation, to evaluate the robustness of the foreseen regulation processes. It concluded that the surveyed documents have a comprehensive potential for the qualitative and sanitary protection of the products by implementing guarantees that are conditioned to the applicability of theory to practice in manufacturing, registering, and inspecting production in the evaluated countries and considering the need of consumption alerts for vulnerable population groups. recognition centuriesold centuries old these community time treatment commercialization Thus standards adaptations nonsystematic non systematic review norms FrenchEuropean French European processes manufacturing registering groups

Resumo Os queijos roquefort e canastra são produtos de origem animal com reconhecimento de identificação geográfica, fabricados com leite cru por meio de modos de produção centenários. Para proteção da identidade e qualidade únicas de produtos como esses, tratados e acordos foram celebrados na comunidade internacional. Ao mesmo tempo, há um debate quanto à segurança sanitária deles devido à utilização de leite sem processamento térmico, o que gera barreiras à sua comercialização, existindo normas sanitárias internacionais internalizadas na legislação dos países signatários que devem ser aplicadas à produção tradicional, mesmo que às vezes com adaptações. Este trabalho teve por objetivo promover uma revisão não sistemática ao analisar o conteúdo de tratados, acordos e normas internacionais, comerciais e sanitárias, além das legislações brasileira, francesa e da União Europeia, a fim de verificar a robustez dos processos de regulação previstos. Concluiu-se que os documentos levantados têm potencial abrangente para a proteção qualitativa e sanitária dos produtos elencados, ficando a concretização dessas garantias a cargo da aplicabilidade da teoria nos processos de fabricação, registro, fiscalização e inspeção dos países, não menosprezando a necessidade de alerta para grupos vulneráveis da população sobre o consumo desses produtos. geográfica centenários esses internacional tempo térmico comercialização tradicional adaptações brasileira Europeia previstos Concluiuse Concluiu se elencados fabricação registro

Resumo Os queijos roquefort e canastra são produtos de origem animal com reconhecimento de identificação geográfica, fabricados com leite cru por meio de modos de produção centenários. Para proteção da identidade e qualidade únicas de produtos como esses, tratados e acordos foram celebrados na comunidade internacional. Ao mesmo tempo, há um debate quanto à segurança sanitária deles devido à utilização de leite sem processamento térmico, o que gera barreiras à sua comercialização, existindo normas sanitárias internacionais internalizadas na legislação dos países signatários que devem ser aplicadas à produção tradicional, mesmo que às vezes com adaptações. Este trabalho teve por objetivo promover uma revisão não sistemática ao analisar o conteúdo de tratados, acordos e normas internacionais, comerciais e sanitárias, além das legislações brasileira, francesa e da União Europeia, a fim de verificar a robustez dos processos de regulação previstos. Concluiu-se que os documentos levantados têm potencial abrangente para a proteção qualitativa e sanitária dos produtos elencados, ficando a concretização dessas garantias a cargo da aplicabilidade da teoria nos processos de fabricação, registro, fiscalização e inspeção dos países, não menosprezando a necessidade de alerta para grupos vulneráveis da população sobre o consumo desses produtos.

Abstract Roquefort and Canastra cheese are products of animal origin with Geographical Identification recognition. They are made with raw milk in a centuries-old traditional production. To protect the unique identity and quality of products such as these, treaties and agreements have been passed in the international community. At the same time, a debate revolves around food safety due to the use of milk without heat treatment, which creates barriers to commercialization. Thus, international health standards, internalized in the legislation of the signatory countries, must be applied to traditional production, sometimes with adaptations. This study aimed to promote a non-systematic review, analyzing the content of commercial and health international treaties, agreements, and norms, and the Brazilian and French/European Union legislation, to evaluate the robustness of the foreseen regulation processes. It concluded that the surveyed documents have a comprehensive potential for the qualitative and sanitary protection of the products by implementing guarantees that are conditioned to the applicability of theory to practice in manufacturing, registering, and inspecting production in the evaluated countries and considering the need of consumption alerts for vulnerable population groups.

This article provides an overall assessment on the justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCRs) within the legal system of South Sudan. It establishes that, in theory, ESCRs are justiciable under the legal system of South Sudan in a complementary and collaborative manner at two levels, namely, the national and supranational. The article argues that ESCRs may in theory be legally and judicially enforceable by virtue of the Constitution and domestic legislation. Furthermore, ESCRs are justiciable by virtue of the automatic incorporation of numerous treaties into the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, with these treaties also effecting justiciability as part of the international treaty obligations of South Sudan. It further asserts that there are two parallel layers, national and supranational, which give effect to the legal realisation of ESCRs in South Sudan. This is presented through numerous domestic constitutional and legal provisions, and also international and regional treaty obligations of South Sudan. For that purpose, the article appraises relevant provisions in the Constitution, domestic laws, and United Nations and regional treaties to which South Sudan is a state party. In addition, the article examines a number of bodies and entities that are established by these frameworks to operationalise the enforcement of ESCRs. The article concludes that this composite situation forms a basis for all the instruments and structures to supplement and complement one another in a non-hierarchical perspective. The view expressed in the article is that the current status remains theoretical and is empirically and practically challenged by the factual realities that hinder and hamper the operationalisation of justiciability in South Sudan. It recommends that a practical test is required in order for a comprehensive legal jurisprudence about the justiciability of ESCRs in and for South Sudan to materialise.

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza la globalización económica, vista como una amenaza que no solo transgrede la soberanía de los Estados, sino que además vulnera la supremacía constitucional y las facultades de los poderes Ejecutivo y Legislativo, aumentando la brecha social y vulnerando los derechos sociales, económicos, y culturales, trastocando con ello a la democracia y al estado constitucional. Tras exponer de manera rápida sobre la globalización económica, el artículo se centra en explicar el progreso que ha tenido la globalización del derecho constitucional en el contexto latinoamericano y lo que implicaría dicho fenómeno conforme la percepción de Ferrajoli al llevar al modelo constitucional al plano internacional, desde dos perspectivas; por un lado, como una oportunidad de brindar mayor protección a los derechos a través de la incorporación de los tratados y convenios de derechos humanos en la Constitución y desde la perspectiva de ver a la globalización del derecho constitucional como una oportunidad de fortalecimiento para los poderes públicos. De la misma manera, se hace referencia a las consecuencias de la globalización económica en el derecho constitucional de América Latina. La metodología de este trabajo es cualitativa, teórica y exploratoria, que invita a los Estados a blindar sus constituciones para que estas no sean vistas solamente como un instrumento simbólico, sino como un instrumento válido que garantice los derechos de sus ciudadanos.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes economic globalization, seen as a threat that not only transgresses the sovereignty of states, but also violates constitutional supremacy and the powers of the executive and legislative powers, increasing the social gap and violating social, economic and cultural rights, thereby disrupting democracy and the constitutional state. After a quick exposition on economic globalization, the article focuses on explaining the progress made by the globalization of constitutional law in the Latin American context and what this phenomenon would imply according to Ferrajoli's perception by taking the constitutional model to the international level, from two perspectives; on the one hand as an opportunity to provide greater protection to fundamental rights through the incorporation of Human Rights Treaties and Conventions in the Constitution and from the perspective of seeing the globalization of Constitutional Law as an opportunity to strengthen public powers. In the same way, reference is made to the con sequences of economic globalization in Latin American constitutional law. The methodology of this work is qualitative, theoretical and exploratory. It invites the States to shield their constitutions so that they are not seen only as a symbolic instrument, but as a valid instrument that guarantees the rights of their citizens.

Resumen Este artículo evalúa los diferentes diseños constitucionales de recepción del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos que se han discutido en Chile a partir del modelo original de la Constitución de 1980. En cada modelo propuesto, aprobado o no, el contexto, se analiza el texto propuesto o aprobado, las mejoras que plantea cada modelo y sus problemas. Sobre esta base, se estudia la discusión actual en el marco del proceso constitucional 2023 y se proponen algunas bases mínimas para resolver este tema pendiente en Chile desde hace más de cuatro décadas.

Abstract This article evaluates the different constitutional designs of reception of International Human Rights Law that have been discussed in Chile based on the original model of the 1980 Constitution. In each proposed model, approved or not, the context, the text is analyzed proposed or approved, the improvements that each model poses and its problems. On this basis, the current discussion is studied within the framework of the 2023 constitutional process and some minimum bases are proposed to resolve this pending issue in Chile for more than four decades.

Resumen La efectividad de las zonas libres de armas nucleares no puede ser comprendida sin considerar el derecho del mar. Algunas zonas libres de armas nucleares incluyen aguas internacionales en sus áreas de aplicación, lo que provocó que algunos Estados poseedores de armas nucleares que son partes en los protocolos anexos a dichos tratados emitieran reservas sobre el ámbito geográfico de dichas zonas. Este artículo argumenta que las zonas libres de armas nucleares que incluyen zonas económicas exclusivas y alta mar en sus áreas de aplicación fueron establecidas de conformidad con el derecho del mar y, por lo tanto, no existe razón para que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares no revisen sus reservas a este respecto.

Abstract The effectiveness of nuclear-weapon-free zones cannot be understood without considering the law of the sea. Some nuclear-weapon-free zones include international waters in their areas of application, which provoked some nuclear-weapon States that are parties to protocols to such treaties to issue reservations on the geographical scope of such zones. This article argues that the nuclear-weapon-free zones that include exclusive economic zones and high seas in their areas of application were established in accordance with the law of the sea and, therefore, there is no reason why the nuclear-weapon States should not review their reservations in this respect.

Résumé L’efficacité des zones exemptes d’armes nucléaires ne peut être comprise sans tenir compte du droit de la mer. Certaines zones exemptes d’armes nucléaires incluent les eaux internationales dans leurs zones d’application, ce qui a poussé certains États dotés d’armes nucléaires parties à des protocoles à ces traités à émettre des réserves sur la portée géographique de ces zones. Cet article soutient que les zones exemptes d’armes nucléaires qui incluent des zones économiques exclusives et la haute mer dans leurs zones d’application ont été établies conformément au droit de la mer et, par conséquent, il n’y a aucune raison pour que les États dotés d’armes nucléaires ne révisent pas leurs réserves dans ce domaine.

Resumen El presente trabajo se centra en establecer el vínculo entre las patentes médicas y el derecho a la salud como un derecho humano integral. Se analizan las posiciones divergentes en la materia desde la perspectiva del derecho internacional, que busca conciliarlas a través de los tratados y los organismos internacionales, para encontrar un equilibrio que genere beneficios a la humanidad. En este estudio se destaca el choque entre las patentes de medicinas y vacunas contra la realidad de poblaciones vulnerables en conflictos armados y pandemias.

Abstract This article focuses on the relationship between medical patents and the right to health as an integral human right. The divergent interests involved in this issue are evaluated from the perspective of international law, which seeks to reconcile conflict through treaties and agreements of international organizations to find the balance best suited to benefit humanity. This study highlights the tension between patent law covering medicines and vaccines and the health needs of vulnerable populations in areas affected by armed conflicts and pandemics. In today's globalized world, sometimes referred to as the knowledge society, conflicts between patent rights and the human right to health are best resolved using transparent international institutions designed to promote international cooperation.