Abstract The use of wood is often indicated as a decarbonization strategy for the construction sector. However, the CO 2 footprint of native wood, that is, the emissions during wood harvesting, transportation, and processing, depends on the type of forest management practiced. This study quantifies the CO 2 footprint of native rough sawn lumber from forests with three types of harvesting: sustainable management, conventional management, and conventional selective extraction (deforestation). CO 2 emissions were analyzed from harvesting to the end of wood processing based on data from the literature and the Construction Environmental Performance Information System. The CO 2 footprint of rough sawn lumber varies between 25 and 19,860 kCO 2 /m 3 , with the lowest values for wood from sustainable management and the highest for conventional selective extraction. In addition, managed wood stores temporarily in its cell structure ~353kgC/m 3 . Native wood from sustainable harvesting can contribute to decarbonizing buildings, whereas wood from conventional harvesting and deforestation are relevant sources of CO 2 emissions, considering the wood life cycle. sector However transportation practiced deforestation. (deforestation) System 19860 19 860 19,86 m addition 353kgCm kgCm 353kgC kgC buildings cycle (deforestation 1986 1 86 19,8 198 8 19,

Resmo O uso da madeira é frequentemente apontado como uma estratégia de descarbonização para a construção. Entretanto, a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa, ou seja, que são as emissões decorrentes da sua exploração florestal, transporte e beneficiamento, depende do tipo de manejo florestal. Este estudo quantifica a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa serrada bruta, proveniente de três tipos de exploração florestal: manejo sustentável, manejo convencional e extração seletiva convencional (desmatamento). Analisaram-se as emissões de CO2 da exploração florestal até o término do beneficiamento da madeira, com dados da literatura e do Sistema de Informação do Desempenho Ambiental da Construção. A pegada de CO2 da madeira serrada bruta varia entre 25 e 19.860 kgCO2/m3, com os menores valores para a madeira de manejo sustentável e os maiores para a madeira de extração seletiva convencional. Além disso, a madeira manejada estoca temporariamente, em sua estrutura celular, ~353 kgC/m3. Madeiras nativas de manejo florestal sustentável podem contribuir com a descarbonização dos edifícios, enquanto as madeiras de manejo convencional e, sobretudo, de desmatamentosão fontes expressivas de CO2 dentro do seu ciclo de vida. construção Entretanto CO seja desmatamento. desmatamento . (desmatamento) Analisaramse Analisaram se Construção 2 19860 19 860 19.86 kgCO2m3 kgCOm kgCO2 m3 kgCO m kgCO2/m3 disso temporariamente celular 353 ~35 kgCm3 kgCm kgC kgC/m3 edifícios sobretudo vida (desmatamento 1986 1 86 19.8 kgCO2m kgCO2/m 35 ~3 kgC/m 198 8 19. 3 ~

Abstract Rural roads serve as pivotal conduits for the transportation of harvested crops to distribution hubs in Guarapuava-PR, a national agricultural focal point. This study evaluated the impact of incorporating brick kilns ashes(BKA) into the lateritic soil of an unpaved roadway. Mixtures of soil and BKA with three distinct granulometries were formulated, featuring substitution rates of 25%, 50%, and 75% ash relative to the total mixture mass,characterized in terms of: particle size distribution, liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and the optimum point on the compaction curve under modified energy conditions (optimal moisture content and maximum dry bulk density). Results revealed that BKA inclusion led to increases in LL, PL, OMC, CBR, alongside a reduction of MDD and expansion for the majority of mixtures, particularly within granulometry C1 at a 25% content. Finer ashes exhibited prominence in ISC and expansion outcomes. Substitutions of 75% BKA detrimentally affected geotechnical properties; however, granulometric stabilization with BKA proved feasible, particularly in soil-C2 mixtures designated for use as a sub-base. These mixtures met recommended LL and PL parameters, providing effective waste mitigation and presenting an alternative for soil improvement in pavement applications. GuarapuavaPR, GuarapuavaPR Guarapuava PR, PR Guarapuava-PR ashesBKA ashes(BKA roadway formulated 25 50 50% 75 masscharacterized mass characterized , (LL) (PL) optimal density. density . density) OMC CBR C outcomes properties however feasible soilC2 soilC C2 soil-C subbase. subbase sub base. base sub-base parameters applications 2 5 7 (LL (PL

Resumo Estradas vicinais são muito utilizadas para o escoamento da safra da área da colheita até os centros de distribuição na cidade de Guarapuava-PR, referência nacional no setor agrícola. Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito da adição de cinzas de fornos de olarias (CFO) ao solo laterítico de uma estrada não pavimentada. Foram produzidas misturas de solo e CFO de três diferentes granulometrias, nos teores de substituição de 25%, 50% e 75%, de cinza em relação à massa total da mistura, caracterizadas quanto à:granulometria, limite de liquidez (LL), limite de plasticidade (LP) e ponto ótimo da curva de compactação sob energia modificada (umidade ótima (wot) e peso específico aparente seco máximo (ρdmáx)). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adição da CFO foi responsável por aumentos nos parâmetros LL, LP, wot, ISC, bem como pela redução do ρdmáx e da expansão da maioria das misturas, principalmente para a granulometria C1, no teor de 25%. Cinzas mais finas destacaram-se nos resultados de ISC e expansão. Substituições de 75% de CFO prejudicaram as propriedades geotécnicas, mas a estabilização granulométrica com CFO revelou-se viável, especialmente em misturas solo-C2 para utilização como sub-base, atendendo aos parâmetros recomendados de LL e LP, proporcionando mitigação de resíduos e uma alternativa para melhoramento de solos para pavimentação. GuarapuavaPR, GuarapuavaPR Guarapuava PR, PR Guarapuava-PR agrícola (CFO pavimentada granulometrias 25 25% 50 75 mistura àgranulometria, àgranulometria granulometria, à:granulometria , (LL) LP (LP umidade wot (wot ρdmáx. . (ρdmáx)) C1 C destacaramse destacaram se geotécnicas revelouse revelou viável soloC2 soloC C2 solo-C subbase, subbase sub base, base sub-base pavimentação 2 5 7 (LL (ρdmáx) (ρdmáx

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, Aedes aegypti is present in 80 % of the country and little is known about the kdr mutations related to pyrethroids (PY) resistance, as well as the influence of different biomes (mainly temperature) and passive ground delivery transport on maintaining and disseminating populations with these mutations. Objective: To model the behavior of genotypic frequencies associated with the kdr Val1016Ile + Phe1534Cys mutation in A. aegypti populations, considering vector population movement between Colombian biomes through passive ground delivery transport. Method: We obtained data from the literature regarding population dynamics, mosquito life cycle parameters associated with temperatures for each Colombian biome, and ground cargo transportation, including truck transport. We also evaluated the impact of the evolutionary cost for the kdr Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys mutations on oviposition and death rates. Results: Population behavior is influenced by the evolutionary cost of resistant genotypes and passive cargo transport. Once resistant genotypes arrive in a biome through truck-mediated mosquito transport, they persist. Conclusion: Passive migration through land cargo transport is essential for the dissemination of individual resistance carriers between different regions or biomes. Evolutionary cost plays a critical role in the dynamics of kdr mutations in A. aegypti populations.

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, Aedes aegypti se encuentra presente en el 80 % del país y poco se conoce sobre las mutaciones kdr que están relacionadas con la resistencia a piretroides (PY), así como la influencia de los diferentes biomas (principalmente la temperatura) y el transporte pasivo de carga terrestre, en el mantenimiento y diseminación de poblaciones que presenten estas mutaciones. Objetivo: Modelar el comportamiento de las frecuencias genotípicas asociadas a la mutación kdr Val1016Ile + Phe1534Cys, en poblaciones de A. aegypti, considerando el movimiento de las poblaciones del vector entre biomas colombianos a través del transporte pasivo por carga terrestre. Método: Se obtuvieron datos de la literatura asociados con la dinámica poblacional y los parámetros del ciclo de vida del mosquito asociados con las temperaturas de cada bioma colombiano y el transporte de carga terrestre a través de camiones entre los biomas. Además, se evaluó el impacto del costo evolutivo para las mutaciones kdr Val1016Ile y Phe1534Cys representado en las tasas de ovoposición y muerte. Resultados: El comportamiento de las poblaciones está influenciado tanto por el costo evolutivo de los genotipos resistentes como por el transporte pasivo de carga y, que una vez los genotipos resistentes lleguen a un bioma gracias al transporte de mosquitos mediado por camiones, estos se mantienen allí. Conclusión: La migración pasiva a través del transporte de carga terrestre, como medio de flujo genético de individuos portadores de resistencia a PY entre diferentes regiones o biomas, se revela como un factor esencial para la diseminación, y el costo evolutivo como un factor determinante en la dinámica, de las mutaciones kdr en las poblaciones de A. aegypti.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza el impacto potencial de los chatbots en el mejoramiento del servicio al cliente en la industria logística, evaluando el rendimiento de diez destacadas empresas en Colombia, Perú y Ecuador (zona CPE). Estas empresas, insertas en el sector de servicios logísticos, desempeñan un papel crucial en la cadena de suministro, ofreciendo servicios especializados que abarcan transporte, almacenamiento y otras áreas dentro de su actividad económica. El estudio, que incluyó a 1250 usuarios individuales tipo B2C (empresa a consumidor) de chatbots, se enfocó en analizar la efectividad de estas herramientas y su repercusión en la conformidad del cliente. Mediante análisis de regresión múltiple, se identificaron elementos fundamentales que inciden en la satisfacción del cliente, como la capacidad de abordar problemas, el conocimiento detallado de la empresa, la autonomía en la resolución de problemas, la precisión gramatical y la reputación general. Los resultados destacan el potencial de los agentes virtuales para mejorar significativamente la atención al consumidor en la logística, señalando su eficacia en la resolución de problemas, familiaridad con productos y servicios, autonomía en la resolución de problemas, corrección gramatical y recomendaciones de usuarios. Estos hallazgos son cruciales para el sector logístico, subrayando el papel transformador de los chatbots en la elevación de la satisfacción del cliente y la eficiencia operativa mediante la integración tecnológica.

Abstract: The article analyzes the potential effectiveness of chatbots on enhancing consumer service in the logistics industry, assessing the performance of ten prominent companies in Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador (CPE region). These companies, situated in the logistics services sector, play a crucial role in the supply chain, offering specialized services encompassing transportation, storage, and other areas within their economic activities. The study, involving 1250 individual B2C (business-to-consumer) users of chatbots, focused on analyzing the effectiveness of these tools and their impact on customer satisfaction. Through multiple regression analysis, key factors influencing customer satisfaction were identified, such as the ability to address issues, detailed knowledge of the company, autonomy in issue resolution, grammatical accuracy, and overall reputation. The results underscore the significant potential of chatbots to enhance customer service in logistics, emphasizing their effectiveness in issue resolution, familiarity with products and services, autonomy in issue resolution, grammatical correctness, and user recommendations. These findings are vital for the logistics sector, highlighting the transformative role of chatbots in elevating customer satisfaction and operational efficiency through technological integration.

Abstract This investigation uses the method of decision analysis to analyze the positioning of the Sergipe Court of Justice, between 2020 and 2022, about the refusal of companies that offer transportation service via app to effect or cancel to remain in their registry with drivers who respond to criminal proceedings without final and unappealable decisions. The analysis of the decisions is based on some strategic theoretical frameworks, as based on the concepts of sacrificial citizenship and the economization of law, neoliberalism as a rationality and a deep process, and capitalism as surveillance. As a result, it was identified that the TJSE prioritized the contractual autonomy, the freedom to guide objective safety criteria, the misalignment of drivers with the Term and Conditions for use over the principles of the presumption of innocence and the social function of the contract. To problematize this scenario, the article also questions about the (un)protection of workers' personal data by app, the lack of transparency in the use of new technologies to collect data regarding ongoing criminal cases as a way to reiterate old social or labor exclusions. Finally, it concludes on the approximation of the grounds handled by the Sergipe Court of Justice with the new economic demands of neoliberal management, such as the reduction of the constitutional pact in favor of corporate autonomy, both on the disposability of subjects and on the irregular capture of their personal data. 202 2022 frameworks law process surveillance result autonomy criteria contract scenario unprotection un protection workers exclusions Finally management 20 2

Resumo Esta investigação utiliza o método de análises de decisões para examinar o posicionamento do Tribunal de Justiça de Sergipe, entre 2020 e 2022, sobre a recusa das empresas que oferecem o serviço de transporte via aplicativo de efetivar ou de permanecer em seu cadastro com motoristas que respondem a processos criminais sem decisões transitadas em julgado. A análise das decisões parte de alguns marcos teóricos estratégicos, como o conceito de cidadania sacrificial e da economicização do direito, do neoliberalismo enquanto uma racionalidade e um processo profundo, do capitalismo como vigilância. Como resultado, identificou-se que o TJSE priorizou a autonomia contratual, a liberdade para pautar critérios objetivos de segurança, o desalinhamento dos motoristas com o Termo e as Condições para uso em detrimento dos princípios da presunção de inocência e da função social do contrato. Para problematizar este cenário o artigo ainda questiona sobre a (des)proteção dos dados pessoais dos trabalhadores por aplicativo, a falta de transparência na utilização de novas tecnologias para coletar dados referentes a processos criminais em andamento como forma de reiterar velhas exclusões sociais ou laborais. Por fim, conclui-se sobre a aproximação dos fundamentos manejados pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Sergipe com as novas exigências econômicas da gestão neoliberal, tal como a redução do pacto constitucional em benefício da autonomia empresarial, tanto sobre a descartabilidade dos sujeitos, como sobre a captação irregular de seus dados pessoais. 202 2022 julgado estratégicos direito profundo vigilância resultado identificouse identificou se contratual segurança contrato desproteção des proteção laborais fim concluise conclui neoliberal empresarial sujeitos 20 2

Abstract: The research addresses the study of heat exchange between heavy crude oil and the environment during surface pumping, specifically of a crude oil with an API gravity of 17.5, under the particular atmospheric conditions of Eastern Ecuador. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the temperature loss in a 50-meter segment of SCH-80 pipe, with a diameter of 4 inches, used for the transportation of heavy crude. This aims to understand how heavy crude loses temperature and to determine the convective coefficient, knowing that the heat loss from the fluid to the environment occurs mainly by convection. This is to determine what the temperature losses will be in longer pipe sections. For this purpose, a methodology using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was employed, a key tool for predicting the thermal behavior of crude in interaction with the environment. It was determined that the convective coefficient is 52 W/m2.K, and there is a temperature loss of 3.2 K in the 50-meter section. With this data, future research could evaluate potential heating technologies that facilitate the transport of heavy crude oil. This approach would allow for exploring innovative solutions to improve efficiency and effectiveness in managing heavy crude, facing one of the main challenges in its transport: managing its high viscosity

Resumen: La investigación aborda el estudio del intercambio de calor del crudo pesado con el ambiente en el bombeo superficial, específicamente de un crudo con gravedad API de 17.5, bajo las condiciones atmosféricas particulares del Oriente ecuatoriano. El principal objetivo del estudio es evaluar la pérdida de temperatura en un segmento de 50 metros de tubería SCH-80, con 4 pulgadas de diámetro, utilizado para el transporte de crudo pesado. Con esto se busca entender cómo el crudo pesado pierde temperatura y determinar el coeficiente convectivo sabiendo que el calor que pierde el fluido con el ambiente se da principalmente por convección. Esto permitirá determinar cuáles van a ser las pérdidas de temperatura en tramos de tubería mayores. Para ello se empleó una metodología que utiliza la simulación por dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD), una herramienta clave para predecir el comportamiento térmico del crudo en interacción con el ambiente. Se determinó que el coeficiente convectivo es de 52 W/m2.K, y que existe una pérdida de temperatura de 3.2 K en el tramo de 50 metros. Con esta base de datos se podría en investigaciones futuras evaluar potenciales tecnologías de calefacción que faciliten el transporte del crudo pesado. Este enfoque permitiría explorar soluciones innovadoras para mejorar la eficiencia y efectividad en el manejo del crudo pesado, enfrentando uno de los principales desafíos en su transporte: la gestión de su alta viscosidad.

Abstract: Environmental pollution from transportation has been a fundamental challenge for humanity throughout history, with conventional fuels contributing significantly to environmental degradation. This project seeks to suppress pollution and reduce noise generated by motorcycle taxis, whether for personal and/or private use. The main objective of the research work was to implement an electrolyzer in the combustion system of a motorcycle taxi to suppress environmental pollution and reduce noise. Methods included vehicle preparation, electrolyzer installation, battery adjustment, hydrogen generation, emissions measurement, safety, and data collection. As a result, the electrolyzer was implemented in the single-cylinder motorcycle taxi; The noise limit allowed at work in Peru is 85 dB, which is equivalent to 100 % noise at most; When using gasoline, a value of 76.4 dB was obtained, equivalent to 89.88 % noise, and when using hydrogen, a value of 71.7 dB was obtained, equivalent to 84.35 % noise, therefore, the total noise reduction was 4.70 dB (5.53 %) than established. The discussion highlighted that hydrogen is a clean fuel, with zero emissions and only emitting water vapor instead of polluting gases (5). The conclusion highlights the critical importance of the research, supported by the total reduction of 5.53 % of noise with this new technology and in turn external sources support that using hydrogen produced a smoother and quieter combustion; Regarding the useful life of the engine, due to the cleaner and more efficient combustion, the accumulation of waste was reduced, which benefits reducing the wear of internal components and the need for costly maintenance.

Resumen: La contaminación ambiental derivada del transporte ha sido un desafío fundamental para la humanidad a lo largo de la historia, con los combustibles convencionales contribuyendo significativamente a la degradación ambiental. Este proyecto busca suprimir la contaminación y reducir el ruido generada por mototaxis, ya sean de uso personal y/o privado. El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal implementar un electrolizador en el sistema de combustión de un mototaxi para suprimir la contaminación ambiental y reducir el ruido. Los métodos incluyeron la preparación del vehículo, instalación del electrolizador, ajuste de la batería, generación de hidrógeno, medición de emisiones, seguridad y recolección de datos. Como resultado, se logró implementar el electrolizador en el mototaxi monocilíndrico; el límite de ruido permitido en el trabajo en el Perú es de 85 dB, que equivalen el 100 % de ruido como máximo; al utilizar gasolina se obtuvo un valor de 76.4 dB equivalentes a 89.88 % de ruido y al usar hidrógeno se obtuvo un valor de 71.7 dB siendo el 84.35 % de ruido, por lo tanto, la reducción total de ruido fue de 4.70 dB (5.53%) de lo establecido. La discusión destacó que el hidrógeno es un combustible limpio, con nulas emisiones y solo emitiendo vapor de agua en vez de gases contaminantes (5). La conclusión subraya la importancia crítica de la investigación, respaldada por la reducción total del 5.53 % de ruido con esta nueva tecnología y a su vez fuentes externas apoyan, que el utilizar hidrógeno produjo una combustión más suave y silenciosa. En cuanto a la vida útil del motor, la combustión más limpia y eficiente reduce la acumulación de residuos, lo que disminuye el desgaste de los componentes internos y la necesidad de mantenimientos costosos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to develop the mobile application that allows determining the number of means of transport, in the process of mechanized harvesting of sugar cane, for different transportation distances, field performance and capacity of the means of transport used (20 and 60 t). It is a mobile application, designed in Android, based on the analytical modeling carried out by the SMCTCA software, developed by a group of authors at the Center for Agricultural Mechanization (CEMA). With the CMT application it is possible to evaluate the mechanized process of harvesting and transporting sugar cane, for different operation conditions, enabling the rational organization of the system with an increase in the time utilization coefficient, productivity and a decrease in expenses of operation.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar la aplicación móvil que permite determinar la cantidad de medios de transporte, en el proceso de cosecha mecanizada de la caña de azúcar, para diferentes distancias de transportación, rendimiento del campo y capacidad de los medios de transporte empleados (20 y 60 t). Es una aplicación móvil, diseñada en Android, basada en la modelación analítica que realiza el software SMCTCA, elaborado por un grupo de autores en el Centro de Mecanización Agropecuaria (CEMA). Con la aplicación CMT es posible la evaluación del proceso mecanizado de cosecha y transporte de caña de azúcar, para diferentes condiciones de explotación, posibilitando la organización racional del sistema con el incremento del coeficiente de utilización del tiempo, la productividad y la disminución de los gastos de explotación.

Abstract: The Coatzacoalcos-Minatitlan highway was an important route that improved mobility and expanded access to regional motorized transportation in the southern zone of Veracruz. Also, the project was an example of the formation of a local organization, and partially independent from the rest of the state-federal bureaucracy to build works in the region: the Coatzacoalcos Central Pro-Highway Committee (CCPCC). This group took a central role in directing resources and making decisions about different communications projects in southern Veracruz. This article examines the historiographic, political, and environmental background to contextualize the construction of the Coatzacoalcos-Minatitlan highway and its neighboring roads, then studies the creation of the CCPCC, its administration and bureaucracy, and local reactions to its activities in the region.

Resumen: La carretera Coatzacoalcos-Minatitlán fue una vía importante en el proyecto para mejorar la movilidad y el acceso al transporte regional motorizado en la zona sur del estado de Veracruz, y fue un ejemplo de la formación de una organización local, y parcialmente independiente del resto de la burocracia estatal-federal, para construir obras en la región: el Comité Central Pro-Carretera de Coatzacoalcos (CCPCC). Este grupo tomó un papel central en la dirección de recursos y en la toma de decisiones sobre distintos proyectos de comunicaciones en el sur de Veracruz. Este artículo examina los antecedentes historiográficos, políticos y ambientales para contextualizar la construcción de la carretera Coatzacoalcos-Minatitlán y sus caminos vecinales, y estudia la creación del CCPCC, su administración y burocracia, y las reacciones locales ante sus actividades en la región.

This paper presents a decision-support system developed to plan the harvest and packing of table grapes. Variability in harvest readiness and volume can significantly impact producer-exporters' ability to meet market demands. The decision-support system incorporates planning aspects specific to table grape production, such as limiting transportation of unpacked stock, pack-to-order, and distinguishing between specific product requirements (i.e., packaging type and cultivar). This decision-support system uses several operational data sources. It assists decision-makers in minimising deviation from the demand plan and the distances harvest is transported between the orchards and processing sites. The conceptual architecture and software implementation tools to realise the decision-support system and a real-world case study are presented. The decision-support system accounts for multiple dynamic supply and processing network restrictions.

Hierdie artikel stel 'n besluitsteunstelsel voor wat ontwikkel is om die oes en verpakking van tafeldruiwe te beplan. Veranderlikheid in oesgereedheid en volume kan produsent-uitvoerders se vermoë om aan markvereistes te voldoen, aansienlik beïnvloed. Die besluitsteunstelsel inkorporeer beplanningsaspekte spesifiek vir tafeldruifproduksie, soos die beperking van vervoer van onverpakte voorraad, pak-vir-bestelling, en onderskeid tussen spesifieke produkvereistes (d.w.s. verpakkingstipe en kultivar). Hierdie besluitondersteuningstelsel gebruik verskeie operasionele databronne. Dit help besluitnemers om afwyking van die aanvraagplan en die afstande wat oes-opbrengs tussen die boorde en verwerkingaanlegte vervoer word, te minimeer. Die konsep-argitektuur en sagteware-implementeringsinstrumente om die besluitsteunstelsel te realiseer asook 'n werklike gevallestudie word aangebied. Die besluitsteunstelsel is verantwoordelik vir veelvuldige dinamiese aanboden verwerkingsnetwerkbeperkings.

Abstract The tanning industry needs to implement changes and adopt innovative technologies to guarantee efficient management, focused on environmental, social and economic sustainability. The work was carried out in 2022, in order to propose improvements to the "Leather Art" project on the Isla de la Juventud, especially to treat the cattle skins generated in the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" Meat-Based Business Unit. Data collection was carried out through various sources, including the production technology area, interviews with mini-industry producers and the "Abel Santamaría" Meat-Based Business Unit, as well as through direct observations of technological processes. Among the problems identified are: difficulties in processing, obsolete equipment, insufficient capacity, limited transportation and lack of economic study. Among the highlighted results, the need to coordinate with livestock production units for the care and marking of animal skins is emphasized, thus guaranteeing the optimal use of all available hides. Fulfillment of the objective not only yielded concrete results, but was also involved in the promotion of leather processing through a mini-tannery industry, with the collaboration of local actors to strengthen the project. Specific actions were proposed that not only improved the efficiency and sustainability of the production process, but also guaranteed the availability of raw materials at the local level to consolidate the project as a reference for the use of skins generated by the meat industry.

Resumo A indústria de curtumes precisa implementar mudanças e adotar tecnologias inovadoras para garantir uma gestão eficiente, com foco na sustentabilidade ambiental, social e econômica. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no ano de 2022, com o objetivo de propor melhorias para o projeto "Arte do Couro" na Ilha da Juventude, especialmente para o tratamento de peles bovinas geradas na Unidade de Negócios de Base de Carne "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado". A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de várias fontes, incluindo a área de tecnologia de produção, entrevistas com produtores da mini-indústria e da Unidade Empresarial de Base Cárnica "Abel Santamaría", bem como por meio de observações diretas dos processos tecnológicos. Entre os problemas identificados estavam: dificuldades de processamento, equipamentos obsoletos, capacidade insuficiente, transporte limitado e falta de estudos econômicos. Entre os resultados destacados estava a necessidade de coordenar com as unidades de produção de gado para assegurar que as peles dos animais sejam cuidadosamente marcadas, garantindo assim o uso ideal de todas as peles disponíveis. A realização do objetivo não só produziu resultados concretos, mas também envolveu a promoção do processamento de peles por meio de uma indústria de mini curtumes, com a colaboração de atores locais para fortalecer o projeto. Foram propostas ações específicas que não só melhoraram a eficiência e a sustentabilidade do processo de produção, mas também garantiram a disponibilidade de matéria-prima em nível local para consolidar o projeto como uma referência para o uso de peles geradas pela indústria de carnes.

Resumen La industria curtidora necesita implementar cambios y adoptar tecnologías innovadoras para garantizar una gestión eficiente, enfocada en la sostenibilidad ambiental, social y económica. El trabajo se desarrolló en el año 2022, con el fin de proponer mejoras al proyecto "Arte del Cuero" en la Isla de la Juventud, especialmente para tratar las pieles de ganado vacuno generadas en la Unidad Empresarial de Base Cárnico "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado". La recopilación de datos se realizó a través de diversas fuentes, incluyendo el área de tecnología de producción, entrevistas a los productores de la minindustria y a la Unidad Empresarial de Base Cárnico "Abel Santamaría", así como mediante observaciones directas de los procesos tecnológicos. Entre los problemas identificados se encuentran: dificultades en procesamiento, equipamiento obsoleto, capacidad insuficiente, transporte limitado y falta de estudio económico. Entre los resultados destacados, se enfatiza la necesidad de coordinar con las unidades productivas pecuarias para el cuidado en el marcaje de las pieles de los animales, lo que garantiza así la utilización óptima de todos los cueros disponibles. El cumplimiento del objetivo no solo arrojó resultados concretos, sino que también se implicó en la promoción del procesamiento de pieles mediante una minindustria de tenería, con la colaboración de actores locales para fortalecer el proyecto. Se propusieron acciones específicas que no solo mejoraron la eficiencia y sostenibilidad del proceso productivo, sino que también garantizaron la disponibilidad de materia prima a nivel local para consolidar así el proyecto como un referente para el aprovechamiento de las pieles generadas por la industria cárnica.

Abstract This research was carried out in the Agricultural Transportation Company of Pinar del Río province, due to the need to define the vulnerabilities of the risk integral management system implemented by this organization. The objective of this article is focused on analyzing the current state of the risk integral management in the Agricultural Transportation Company of Pinar del Río, which will allow knowing the vulnerabilities in the process to improve quality, protection and safety without compromising efficiency and sustainability. The historical-logical method was used in order to analyze the evolution, operation and development of risk integral management in companies of the transport sector; the analysis-synthesis, which allowed revealing the essential relations and more general characteristics of risk integral management. Among the research techniques used were the interview, survey, checklists and documentary analysis, whose results were processed to arrive at conclusions with the help of the statistical method, as well as the Ishikawa diagram, to determine the cause-effect relationships in the risk integral management process. As main results of the diagnosis, the insufficient risk integral management in the company stands out, where the causes and subcauses are determined by each stage of the risk management life cycle, being the identification stage the one with the highest number, however, each of the problems detected have an impact on the other functions due to the systemic nature of the process.

Resumo Esta pesquisa foi realizada na Empresa de Transporte Agropecuário de Pinar del Río, na província de Pinar del Río, devido à necessidade de definir as vulnerabilidades do sistema de gerenciamento integrado de riscos implementado por essa organização. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o estado atual do gerenciamento integrado de riscos na Empresa de Transporte Agrícola de Pinar del Río, o que nos permitirá identificar as vulnerabilidades do processo para melhorar a qualidade, a proteção e a segurança sem comprometer a eficiência e a sustentabilidade. O método histórico-lógico foi usado para analisar a evolução, o funcionamento e o desenvolvimento do gerenciamento integrado de riscos em empresas do setor de transportes, e o método de análise-síntese foi usado para revelar as relações essenciais e as características mais gerais do gerenciamento integrado de riscos. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas incluíram entrevistas, pesquisas, listas de verificação e análise documental, cujos resultados foram processados para se chegar a conclusões usando o método estatístico, bem como o diagrama de Ishikawa para determinar as relações de causa e efeito no processo de gerenciamento integrado de riscos. Os principais resultados do diagnóstico destacam a insuficiência do gerenciamento integrado de riscos na empresa, em que as causas e subcausas são determinadas por cada etapa do ciclo de vida do gerenciamento de riscos, sendo a etapa de identificação a que apresenta o maior número; no entanto, cada um dos problemas detectados tem impacto sobre as outras funções devido à natureza sistêmica do processo.

Resumen La presente investigación se desarrolló en la Empresa de Transporte Agropecuario de la provincia de Pinar del Río, por la necesidad de definir las vulnerabilidades del sistema de gestión integral de riesgos que implementa dicha organización. El objetivo del presente artículo se centra en analizar el estado actual de la gestión integral de riesgos en la empresa de Transporte Agropecuario de Pinar del Río, lo que permitirá conocer las vulnerabilidades en el proceso para mejorar la calidad, protección y seguridad sin comprometer la eficiencia y la sustentabilidad. Se utilizó el método histórico-lógico a fin de analizar la evolución, funcionamiento y desarrollo de la gestión integral de riesgos en empresas del sector del transporte y el análisis-síntesis, que permitió revelar las relaciones esenciales y características más generales de la gestión integral de riesgos. Entre las técnicas de investigación empleadas, se encuentran la entrevista, encuesta, las listas de verificación y el análisis documental, cuyos resultados fueron procesados para arribar a conclusiones con ayuda del método estadístico, así como el diagrama de Ishikawa, para determinar las relaciones causa-efecto en el proceso de gestión integral de riesgos. Como principales resultados del diagnóstico, resalta la insuficiente gestión integral de los riesgos en la empresa, donde las causas y subcausas están determinadas por cada etapa del ciclo de vida de la gestión de riesgos, siendo la etapa de identificación la de mayor número, sin embargo, cada una de las problemáticas detectadas impactan en las demás funciones debido al carácter sistémico del proceso.

Abstract This document focuses on urban dispersion and accessibility in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico and its influence on the university student population. This is achieved through the analysis of three groups of data: mobility surveys of the student community, school performance monitoring data provided by the University, and data from Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) on the location of main transportation in the city. The research provides results on the geographical dispersion of students, their dependence on the public transportation system, and how this situation is related to accessibility and academic performance, particularly in the case of students with greater lag. Finally, the importance of implementing these studies in businesses and schools that will contribute to the development of transportation and urban planning policies that reduce social disparities and improve mobility in the urban environment is highlighted.

Resumen Este documento aborda la relación entre dispersión urbana y accesibilidad en la zona metropolitana del Valle de México, junto a su influencia en la población estudiantil universitaria. Esto se logra a partir del análisis de tres grupos de datos: encuestas de movilidad a la comunidad estudiantil; datos de seguimiento del desempeño escolar aportados por la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; y datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) sobre la ubicación de los principales transportes de la ciudad. La investigación aporta resultados sobre la dispersión geográfica de los estudiantes, su dependencia al sistema de transporte público y sobre cómo esta situación se relaciona con la accesibilidad y el rendimiento académico, particularmente en el caso de los estudiantes con más rezago. Finalmente, se subraya la importancia de implementar estos estudios en empresas y escuelas que trabajen en la elaboración de políticas de transporte y planificación urbana para reducir las disparidades sociales y mejorar la movilidad en el entorno urbano.

Emergency medical services (EMS) are a vital component of the health system and provide pre-hospital emergency care and specialised transport for patients requiring access to health facilities, thereby contributing to universal health coverage and improving health outcomes. Evidence regarding the current state of EMS within South Africa to fulfil this role is lacking and was the motivation for this review. Our objective was to describe the current state of EMS in South Africa. A literature search was conducted using keywords, BOOLEAN operating terms, and eligibility criteria on Sabinet, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases to find articles related to the components of the EMS system in South Africa. The articles were critically assessed, and six themes emerged: leadership and governance; resources; preparedness (knowledge, attitude, and practices) of the emergency care provider; health and safety; training; and communications. Challenges were found in all themes at a provincial EMS level despite improvements in legislation, leadership, and governance from the National Department of Health. These themes demonstrate that all components in the EMS system are not functioning optimally and may be affecting its contribution to improving universal health coverage and health outcomes. The current state of EMS appears to be constrained and requires greater leadership and governance from the Provincial Departments of Health to improve poorly functioning components of the EMS system. SIGNIFICANCE: The current state of EMS in South Africa lacks efficiency in its role to provide emergency care and transportation for patients wanting to access health facilities. Poorly functioning components of the EMS system have been identified and provide an opportunity for health authorities to make improvements so that the goal of universal health coverage and improved health outcomes can be realised.

Abstract Achieving competitive supply chains currently represents a requirement to ensure the sustainability of companies, even more so in those that are considered emerging, either due to having little experience in their economic activities or due to their limited ability to cover the market due to their size. These characteristics are regularly met by startups and small and medium-sized companies (SMEs). The objective of this research is to obtain a status of the supply chains of emerging companies in the city of Bogotá as a basis for identifying opportunities for improvement that aim to strengthen their competitiveness. Two well-known reference models developed by logistics experts were used as measurement components. Some statistical calculations and the formulation of surveys were the methods used to collect, analyze and evaluate the information. Among the main results, it is evident that the processes that make up the emerging supply chains in the city have a result that varies between regular and good, and present multiple opportunities for improvement, such as agility and compliance in the supply phase, internal transportation technologies at the time of manufacturing or production, and poor risk management in the distribution and sales process.

Resumen Lograr cadenas de suministro competitivas representa actualmente un requisito para asegurar la sostenibilidad de las empresas, más aún en aquellas que son consideradas emergentes, ya sea por tener poca experiencia en sus actividades económicas o por su escasa capacidad de abarcar el mercado debido a su tamaño. Estas características las cumplen regularmente los emprendimientos y aquellas empresas pequeñas y medianas (pymes). El objetivo de esta investigación es obtener un estado de situación de las cadenas de suministro de las empresas emergentes en la ciudad de Bogotá como base para identificar oportunidades de mejora que apunten a fortalecer su competitividad. Como componentes de medición, se utilizaron dos conocidos modelos de referencia desarrollados por expertos logísticos. Algunos cálculos estadísticos y la formulación de encuestas fueron los métodos utilizados para recoger, analizar y evaluar la información. Entre los principales resultados se evidencia que los procesos que componen las cadenas de suministro emergentes en la ciudad tienen un resultado que varía entre lo regular y lo bueno, y presentan múltiples oportunidades de mejora, como la agilidad y cumplimiento en la fase de aprovisionamiento, las tecnologías de transporte interno al momento de la fabricación o producción, y la escasa gestión de riesgos en el proceso de distribución y ventas.