Resumen El fenómeno migratorio en México ha cobrado relevancia debido al aumento del tránsito de centroamericanos por el país para llegar a Estados Unidos a cumplir el sueño americano. En este artículo se identifican los imaginarios y fuentes de información de los migrantes respecto a su trayectoria y destino final. Se llevaron a cabo 60 entrevistas en una casa del migrante en la ciudad de Monterrey a participantes provenientes de Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala y Nicaragua. Las conclusiones demuestran imaginarios romantizados, cuyos fundamentos son primordialmente fuentes interpersonales (otros migrantes y conocidos que ya han hecho el viaje) y fuentes mediáticas (televisión, cine, Internet y periodismo). Desde una perspectiva sociológica y de ciencias de la información, este caso de estudio revisa la idea de los imaginarios como parte elemental en la toma de decisiones de los migrantes que arriesgan sus vidas para alcanzar destinos meta.

Abstract The topic of migration in Mexico has gained relevance since there has been a significant increase of Central American migrants traveling through the country towards the United States, to achieve the American dream. This article identifies the imaginaries and sources of information of migrants regarding their transit and final destination. Sixty people were interviewed in a local shelter of the city of Monterrey with participants from Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. The conclusions show romanticized imaginaries, founded primarily on interpersonal sources (other migrants and acquaintances who have made the trip) and media sources (television, cinema, the Internet, and journalism). From a sociological and information science perspective, this case study reviews the idea of imaginaries as a fundamental part in the decision making of migrants who risk their lives in order to reach target destinations.

Resumen Desde finales de los años 1990, Libia ha experimentado una fase de crecimiento económico muy rápida y se ha convertido, gradualmente, en destino privilegiado de importantes flujos migratorios internacionales procedentes de otros países árabes, de varios países africanos al sur del Sahara e, incluso, de países asiáticos, como Bangladesh, India y China. Contrariando la visión de Libia como un país de tránsito, la realidad es que muchas personas migrantes se quedan en el país. Sin embargo, el espacio libio ha representado en las últimas tres décadas un auténtico laboratorio para las políticas migratorias aplicadas en la relación entre Libia y los países europeos, en primer lugar, Italia. En los 90 y en la primera década del siglo XXI, Libia se caracterizó por dos tendencias opuestas: por un lado, las políticas del régimen de Gadafi encaminadas a abrir el país a la importación de mano de obra barata del África subsahariana y los países árabes; y por otro, las políticas de contención aplicadas por Italia para detener los flujos migratorios irregulares a través del Mediterráneo, que eran relativamente pequeños en comparación con el número total de migrantes en Libia. Este artículo trata de analizar la génesis y el desarrollo de las políticas de contención de la inmigración, centrándose especialmente en las relaciones entre Italia y Libia, analizando sus efectos a mediano plazo y debatiendo cómo estas políticas no solo han ido en detrimento de los derechos de las personas migrantes, sino que también han sido la premisa para su explotación económica y marginación social en Libia e Italia.

Abstract Since the late 1990s, Libya has experienced a phase of rapid economic growth and gradually become a preferred destination for significant international migration flows from other Arab countries, various sub-Saharan African countries, and even Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, and China. Contrary to the perception of Libya as a transit country, many migrants actually stay in the country. Over the past three decades, Libyan territory has served as a true laboratory for experimenting migration policies between Libya and European countries, especially Italy. In the 1990s and the early 2000s, Libya was characterized by two opposing trends: on one hand, Qaddafi’s policies aimed at importing cheap labour from sub-Saharan Africa and Arab countries, and on the other, containment policies implemented by Italy to halt irregular migration flows across the Mediterranean, which were relatively small compared to the total number of migrants in Libya. This article aims to analyse the genesis and development of immigration containment policies, focusing especially on the relations between Italy and Libya. It examines their medium-term effects and discusses how these policies have not only undermined the rights of migrant individuals, but also served as a premise for their economic exploitation and social marginalization in both Libya and Italy.

Resumen Este documento discute el proceso de criminalización de la migración en tránsito vivido en México desde que el país reconoció esta categoría de migrante en los 1990s. Según Stumpf (2020), la crimigración se basa en instituciones y sistemas existentes y en funcionamiento continuo, así como en una infraestructura establecida para aumentar o reducir las detenciones y deportaciones de personas migrantes. Se presenta como la profundización lógica del paradigma de Seguridad Nacional y la externalización de fronteras implementado después de 9/11 (Koulish, van der Woude, 2020). En la estrategia de gestión migratoria mexicana conviven este paradigma con el de Seguridad Humana cuyas principales acciones chocaron con el discurso antiinmigrante de Estados Unidos, sobre todo durante el gobierno de Donald Trump. De ahí cabe la pregunta ¿cómo el Estado mexicano ha adaptado la gestión de fronteras y migrantes en su territorio, al ser parte del perímetro de seguridad norteamericano? La idea que guiará este trabajo es que sin que México haya establecido un discurso que los criminalice, en la práctica el migrante en tránsito ha sido ilegalizado y criminalizado durante el proceso de construcción de esta categoría como parte de la gestión migratoria nacional. 1990s s 2020, 2020 , (2020) continuo 911 9 11 9/1 Koulish, Koulish (Koulish Woude 2020. . 2020) Unidos Trump cómo territorio norteamericano criminalice nacional 202 (2020 91 1 9/ 20 (202 2 (20 (2 (

Abstract This paper reviews the process of criminalization of transit migration experienced in Mexico since the country acknowledged this category of migrant in the 1990s. According to Stumpf (2020, p. 100), crimigration is based on existing and continuously functioning institutions and systems, as well as on an established infrastructure to increase or reduce detentions and deportations of migrants. It is presented as the logical continuation of the national security paradigm and the externalization of borders implemented after 9/11 (Koulish, van der Woude, 2020). The Mexican migration management coexists, since 2011, with the Human Security paradigm whose main actions clashed with the anti-immigrant discourse of the United States during Donald Trump’s administration. Hence, the question arises: how has the Mexican State adapted the management of borders and transmigrants in its territory, being part of the U.S. security perimeter? The idea that will guide this paper is that without Mexico having established a discourse that criminalizes migrants, in practice the migrant in transit has been illegalized and criminalized during the process of construction of this category as part of the domestic migration governance. 1990s s 2020, 2020 (2020 p 100, 100 , 100) systems migrants 911 9 11 9/1 Koulish, Koulish (Koulish Woude 2020. . 2020) coexists 2011 antiimmigrant anti immigrant Trumps Trump administration Hence arises territory US U S U.S perimeter governance 202 (202 10 91 1 9/ 201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Abstract What contradictions may be perceived between the core ideas underlying multiculturalism related to people´s right to free transit across national borders and the mobility restrictions imposed on certain groups under neoliberalism? How are these contradictions expressed, in the case of Afro-descendant Haitian migrants? Through the concept of intersectionality, this paper reveals the way in which the construction of the negative otherness of this population segment originates in their own country and is later transferred to their migration routes. This outcome is analyzed from the standpoint of a key element: the racism stemming from French colonialism. Other historical, political, demographic, and economic factors are also part of this process; together with environmental vulnerability and the neoliberal strategies implemented at the end of the twentieth century, all of which have rendered the survival of population unfeasible, forcing them to migrate.

Resumen ¿Qué contradicciones se observan entre el ideario del multiculturalismo relacionado con el derecho a la libre circulación de las personas entre las fronteras de las naciones y las restricciones a la movilidad de ciertos grupos durante el neoliberalismo? ¿Cómo se manifiestan estas contradicciones en el caso de las personas migrantes afrodescendientes haitianas? A través del concepto de interseccionalidad, se ilustra cómo la construcción de la otredad negativa de esta población se origina en su propio país para posteriormente trasladarse a las rutas migratorias. Se analiza este desenlace a partir de un elemento central, el racismo, derivado de la colonización francesa, al que se suman factores históricos, políticos, demográficos y económicos, la vulnerabilidad ecológica y la implementación de estrategias neoliberales a finales del siglo XX, que tornan inviable la sobrevivencia de la población y la obligan a migrar.

Resumen El cambio climático y la movilidad humana constituyen un gran desafío dentro de aquellos contextos transnacionales conectados por rutas migratorias, como sucede en el espacio euromediterráneo y, en especial, el ámbito hispano-marroquí, escenario de emisión, tránsito y entrada de flujos migratorios, además de desplazamientos forzados por la variabilidad climática y los desastres. Por ello, nuestro objeto de estudio se centra en la cooperación hispano-marroquí, con el fin de valorar la alineación de las prioridades estratégicas de la Cooperación Española con los objetivos del país vecino y sus iniciativas frente a las consecuencias del cambio climático, enfatizando especialmente en la armonización de estas actuaciones con los compromisos e instrumentos internacionales. Los resultados arrojan luz sobre el esfuerzo de planificación y la falta de mayores mecanismos de coordinación para una inversión más efectiva en la lucha contra este fenómeno. migratorias especial hispanomarroquí, hispanomarroquí hispano marroquí, marroquí hispano-marroquí emisión migratorios desastres ello internacionales fenómeno

Abstract Climate change and human mobility constitute a great challenge within those transnational contexts connected by migratory routes, as happens in the Euro-Mediterranean space and, especially, the Hispano-Moroccan area, the scene of emission, transit and entry of migratory flows, in addition of forced displacement due to climate variability and disasters. Therefore, our object of study focuses on Hispano-Moroccan cooperation, in order to assess the alignment of the strategic priorities of Spanish Cooperation with the objectives of the neighboring country and its initiatives against the consequences of climate change, especially emphasizing in the harmonization of these actions with international commitments and instruments. The results shed light on the planning effort and the lack of greater coordination mechanisms for a more effective investment in the fight against this phenomenon. routes EuroMediterranean Euro Mediterranean HispanoMoroccan Hispano Moroccan area emission flows disasters Therefore cooperation instruments phenomenon

Resumen Desde 2010, México se ha venido convirtiendo en un país de tránsito y destino de población extranjera para personas de Centroamérica, el Caribe, Sudamérica y otras regiones del mundo (Asia y África). Paralelamente, en el escenario internacional han surgido una serie de procesos que han dado pie al Pacto Mundial de Migración y el Pacto para los Refugiados, que contienen disposiciones que buscan orientar y motivar respuestas aparentemente más idóneas a los países involucrados en escenarios de alta movilidad migratoria. Dichos componentes se han vuelto parte importante del discurso de la actual administración pública federal mexicana (2018-2024) sobre la atención a los flujos migratorios y su gestión. Sin embargo, las respuestas dadas y amparadas en dichos principios han propiciado un contrasentido en su intervención que genera mayor riesgo y vulnerabilidad a las personas migrantes y refugiadas, lo cual da pie a una migración desordenada, insegura e irregular.

Abstract Since 2010, Mexico has positioned itself as a country of transit and destination for foreign populations for people from Central America, the Caribbean, South America and other regions of the world (Asia and Africa). At the same time, a series of processes have emerged on the international scene that have given rise to the Global Migration Pact and the Pact for Refugees, which concentrate provisions that seek to guide and motivate apparently more appropriate responses to the countries involved in these high migratory mobility scenarios. These components have become an important part of the discourse of the current Mexican federal public administration (2018-2024) on the attention and management of migratory flows. However, the answers given and protected under said principles, have led to a contradiction in their intervention, discovering greater risk and vulnerability for migrants and refugees, thus giving rise to disorderly, insecure and irregular migration.

Resumen Este articulo presenta los caminos poéticos de Alda Lara, poeta de Benguela, Angola, que vivió en Lisboa y Coimbra, Portugal, mientras estudiaba Medicina. Los textos analizados componen la antología Poemas (2004), publicada póstumamente. Preferimos presentar la mayoría de los poemas en su versión integral, permitiendo al lector conocer mejor la poesía de Alda Lara, ya que su obra no está publicada en Brasil. Analizamos los desplazamientos propuestos por ella, "mujer en tránsito", cuyos caminos y temas son fundamentales para la creación de la poesía angolana moderna y para la concepción de un proyecto literario de esta colonia/país. Lara Benguela Angola Coimbra Portugal Medicina 2004, 2004 , (2004) póstumamente integral Brasil ella mujer tránsito, tránsito tránsito" coloniapaís colonia país colonia/país 200 (2004 20 (200 2 (20 (2 (

Resumo Apresentam-se percursos poéticos de Alda Lara, poeta natural de Benguela, Angola, que morou em Lisboa e Coimbra, Portugal, quando cursava Medicina. Os textos analisados compõem a antologia Poemas (2004), publicada postumamente. Opta-se, neste artigo, por apresentar a maioria dos poemas na íntegra, possibilitando que o leitor conheça poesias de Alda Lara, pois sua obra não está publicada no Brasil. Analisam-se os deslocamentos propostos por ela, “mulher em trânsito”, cujos percursos e temáticas são fundamentais para a criação da moderna poesia angolana e para a concepção de um projeto literário dessa colônia/país. Apresentamse Apresentam se Lara Benguela Angola Coimbra Portugal Medicina 2004, 2004 , (2004) postumamente Optase, Optase Opta se, Opta-se artigo íntegra Brasil Analisamse Analisam ela mulher trânsito, trânsito trânsito” colôniapaís colônia país colônia/país 200 (2004 20 (200 2 (20 (2 (

Abstract This article presents the poetic trajectory of Alda Lara, a poet born in Benguela, Angola, who lived in Lisbon and Coimbra, Portugal, during her medical studies. The texts analyzed make up the anthology Poemas (2004), published posthumously. In this article we chose to present most of the poems in their entirety, allowing the reader to get to know Alda Lara's poetry, as her work has not yet been published in Brazil. This article analyzes the displacements proposed by her, “woman in transit”, whose paths and themes are fundamental for the creation of modern Angolan poetry and for the conception of a literary project of this colony/country. Lara Benguela Angola Coimbra Portugal studies 2004, 2004 , (2004) posthumously entirety Laras s Brazil woman transit, transit transit” colonycountry colony country colony/country 200 (2004 20 (200 2 (20 (2 (

This Brazilian multi-society position statement on emerging bariatric and metabolic surgical procedures was issued by the Brazilian Society of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery (SBCBM), the Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery (CBCD), and the Brazilian College of Surgeons (CBC). This document is the result of a Brazilian Emerging Surgeries Forum aimed at evaluating the results of surgeries that are not yet listed in the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), the regulatory agency that oversees and regulates medical practice in Brazil. The Forum integrated more than 400 specialists and academics with extensive knowledge about bariatric and metabolic surgery, representing the three surgical societies: SBCBM, CBC, and CBC. International speakers participated online and presented their experiences with the techniques under discussion, emphasizing the regulatory policies in their countries. The indications for surgery and the subsequent procedures were carefully reviewed, including One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB), Single Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal with Sleeve Gastrectomy (OADS or SADI-S), Sleeve Gastrectomy with Transit Bipartition (SGTB), and Sleeve Gastrectomy with Ileal Interposition (SGII). The recommendations of this document are based on an extensive literature review and discussions among bariatric surgery specialists from the three surgical societies. We concluded that patients with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m2 may be candidates for metabolic surgery in the presence of comorbidities (arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes) with no response to clinical treatment of obesity or in the control of other associated diseases. Regarding the surgical procedures, we concluded that OAGB, OADS, and SGTB are associated with low morbidity rates and with satisfactory weight loss and resolution of obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes and arterial hypertension. SGII was considered a good and viable promising surgical alternative technique. The recommendations of this statement aim to synchronize our societies with the sentiments and understandings of most of our members and also serve as a guide for future decisions regarding bariatric surgical procedures in our country and worldwide.

Esta declaração multissocietária de posicionamento sobre novos procedimentos cirúrgicos bariátricos e metabólicos emergentes foi emitida pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica (SBCBM), pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva (CBCD) e pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões (CBC). Este documento é resultado do Fórum Brasileiro de Cirurgias Emergentes, realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os resultados de cirurgias ainda não listadas no Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), órgão regulador que fiscaliza e regulamenta a prática médica no Brasil. O Fórum integrou mais de 400 especialistas e acadêmicos com amplo conhecimento sobre cirurgia bariátrica e metabólica, representando as três sociedades cirúrgicas: SBCBM, CBC e CBC. Palestrantes internacionais participaram online e apresentaram suas experiências com as técnicas em discussão, enfatizando as políticas regulatórias de seus países. As indicações para cirurgia e os procedimentos subsequentes foram cuidadosamente revisados, incluindo bypass gástrico de uma anastomose (OAGB), anastomose duodeno-Ileal única com gastrectomia vertical (OADS ou SADI-S), gastrectomia vertical com bipartição de trânsito (SGTB) e gastrectomia vertical com interposição ileal (SGII). As recomendações deste documento são baseadas em extensa revisão da literatura e discussões entre especialistas em cirurgia bariátrica das três sociedades cirúrgicas. Concluímos que pacientes com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) acima de 30 kg/m2 podem ser candidatos à cirurgia metabólica na presença de comorbidades (hipertensão arterial e diabetes tipo 2), sem resposta ao tratamento clínico da obesidade ou no controle de outras doenças associadas. Em relação aos procedimentos cirúrgicos, concluímos que OAGB, OADS e SGTB estão associados a baixas taxas de morbidade e com perda de peso satisfatória e resolução de comorbidades relacionadas à obesidade, como diabetes e hipertensão arterial. A SGII foi considerada uma boa e viável técnica cirúrgica, sendo considerada uma alternativa promissora. As recomendações desta declaração visam sincronizar nossas sociedades com os sentimentos e entendimentos da maioria de nossos membros e também servir como um guia para futuras decisões sobre procedimentos cirúrgicos bariátricos em nosso país e no mundo.

Resumen. En las últimas décadas se produjo un aumento del flujo migratorio de personas provenientes de distintos países de África que transitan el continente americano para llegar a Estados Unidos y Canadá. Particularmente desde el 2014, la presencia de estas migraciones en tránsito por Costa Rica ha sido más visibilizada, esto ha producido distintas respuestas institucionales para controlar y acompañar su tránsito por el país. Este artículo tiene como fin visibilizar y problematizar algunos de los principales desafíos presentes en la atención institucional a las migraciones africanas en tránsito por Costa Rica. Se realizaron distintas entrevistas a funcionarios y funcionarias del área de migración (tanto de instituciones estatales como de Organismos Internacionales) que comparten vínculos laborales con personas en movilidad provenientes de África. Más que entrar en profundidad en las políticas públicas específicas, el artículo analiza las inquietudes, tensiones y contradicciones presentes en la atención cotidiana de esta migración y, a partir de las reflexiones y experiencias de las personas entrevistadas, se sugiere algunas prácticas que fortalecerían horizontes más hospitalarios con las y los africanos en el país. Resumen Canadá 2014 visibilizada país tanto Internacionales específicas inquietudes entrevistadas 201 20 2

Abstract. In recent decades there has been an increase of the amount of people from different countries from Africa who are transiting the American continent to reach the United States and Canada. Particularly in Costa Rica, since 2014 the presence of these migrations in transit has been more visible, which has produced different institutional responses to control and accompany their transit through the country. This article aims to make visible and problematize some of the main challenges present in the institutional attention to African migrations in transit in Costa Rica. Various interviews were conducted with officials in the area of migration (both from state institutions and international organizations) who have worked with this flow of migrants in the country.. Rather than going into depth on the public policies that permeate this migratory transit, the focus of the article is analyzing the concerns, tensions and contradictions present in the daily attention of this migration and also suggests practices that could strengthen more hospitable horizons with Africans in the country. Abstract Canada Rica 201 country both organizations concerns 20 2

Resumen Las migraciones tienen diversas aristas, las hay de diferente índole y pueden cambiar de manera abrupta o ser continuas, lo que hace bastante difícil su análisis. El caso de México es una muestra de esta complejidad. Por sus características económicas, políticas, geográficas y culturales se le ha denominado un país de emigración por su vasta expulsión de migrantes que tradicionalmente se dirigen a Estados Unidos; de tránsito, esto por ubicarse en uno de los corredores migratorios más importantes; de inmigración, por ser un polo de atracción para los jubilados (estadounidenses y canadienses principalmente) y por las diversas oportunidades que pudiese llegar a ofrecer a personas de otras nacionalidades; y, finalmente, de retorno de migrantes, la mayoría provenientes de Estados Unidos, ya sea de manera voluntaria o forzada. La literatura sobre migración se ha enfocado fundamentalmente a explicar las causas y consecuencias de los países de origen y destino en el proceso migratorio y, en menor medida, al tránsito y el retorno de personas migrantes. En este artículo nos enfocaremos en este último tipo de migración. A través del caso de Ana Laura y, desde la mirada del trabajo social, exploramos los impactos y retos que implica la deportación bajo un contexto de desesperanza generado por los propios Estados a través de sus políticas migratorias, en este caso México y Estados Unidos.

Abstract Migrations have different edges, there are different ways and they can change abruptly or be continuous, which makes their analysis quite difficult. The case of Mexico is a sample of this complexity. Due to its economic, political, geographical and cultural characteristics, a country of emigration has been specified for its vast expulsion of migrants who traditionally go to the United States; of transit, this due to its location in one of the most important migratory corridors; of immigration, for being a pole of attraction for retirees (mainly Americans and Canadians) and for the various opportunities that are offered to people of other nationalities and, finally, of return of migrants, most of those from United States, either voluntarily or forcedly. The literature on migration has focused primarily on explaining the causes and consequences of countries of origin and destination in the migration process and, to a lesser extent, on the transit and return of migrants. In this article, we focus on this last type of migration. Through the case of Ana Laura and, from the perspective of social work, we explore the impacts and challenges involved in deportation under a context of despair generated by the States themselves through their migration policies, in this case Mexico and the United States.

Resumen El presente artículo reflexiona desde las dimensiones de la espera y la esperanza sobre la población venezolana residente en Chile, destacando la conciencia de las posibilidades en relación al futuro en un contexto espacio-temporal de incertidumbre. A partir tanto de procesos estructurales como subjetivos, pues los migrantes son portadores de sentido y productores de significantes sobre su propio país, Chile y el mundo, conscientes de sí mismos frente a una sociedad que no les confiere un claro reconocimiento durante los años 2020 a 2022, después de haber sido bien recibidos en contexto pre-pandemia. A partir de 30 entrevistas en profundidad a hombres y mujeres que llevan más de 5 años residiendo en Chile, proponemos analíticamente que en la espera y la esperanza se puede observar la naturaleza compleja, cambiante y no consolidada del arraigo dentro de un régimen social y económico basado en asimetrías, por lo que Chile puede ser destino, pero también solo un país de tránsito por el debilitamiento de las posibilidades de futuro.

Abstract This article reflects from the dimensions of waiting and hope on the Venezuelan population residing in Chile, highlighting the awareness of the possibilities in relation to the future in a spacetime context of uncertainty. From both structural and subjective processes, since migrants are bearers of meaning and producers of signifiers about their own country, Chile and the world, aware of themselves in the face of a society that does not give them clear recognition during the years 2020 to 2022, after being well received in a pre-pandemic context. Based on 30 in-depth interviews with men and women who have been residing in Chile for more than 5 years, we analytically propose that in waiting and hoping one can observe the complex, changing and unconsolidated nature of rootedness within a social and economic regime. based on asymmetries, so Chile can be a destination, but also only a transit country due to the weakening of future possibilities.

Resumo: Este artigo se concentrará nas experiências de defesa de dereitos de organizações que trabalhan na Cidade do México, cujos objetivos são atender às necessidades dos migrantes e influenciar as políticas públicas. Ambas as ações visam garantir que os migrantes que transitam e residem no pais tenham seus direitos garantidos. A perspectiva do reconhecimento é utilizada como ferramenta teórica para pensar as mudanças recentes no vínculo entre as organizações e alguns agências estatais. Por meio de uma análise qualitativa baseada na revisão de arquivos jornalísticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas, vamos expor algumas dificuldades, conquistas e desafios que os defensores encontram para realizar seu trabalho. Veremos que as organizações experimentam novas estratégias como a via judicial, a pressão através das redes sociais e o vínculo com as autoridades locais para continuar garantindo os direitos de sua população beneficiária.

Resumen: Este artículo se enfocará en las experiencias de defensoría de organizaciones que trabajan en la Ciudad de México, cuyos objetivos se dirigen a la atención de personas migrantes e incidencia en políticas públicas. Ambas acciones se orientan a que las personas migrantes que transitan y residen en el país y la ciudad vean garantizados sus derechos. Se utiliza la perspectiva del reconocimiento como herramienta teórica para pensar cambios recientes en el vínculo de las organizaciones con algunos interlocutores estatales. Mediante un análisis cualitativo con base en la revisión de archivos periodísticos y entrevistas semi-estructuradas se exponen algunas dificultades, logros y desafíos que encuentran las personas defensoras para llevar adelante su trabajo. Veremos que las organizaciones ensayan nuevas estrategias como la vía judicial, la presión mediante redes sociales y el vínculo con autoridades locales para seguir garantizando los derechos de su población beneficiaria.

Abstract: This article will focus on the defensory work of organizations that are situated in Mexico City, whose aims are assisting migrants and influencing public policies. Both actions are aimed at ensuring that migrants who transit and reside in the country have their rights guaranteed. The perspective of recognition will be used as a theoretical tool to think about some recent changes in the linkage between organizations and some state agency. Through a qualitative analysis based on the review of journalistic archives and semi-structured interviews, we will expose some difficulties, achievements and challenges that defenders find in the daily work. We will see that organizations try with new strategies such as the judicial route, pressure through social networks and the link with local authorities to continue guaranteeing the rights of their beneficiary population.

RESUMO Esta declaração multissocietária de posicionamento sobre novos procedimentos cirúrgicos bariátricos e metabólicos emergentes foi emitida pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica (SBCBM), pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva (CBCD) e pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões (CBC). Este documento é resultado do Fórum Brasileiro de Cirurgias Emergentes, realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os resultados de cirurgias ainda não listadas no Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), órgão regulador que fiscaliza e regulamenta a prática médica no Brasil. O Fórum integrou mais de 400 especialistas e acadêmicos com amplo conhecimento sobre cirurgia bariátrica e metabólica, representando as três sociedades cirúrgicas: SBCBM, CBC e CBCD. Palestrantes internacionais participaram online e apresentaram suas experiências com as técnicas em discussão, enfatizando as políticas regulatórias de seus países. As indicações para cirurgia e os procedimentos subsequentes foram cuidadosamente revisados, incluindo bypass gástrico de uma anastomose (OAGB), anastomose duodeno-Ileal única com gastrectomia vertical (OADS ou SADI-S), gastrectomia vertical com bipartição de trânsito (SGTB) e gastrectomia vertical com interposição ileal (SGII). As recomendações deste documento são baseadas em extensa revisão da literatura e discussões entre especialistas em cirurgia bariátrica das três sociedades cirúrgicas. Concluímos que pacientes com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) acima de 30 kg/m2 podem ser candidatos à cirurgia metabólica na presença de comorbidades (hipertensão arterial e diabetes tipo 2), sem resposta ao tratamento clínico da obesidade ou no controle de outras doenças associadas. Em relação aos procedimentos cirúrgicos, concluímos que OAGB, OADS e SGTB estão associados a baixas taxas de morbidade e com perda de peso satisfatória e resolução de comorbidades relacionadas à obesidade, como diabetes e hipertensão arterial. A SGII foi considerada uma boa e viável técnica cirúrgica, sendo considerada uma alternativa promissora. As recomendações desta declaração visam sincronizar nossas sociedades com os sentimentos e entendimentos da maioria de nossos membros e também servir como um guia para futuras decisões sobre procedimentos cirúrgicos bariátricos em nosso país e no mundo. SBCBM , (SBCBM) CBCD (CBCD CBC. . (CBC) Emergentes CFM, CFM (CFM) Brasil 40 cirúrgicas discussão países revisados OAGB (OAGB) duodenoIleal duodeno Ileal SADIS, SADIS SADI S SADI-S) (SGTB SGII. (SGII) IMC (IMC 3 kgm2 kgm kg m2 m kg/m 2, 2 2) associadas cirúrgica promissora mundo (SBCBM (CBC (CFM 4 (OAGB SADI-S (SGII

ABSTRACT This Brazilian multi-society position statement on emerging bariatric and metabolic surgical procedures was issued by the Brazilian Society of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery (SBCBM), the Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery (CBCD), and the Brazilian College of Surgeons (CBC). This document is the result of a Brazilian Emerging Surgeries Forum aimed at evaluating the results of surgeries that are not yet listed in the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), the regulatory agency that oversees and regulates medical practice in Brazil. The Forum integrated more than 400 specialists and academics with extensive knowledge about bariatric and metabolic surgery, representing the three surgical societies: SBCBM, CBC, and CBCD. International speakers participated online and presented their experiences with the techniques under discussion, emphasizing the regulatory policies in their countries. The indications for surgery and the subsequent procedures were carefully reviewed, including one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), single anastomosis duodeno-ileal with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S or OADS), sleeve gastrectomy with transit bipartition (SGTB), and sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition (SGII). The recommendations of this document are based on an extensive literature review and discussions among bariatric surgery specialists from the three surgical societies. We concluded that patients with a body mass index over 30 kg/m2 may be candidates for metabolic surgery in the presence of comorbidities (arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes) with no response to clinical treatment of obesity or in the control of other associated diseases. Regarding the surgical procedures, we concluded that OAGB, OADS, and SGTB are associated with low morbidity rates, satisfactory weight loss, and resolution of obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes and arterial hypertension. SGII was considered a good and viable promising surgical alternative technique. The recommendations of this statement aim to synchronize our societies with the sentiments and understandings of most of our members and also serve as a guide for future decisions regarding bariatric surgical procedures in our country and worldwide. multisociety multi society SBCBM , (SBCBM) CBCD, CBCD (CBCD) CBC. CBC . (CBC) CFM, CFM (CFM) Brazil 40 discussion countries reviewed OAGB (OAGB) duodenoileal duodeno SADIS SADI S OADS OADS) SGTB, (SGTB) SGII. (SGII) 3 kgm2 kgm kg m2 m kg/m diseases rates loss obesityrelated related technique worldwide (SBCBM (CBCD (CBC (CFM 4 (OAGB (SGTB (SGII

Abstract This article aims to analyze how the manifestations and effects caused by the exercise of violence do not disappear when women leave their country of origin but follows them during their transit and stay in the host country. Using a qualitative methodological design, this article analyzes testimonies from in-depth interviews with asylum-seeking women and lawyers who work in civil society organizations (CSOs). The findings highlight that, although asylum seekers left their country of origin fleeing violence, in Mexico they have found an occasionally more violent context where both governmental and organized crime actors intervene, promoting the transnationalization of violence. This implies seeing violence as a cycle that forces the authorities to generate comprehensive protection mechanisms for women in mobility.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo las manifestaciones y los efectos generados por el ejercicio de la violencia no finalizan en el momento en el que las mujeres abandonan el lugar de origen, sino que les persiguen durante el tránsito y la estancia en el país de destino. Utilizando un diseño metodológico cualitativo, se analizan testimonios recabados a partir de entrevistas a profundidad realizadas tanto a mujeres solicitantes de asilo como a abogadas de organizaciones de la sociedad civil (OSC). Los hallazgos indican que, aunque las solicitantes de asilo salieron de su lugar de origen huyendo de la violencia, en México han encontrado un contexto ocasionalmente más violento donde intervienen actores tanto gubernamentales como de la delincuencia organizada, propiciando la transnacionalización de la violencia. Lo anterior implica ver la violencia como un ciclo que obliga a las autoridades a generar mecanismos de protección integral para las mujeres en movilidad.

RESUMO O artigo discute a formação de um Clube de Antropofagia no Pará tomando como fontes a Revista de Antropofagia e o jornal O Estado do Pará. Segundo a revista, havia explícita intenção de expansão do movimento antropofágico às demais regiões do país através da criação de clubes regionais e locais autônomos. A Amazônia, considerada pelos modernistas uma espécie de repositório mítico da nação, teria lugar de destaque nestas discussões, e o Pará estava em evidência por ser a origem de artistas, intelectuais e literatos que publicavam tanto em revistas modernistas de Belém quanto na Revista de Antropofagia. As publicações de Eneida de Moraes serão destacadas, pois ela foi a única mulher a transitar entre estas duas realidades, sendo a pessoa que mais discutiu os conceitos antropofágicos no jornal paraense, provavelmente contribuindo na construção do conceito “matriarcado de pindorama”.

ABSTRACT The article discusses the formation of an Anthropophagy Club in Pará taking as sources the magazine Revista de Antropofagia and the newspaper O Estado do Pará. According to the magazine, there was an explicit intention to expand the anthropophagic movement to other regions of the country through the creation of regional and local autonomous clubs. The Amazon, considered by the modernists a kind of mythical repository of the nation, would have a prominent place in these discussions, and Pará was in evidence for being the origin of artists, intellectuals, and literati who published both in modernist magazines in Belém and in the Revista de Antropofagia. The publications of Eneida de Moraes will be highlighted because she was the only woman to transit between these two realities, being the person who most discussed the anthropophagic concepts in the Pará newspaper, probably contributing to the construction of the concept of “pindorama matriarchy”.