Resumen La educación constituye un derecho humano, a la vez que se encuentra garantizada, en Argentina, por la Ley Nacional de Educación (26.206, 2006) y la Ley de Migraciones (25.871, 2003), entre otras normativas. En ellas, se expresa la obligatoriedad del nivel medio para todas las personas habitantes del país en condiciones de igualdad, sin discriminación alguna. Sin embargo, se observa que dicho derecho está vulnerado para el caso de las juventudes migrantes. El presente ensayo persigue la finalidad de analizar las desigualdades en las trayectorias escolares de jóvenes migrantes en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Para ello realiza un recorrido histórico de la consolidación del nivel medio, la inserción de migrantes allí, a partir de sus vivencias y tratos con pares y docentes, hasta los rendimientos escolares; se contextualizan estas trayectorias en el marco del proyecto migratorio familiar. Por último, se presenta la Sociología de la Experiencia como una herramienta epistemológica que permite abordar esta problemática en su complejidad. El ensayo concluye que la escuela se encuentra en una posición privilegiada para el diseño de estrategias que contrarresten los diversos factores condicionantes de una trayectoria educativa, en pos de arribar a prácticas de igualdad.

Abstract The education is a human right; warranted in Argentina by the Education National Law (26.206, 2006) and the Migration National Law (25.871, 2003), among others regulations. In which it is expressed the mandatory of the secondary school for all the habitants in Argentinas territory, in conditions of equality, without any discrimination. However, it happens that this right is violated for young migrants. The aim of this essay is to analyze the inequality in educational trajectories of young migrants students, in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. In order to that, it is presented an historical tale about origins of the secondary school and its consolidation, the way migrants students are integrated, from their experiences and relations with pairs and teachers, to their performances, and its contextualization in the familiar project. Finally, it is presented the Sociology of Experience, as an epistemological tool, that allows the comprehensive approach to this problem. This essay concludes that the school is in a privileged position for the design of strategies that can counteract the several factors which condition a scholar trajectory, in order to design more equality practices.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar, desde una perspectiva crítico-valorativa, el alcance de los tratos preliminares y la responsabilidad precontractual en el proceso de contratación económica en Cuba. A tales efectos, en primer lugar, se sistematizan los criterios teórico-doctrinales en torno a la definición, contenido y alcance de estas figuras jurídicas, al prestar especial énfasis al principio de buena fe que antecede a la celebración del contrato y que ha de permear a todo el acto jurídico desde entonces y hasta el momento de su ejecución. Se abordan, además, los deberes conductuales que se derivan de este principio y cuya inobservancia podría acarrear la exigencia de una responsabilidad precontractual. Finalmente, se examina el tratamiento legal que hoy poseen los tratos preliminares y la responsabilidad que puede tener lugar durante esta fase negociatoria en la norma que regula la contratación económica en Cuba. Como se trata de una investigación de alto contenido teórico, aunque sin descuidar las necesarias cuestiones prácticas, se emplearon como métodos el jurídico-doctrinal y el analítico jurídico, que permitieron examinar las definiciones, planteamientos e interpretaciones que sobre la temática han vertido diversos autores, así como su regulación normativa actual.

Summary The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from a critical-evaluative perspective, the scope of preliminary treatment and precontractual liability within the economic procurement process in Cuba. To this end, first, the theoretical-doctrinal criteria are systematized around the definition, content, and scope of these legal figures, by giving special emphasis to the principle of good faith which presupposes the engagement of the contract and must permeate the entire legal act henceforth until its execution. In addition, the behavioral duties derived from this principle and whose non-compliance may call for pre-contractual liability are addressed. Finally, the legal management of preliminary treatment and the responsibility that may take place during this negotiation phase is examined within the law governing economic procurement in Cuba. As this is a highly theoretical investigation, although without neglecting the necessary practical issues, legal-doctrinal and legal analytical methods were employed which allowed examining the definitions, approaches, and interpretations that have been spread by various authors on the subject, as well as their current legal regulation.

El artículo tiene como objeto hacer un análisis histórico de la evolución legal de la culpa in contrahendo en el ámbito europeo y latinoamericano. A su vez, pretende demostrar cómo en la actualidad a pesar de la creciente preocupación legal y jurisprudencial, desde los nacientes procesos de unificación y armonización, la construcción y unidad dogmática de la responsabilidad precontractual por ruptura injustificada de las negociaciones sigue siendo una materia pendiente

The article aims to present a historical analysis of legal developments of the fault in contrahendo, in Europe and Latin America. In turn, it seeks to show how at present, despite the growing concern for law and jurisprudence on the issue in national legislation and in the processes of unification and harmonization, the construction unit and dogmatic precontractual responsibility remains a matter pending.

Um dos grandes problemas enfrentados em áreas de reflorestamento com o cultivo de eucalipto são as plantas daninhas, cujo manejo assume papel de destaque entre os tratos culturais e com reflexos diretos no rendimento e nos custos de produção. Trabalhos preliminares de pesquisa e observação de campo apontam para uma tolerância diferencial ao glyphosate entre os locais (folhas e caule) que este herbicida atinge. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a intoxicação e o desenvolvimento de plantas submetidas a subdoses de glyphosate e sua absorção em diferentes locais de aplicação na planta, simulando uma deriva. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em um esquema fatorial, sendo quatro subdoses de glyphosate (40; 80; 160 e 240 g ha-1) e três locais de aplicação (folha, caule e da planta inteira), além de uma testemunha sem a aplicação de herbicidas. O herbicida glyphosate causou fitointoxicação à cultura do eucalipto, sendo crescente com o aumento das subdoses e com maior intensidade nas aplicações sobre o caule e a planta inteira, atingindo 75% aos 14 dias após aplicação. O ganho em altura de plantas e em diâmetro, em massa seca da parte aérea e da área foliar teve reduções significativas, que resultaram em perdas de até 58% na massa seca, 56% na área foliar e uma diferença de 6 cm no ganho em altura.

One of the biggest problems faced in reforestation areas with the eucalyptus crops are the weeds, whose management takes an important role among the cultural treatments and with direct responses in income and production costs. Preliminary works of research and field observations indicate a differential tolerance to glyphosate between local (leaves and stems) that this herbicide reaches. In this context, the objective of this work was to verify the intoxication and development of plants submitted to subdoses of glyphosate and its absorption in different application locals in the plant, simulating a drift. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a factorial arrangement, with four glyphosate subdoses (40, 80, 160 and 240 g ha-1),and three application sites (leaf, stem and whole plant) and a control without application of herbicide. The glyphosate herbicide caused phytotoxicity in the eucalyptus crop, which increased as subdoses increased and with the greater intensity in the applications on the stem and whole plant, reaching 75% at 14 days after application. The gain in height plant and diameter, dry mass in the aerial section and leaf section had significant reductions, which resulted in losses up to 58% in dry mass, 56% in leaf area and a difference by 6 cm in height.

El ordenamiento jurídico reconoce o admite que la autonomía privada sea el punto de partida y conformación del contrato, pero no hasta el punto de considerar que, así las negociaciones preliminares permitan la concreción de un contrato, este tenga un sistema propio o autónomo, que esté sujeto a los términos incluidos en el texto contractual. Por el contrario, las reglas generales del juego siguen siendo las establecidas por el marco normativo en su conjunto y por tanto comparten una necesaria adecuación del acuerdo contractual (lex privata,) a las mismas. Así, el principio de buena fe se hace presente, se extiende de igual forma, en el contenido de eticidad de cada acto que deba examinarse a la luz de las circunstancias particulares, direccionando las conductas humanas y en especial los actos y contratos que gobiernan la convivencia, de tal forma que estas prescripciones generales siempre serán aplicadas, no solo al acuerdo contractual, sino que también estarán llamadas a gobernar todo el proceso tanto de formación, como el de perfeccionamiento y ejecución.

The juridical classification recognizes or it admits that the private autonomy is the starting point and conformation of the contract, but not until the point of considering that, the preliminary negotiations allow this way the concretion of a contract, this he has an own, or autonomous system that this subject to the terms included in the contractual text. On the contrary the general rules of the game continue being the established ones for the normative mark in their combined one and therefore they share a necessary adaptation of the contractual agreement (lex privata) to the same ones. Thus, the principle in good faith becomes present, it extends of equal form, in the content of eticidad of each act that should be examined by the light of the particular circumstances, addressing the human behaviors and especially the acts and contracts that govern the coexistence, in such a way that these general prescriptions, will always be applied, not only to the contractual agreement, but also they will also be called to govern the whole process of formation, as that of improvement and execution.

OBJETIVO: A presença de síndromes psiquiátricas, incluindo demência, associada a distúrbios motores tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida durante a última década, com destaque para o prejuízo cognitivo na doença de Parkinson idiopática. Esta revisão enfocará a epidemiologia, os aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos diferenciais, mecanismos subjacentes e o tratamento da demência na doença de Parkinson idiopática. MÉTODO: Uma revisão da literatura dos estudos que investigaram a demência da doença de Parkinson idiopática foi realizada. RESULTADOS: A demência é altamente prevalente na doença de Parkinson idiopática. O protótipo da demência na doença de Parkinson idiopática consiste numa síndrome disexecutiva com comprometimento da atenção, funções executivas e, secundariamente, a memória. Neuroquimicamente, o déficit mais significativo parece ser colinérgico; a demência se correlaciona com a presença de corpos de Lewy corticais e límbicos. Evidências preliminares sugerem que os anticolinesterásicos podem ser efetivos na demência da doença de Parkinson idiopática. CONCLUSÕES: O prejuízo cognitivo na doença de Parkinson idiopática é associado a características próprias e é responsável por importante incapacidade nestes pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: The concomitant presence of psychiatric syndromes, including dementia, with motor disturbance has been increasingly recognized during the last decade, with emphasis on cognitive impairment in idiopatic Parkinson's disease. This review will focus on the epidemiology, clinical aspects, differential diagnosis, underlying mechanisms and treatment of dementia in Parkinson's disease. METHOD: A literature review of the studies that investigated the dementia in Parkinson's disease was performed. RESULTS: Dementia is highly prevalent in Parkinson's disease. The prototype of dementia in Parkinson's disease is a dysexecutive syndrome with impaired attention, executive functions and secondarily impaired memory. Neurochemically the most significant deficit seems to be cholinergic; dementia seems to correlate best with cortical and limbic Lewy bodies. Preliminary evidence suggests that cholinesterase inhibitors may be effective in Parkinson's disease dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease is associated to specific features and is responsible for substantial disability in these patients.