Resumen La criptomoneda se ha convertido en una alternativa viable a los sistemas de pago tradicionales al ofrecer a los usuarios ventajas importantes como la rentabilidad y el procesamiento rápido de transacciones. Sin embargo, la naturaleza descentralizada de las criptomonedas, junto con la capacidad de anonimato y la susceptibilidad a las amenazas cibernéticas, tiene el potencial de explotarse en actividades ilícitas, en particular el lavado de dinero y la financiación del terrorismo. Esta investigación académica busca profundizar en el papel que desempeñan las organizaciones internacionales que participan activamente en la lucha contra este tipo de actividades criminales. En este contexto académico, se lleva a cabo una consideración meticulosa de los riesgos inherentes asociados con los esfuerzos criminales antes mencionados, la cual se alinea con las pautas y recomendaciones establecidas por el Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional (GAFI). El estudio subraya un hallazgo importante: las cuentas de criptomonedas se pueden abrir con un alto grado de anonimato, sin un registro centralizado para hacer seguimiento de la propiedad de las criptomonedas. Esta característica representa un desafío formidable en términos de confiscación de fondos vinculados a actividades terroristas. Incluso en los casos en los que se pueden rastrear las transacciones de criptomonedas, el acceso a estos datos críticos requiere la participación de terceros, dado que las transacciones con criptomonedas se registran en libros de contabilidad descentralizados que abarcan diferentes jurisdicciones. Además, el estudio subraya el imperativo de coordinar e intercambiar información como elementos indispensables en la batalla en curso contra las actividades criminales organizadas y transnacionales, en especial en los ámbitos del lavado de dinero y la financiación del terrorismo. Por otra parte, el estudio aclara la incongruencia entre las criptomonedas y los reglamentos del GAFI que rigen las transferencias electrónicas de fondos, puesto que las criptomonedas ofrecen los medios para ejecutar transacciones a través de conductos opacos y no regulados, como la internet profunda.

Abstract Cryptocurrency has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional payment systems, offering its users notable advantages such as cost efficiency and rapid transaction processing. However, cryptocurrencies' decentralized nature, anonymity, and susceptibility to cyber threats introduce the potential for their exploitation in illicit activities, notably money laundering and terrorism financing (ML/TF). This scholarly investigation seeks to investigate the roles played by international organizations actively combating such criminal activities. In this academic context, a meticulous consideration of the inherent risks associated with the aforementioned criminal endeavors is undertaken, aligning with the guidelines and recommendations set forth by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). The study underscores a significant finding that cryptocurrency accounts can be opened anonymously, with no centralized registry to monitor cryptocurrency ownership. This characteristic poses a formidable challenge in confiscating funds linked to terrorist activities. Even in instances where cryptocurrency transactions may be traced, accessing this critical data necessitates the involvement of third-party entities, given that cryptocurrency transactions are recorded in decentralized ledgers spanning multiple jurisdictions. Furthermore, the study underscores the imperative of coordination and information exchange as indispensable elements in the ongoing battle against organized and transnational criminal activities, specifically ML/TF. Moreover, the study elucidates the incongruence between cryptocurrency and FATF regulations governing electronic fund transfers, as cryptocurrencies can make transactions through opaque and unregulated conduits, such as the deep web.

Digital information and data are crucial drivers of progress in various industries, including mining, where data-driven decision making optimizes resource extraction, enhances safety, and ensures sustainability. The adoption of digital technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things has amplified the importance of digital information. However, the integrity and security of this information are paramount, leading to the exploration of blockchain technology as a potential solution for secure digital value exchange in mining. This research examines blockchain's capabilities, drawing insights from its applications in sectors like banking, government, healthcare, and entertainment, and evaluates their relevance to mining's core value chain processes. The study identifies blockchain's distributed ledger technology, cryptographic security, and decentralization as unique advantages that can revolutionize mining by enhancing transaction speed, reducing costs, and improving supply chain transparency and compliance with sustainability standards. Blockchain's transparent and auditable records can enhance business transparency, fostering trust among stakeholders, including investors and regulatory bodies. The technology's consensus mechanisms and smart contracts further promote trust in collaborative ventures. This research provides a foundational understanding for decision-makers in the mining industry to evaluate blockchain's feasibility and potential return on investment, guiding strategic planning and resource allocation for blockchain applications. By leveraging blockchain, mining companies can optimize operations, improve sustainability practices, and establish a robust foundation for future growth, positioning blockchain as a transformative technology in the sector.

Abstract This paper analyzes how private autonomy behaves in the context of economic compensation, particularly in relation to the principle of the protection of weaker spouse, which applies to this matter through the application of the article 3 of the Civil Marriage Act (LMC). The regulatory agreement on economic compensation can be reached either out of court-it must be recorded in a notarial deed- or in court -it takes the form of a settlement. In any case, the consent of the judge hearing the divorce case will always be required, as this is a legal requirement in Article 63 of the LMC. It is therefore a freedom of contract protected by the jurisdictional authority. Our opinion is that the approval process of this agreement includes a substantive review by the judge of it, who is vested with corrective powers over the content of the agreement, if he deems it inadequate. A conclusion like this is based on the classification of the agreement as a procedural legal transaction and on the analogical application -based on the principle of protection of the weaker spouse- of article 31 LMC, which provides the requirements for the regulatory agreement in the context of a judicial separation by mutual consent and which obliges the judge to complete or rectify the agreement if it is incomplete or insufficient. In order to achieve this, we proposed a double level of judicial control, as well as the need to protect not only the beneficiary spouse, but also the person obligated to pay the agreed compensation.

Resumen El trabajo tiene por objeto examinar cómo se comporta la autonomía privada en materia de compensación económica, particularmente en relación con el principio de protección del cónyuge más débil, que rige en esta materia por aplicación del artículo 3 de la Ley de Matrimonio Civil (LMC). Se sabe que el acuerdo regulador de compensación económica puede alcanzarse tanto fuera del juicio -debiendo constar en escritura pública- como dentro de él - adoptando la forma de un avenimiento-. En uno y otro caso, siempre se requerirá de la aprobación del juez que conoce del juicio de divorcio, según dispone el artículo 63 de la LMC. Se trata, entonces, de una libertad de pacto tutelada jurisdiccionalmente. La opinión de estos autores es que el trámite de aprobación de este acuerdo implica una revisión de fondo por parte del juez, quien está investido de facultades correctoras de su contenido, sí lo estima como insuficiente. Una conclusión como esta se construye sobre la calificación del acuerdo como negocio procesal y, además, a partir de la aplicación analógica -fundada en el principio de protección de cónyuge más débil- del artículo 31 de la LMC, que contempla los requisitos del acuerdo regulador en el caso de separación judicial de común acuerdo y que ordena al juez completarlo o corregirlo sí el convenio es incompleto o insuficiente. Para estos efectos, se propone un doble nivel de revisión judicial, así como la necesidad de protección no sólo al cónyuge beneficiario, sino también al obligado al pago de la compensación pactada.

Abstract: This article aimed to understand how governance structures and the search for value protection influence transaction costs in the relationship between dairy producers and processors in Paraná, Brazil. These aspects are treated by Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and by Measurement Cost Economics (MCE). For data collection, 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted and Content Analysis was used for data treatment and results analysis. For the theory, the study contributed demonstrating that although the alignment between transaction attributes and governance structures contribute for value protection as proposed by TCE, in the absence of complete information, this alignment is still not enough to guarantee economic rights, as predicted by MCE. Empirically, it contributed suggesting the use of formal contracts and the importance of formal information available to milk producers and processors to improve their results in the activity. Thus, considering the governance structures in Paraná’s dairy AGS, it is predicted that even if the hybrid structure is adequate, under TCE view, due to its alignment with transaction attributes, MCE concepts help to explain why agents still need guarantee mechanisms. Those mechanisms, such as long-term relationships, normative instructions and informal agreements, attempt to protect value, given informational problems. Abstract Paraná Brazil (TCE . (MCE) collection 3 semistructured semi structured analysis theory rights Empirically activity Thus Paranás s AGS adequate view mechanisms longterm long term relationships agreements problems (MCE

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo foi compreender como as estruturas de governança e a busca pela proteção do valor influenciam nos custos de transação na relação entre produtores e processadores de leite no Paraná. Esses aspectos são tratados pela Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) e pela Economia dos Custos de Mensuração (ECM). Para a coleta de dados, foram realizadas 30 entrevistas semiestruturadas e os mesmos foram tratados pela Análise de Conteúdo. Para a teoria, o estudo contribuiu demonstrando que, embora o alinhamento entre atributos da transação e estruturas de governança contribuam para a proteção de valor, conforme se espera pela ECT, na ausência de informações completas, esse alinhamento não é suficiente para garantir direitos econômicos, como previsto pela ECM. Empiricamente, o estudo contribuiu sugerindo o uso de contratos formais e a importância da distribuição de informações formalizadas aos produtores e processadores de leite, a fim de que melhorem seus resultados na atividade. Assim, conclui-se que mesmo que a estrutura de governança híbrida seja adequada, devido ao alinhamento com os atributos da transação, os conceitos da ECM explicam porque ainda são necessários mecanismos de garantia (relações de longo prazo, instruções normativas e acordos informais) dados os problemas de informação. Resumo Paraná ECT (ECT . (ECM) 3 Conteúdo teoria completas econômicos Empiricamente atividade Assim concluise conclui adequada relações prazo informais informação (ECM

ABSTRACT India and Indonesia propose a bilateral cooperation to develop and operate telemetry, tracking, and control (TCC) ground stations to support satellite missions on geostationary orbits with the use of Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) since 1997, in order to master and commercialize space technology. This cooperation needs to be assessed in order to identify how it will affect Indonesia and India and to establish an improvement strategy for improved business and ways to integrate. The objectives of this paper are to (i) evaluate the benefits and cost of this cooperation, (ii) map the business model of the telemetry, tracking and command ground station in Biak, and (iii) design a new strategy to get competitiveness. Descriptive analysis with canvas mapping and transaction cost perspective is the approach utilized. The article’s results highlight that (i) Indonesia and India have mutual benefits from tangible and intangible side, (ii) Indonesia has a competitive advantage due to its geographic location and commercialization of Biak Ground Station, so its potential to Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) commercial businesses in the future, not only to domestic, but also international market, and (iii) Indonesia needs collaborate with commercial entities and making optimum diplomation with G2B schema to get beneficially among parties to maximize TT&C infrastructure in Biak Island. telemetry TCC (TCC GSLV (GSLV 1997 technology integrate i (i ii (ii iii (iii competitiveness utilized articles article s side Station Telemetry Tracking TTC TT C (TT&C future domestic market GB G B Island 199 19 1

Purpose Foreign subsidiaries incur substantial institutional conformity costs because they have to respond to host-country institutional pressures (Slangen & Hennart, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to study this type of cost from institutional and regulatory perspectives. The authors argue that these costs decrease when the host country adopts concepts of international regulations that multinationals may be familiar with due to their own home country regulation experience. This prior regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an advantage of foreignness (AoF), which can offset their liability of foreignness (LoF). Design/methodology/approach This study compared the returns on assets of 35 domestic firms with those of foreign subsidiaries in the Brazilian energy industry between 2002 and 2021, using regression dynamic panel data. Findings The existence of a relationship between the international regulatory norm and the Brazilian regulator has transformed the LoF into an advantage of foreignness to compete with local energy firms. The results also suggest that the better the regulatory quality of the subsidiary’s country of origin, the better its performance in Brazil, as it can reduce compliance costs. Finally, the greater the psychic distance between Brazil and the foreign subsidiary’s home country, the worse its performance. Research limitations/implications The research suggests that one of the keys to competitiveness in host countries is local regulatory ties. Prior international regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an asset of foreignness (AoF). This result complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies on emerging economies (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022) and the institutional asymmetry between home and host country (Mallon & Fainshmidt, 2017). Practical implications This research suggests that one of the keys to competitiveness in host countries is local regulatory ties. Prior international regulatory experience gives foreign subsidiaries an asset of foreignness (AoF). This result complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies on emerging economies (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022) and the institutional asymmetry between home and host country (Mallon & Fainshmidt, 2017). The practical implication is that the relationship between conformity costs, capital budget calculation and strategic planning for internationalization will be related to the governance quality of the home country of multinationals. The social implication is that a country interested in attracting more direct foreign investment to areas that need foreign technology transfer and resources may consider adopting international regulatory standards. Social implications The social implication is that a country interested in attracting more direct foreign investment to areas that need foreign technology transfer and resources may consider adopting international regulatory standards. Originality/value This research discuss firm and local regulator tie is one of core competitiveness in host countries (Yang and Meyer, 2020). This study also complements the current institutional and regulatory foreignness studies in emerging economy (Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc, 2008; Mallon et al., 2022). Second, prior regulatory experience of multinational enterprise in similar environment can affect its foreign affiliate performance (Perkins, 2014). Third, this study confirms current literature that argues that knowledge and ability to operate in an institutionalized country can be transferred from parent to affiliate. In the end, this study investigates whether AoF persists when host governments improve the governance of their industries. hostcountry Slangen Hennart 2008. 2008 . 2008) perspectives AoF, , (AoF) LoF. (LoF) Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach 3 200 2021 data subsidiarys subsidiary s origin Finally limitationsimplications limitations ties AoF. CuervoCazurra Cuervo Cazurra Genc al al. 2022 Fainshmidt 2017. 2017 2017) standards Originalityvalue Originality value Yang Meyer 2020. 2020 2020) 2022. Second Perkins, Perkins (Perkins 2014. 2014 2014) Third end industries (AoF (LoF 20 202 201 2

Vegetable farmers are faced with computational and informational restrictions when making marketing decisions. Fresh produce markets in South Africa lack an efficient approach to supply chain management, from the farmers to the consumers. Improving market access can incentivise smallholder farmers to scale up their production. The present paper investigates factors influencing smallholder vegetable farmers' choice of market channels in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A structured questionnaire and a multi-stage sampling technique were used to select 149 vegetable farmers. Multivariate probit regression and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. The results show that most sampled vegetable farmers in the study area sell their vegetable produce to traditional, wholesale, and retail outlets compared to other outlets. The study found that vegetable farmers can substitute one market with the other. Various socio-economic characteristics, transaction costs, asset ownership, membership of farm organisations, and access to extension services influence the selection choice. The study recommends intensive education and training to capacitate smallholder farmers through extension officers and farm organisations to enable farmers to understand and meet the requirements of high-value markets.

Abstract Housing rental relationships have changed due to technological innovations and critical situations that have exacerbated their conflictual nature and their importance to social wellbeing. This article analyzes the conflictive nature of these relationships, the possible growth of the problem as a result of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, as well as the challenges to introduce legal reforms in Mexico aimed at regulating the housing rental market. A review of situations of tension or confrontation between tenants and owners, as well as national and state legislation, was carried out. These reviews made it possible to identify common problems and market regulation options aimed at reducing transaction costs and expanding the population’s freedom of choice of housing and the right to the city. Reforms are explored to develop local government capacities to monitor and inspect the quality of housing and to operate a digital platform for the conclusion of lease contracts that are recognized in courts.

Resumen Las relaciones de arrendamiento de vivienda han cambiado debido a innovaciones tecnológicas y situaciones críticas que han exacerbado su naturaleza conflictiva y su importancia para el bienestar social. Este artículo analiza el carácter conflictivo de dichas relaciones y el posible crecimiento de este problema a raíz de la pandemia provocada por el COVID-19, así como los retos para introducir en México reformas legales dirigidas a regular el mercado de renta de viviendas. Se realizó una revisión de situaciones de tensión o confrontación entre inquilinos y propietarios, así como de legislación nacional y estatal. Estas revisiones permitieron identificar problemas comunes y opciones de regulación del mercado dirigidas a reducir los costos de transacción y a expandir las libertades de elección de vivienda de la población y el derecho a la ciudad. Se exploran reformas para desarrollar capacidades del gobierno local para monitorear e inspeccionar la calidad de la vivienda y para operar una plataforma digital para la celebración de contratos de arrendamiento que sean reconocidos en juzgados.

Abstract How do organizational aspects of education and research institutions influence transaction costs in establishing partnerships with local administrations? Based on unpublished data from an online survey of a group of 95 educational institutions this article aims to answer this question through a quantitative study seeking to verify the correlation between the characteristics of the partnerships formed and three selected organizational aspects: decentralization of campuses, the existence of a structure to welcome potential partners (gateway), and the presence of approval bodies. Based on propositions relating to transaction costs extracted from the theory of collective institutional action, hypotheses were formulated involving the effect of each organizational aspect. The results showed that the decentralization of campuses influences not only the presence but also the number of relevant experiences of partnerships with municipalities. Structuring “gateways” in training institutions more precisely affects the degree of formalization of partnerships, offering greater legal security and stability. However, the presence of approval bodies for partnerships negotiated in teaching and research institutions does not seem to affect, either positively or negatively, the establishment of these partnerships. administrations 9 gateway, gateway , (gateway) action aspect municipalities gateways “gateways stability However affect negatively (gateway

Resumo De que forma aspectos organizacionais das instituições de ensino e pesquisa influenciam os custos de transação para efetivação de parcerias com administrações locais? Com base em dados inéditos de um survey online para o conjunto de 95 instituições de ensino, com respostas validadas, o presente artigo se propôs a responder a essa pergunta por meio de um estudo quantitativo buscando verificar a correlação entre características das parcerias firmadas e três aspectos organizacionais selecionados: a descentralização dos campi; existência de estrutura de acolhimento de potenciais parceiros (porta de entrada); e existência de instâncias de aprovação. Com base em proposições relativas aos custos de transação, extraídas da teoria da ação institucional coletiva, foram formuladas hipóteses envolvendo o efeito de cada aspecto organizacional. Os resultados apontaram, ao final, que a descentralização dos campi influencia não apenas na presença como também no número de experiências relevantes de parcerias com municípios. Já a estruturação de “portas de entrada” nas instituições de formação afeta mais especificamente o grau de formalização das parcerias, oferecendo maior segurança jurídica e estabilidade. A presença de instâncias de aprovação para as parcerias negociadas nas instituições de ensino e pesquisa parece não afetar, em sentido positivo ou negativo, a firmação dessas parcerias. locais 9 validadas selecionados porta entrada entrada) coletiva organizacional apontaram final municípios portas estabilidade afetar negativo

Resumen ¿Cómo influyen los aspectos organizativos de las instituciones de educación y de investigación en los costos de transacción para establecer alianzas con las administraciones locales? Basado en datos inéditos de una encuesta en línea realizada a un grupo de 95 instituciones educativas, con respuestas validadas, este artículo se propuso responder a esta pregunta a través de un estudio cuantitativo que busca verificar la correlación entre las características de las alianzas firmadas y tres aspectos organizacionales seleccionados: descentralización de campus; existencia de una estructura de acogida de socios potenciales (pasarela) y existencia de órganos de aprobación. A partir de proposiciones relativas a los costos de transacción, extraídas de la teoría de la acción institucional colectiva, se formularon hipótesis que involucran el efecto de cada aspecto organizacional. Los resultados mostraron, finalmente, que la descentralización de los campus influye no sólo en la presencia, sino también en el número de experiencias relevantes de alianzas con municipios. La estructuración de “pasarelas” en instituciones de formación incide más específicamente en el grado de formalización de las alianzas, ofreciendo mayor seguridad jurídica y estabilidad. La presencia de organismos de aprobación de las alianzas negociadas en instituciones de enseñanza y de investigación no parece afectar, ni positiva ni negativamente, al establecimiento de dichas alianzas. Cómo locales 9 educativas validadas seleccionados pasarela (pasarela colectiva organizacional mostraron finalmente municipios pasarelas “pasarelas estabilidad afectar negativamente

Resumo Este artigo analisa as ressonâncias discursivas, morais e sociais no enfrentamento à epidemia da aids e pandemia da covid-19 em dois importantes contextos dos movimentos e organizações de trabalhadoras do sexo. Dialoga com as contribuições de Viviana Zelizer para problematizar como a transação comercial do sexo pago concorre para atribuir valor moral, afetivo e simbólico a diferentes práticas de cuidado que circulam no trabalho sexual. A pesquisa coletou informações em documentos arquivados e ambiente digital, incluindo levantamentos em redes sociais. A abordagem relacional privilegiou a ação política e criativa de trabalhadoras do sexo nos dois contextos em que o cuidado está atravessado por ambivalências morais. Resultados apontam os sentidos cambiantes que o cuidado pode ganhar. Nas políticas de prevenção à aids, sexo pago e cuidado estão imbricados, denotando confiança e sexo seguro. Na pandemia, sexo remunerado e risco de infecção, juntos maximizam a ideia de que trabalhadoras do sexo oferecem riscos. discursivas covid19 covid 19 covid-1 moral sexual digital ganhar imbricados seguro infecção riscos covid1 1 covid-

Abstract This article analyzes the discursive, moral, and social resonances in response the AIDS epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic in two important contexts of sex worker movements and organizations. It engages with Viviana Zelizer’s contributions to problematize how the commercial transaction of paid sex contributes to attributing moral, affective, and symbolic value to different caregiving practices circulating within sex work. The research gathered information from archived documents and digital environments, including surveys on social networks. The relational approach privileged the political and creative action of sex workers in the two contexts where care is intersected by moral ambiguities. Results indicate the changing meanings that care can acquire. In AIDS prevention policies, paid sex and care are intertwined, denoting trust and safe sex. In the pandemic, paid sex and the risk of infection, together maximize the idea that sex workers pose risks. discursive COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 organizations Zelizers Zelizer s affective work environments networks ambiguities acquire policies intertwined infection risks COVID1 1 COVID-

Abstract The fresh fruit and vegetable trade has undergone a major transformation in recent years. Consumers' purchasing habits are highly conditioned by the online offer, as the Internet provides an efficient communication and transaction tool. In addition to including precise information on their nutritional characteristics, the online sales websites for these products place special emphasis on presenting them in an attractive way, based on the pleasant sensations they produce when ingested. This study analyzes persuasive language and the most frequent collocations in references used to describe the gustatory aspects in descriptive profiles of pears and apples found on websites of fruit companies. We conducted an English-Spanish contrastive analysis of a comparable bilingual ad hoc corpus. We observed that a varied terminology is used with a persuasive purpose, along with evaluative phraseology related to taste. These refer primarily to four aspects: (1) the pleasure experienced when consuming this fruit; (2) mentions of its unmistakable, characteristic and unique taste; (3) allusions to the enjoyable or festive nature of its flavor; and (4) comments regarding its level of taste, intensity or authenticity. years Consumers offer tool characteristics way ingested companies EnglishSpanish English Spanish corpus purpose taste 1 (1 2 (2 unmistakable 3 (3 flavor 4 (4 authenticity (

Resumo El comercio de las frutas frescas y hortalizas ha sufrido una gran transformación en los últimos años. Los hábitos de compra de los consumidores están muy condicionados por la oferta online, al proporcionar Internet una herramienta eficaz de comunicación y transacción. Las páginas Web de venta online de estos productos, además de incluir información precisa sobre sus características nutricionales, hacen especial hincapié en presentarlos de una forma atractiva, en base a las sensaciones gratas que producen al ser ingeridos. Este estudio analiza el lenguaje persuasivo, así como las colocaciones más frecuentes, en las referencias utilizadas para describir los aspectos gustativos en fichas descriptivas de peras y manzanas procedentes de páginas web de empresas hortofrutícolas. Hemos partido de un análisis contrastivo inglés-español de un corpus ad hoc comparable bilingüe. Observamos que se utiliza una terminología variada con una finalidad persuasiva, además de fraseología valorativa relativa al sabor. Éstas hacen referencia a cuatro aspectos fundamentalmente: (1) el placer que se experimenta al comer esta fruta; (2) las menciones a su sabor inconfundible, característico y único; (3) las alusiones al carácter divertido o festivo de su sabor; y (4) los comentarios sobre su grado de sabor, intensidad o autenticidad. años transacción productos nutricionales atractiva ingeridos persuasivo frecuentes hortofrutícolas inglésespañol inglés español bilingüe persuasiva fundamentalmente 1 (1 fruta 2 (2 inconfundible único 3 (3 4 (4 autenticidad (

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify the historical context and current status of the debate surrounding the implementation of a regional currency between Brazil and Argentina. This research was motivated by the proposal to adopt a regional currency for bilateral commercial transactions, which was discussed during the official visit of the current Brazilian leader to Argentina on January 23, 2023. The idea of adopting a regional currency has been under consideration between these two countries for some time and was even discussed within the framework of Mercosur. For this study, the research is based on the analysis of economic indicators, academic texts, and, most importantly, news reports, meeting minutes, and the Mercosur norm itself. This allowed for an understanding of how the proposal has evolved over the years and in what context these changes occurred. This study can be divided into three distinct phases. The first phase focuses on the potential advantages and disadvantages, as well as the impact on transaction costs associated with the adoption of alternative currencies in bilateral trade. It also provides the necessary terminology and conceptual framework. In the second phase, the historical evolution of the proposal to adopt a regional currency is examined, and in the third phase, the current proposal itself is explored.

Résumé: L'objectif de la présente étude est d'identifier le contexte historique et la position actuelle du débat sur la mise en place d'une monnaie régionale entre le Brésil et l'Argentine. Cette recherche a été motivée par la proposition d'adopter une monnaie régionale pour les transactions commerciales bilatérales, lors de la visite officielle du dirigeant brésilien en Argentine le 23 janvier 2023. L'idée d'adopter une monnaie régionale entre ces deux pays n'est pas récente et a même été envisagée dans le cadre du Mercosur. Pour cette étude, la base de la recherche repose sur l'analyse des indicateurs économiques, des textes académiques, ainsi que des reportages journalistiques, des procès-verbaux de réunions et des normes du Mercosur. Cela a permis de comprendre comment la proposition a évolué au fil des années et dans quel contexte ces changements ont eu lieu. Cette étude se divise en trois phases distinctes. La première phase se concentre sur les avantages et inconvénients potentiels, ainsi que sur les impacts sur les coûts de transaction liés à l'adoption de devises alternatives dans le commerce bilatéral, en fournissant également la terminologie nécessaire. La deuxième phase se penche sur l'évolution historique de la proposition d'adopter une monnaie régionale, et dans la troisième phase, l'étude se focalise sur la proposition actuelle elle-même.

Resumo: A finalidade do presente estudo é identificar o panorama histórico e a posição atual do debate acerca da implementação de uma moeda de uso regional entre o Brasil e a Argentina. Essa pesquisa foi motivada pela proposta de adoção de uma moeda regional para uso nas transações comerciais bilaterais, por ocasião da viagem oficial do atual mandatário brasileiro à Argentina, em 23 de janeiro de 2023. A ideia de adoção de uma moeda regional, inclusive, ventilada entre esses dois países, não é recente e chegou a ser considerada no âmbito do Mercosul. Para o presente estudo foram utilizados como base da pesquisa a análise de indicadores econômicos, textos acadêmicos e, sobretudo, reportagens jornalísticas, atas de reuniões e a própria norma do Mercosul. Dessa forma, foi possível entender como a proposta mudou ao longo dos anos e em qual contexto isso ocorreu. Esse estudo possui três momentos distintos, o primeiro deles focado nas possíveis vantagens e desvantagens, bem como nos impactos nos custos de transação com a adoção de alternativas monetárias no comércio bilateral, além de prover a conceituação terminológica necessária. Em um segundo momento centrou-se na evolução histórica da proposta de adoção de uma moeda regional para que, em um terceiro momento fosse possível focar na proposta atual em si.

Resumen: El propósito de este estudio es identificar el contexto histórico y la posición actual del debate en torno a la implementación de una moneda de uso regional entre Brasil y Argentina. Esta investigación fue motivada por la propuesta de adoptar una moneda regional para las transacciones comerciales bilaterales, durante la visita oficial del líder brasileño actual a Argentina el 23 de enero de 2023. La idea de adoptar una moneda regional entre estos dos países no es reciente y llegó a ser considerada en el ámbito del Mercosur. Para este estudio, se utilizaron como base de la investigación el análisis de indicadores económicos, textos académicos y, sobre todo, reportajes periodísticos, actas de reuniones y la normativa del Mercosur. Esto permitió comprender cómo ha evolucionado la propuesta a lo largo de los años y en qué contexto se han producido estos cambios. Este estudio se divide en tres momentos distintos. El primer momento se centra en las posibles ventajas y desventajas, así como en el impacto en los costos de transacción asociados a la adopción de monedas alternativas en el comercio bilateral, además de proporcionar la terminología y el marco conceptual necesarios. En el segundo momento, se analiza la evolución histórica de la propuesta de adopción de una moneda regional, y en el tercer momento se explora la propuesta actual en sí.

BACKGROUND: South African universities are dealing with concerning socio-economic issues and budgetary limits that affect university operations negatively. It is no longer viable for most universities to purchase and maintain information technology (IT) infrastructure systems while also keeping up with the ever-changing technology across the world OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to explore the benefits that come with infrastructure as a service (IaaS), as compared to the on-premises model that is currently used by most South African universities METHOD: This article adopts both transaction cost theory (TCT) and diffusion of innovation theory (DOI) as the underpinning theories. The interpretivist paradigm was applied to gain a comprehensive understanding of how university management perceives IaaS adoption RESULTS: The results introduce three new and critical factors that need to be considered by university managers whenever they want to move their on-premises IT model to cloud IaaS: trust, security and attitude CONCLUSION: The research finds that IaaS offers advantages in scalability, flexibility, accessibility and on-demand deployment. These findings underscore the importance of addressing barriers to IaaS adoption within the specific context of South African universities CONTRIBUTION: The findings of this article add to the cloud computing literature, by presenting a new model that IT decision-makers can utilise when considering moving their on-premises IT infrastructure to IaaS in South African universities. The article recommends that future research could expand the number of universities from which data are collected

Money laundering and related financial crimes, such as fraud and terrorism financing, pose a significant threat to the integrity and stability of South African financial markets. This article explores the application and use of artificial intelligence (AI) to detect and prevent money laundering in South African banking institutions. The implementation of big data technologies, data processing analytics and AI could enhance the detection and prevention of money laundering activities in South Africa's banking sector. AI should be carefully utilised to improve the detection of suspicious activities and the accuracy of financial intelligence, and to combat evolving money laundering techniques. The article also examines the benefits and challenges of implementing AI as an anti-money laundering (AML) measure in the South African banking sector. These include the need for quality data, integration with existing regulatory systems, regulatory compliance and ethical considerations. The article highlights the potential use of AI in transaction monitoring, customer due diligence, outcomes-based risk assessment and the improved detection of suspicious transactions. This could be done by utilising AI to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of AML measures. The importance of effective coordination between banking institutions, regulatory authorities and law enforcement bodies is also highlighted as a key component of leveraging AI to combat money laundering and related financial crimes in South Africa's banking sector.

Abstract This article aimed to understand how the adoption of a governance structure can influence resources and capacities in rural production for the insertion and continuity of small producers in the specialty coffee value chain in Paraná. For this purpose, the Transaction Cost Economics (ECT) and the Resource-Based View (RBV) were used together as a theoretical framework. A qualitative and descriptive research was carried out with coffee producers from Paraná and a company that exports specialty coffees. As a result, for specialty coffee transactions, it was identified that the hybrid governance structure, based on long-term relationships, provides subsidies for the development and improvement of strategic and transaction-specific resources and capabilities. It was also observed that the hybrid governance structure enables the combination to leverage these resources and capabilities, so that they become more strategic, and can generate competitive advantage. Therefore, it is through the governance structure that it is possible to leverage resources and capabilities, including in a strategic way, for the insertion and continuity of small producers in higher value-added chains, such as specialty coffees. purpose ECT (ECT ResourceBased Resource Based RBV (RBV framework coffees result transactions longterm long term relationships transactionspecific transaction specific capabilities advantage Therefore way valueadded added chains

Resumo O presente artigo teve como objetivo compreender como a adoção de estrutura de governança pode influenciar nos recursos e capacidades na produção rural para inserção e continuidade de pequenos produtores na cadeia de valor do café especial no Paraná. Para tanto, utilizou-se como aporte teórico a Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) e a Visão Baseada em Recursos (VBR), em conjunto. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva com produtores de cafés do Paraná e uma empresa exportadora de cafés especiais. Como resultados, para as transações de cafés especiais, identificou-se que a estrutura de governança híbrida, pautada em relações de longo prazo, fornece subsídios para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de recursos e capacidades estratégicos e específicos à transação. Observou-se também que a estrutura de governança híbrida viabiliza a combinação para potencializar esses recursos e capacidades, de maneira que eles se tornem mais estratégicos, podendo gerar vantagem competitiva. Portanto, é por meio da estrutura de governança híbrida que é possível alavancar os recursos e capacidades, inclusive de maneira estratégica, para inserção e continuidade dos pequenos produtores em cadeias de maior valor agregado, como a de cafés especiais. tanto utilizouse utilizou ECT (ECT VBR, VBR , (VBR) conjunto Realizouse Realizou especiais resultados identificouse identificou prazo transação Observouse Observou competitiva Portanto estratégica agregado (VBR