Résumé Dans cette note technique, nous introduisons une base de données innovante qui résout une lacune importante dans l’étude des stratégies électorales : l’absence de données permettant d’identifier où, quand et comment les candidats réalisent des activités pendant la campagne électorale. Le Tribunal Supérieur Électoral (TSE) a rendu disponibles les enregistrements des revenus et des dépenses de chaque candidat pendant la campagne. Parmi les nombreuses informations contenues, nous avons collecté le numéro de la banque et de l’agence du bénéficiaire des transactions indiquées par les candidats et les avons croisés avec une liste d’adresses des agences bancaires au Brésil. Grâce à ces croisements, nous avons pu géoréférencer les dépenses des candidats au législatif national pour tout le pays et ainsi construire une proxy des stratégies de campagne dans la compétition électorale. Cette nouvelle base de données nous permettra de mieux comprendre comment se structurent les campagnes électorales, les stratégies adoptées, et la relation entre les représentants et les citoyens, en permettant de dissocier les efforts de campagne des résultats électoraux. technique létude l étude labsence absence didentifier d identifier où électorale TSE (TSE contenues lagence agence dadresses adresses Brésil croisements adoptées citoyens électoraux

Abstract In this technical note, we present an unprecedented database that solves a major problem in the study of electoral strategies: The lack of data to identify where, when, and how candidates carry out activities during the electoral campaign. The Superior Electoral Court (TSE) has made available the records of income and spending during each candidate’s campaign. Among the many pieces of information contained therein, we collected the bank and branch numbers of the beneficiaries of the transactions indicated by the candidates and cross-referenced them with a list of bank branch addresses in Brazil. From these cross-references, we were able to georeference the spending of candidates for the national legislature for the whole country and thus build a proxy of campaign strategies in the electoral contest. This unprecedented database will allow us to advance our understanding of how electoral campaigns are designed, what strategies are employed, and how the relationship between representatives and citizens takes place, since it will be possible to dissociate campaign efforts from the outcome of the election. note where when TSE (TSE candidate s therein crossreferenced cross referenced Brazil crossreferences, crossreferences references, references cross-references contest designed employed place election

Resumo

Resumen En esta nota técnica, presentamos una base de datos sin precedentes que soluciona un gran problema en el estudio de las estrategias electorales: la falta de datos que permitan identificar dónde, cuándo y cómo los candidatos realizan actividades durante la campaña electoral. El Tribunal Supremo Electoral (TSE) ha puesto a disposición de los ciudadanos los registros de ingresos y gastos durante la campaña de cada candidato. Entre las muchas informaciones que contienen, recogimos los números de banco y de sucursal de los beneficiarios de las transacciones indicadas por los candidatos y los cruzamos con una lista de direcciones de sucursales bancarias en Brasil. A partir de estas referencias cruzadas, pudimos georreferenciar los gastos de los candidatos a las legislativas nacionales para todo el país y construir así un proxy de las estrategias de campaña en la contienda electoral. Esta base de datos sin precedentes nos permitirá avanzar en la comprensión de cómo se construye la campaña electoral, qué estrategias se emplean y también cómo se produce la relación entre representantes y ciudadanos, ya que será posible disociar los esfuerzos de campaña del resultado de las elecciones. técnica electorales dónde electoral TSE (TSE candidato contienen Brasil cruzadas elecciones

RESUMEN El comercio electrónico se ha convertido en una actividad global practicada por un número cada vez más creciente de personas que interactúan en el mercado de bienes y servicios. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y analizar las costumbres y hábitos de compras de los consumidores de Asunción y del Departamento Central de Paraguay en relación a las compras en línea. Se utilizó un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y se aplicó una encuesta en formato electrónico a un total de 400 participantes residentes en las zonas de influencia del estudio. Se observo que gran parte de la población analizada utiliza este método de compras y qué lo hacen de manera frecuente, aunque con una clara preferencia por ciertos tipos de productos como es el caso de los alimentos, que mayormente son adquiridos vía servicios de delivery desde tiendas locales; y también los pedidos de ropas, que generalmente son adquiridos desde tiendas internacionales, aunque también provienen en un número importante de tiendas locales que ofrecen sus productos principalmente a través de redes sociales. Los resultados más relevantes señalan que la mayoría de los participantes ya realizan compras en línea y que estarían dispuestos a repetir las compras en esa modalidad, debido a que las experiencias en general han sido positivas. Como recomendación, se expresa que las empresas locales deberían invertir mayores recursos para dotar a sus negocios de un sistema de comercio electrónico que les permita concretar transacciones en línea incluyendo el proceso de cobros con distintos medios de pago.

ABSTRACT E-commerce has become a global activity practiced by an increasing number of people who interact in the market for goods and services. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the customs and shopping habits of consumers in Asunción and the Central Department of Paraguay in relation to online shopping. A quantitative approach was used and a survey in electronic format was applied to a total of 400 participants residing in the areas of influence of the study. It was observed that a large part of the population analyzed uses this shopping method and that they do so frequently, although with a clear preference for certain types of products such as food, which are mostly purchased via delivery services from local stores; and also clothing orders, which are generally purchased from international stores, although they also come in a significant number from local stores that offer their products mainly through social networks. The most relevant results indicate that most of the participants already make purchases online and that they would be willing to repeat purchases in this modality, since the experiences have generally been positive. As a recommendation, it is expressed that local companies should invest more resources to provide their businesses with an e-commerce system that allows them to carry out online transactions, including the collection process with different means of payment.

Abstract This study reconstructs and analyzes the development of the two international tours carried out by the Teatro Municipal General San Martín (Buenos Aires, Argentina), under the direction of Kive Staiff, in the context of the last military dictatorship (1976-1983): the so-called "Spanish-American Tour", between April and June 1980, and the visit to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in 1982. The study of these experiences will show how the management implemented by the theater director was crossed by negotiations and transactions between the cultural field and the various interests projected by the military regime at the international level. We argue that, on the one hand, these initiatives contributed to the consolidation of Staiff's management project by making Argentine theater visible beyond national borders. On the other hand, we identify the instrumentalization of these cultural proposals in the realization of the political objectives pursued by the dictatorship.

Resumen Este estudio reconstruye y analiza el desarrollo de las dos giras internacionales realizadas por el Teatro Municipal General San Martín (Buenos Aires, Argentina), bajo la dirección de Kive Staiff, en el contexto de la última dictadura militar (1976-1983): la denominada “Gira Hispanoamericana”, efectuada entre abril y junio de 1980, y la visita a la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, en 1982. A partir del estudio de estas experiencias, examinaremos de qué manera la gestión implementada por el director del teatro estuvo atravesada por negociaciones y transacciones entre el campo cultural y los diversos intereses proyectados por el régimen militar en el plano internacional. Sostenemos que estas iniciativas contribuyeron a la consolidación del proyecto de gestión de Staiff, al visibilizar el teatro argentino más allá de las fronteras nacionales. Junto a ello, identificamos la instrumentalización de estas propuestas culturales en la concreción de los objetivos políticos perseguidos por la dictadura.

Resumo Este estudo reconstrói e analisa o desenvolvimento das duas turnês internacionais realizadas pelo Teatro Municipal General San Martín (Buenos Aires, Argentina), sob a direção de Kive Staiff, no contexto da última ditadura militar (1976-1983): a chamada "Turnê hispano-americana", realizada entre abril e junho de 1980, e a visita à União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas em 1982. A partir do estudo dessas experiências, examinaremos como a gestão implementada pelo diretor do teatro foi marcada por negociações e transações entre o campo cultural e os vários interesses projetados pelo regime militar em nível internacional. Afirmamos que essas iniciativas contribuíram para a consolidação do projeto de gerenciamento da Staiff, tornando o teatro argentino visível além das fronteiras nacionais. Além disso, identificamos a instrumentalização dessas propostas culturais para a realização dos objetivos políticos perseguidos pela ditadura.

The history of the ora (with the symbol Φ) as a trade instrument is inextricably linked to the history of Orania, a village on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest town to Orania is Hopetown (43 kilometres to the northwest). Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley, the biggest city in the Northern Cape. Orania has a number of unique features. Firstly, all inhabitants are white and speak Afrikaans, with the implication that this is the language used for all activities (business, education, religion and social interaction). It is therefore viewed as a white Afrikaner cultural enclave. Secondly, the aim of Orania is self-determination as far as its future is concerned. In this context it has been described as a continuation of the Verwoerdian ideal of the 1960s. This aim is supported by "selfwerksaamheid" (loosely meaning "to work with our own for our own"), that is, a policy in terms of which preference is given to the employment of people from Orania. Thirdly, Orania has its own trade instrument, the ora, the symbol for which is Φ.2 The ora is described as a coupon used in settlement of cash transactions. Calling the ora currency would be a contravention of the South African Reserve Bank Act, 1989. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues the ora. It is linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, that is, at a rate of Φ 1,00 = R1,00. The inhabitants of Orania prefer to use ora when referring to amounts and this paper follows the same convention. Literature on Orania refers to the ora and its use in trade, but there is no research focusing on the development of the ora since it wasfirst launched in 2004. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap in the existing literature. The ora serves the needs of the inhabitants of Orania. A population census undertaken in Orania in December 2021 and early in 2022 reported the town'spopulation as 2 377 people, of whom 1 635 were 20 years and older. The same census also showed that Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. Based on the 2021/22 census, the total personal annual income of the residents of Orania in 2021 was estimated at Φ295 672 222. Per capita personal annual income of the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at Φ124 389. Based on the same census data, the annual household income in Orania was estimated at Φ190 331179. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the 2021/2022 census data and was previously highlighted as an area for further research. These estimates show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the 2021 business survey conducted in Orania. Business turnover in 2021 was estimated at Φ281 950 000. More research is necessary to ascertain whether the increase in the value of ora issued correlates at all with the growth rate of economic activity in Orania. If this correlation can be determined, ora in circulation will be a useful indicator of the growth of economic activities in Orania. The growth rate of ora coupons cannot be compared with growth in economic activity because the latter has not previously been calculated on a comparable basis. Recently research was published that will contribute to a basis for determining future economic growth. This research shows that the ora contributes to "community building" (a sense that the residents are building their own future) in Orania and limits cash risks in the town. However, the ora also has certain disadvantages for residents of Orania. Holders of ora coupons and dOra must exchange them for rand in Orania for cash transactions outside the town. Any discount that businesses grant on ora transactions reduces their turnover and gross profit. The fact that ora coupons are not machine-readable increases the administration costs of the coupons. The final conclusion is that the ora is inextricably linked to Orania. The town can exist without the ora, but the ora cannot exist without Orania.

Hierdie artikel fokus op die geskiedenis van die ora (Φ3) sedert die eerste vrystelling daarvan 20 jaar gelede in 2004. Die ora is onlosmaaklik verweef met Orania, 'n Afrikaanse dorp in die Noord-Kaap. Die ora is op 'n een-tot-een-grondslag gekoppel aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel vir gebruik in kontanttransaksies in Orania. Die bestaan en sirkulasie van die ora is een van die unieke eienskappe van Orania. 'n Verdere unieke eienskap van Orania is die uitsluitlike gebruik van Afrikaans in die dorp. Alle bedrywighede (godsdiensbeoefening, kultuuraktiwiteite, onderrig en saketransak-sies) geskied uitsluitlik in Afrikaans. Voorts het Orania net wit inwoners. Die dorp word dus as 'n wit Afrikaner enklawe beskou. Daarbenewens is die oogmerk van Orania selfbeskikking wat die dorp se toekoms betref. Dit bring Orania in lyn met die voortsetting van die Verwoerdiaanse ideaal van afsonderlike ontwikkeling tot selfbeskikking. Hierdie ideaal word in Orania ondersteun deur "selfwerk-saamheid", met ander woorde 'n beleid dat voorkeur gegee word aan indiensneming van die inwoners van Orania. Die inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te noem en nie in rand nie. Gevolglik word daardie praktyk in hierdie artikel gebruik. Gebaseer op die 2021/22-sensusopname in Orania, is totale persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste op Φ295 672 222 beraam. Per capita persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners is dus op Φ124 389 beraam. Hierteenoor is die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op Φ190 331 179 beraam. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met behulp van die bestaande sensusopnamedata verklaar word nie en is tevore aangestip as 'n gebied vir verdere navorsing. Die 2021-besigheidsopname van Orania rapporteer data oor sake-ondernemings in die dorp. Op grond van hierdie opnamedata is die jaarlikse omset van sakeondernemings in Orania in 2021 op Φ281 950 000 beraam. Meer navorsing is nodig om te bepaal of die groei in ora-koepons wat uitgereik word, hoegenaamd korreleer met die groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede in Orania. Die groeikoers van ora-koepons kan nie met groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede vergelyk word nie omdat laasgenoemde nie voorheen op 'n vergelykbare basis bereken is nie. Onlangse navorsing is die eerste inisiatief om 'n basis te skep vir die bepaling van Orania se toekomstige ekonomiese groei. Indien hierdie korrelasie deur toekomstige navorsing bepaal kan word, sal dit 'n nuttige en maklike aanwyser van ekonomiese bedrywighede op die dorp wees. Die navorsing toon ook dat die ora tot gemeenskapsbewussyn bydra, byvoorbeeld omdat die inwoners bedrae in ora uitdruk, eerder as in rand. Die ora verminder ook kontantrisiko in Orania, omdat die ora nie buite die dorp gebruik kan word nie. Die ora het egter ook sekere nadele vir inwoners van Orania. Houers van ora-koepons en dOra moet dit in Orania vir rand inwissel vir kontanttransaksies buite die dorp. Enige afslag wat sake-ondernemings op ora-transaksies toestaan, verminder hul omset en bruto wins. Die feit dat ora-koepons nie masjienleesbaar is nie, verhoog die administrasiekoste van die koepons. Die ora en Orania is onlosmaaklik met mekaar verweef. Die dorp kan egter sonder die ora bestaan, terwyl die ora nie sonder Orania kan bestaan nie.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza uno de los temas trascendentales que todo país que aspira seguir la senda del desarrollo económico debe enfrentar, este es, el relativo a la seguridad, celeridad y eficiencia que el sistema registral respectivo otorga al tráfico jurídico inmobiliario. En efecto, el actual dinamismo económico exige una libre circulación de la riqueza en todo ámbito; es decir, en lo que atañe a esta investigación, que las operaciones inmobiliarias sean expeditas y que el Derecho Registral Inmobiliario otorgue una adecuada seguridad jurídica a los agentes que intervienen en ellas. En este sentido, la presente investigación tiene por objeto determinar si el sistema registral chileno otorga la debida seguridad jurídica al tráfico inmobiliario en su respectivo registro de propiedad y en la calificación registral. Para cumplir con ese objetivo, se exponen algunas particularidades presentes en nuestro sistema, considerando la normas legales y reglamentarias actualmente vigentes en cuanto al catastro inmobiliario.

Abstract The article analyses one of the transcendental issues that every country that aspires to follow the path of economic development must face, that is, the security, speed, and efficiency that the respective registry system grants to the real estate legal traffic. In fact, the current economic dynamism demands a free circulation of wealth in all areas as far as this research is concerned, that real estate transactions be expeditious and that the Real Estate Registry Law grants an adequate legal security to the agents involved in them. In this sense, the purpose of this research is to determine whether the Chilean registry system provides adequate legal certainty to the real estate traffic in its respective property registry and in the registry qualification. To meet this objective, some particularities present in our system are presented, considering the legal and regulatory norms currently in force regarding the real estate cadaster.

Abstract The research examines the relationship between corruption and financial inclusion in Hungary and Mexico using public databases. The corruption situation is presented by Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, and financial inclusion by data from the World Bank's Global Findex report. From the time series (2012-2022) data of Hungary and Mexico, statistical methods (Welch test, cluster analysis) can be used to examine the development of performances and the relationship between the two indices. Financial inclusion slowed down in both countries during the period under review, and the perception of corruption also decreased. This suggests that there may be a correlation between the two indicators, which is also supported by literature data. The two countries have not been compared in this way before. The fact that the study only focuses on two countries limits the usability of the results. The present investigation was a pilot study, the purpose of which was to lay the foundation for an international study.

Resumen La investigación examina la relación entre corrupción e inclusión financiera en Hungría y México utilizando bases de datos públicas. La situación de la corrupción se presenta en el Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción de Transparencia Internacional y la inclusión financiera en los datos del informe Global Findex del Banco Mundial. A partir de los datos de series temporales (2012-2022) de Hungría y México, se pueden utilizar métodos estadísticos (prueba de Welch, análisis de conglomerados) para examinar la evolución de los desempeños y la relación entre los dos índices. La inclusión financiera se desaceleró en ambos países durante el período analizado y la percepción de corrupción también disminuyó. Esto sugiere que puede haber una correlación entre los dos indicadores, lo que también está respaldado por datos de la literatura. Los dos países nunca antes habían sido comparados de esta manera. El hecho de que el estudio sólo se centre en dos países limita la utilidad de los resultados. La presente investigación fue un estudio piloto, cuyo propósito fue sentar las bases para un estudio internacional.

Resumen La complejidad del software permite analizar lo difícil que puede ser entender, implementar y mantener el programa. Las métricas nos permiten medir y estimar ciertas características del software para tomar decisiones y acciones correctivas o preventivas. La definición de la complejidad del diseño de aplicaciones basadas en microservicios es fundamental, ya que afecta directamente el rendimiento de la aplicación, los tiempos de desarrollo y prueba, la mantenibilidad, el almacenamiento (transacciones y consultas distribuidas), el uso y consumo de recursos computacionales. En este artículo se propone una métrica de complejidad cognitiva para evaluar el diseño y la granularidad de las aplicaciones basadas en microservicios, la cual define el esfuerzo requerido, o el grado de dificultad para comprender los microservicios que componen el sistema. Se analizaron casos típicos que pueden presentarse en el diseño de aplicaciones basadas en microservicios, en los cuales el cálculo de la complejidad cognitiva fue correcto y consistente con la dificultad de entender, mantener y desarrollar un sistema de microservicios, por lo tanto, la métrica propuesta es una opción viable para analizar la complejidad en sistemas basados en microservicios.

Abstract The complexity of the software allows us to analyze how difficult to understand, implement and maintain the program can be. The metrics allow us to measure and estimate certain characteristics of the software to make decisions and corrective or preventive actions. The definition of the complexity of the microservices-based applications design is fundamental since it directly affects the performance of the application, development, testing, maintainability, storage (transactions and distributed queries), and the use and consumption of computational resources. In this paper, a cognitive complexity metric is proposed to evaluate the design and granularity of microservices-based applications, which define the required effort, or degree of difficulty to understand the microservices that make up the system. Typical cases were analyzed, which can appear in the design of microservices-based applications, the calculation of cognitive complexity was correct and consistent with the difficulty of understanding, maintaining, and developing a microservice system, therefore it is a viable option for analyzing complexity in microservices-based architecture.

Abstract: This article aimed to understand how governance structures and the search for value protection influence transaction costs in the relationship between dairy producers and processors in Paraná, Brazil. These aspects are treated by Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and by Measurement Cost Economics (MCE). For data collection, 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted and Content Analysis was used for data treatment and results analysis. For the theory, the study contributed demonstrating that although the alignment between transaction attributes and governance structures contribute for value protection as proposed by TCE, in the absence of complete information, this alignment is still not enough to guarantee economic rights, as predicted by MCE. Empirically, it contributed suggesting the use of formal contracts and the importance of formal information available to milk producers and processors to improve their results in the activity. Thus, considering the governance structures in Paraná’s dairy AGS, it is predicted that even if the hybrid structure is adequate, under TCE view, due to its alignment with transaction attributes, MCE concepts help to explain why agents still need guarantee mechanisms. Those mechanisms, such as long-term relationships, normative instructions and informal agreements, attempt to protect value, given informational problems. Abstract Paraná Brazil (TCE . (MCE) collection 3 semistructured semi structured analysis theory rights Empirically activity Thus Paranás s AGS adequate view mechanisms longterm long term relationships agreements problems (MCE

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo foi compreender como as estruturas de governança e a busca pela proteção do valor influenciam nos custos de transação na relação entre produtores e processadores de leite no Paraná. Esses aspectos são tratados pela Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) e pela Economia dos Custos de Mensuração (ECM). Para a coleta de dados, foram realizadas 30 entrevistas semiestruturadas e os mesmos foram tratados pela Análise de Conteúdo. Para a teoria, o estudo contribuiu demonstrando que, embora o alinhamento entre atributos da transação e estruturas de governança contribuam para a proteção de valor, conforme se espera pela ECT, na ausência de informações completas, esse alinhamento não é suficiente para garantir direitos econômicos, como previsto pela ECM. Empiricamente, o estudo contribuiu sugerindo o uso de contratos formais e a importância da distribuição de informações formalizadas aos produtores e processadores de leite, a fim de que melhorem seus resultados na atividade. Assim, conclui-se que mesmo que a estrutura de governança híbrida seja adequada, devido ao alinhamento com os atributos da transação, os conceitos da ECM explicam porque ainda são necessários mecanismos de garantia (relações de longo prazo, instruções normativas e acordos informais) dados os problemas de informação. Resumo Paraná ECT (ECT . (ECM) 3 Conteúdo teoria completas econômicos Empiricamente atividade Assim concluise conclui adequada relações prazo informais informação (ECM

Resumen: En el ámbito del contrato de compraventa, y específicamente en el contenido de la obligación del vendedor, el enunciado “dar una cosa” (art. 1661 del Código Civil de Uruguay) podría implicar la obligación de entregar la posesión de un bien o la obligación de transferir el dominio, aspecto que ha sido debatido en el ámbito doctrinal. A pesar de que la jurisprudencia y doctrina tradicional limitan el contenido de la obligación del vendedor al deber de entregar la posesión del bien, una revisión conceptual y contextual vinculada con otros contratos nominados del mismo Código Civil, así como con negocios jurídicos de similar contenido que la compraventa creados por leyes especiales posteriores, sumada a la aplicación de reglas de la interpretación lógico sistemática, teleológica y evolutiva, determinan que el vendedor no solo está obligado a entregar la posesión del bien objeto de la compraventa, sino también a transmitir la propiedad.

Abstract: In the context of a purchase and sale contract, specifically concerning the seller's obligations, the phrase "to give a thing" (Article 1661 of the Civil Code of Uruguay) could imply either the obligation to deliver possession of a good or the obligation to transfer ownership. This has been a subject of debate in doctrinal discussions. Although traditional jurisprudence and doctrine have limited the seller's obligation to delivering possession of the good, a conceptual and contextual review-linked with other named contracts in the same Civil Code and with similar legal transactions created by later special laws, combined with the application of logical-systematic, teleological, and evolutionary interpretation rules-determines that the seller is not only obligated to deliver possession of the good being sold but also to transfer ownership.

Resumo: No âmbito do contrato de compra e venda, e especificamente no conteúdo da obrigação do vendedor, a afirmação “dar una cosa” (dar algo; art. 1661 do Código Civil Uruguaio) poderia implicar a obrigação de entregar a posse de um bem ou a obrigação de transferir a propriedade, aspecto que tem sido debatido no campo doutrinário. Embora a jurisprudência e a doutrina tradicional limitem o conteúdo da obrigação do vendedor ao dever de entregar a posse do bem, uma revisão conceitual e contextual vinculada a outros contratos disciplinados no mesmo Código Civil, bem como a negócios jurídicos de conteúdo semelhante à compra e venda criados por leis especiais posteriores, somada à aplicação de regras de interpretação lógica sistemática, teleológica e evolutiva, determinam que o vendedor não só é obrigado a entregar a posse do bem objeto da venda, mas também a transferir a propriedade.

The evolution of technology has changed business practices all over the world. Owing to technological and e-commerce developments, businesses can now transact with each other instantaneously across borders. The digitalisation of commerce and other traditional working methods has created a new "digital age" in human history. Digitalisation has taken over many economic activities and industries and is slowly finding its way into the legal system. Several businesses are now concluding commercial transactions and contracts electronically. Electronic signatures have consequently become essential tools for concluding legal agreements and conducting other daily business and legal practices. These new innovations have brought into question the legal validly of these transactions, and in particular the legitimacy and security of electronically signed documents.

ABSTRACT Objective: the goal of this article is to theorize how institutional complexity and work can lead to the hybridization of markets. Methods: we draw upon a critical and reflexive analysis of institutional complexity and work, as well as the literature on the sociology of markets, to deductively develop a theory of market hybridization. Results: we theorize that hybrid markets arise when institutional work to define the formal and informal rules and norms underlying economic and social transactions (regulation), the infrastructure and resource allocation (allocation), the actors allowed to participate in market exchanges, the roles performed by them (classification), and the perceived value of goods and services available in the marketplace (evaluation) are shaped by non-economic or commercial logics, that is, by increased institutional complexity. Conclusions: by identifying the socio-symbolic mechanisms that organizations and social actors use to promote market hybridization, we contribute to the much-needed in-depth understanding of how environmental, social, and cultural logic can lead to market hybridization through the market’s four comprising elements: regulation, allocation, classification, and evaluation. Objective Methods Results regulation , (regulation) (allocation) exchanges classification (classification) evaluation (evaluation noneconomic non logics Conclusions sociosymbolic socio symbolic muchneeded much needed indepth depth environmental s elements (regulation (allocation (classification

ABSTRACT Objective: The study aims to elucidate whether and how firms evolve and recombine their innovation capabilities over time to adapt to market changes. To do so, Brazilian agricultural machinery manufacturers transitioning to Industry 4.0 were analyzed through the lens of four innovation capabilities (development, operations, transactions, and management). Methods: A longitudinal quantitative study was conducted with 29 companies, considering two periods: 2014 and 2018. The evolution and recombination of firms’ capabilities were explored, respectively, through the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Results: The four capabilities evolved and were recombined. The evolution of business-driven capabilities (transactions and management) was more significant than the evolution of technology-driven capabilities (development and operations). In 2014 firms innovated by combining development, operations, and management capabilities (DC*OC*MC), and in 2018 by articulating transactions, operations, and management capabilities (TC*OC*MC). Conclusions: Firms changed their focus from technological innovations to business innovations over time. The study discusses the complementarities between these innovation types in the context of firms converting to Industry 4.0. Objective changes so 40 4 0 4. development operations transactions management. . Methods 2 companies periods 201 explored respectively signedrank signed rank fuzzyset fuzzy set fsQCA. fsQCA (fsQCA) Results recombined businessdriven driven technologydriven technology operations. operations) DC*OC*MC, DCOCMC DC*OC*MC , DC OC MC (DC*OC*MC) TC*OC*MC. TCOCMC TC*OC*MC TC (TC*OC*MC) Conclusions 20 (fsQCA (DC*OC*MC (TC*OC*MC

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar o impacto de uma fusão e aquisição (F&A) no desempenho do banco consolidador em relação a seus concorrentes, tanto na abordagem de intermediação quanto na de rentabilidade, além de propor uma métrica de ranking de F&A para uma análise de desempenho mais precisa. Embora alguns estudos avaliem o desempenho dos bancos em F&As, a explicação de seu impacto sobre as instituições no mercado pode ser mais bem explorada com a proposição de uma métrica financeira-operacional, diferente das avaliações pelo mercado acionário, complementada com o ponto de vista das estratégias organizacionais que aparecem na literatura como essenciais para a continuidade da desenvoltura do tema. Avaliar as consequências das F&As de bancos e entender suas intenções proporciona uma melhor gestão tanto das instituições quanto dos aspectos socioeconômicos do país. Também fornece diretrizes e novas ferramentas de avaliação de desempenho para acadêmicos, gerentes e funcionários do governo nos processos de F&A. O método de pesquisa é quantitativo-qualitativo. Na abordagem quantitativa, foi utilizada a técnica de análise por envoltória de dados (DEA, do inglês data envelopment analysis) com um segundo estágio de regressão linear múltipla. O banco de dados foi formado por informações das demonstrações financeiras dos bancos de 2000 a 2018 (representando o CAMELS), complementadas com informações macroeconômicas e de estrutura de mercado. Na abordagem qualitativa, o impacto dessas variáveis regredidas foi determinado no estágio quantitativo para quatro estudos de caso, que são os "Quatro Grandes" bancos que representam aproximadamente 87% do mercado financeiro brasileiro. Embora alguns estudos abordem o tema da relação entre a eficiência e as F&As, este estudo mostra que não há uma relação clara e direta entre as F&As e o desempenho (a eficiência) dos bancos no mercado. Os resultados sugerem que os bancos realizam as F&As por outros motivos além da busca por eficiência, deixando a eficiência como consequência da operação. Este artigo contribui para a proposição de uma nova métrica de mensuração da eficiência das F&As, cuja função é estabelecer um ranking e relativizar a análise do desempenho dos bancos em relação ao mercado como um todo, permitindo a visualização do efeito relativo em relação aos concorrentes. FA F A (F&A concorrentes rentabilidade precisa FAs As financeiraoperacional, financeiraoperacional financeira operacional, operacional financeira-operacional acionário país acadêmicos quantitativoqualitativo. quantitativoqualitativo qualitativo. qualitativo quantitativo-qualitativo quantitativa DEA, DEA (DEA analysis múltipla 200 201 representando CAMELS, CAMELS , CAMELS) qualitativa caso Quatro Grandes 87 brasileiro operação todo 20 8 2

Abstract This study aims to determine the impact of an M&A on the performance of the consolidating bank in relation to its competitors in both the intermediation and profitability approaches, in addition to proposing an M&A ranking metric for a more accurate performance analysis. Although some studies assess the performance of banks in M&As, the explanation of their impact on institutions in the market can be better explored by proposing a financial-operational metric, different from valuations by the stock market, complemented with the point of view of organizational strategies that appear in the literature as essential for the continuity of the resourcefulness of the topic. Assessing the consequences of bank M&As and understanding their intentions provides better management of both institutions and the country's socioeconomic aspects. It also provides guidelines and new tools for performance evaluation for academics, managers, and government officials on M&A processes. The research method is quantitative-qualitative. In the quantitative approach, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique with a second stage of multiple linear regression was used. The database was formed by information from the banks' financial statements from 2000 to 2018 (representing the CAMELS), supplemented with macroeconomic and market structure information. In the qualitative approach, the impact of these regressed variables was determined in the quantitative stage for four case studies, which are the Big4 banks that represent approximately 87% of the Brazilian financial market. Although some studies deal with the topic of the relationship between efficiency and M&As, this study shows that there is no clear and direct relationship between M&As and the performance (efficiency) of banks in the market. The results suggest that banks carry out M&As for reasons other than the search for efficiency, leaving efficiency as a consequence of the operation. This article contributes to the proposal of a new metric for measuring the efficiency of M&As, whose function is to establish a ranking and relativize the analysis of banks' performance in relation to the market as a whole, allowing the visualization of the relative effect vis-à-vis competitors. MA M A approaches MAs As financialoperational operational countrys country s aspects academics managers processes quantitativequalitative. quantitativequalitative qualitative. quantitative-qualitative approach DEA (DEA used 200 201 representing CAMELS, CAMELS , CAMELS) Big 87 (efficiency operation whole visàvis vis à 20 8 2

Abstract In the 1970s, emerged the hypothesis that problems related to marijuana in Brazil formed different cycles. Later, this hypothesis was associated with the idea of “issue-attention cycle” and made it possible to analyze what we call attention cycles for this plant in Brazilian territory. In this article, we rescue these public problems analysis model, show, in the most synthetic way possible, the history of its application to the investigation of transactions and controversies with marijuana, and we conclude that interests in relation to the subject continue forming different cycles, which are articulated punctually with a view to changing norms. Therefore, the objective of the article is to resume the debate on the attention cycles to marijuana in Brazil, based on a literature review and documentary analysis, from which we demonstrate a recent predominance of medicinal interests, which does not completely suspend other interests on the topic. 1970s s Later issueattention issue cycle territory model show norms Therefore topic

Resumo Nos anos 1970 surgiu a hipótese de que os problemas relacionados à maconha no Brasil formam diferentes ciclos. Mais tarde, esta hipótese foi associada à ideia de “issue-attention cycle” e possibilitou a análise do que denominamos ciclos de atenção a esta planta no território brasileiro. Neste artigo, resgatamos este modelo de análise de problemas públicos, apresentamos, do modo mais sintético possível, a história de sua aplicação para a investigação de transações e controvérsias com maconha e concluímos que os interesses em relação ao tema continuam conformando ciclos diferentes, que se articulam pontualmente com vistas à mudança de normas. Portanto, o objetivo do artigo é retomar o debate dos ciclos de atenção à maconha no Brasil, com base em revisão de literatura e análise documental, a partir do que demonstramos uma recente predominância de interesses medicinais, que não suspende completamente outros interesses sobre o tema. 197 tarde issueattention issue attention cycle brasileiro públicos apresentamos possível normas Portanto documental medicinais 19 1

Resumo Viviana Zelizer é uma socióloga argentina que estabeleceu sua carreira nos Estados Unidos e atualmente leciona na Universidade de Princeton. Em 2023, Zelizer recebeu o maior prêmio da American Sociological Association (ASA) pelo impacto e contribuição de sua obra para o campo da Sociologia. Além de seu fundamental aporte para a Sociologia Econômica, Cultural e do Dinheiro, as obras de Zelizer têm recebido um reconhecimento ímpar nos estudos de gênero, principalmente por seu enquadramento teórico-analítico a respeito de intimidade, moralidades e dinâmicas familiares. A entrevista explora o impacto de seu trabalho nos estudos de gênero, bem como suas perspectivas sobre cuidados, dinâmicas familiares e transações monetárias. Princeton 2023 ASA (ASA Econômica Dinheiro gênero teóricoanalítico teórico analítico intimidade cuidados monetárias 202 20 2

Abstract Viviana Zelizer, an Argentine sociologist who has established her career in the United States and currently holds a position at Princeton University, was awarded the highest honor by the American Sociological Association (ASA) in 2023 for her significant impact and contributions to the field of Sociology. Beyond her seminal work in Economic, Cultural, and Money Sociology, Zelizer’s research has garnered exceptional recognition in gender studies, particularly for her theoretical and analytical framework concerning intimacy, moralities, and family dynamics. This interview delves into the influence of her work on gender studies, as well as her perspectives into caregiving, familial dynamics, and monetary transactions. Zelizer University ASA (ASA 202 Sociology Economic Cultural Zelizers s studies intimacy moralities dynamics caregiving transactions 20 2