Abstract The objective of this paper is to problematize Ramón Grosfoguel’s statements, specifically regarding Aníbal Quijano. I claim that the accusation of “epistemic racism” that Grosfoguel made, according to which Quijano would not have recognized one of his intellectual debts, lacks foundation in authentic sources. Contextualizing the “coloniality of power” more broadly, I argue that Grosfoguel does not consider key aspects of the Peruvian author’s biography, both his political and intellectual background and the style of his work. In addition, examining the relationship between Quijano and the Peruvian and Latin American intellectual tradition will illuminate crucial paths in the trajectory of the “coloniality of power” theory. Thus, the grave accusation of “epistemic racism” that the Puerto Rican author made must be questioned since Quijano’s academic trajectory reveals that the elaboration of “coloniality” is endowed with a historicity according to which the ideas of race and racism are part of the overall theory-building process. Grosfoguels s statements epistemic debts sources coloniality power broadly authors biography work addition theory Thus Quijanos theorybuilding building process

Résumé Cet article a pour but de problématiser les propos de Ramón Grosfoguel, en particulier à l’égard d’Aníbal Quijano. Je soutiens que l’accusation de “racisme épistémique” faite par Grosfoguel, selon laquelle Quijano n’aurait pas reconnu une de ses dettes intellectuelles, est dénuée de fondement dans des sources précises. En contextualisant plus largement la “colonialité du pouvoir”, j’argumente que Grosfoguel ne tient pas compte des aspects fondamentaux de la biographie de l’auteur péruvien, tant de sa formation politique et intellectuelle que du style de son œuvre. De même, un examen de la relation entre Quijano et la tradition intellectuelle péruvienne et latino-américaine éclairera des chemins cruciaux dans la trajectoire de la théorie de la “colonialité du pouvoir”. Ainsi, la grave accusation de “racisme épistémique” de l’auteur portoricain doit être remise en question, car la trajectoire académique de Quijano révèle que l’élaboration de la “colonialité” est dotée d’une historicité selon laquelle les idées de race et de racisme font partie du processus global de construction de la théorie. légard l égard dAníbal d Aníbal laccusation épistémique naurait n aurait intellectuelles précises colonialité pouvoir, pouvoir , pouvoir” jargumente j argumente lauteur auteur péruvien œuvre même latinoaméricaine latino américaine pouvoir. . Ainsi question lélaboration élaboration dune

Resumo Este artigo pretende problematizar as afirmações de Ramón Grosfoguel, especificamente em relação a Aníbal Quijano. Sustento que a acusação de “racismo epistêmico” feita por Grosfoguel, de acordo com a qual Quijano não teria reconhecido uma de suas dívidas intelectuais, é destituída de embasamento em fontes precisas. Contextualizando de maneira mais ampla a “colonialidade do poder”, argumento que Grosfoguel não leva em conta aspectos fundamentais da biografia do autor peruano, tanto de sua formação política e intelectual quanto do estilo de sua obra. Também, um exame da relação entre Quijano e a tradição intelectual peruana e latino-americana iluminará veredas cruciais na trajetória da teoria da “colonialidade do poder”. Desse modo, a grave acusação de “racismo epistêmico” feita pelo autor porto-riquenho deve ser colocada em questão, pois a trajetória acadêmica de Quijano revela que a elaboração da “colonialidade” é dotada de uma historicidade segundo a qual as ideias de raça e racismo são parte do processo global da construção da teoria. epistêmico intelectuais precisas colonialidade poder, poder , poder” peruano obra Também latinoamericana latino americana poder. . modo portoriquenho porto riquenho questão

Resumen Este artículo pretende problematizar las afirmaciones de Ramón Grosfoguel, concretamente en relación con Aníbal Quijano. Sostengo que la acusación de “racismo epistémico” de Grosfoguel, según la cual Quijano no reconoció una de sus deudas intelectuales, no se apoya en fuentes precisas. Contextualizando más ampliamente la “colonialidad del poder”, sostengo que Grosfoguel no tiene en cuenta aspectos fundamentales de la biografía del autor peruano, tanto su formación política e intelectual como el estilo de su obra. Asimismo, un examen de la relación entre Quijano y la tradición intelectual peruana y latinoamericana iluminará caminos cruciales en la trayectoria de la teoría de la “colonialidad del poder”. De este modo, la grave acusación de “racismo epistémico” del autor puertorriqueño debe ponerse en tela de juicio, porque la trayectoria académica de Quijano revela que la elaboración de la “colonialidad” está dotada de una historicidad según la cual las ideas de raza y racismo forman parte del proceso global de construcción de la teoría. epistémico intelectuales precisas colonialidad poder, poder , poder” peruano obra Asimismo poder. . modo juicio

This study details the preparation, antileishmanial assay, and in silico analysis of twenty 2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,3-triazolyl)propyl vanillin derivatives. These compounds were synthesized in three steps and evaluated against Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes. Compounds 3s and 3t were the most effective, showing good activity against all Leishmania species tested. Molecular docking indicated that all compounds bind favorably to the sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) enzyme from L. infantum. ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) analysis indicated good oral bioavailability, non blood-brain barrier penetration, and high gastrointestinal absorption. Posaconazole and compounds 3e, 3s, and 3t remained stable in the CYP51 binding region during 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuations (RMSF) analyses from the MD trajectory revealed significant conformational fluctuations of the CYP51 N-terminal, suggesting occasional expulsion of 3e, potentially explaining its higher IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values. Pairwise decomposition analyses from molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) calculations highlighted the importance of hydrophobic residues in interacting with the synthesized derivatives. preparation assay 2hydroxy31,2,3triazolylpropyl 2hydroxy3123triazolylpropyl hydroxytriazolylpropyl 2 hydroxy 3 1,2,3 triazolyl propyl 1 derivatives infantum amazonensis promastigotes s t effective tested 14αdemethylase αdemethylase 14α demethylase α CYP (CYP51 L absorption, absorption (absorption distribution metabolism toxicity bioavailability bloodbrain blood brain penetration 3e e CYP5 10 (MD simulations RMSD (RMSD RMSF (RMSF Nterminal, Nterminal N terminal, terminal N-terminal IC IC5 halfmaximal half maximal concentration values PoissonBoltzmann Poisson Boltzmann MM/PBSA MMPBSA MM PBSA (MM/PBSA 2hydroxy31 3triazolylpropyl triazolylpropyl 123 1,2, (CYP5 2hydroxy3 12 1,2 (CYP 2hydroxy 1,

Abstract This article seeks to analyze the Jesuit rhetoric in the work Historia de los trivmphos de nuestra santa fee entre gentes las más bárbaras y fieras del nueuo orbe, written by the Cordovan Andrés Pérez de Ribas and published in 1645, highlighting the issues related to the survival of idolatry and the influence of the devil on the Indians who inhabited the northern missions. Although the chronicle of this Jesuit has been analyzed from different historiographical perspectives, we intend to trace those relevant testimonies that describe the conception that the members of the Ignatian society held about those practices and local conceptions of the world contrary to the Christian faith, highlighting the importance and the role that the missionary writing took for the conformation and diffusion of these narratives. In this sense, it is proposed to focus on the so-called “Jesuit knowledge”, emphasizing the rhetorical corpus related to the apologetic purposes of the conversion of the gentiles. To achieve the proposed objective, the article is divided into the following sections: the establishment of the Jesuit missions in the province of Sinaloa, the life and trajectory of the Jesuit Pérez de Ribas, and the rhetoric of “evil” present in his written work.

Resumen El presente artículo busca analizar la retórica jesuítica en la obra Historia de los trivmphos de nuestra santa fee entre gentes las más bárbaras y fieras del nueuo orbe, escrita por el cordobés Andrés Pérez de Ribas, publicada en 1645, para destacar los temas referentes a la pervivencia de la idolatría y a la influencia del demonio sobre los indios que habitaban las misiones norteñas. Si bien esta crónica ha sido analizada desde distintas perspectivas historiográficas, se pretende rastrear aquellos testimonios relevantes que describen la concepción que los miembros de la sociedad ignaciana mantenían sobre aquellas prácticas y cosmovisiones locales contrarias a la fe cristiana, a fin de resaltar la importancia y el papel que la escritura misionera tomó para la conformación y la difusión de estas narrativas. En este sentido, se propone colocar la mirada en los denominados “saberes jesuíticos”, con énfasis en el corpus retórico relacionado con los propósitos apologéticos de la conversión de los gentiles. Para lograr el objetivo planteado, el artículo se divide en los siguientes apartados: el establecimiento de las misiones jesuitas en la provincia de Sinaloa, la vida y trayectoria del jesuita Pérez de Ribas y la retórica del “mal” presente en su obra escrita.

SUMMARY: The pharyngeal arch (PA) is a transient structure of vertebrate embryos. Their number varies from species to species; nine in lampreys, seven in teleosts, and six in amniotes. Each pharyngeal arch contains a nerve and an artery as well as skeletomuscular elements. There has been a long-standing controversy about the formation of the fifth PA. Here, we investigated the formation of the fifth PA by tracking the distribution of neural crest cells in pharyngeal arches in chick embryos. Fertilized chick and quail eggs were used. Neural crest cells were detected by using quail-chick cell tracing technique and in ovo electroporation of EGFP constructs. Our results showed that neural crest cells from the post-otic level contributed to all post-otic pharyngeal arches (PA3-6). In contrast, neural crest cells from the somite 1-3 level avoided to invade the third pharyngeal arch, although they gave rise post-otic pharyngeal arches. Based on the trajectory of neural crest cells, the fifth pharyngeal arch was visible between the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch, although it was considerably smaller compared to other arches. The fifth PA forms during early development at least in avian species. It is closer to the sixth PA than the fourth PA. This is in line with the formation of the fifth PAA, which can form a bypass and even fuse with the sixth PAA.

RESUMEN: El arco faríngeo (AF) es una estructura transitoria de los embriones de vertebrados. Su número varía de una especie a otra; nueve en lampreas, siete en teleósteos y seis en amniotas. Cada arco faríngeo contiene un nervio y una arteria, así como elementos esqueleto musculares. Ha existido una larga controversia sobre laformación del quinto arco faríngeo. En este trabajo investigamos la formación del quinto AF mediante el seguimiento de la distribución de las células de la cresta neural en los arcos faríngeos en embriones de pollo. Se utilizaron huevos de pollito y codorniz fertilizados. Las células de la cresta neural se detectaron mediante la técnica de rastreo de células de polluelos de codorniz y la electroporación in ovo de construcciones de EGFP. Nuestros resultados mostraron que las células de la cresta neural del nivel postótico contribuyeron a todos los arcos faríngeos postóticos (AF3-6). Por el contrario, las células de la cresta neural del nivel somita 1-3 evitaron invadir el tercer arco faríngeo, aunque dieron lugar a arcos faríngeos postóticos. Según la trayectoria de las células de la cresta neural, el quinto arco faríngeo era visible entre el cuarto y el sexto arco faríngeo, aunque era considerablemente más pequeño en comparación con otros arcos. El quinto AF se forma durante el desarrollo temprano, al menos en especies de aves. Se encuentra más cerca del sexto AF que del cuarto AF. Esto concuerda con la formación del quinto AAF, que puede formar un bypass e incluso fusionarse con el sexto AAF.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the growth trajectory of head circumference and neurodevelopment, and to correlate head circumference with cognitive, language, and motor outcomes during the first two years. Method Prospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital including 95 newborns under 32 weeks or 1500 g. Neonates who developed major neonatal morbidities were excluded. The head circumference was measured at birth, at discharge, and at term-equivalent age, 1, 3, 5, 12, 18, and 24 months of corrected age, and the Bayley Scales (Bayley-III) were applied at 12, 18 and 24 months of corrected age to assess cognitive, language and, motor domains. Scores below 85 were classified as mild/moderate deficits and scores below 70 as severe deficits. The association between head circumference Z score and Bayley scores was assessed using Pearson's correlation. The study considered a significance level of 0.05. Results There was a decrease of -0.18 in the head circumference Z score between birth and discharge and the catch-up occurred between discharge and 1 month (an increase of 0.81 in the Z score). There was a positive correlation between head circumference and Bayley scores at 18 months. There was also a positive correlation between head circumference at discharge and at 5 months with the three domains of the Bayley. Conclusion Serial measurements of head circumference provide knowledge of the trajectory of growth, with early catch-up between discharge and 1 month, as well as its association with neurodevelopment. Head circumference is therefore a valuable clinical marker for neurodevelopment, especially in very preterm newborns. neurodevelopment cognitive years 9 3 150 g excluded termequivalent term equivalent 12 2 BayleyIII III (Bayley-III 8 mildmoderate mild moderate 7 Pearsons Pearson s 005 0 05 0.05 0.18 018 -0.1 catchup catch up an 081 81 0.8 score. . score) 15 00 0.0 0.1 01 -0. 08 0. -0 -

RESUMEN: Objetivo/contexto: Este artículo presenta un análisis de la afiliación de los miembros del gabinete en los cuatro Gobiernos postransición en México. El objetivo principal es contribuir al estudio del rol de los partidos en las dinámicas de formación del Gobierno. Metodología: El artículo se basa en la descripción de una base de datos original sobre la trayectoria y los vínculos partidistas de 148 secretarios de Estado en México entre 2000 y 2024. Conclusiones: Nuestro análisis muestra que la alternancia y el Gobierno dividido incrementaron los incentivos de nombrar ministros con una trayectoria político-partidista, aunque cada presidente ha moldeado su gabinete de acuerdo a las circunstancias políticas y a sus redes profesionales y políticas. Originalidad: Se pone a prueba una nueva propuesta de categorización de los perfiles partidistas de los ministros y su relación con el tipo de nombramiento en el gabinete mediante la aplicación de un índice de partidismo en ministerios.

RESUMO: Objetivo/contexto: Este artigo apresenta uma análise da afiliação dos membros do gabinete nos quatro governos pós-transição no México. O principal objetivo é contribuir para o estudo do papel dos partidos na dinâmica da formação do governo. Metodologia: O artigo baseia-se na descrição de um banco de dados original sobre a trajetória e os vínculos partidários de 148 secretários de Estado no México entre 2000 e 2024. Conclusões: Nossa análise mostra que a alternância e a divisão do governo aumentaram os incentivos para a nomeação de ministros com histórico político-partidário, embora cada presidente tenha moldado seu gabinete de acordo com as circunstâncias políticas e suas redes profissionais e políticas. Originalidade: Uma nova proposta para categorizar os perfis partidários dos ministros e sua relação com o tipo de nomeação do gabinete é testada por meio da aplicação de um índice de partidarismo nos ministérios.

ABSTRACT: Objective/context: This article analyzes the affiliation of cabinet members in four post-transition governments in Mexico. The main goal is to contribute to the study of the role of parties in the dynamics of government formation. Methodology: The article is based on the description of an original database regarding the trajectory and partisan links of 148 secretaries of state in Mexico between 2000 and 2024. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that although alternation and divided government increased the incentives to appoint ministers with a political-partisan background, each president shaped their cabinet according to political circumstances and professional and political networks. Originality: A new proposal for categorizing the partisan profiles of ministers and their relationship with the type of cabinet appointment is tested by applying a partisanship index in ministries.

Esta revisão de escopo buscou investigar se e como a história das facções criminais oriundas do estado do Rio de Janeiro tem sido abordada na literatura científica. A pergunta de pesquisa foi: “como a história, percursos e desdobramentos da atuação das facções criminais oriundas do estado do Rio de Janeiro são descritos pela literatura científica?”. Para respondê-la, buscou publicações nas bases da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), SciELO, Scopus e Web Of Science. Foi adotado o procedimento duplo-cego para a seleção de publicações e o Guia PRISMA-ScR para sumarização dos resultados. Verificou-se que a história destas facções não foi objeto principal dos estudos, sendo abordada por eles de maneira breve e pontual. As formas de conceituá-las variavam desde as que enfatizavam sua atuação no tráfico; que destacavam seu caráter cultural; seu caráter de governança; seu caráter de resistência política. Quanto à história das facções, alguns trabalhos trouxeram dados sobre sua origem; outros sobre sua trajetória no mercado do tráfico; sobre o surgimento de uma “cultura de facção”; sobre a relação entre facções e Estado. As diferentes formas de conceituá-las e o destaque de certos aspectos de sua história em detrimento de outros seguem a tendência da literatura mais abrangente sobre o tema.

This scoping review aimed to investigate whether and how the history of criminal factions originating from the state of Rio de Janeiro has been addressed in the scientific literature. The research question was: “How are the history, pathways, and developments of the activities of criminal factions from the state of Rio de Janeiro described in the scientific literature?” To answer this, publications were searched in the Virtual Health Library (BVS), SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A double-blind procedure was adopted for the selection of publications, and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines were used to summarize the results. It was found that the history of these factions was not the main focus of the studies, being briefly and sporadically addressed. The ways of conceptualizing them varied, ranging from those that emphasized their involvement in drug trafficking, their cultural nature, their governance structure, or their role in political resistance. Regarding the history of the factions, some studies provided data on their origins, others on their trajectory in the drug market, the emergence of a “faction culture” or the relationship between factions and the state. The different ways of conceptualizing these factions and the emphasis on certain aspects of their history over others reflect trends in the broader literature on the subject.

A transição para sistemas alimentares sustentáveis tem ocupado lugar central na agenda de organizações, governos e empresas. Embora o tema comporte em si mesmo um horizonte de futuro, as discussões frequentemente limitam-se a diagnósticos sobre a trajetória histórica das transformações na agricultura. De outro modo, em diálogo com a literatura sociológica sobre como os futuros imaginados moldam as mudanças sociais, este artigo analisa as expectativas ficcionais que orientam as estratégias de transição construídas por organizações da agricultura familiar no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo foi conduzido entre maio e dezembro de 2023 por meio da articulação de análise prospectiva e técnicas de pesquisa-ação. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas, surveys e grupos focais que envolveram representantes de 21 organizações. A partir da identificação dos fatores críticos para a transição, o artigo discute duas questões insuficientemente tratadas pela literatura: as mudanças nas expectativas quando os atores sociais são expostos ao imperativo da crítica pública e a força dos mecanismos institucionais de dependência de trajetória (ou seja, do passado) sobre os futuros imaginados.

The transition to sustainable food systems has been a central topic on the agenda of organizations, governments, and companies. Although the topic itself encompasses a horizon of future, discussions are often limited to diagnoses of the historical trajectory of transformations in agriculture. In contrast, engaging a dialogue with the sociological literature on how imagined futures shape social changes, this article analyzes the fictional expectations that guide the transition strategies constructed by family farming organizations on the Litoral Norte of Rio Grande do Sul. The study was conducted between May and December 2023 through the articulation of prospective analysis and action research techniques. Data were collected through interviews, surveys, and focus groups involving representatives of 21 organizations. Based on the identification of critical factors for the transition, the article discusses two issues insufficiently addressed in the literature: changes in expectations when social actors are exposed to the imperative of public criticism and the strength of institutional mechanisms of path dependence (i.e., of the past) on imagined futures.

Resumo Os dispositivos estatais para o governo das águas no Brasil vêm sendo fortemente influenciados pelo discurso do desenvolvimento, tendo como principal instituição multilateral promotora o Banco Mundial, cujas diretrizes convergem para o afastamento das instituições estatais do papel de provedoras dos serviços de água e promovem a perda do controle sobre as águas por populações locais. Neste artigo, analiso a trajetória das políticas governamentais para a gestão das águas no Brasil a partir da instituição da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) à luz da literatura antropológica sobre grandes projetos de desenvolvimento, administração pública e o campo autodenominado de antropologia da água, observando o processo de criação e implementação de dispositivos institucionais que abrem caminho para a transformação da água em uma commodity. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de observação participante em avaliação oficial da PNRH e análise de relatórios de projetos do Banco Mundial. desenvolvimento Mundial locais artigo (PNRH commodity

Abstract State devices for water governance in Brazil have been strongly influenced by the development discourse, with the World Bank as the main multilateral institution that promotes it, whose guidelines converge towards the removal of state institutions from the role of providers of water services and promote the loss control over water by local populations. In this article, I analyze the trajectory of government policies for water management in Brazil from the institution of the National Water Resources Policy (NWRP) under the light of anthropological literature on large development projects, public administration and the self-declared field of anthropology of water, observing the process of creation and implementation of institutional devices that pave the way for the transformation of water into a commodity. The research was carried out through participant observation in an official evaluation of the NWRP and analysis of project reports from the World Bank. discourse it populations article (NWRP projects selfdeclared self declared commodity

Die inflasiekoers en die produksiegaping speel 'n belangrike rol in die monetêrebeleidstand-punt. Alhoewel die publiek inflasie redelik goed verstaan, is die produksiegaping 'n relatief onbekende begrip. Definisies van potensiële produksie kan dubbelsinnig wees, aangesien die term dikwels gebruik word om verwante, maar logies afsonderlike, konsepte te beskryf. Die produksiegaping word ook nie direk waargeneem nie en word afgelei uit beramings van potensiële produksie, wat self nie waarneembaar of meetbaar is nie en dus beraam moet word. Hierdie beramings kan egter sensitief wees vir verskillende metodologiese paradigmas en databeskikbaarheid. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om by te dra tot 'n beter begrip van en groter deursigtigheid in plaaslike monetêre beleid deur die rol van die produksiegaping in Suid-Afrikaanse monetêre beleid te verduidelik. Eerstens word die idees onderliggend aan die konsep van die produksiegaping bespreek, waarna 'n werksdefinisie van die produksiegaping in die konteks van monetêre beleid voorgestel word. Verskeie metodologieë en empiriese tegnieke waarvolgens potensiële produksie en die produksiegaping beraam kan word, word bespreek, insluitende eenveranderlike statistiese tegnieke, strukturele modelle en semistrukturele benaderings. Die artikel verduidelik voorts hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (SARB) die plaaslike produksiegaping beraam en hoe hierdie beraamde produksiegaping op die monetêrebeleidstand-punt inwerk. Ten slotte word die SARB se monetêrebeleidstandpunt beskou met betrekking tot die inflasiekoers en produksiegapingsberamings oor die afgelope twee dekades ten einde die reaksie van die plaaslike monetêre beleid op groot ekonomiese skokke soos die wêreldwye finansiële krisis en COVID-19 te illustreer, en ten einde die beramings se sensitiwiteit vir datahersienings uit te lig.

The inflation rate and the output gap are two of the main determinants of the monetary policy stance. However, while inflation is relatively well understood by the public, the output gap is not. The output gap is not directly observed and is derived from estimates of potential output. Potential output is also not observable or measurable, and therefore needs to be estimated. Such estimates can, however, be sensitive to different methodological paradigms and the availability of data, while definitions of potential output may be ambiguous, because the term is often used to describe related, but logically distinct, concepts. With the aim of contributing to a better understanding of and greater transparency in domestic monetary policy, this paper describes the role of the output gap in South African monetary policy by broadly examining the following three questions: (i) What exactly is the output gap?; (ii) How is it measured? and (iii) Why is it important? To begin with, the idea underlying the concept of the output gap is explained and a tentative working definition of the output gap in the context of monetary policy is provided. Various methodologies and empirical techniques of estimating potential output and the output gap are then discussed, including univariate statistical techniques, structural models and semi-structural approaches. This is followed by an explanation of how the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) estimates the domestic output gap, and how the estimated output gap feeds into the monetary policy stance. Finally, the SARB's monetary policy stance is viewed in relation to the inflation rate and output gap estimates over the last two decades to illustrate the domestic monetary policy response to notable economic events such as the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 shock, and to highlight the sensitivity of the estimates to data revision. This paper shows that both actual and potential economic growth have declined over the last decade, even without taking into account the COVID-19 shock. This is consistent with the South African empirical literature, and points to a worrying and persistent stagnation in domestic economic activity. After strong economic activity during the early 2000s, the economy started slowing down in 2008. This may be ascribed to a number of factors, including the introduction of load-shedding in 2007, changes in the global economic landscape following the globalfinancial crisis, dwindling infrastructure investment after the 2010 FIFA World Cup tournament, and uncertainty about domestic economic policy. COVID-19 brought about a massive economic shock in 2020. Lockdown regulations saw capital and labour withdrawn from economic use, which caused real GDP and potential output to contract by 6,2% and 2,7%, respectively, for the year. The output gap, which has mainly remained in negative territory since 2009, fell to -7,9% in the second quarter of 2020. In response to the crisis, the SARB drastically lowered the policy rate and applied several other financial market interventions, but even this extensive range of stimuli failed to prevent an economic collapse. Moreover, the output gap has remained negative despite a minor rebound of the economy in 2021 and 2022, which indicated that economic activity remained on its weakpre-COVID-19 trajectory. Inflation has stabilised markedly since 2010. This may be partly due to weak domestic economic activity that does not exert significant domestic inflationary pressures. In fact, many of the notable inflationary episodes of the last 25years were largely caused by external factors, such as the rand depreciation shock and the global financial crisis. This benign domestic inflationary environment has arguably made it easier for the SARB to achieve its inflation target. Such consistency has contributed to an increase in the SARB's credibility, which, in turn, has led to inflation expectations that are lower and better anchored.

Abstract: In this article I present some historical, political and cultural considerations concerning the process that has shaped the conditions of possibility for certain objects to be associated with the Mapuche world during the 20th and 21st centuries. Through a review of multiple bibliographic, audiovisual and ethnographic archives, I develop a reading that, by emphasizing the material culture sphere, allows us to outline a trajectory of accommodations and disputes around the definitions of "Mapuche object", a trajectory whose components will come from agencies Mapuche, non-Mapuche, and their respective interdigitation. I state the persistence of certain colonial demands that operate in a particularly tenacious way on the material world, especially those associated with the concepts of "ancestrality" and "authenticity". I will propose that towards the transition to the present century it is possible to identify, at least, four ways of production of Mapuche materialities that dialogue in a differential way with the concepts indicated above, an exercise whose orientation is not so much about classification but as an input to reflect on the various possibilities and consequences of Design exercises around indigenous worlds in general, and Mapuche in particular. I will evaluate certain epistemologies and methodologies that the Design discipline currently mobilizes, exemplifying with real and plausible designs close to the Mapuche world.

Resumen: En este artículo presento algunas consideraciones históricas, políticas y culturales en torno al proceso que ha ido conformando las condiciones de posibilidad para que ciertos objetos se asocien al mundo mapuche durante el siglo XX y XXI. Mediante una revisión de múltiples archivos bibliográficos, audiovisuales y etnográficos, realizo una lectura que, al poner énfasis en la cultura material, permite esbozar una trayectoria de acomodos y disputas en torno a las definiciones de “objeto mapuche”, trayectoria cuyos componentes provendrán de agencias mapuche, no-mapuche, y su respectiva interdigitación. Planteo la persistencia de ciertas exigencias coloniales que operan de forma particularmente tenaz sobre el mundo material, especialmente aquellas asociadas a los conceptos de “ancestralidad” y “autenticidad”. Propondré que hacia la transición al presente siglo es posible identificar, al menos, cuatro formas de producción de materialidades mapuche que dialogan de forma diferencial con los conceptos señalados, análisis cuyo afán antes que clasificatorio es presentado como insumo para reflexionar en torno a las diversas posibilidades y consecuencias de ejercicios de Diseño en torno a los mundos indígenas en general, y mapuche en particular. Evaluaré ciertas epistemologías y metodologías que la disciplina del Diseño moviliza actualmente, ejemplificando con diseños reales y verosímiles cercanos al mundo mapuche. Finalizó introduciendo el concepto de Diseño cosmopolítico como posible lugar desde donde materializar diferencia cultural cuyos preceptos pueden no acomodarse del todo a la razón occidental con pretensión universal.

Abstract The essay aims to discuss the functions of technological knowledge in social management, and the premises that justify its performance as a solution to social problems linked, specifically, to poverty. In the social field, technological knowledge has gained a recognized place of performance with respect to its technical potential for the development of solutions in the field of social assistance policy; Based on the supposed neutrality they carry, the instrumental and symbolic functions they perform constitute the bases of their legitimation as expert knowledge capable of offering “optimal” solutions. This impulse is related to local conditions of possibility, but also to the role of international organizations in the development of public policy; his statements regarding the premises that States should follow to address social problems, and the strategies to make their reform programs work. The reflection from the Uruguayan case on the trajectory of technological knowledge in the social field in the first decades of the 21st century, allows us to identify the devices and mechanisms with technological supports that define modalities and criteria for the assignment of social services, which have in turn, modeling effects on professional practices historically linked to care and the execution of social policies.

Resumen El ensayo se propone discutir las funciones de los saberes de la tecnología1 en la gestión de lo social, y las premisas que justifican su desempeño en tanto solución a los problemas sociales vinculados, específicamente, a la pobreza. En el campo social, los saberes de la tecnología han ganado un reconocido lugar de desempeño respecto a sus potencialidades técnicas para la elaboración de soluciones en el ámbito de la política socioasistencial2; a partir de la supuesta neutralidad que portan, las funciones instrumentales y simbólicas que desempeñan, constituyen las bases de su legitimación como saberes expertos capaces de ofrecer soluciones “óptimas”. Este impulso se relaciona con condiciones de posibilidades locales, pero también con el papel de los organismos internacionales en la elaboración de política pública, sus señalamien tos respecto a las premisas que los Estados deberían seguir para abordar los problemas sociales, y las estrategias para hacer funcionar sus programas de reformas. La reflexión desde el caso uruguayo sobre la trayectoria de los saberes de la tecnología en el campo social en las primeras dos décadas del siglo XXI, permite identificar los dispositivos y mecanismos con soportes tecnológicos que definen modalidades y criterios para la asignación de servicios sociales, que tienen a su vez, efectos de modelación sobre las prácticas profesionales ligadas históricamente al cuidado y la ejecución de políticas sociales.

Resumen En el actual entorno de comunicación digital en Manabí, el presente estudio analiza la identidad visual corporativa de los medios periodísticos digitales, esencial para entender cómo estos se presentan visualmente a una audiencia conectada y exigente. Este análisis se centra en el diseño, colores, tipografía y elementos visuales, utilizando un enfoque metodológico mixto. Se seleccionaron cinco medios significativos por su alcance y trayectoria para el periodo 2020-2023. Los hallazgos indican una fuerte priorización del contenido visual, con un uso predominante de imágenes y videos para atraer audiencias y fortalecer el reconocimiento de marca. Aunque esta estrategia se alinea con las tendencias actuales del marketing digital, se observó que algunos medios podrían mejorar en coherencia visual y en la interacción con la audiencia. Los resultados sugieren que la identidad visual no solo influye en la percepción del usuario sino también en el reconocimiento y la interacción en línea. Se concluye que la mejora en estas áreas podría potenciar el compromiso y la viralidad del contenido periodístico, ofreciendo perspectivas valiosas para los medios en un mercado altamente competitivo y en constante evolución.

Abstract In the current digital communication environment in Manabí, this study analyzes the corporate visual identity of digital journalistic media, essential to understand how they are presented visually to a connected and demanding audience. This analysis focuses on design, colors, typography and visual elements, using a mixed methodological approach. Five significant media were selected due to their scope and trajectory for the period 2020-2023. The findings indicate a strong prioritization of visual content, with a predominant use of images and videos to engage audiences and strengthen brand recognition. Although this strategy aligns with current digital marketing trends, it was observed that some media could improve in visual coherence and interaction with the audience. The results suggest that visual identity not only influences user perception but also online recognition and interaction. It is concluded that improvement in these areas could enhance the engagement and virality of journalistic content, offering valuable perspectives for the media in a highly competitive and constantly evolving market.

Abstract: This article seeks to analyze the socialist views on Argentine federalism, which have not been a subject of specific attention by historians. With this purpose, the emphasis is put on a precise aspect such as the one represented by the National Territories, spaces that depended on the federal government, even though they were considered as future provinces from their very origin. As is shown in this paper, the Socialist Party stood against the creation of new provinces, a consequence of the party’s unfavorable judgment of Argentine federalism. This disapproval continued until 1932 when different circumstances led the party to a federal turn that made it become a supporter of the transformation of Territories into provinces. The examination of this trajectory sheds light on less studied aspects of one of the most important political parties in Argentina in the 20th century.

Resumen: En este artículo se exploran las miradas socialistas en torno al federalismo argentino, las cuales no han sido objeto de atención específica por parte de la historiografía. Para ello se pone foco en una dimensión puntual, como fue la representada por los Territorios Nacionales, espacios que constituían dependencias del gobierno federal, pero que desde su origen fueron concebidos como futuras provincias. Como aquí se demuestra, el Partido Socialista mantuvo una postura adversa a la creación de nuevas provincias, consecuente con el juicio negativo que dicha fuerza política tenía respecto del federalismo argentino. Ese rechazo persistió hasta 1932, cuando un conjunto de circunstancias condujo al partido a consumar un giro federal que lo llevó a convertirse en impulsor de la transformación de los Territorios en provincias. El examen de esta trayectoria echa luz sobre aspectos poco estudiados de uno de los partidos políticos más importantes de la Argentina del siglo XX.

ABSTRACT The study of the flipped classroom methods is important for improving the quality of education and the effectiveness of learning in the context of modern technological changes and growing interest in distance education. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of the flipped classroom model in learning a foreign language for professional purposes. Testing was used to diagnose the effectiveness of assimilation of educational material, which included various types of tasks and questionnaires to determine the level of satisfaction with educational video materials and online learning. Tests and questionnaires were pre-validated according to the research objectives. The obtained results (χ2emp = 8.095 > χ2 0.05 = 7.815) gave grounds to conclude that the blended learning model of flipped classroom in the development of foreign language competence is more effective than traditional learning. The experiment showed that this format helps students implement an individual learning trajectory, which contributes to improving academic performance. It was determined that the effectiveness of using this model depends on the quality of video materials and students’ ability to organize their own independent work. The prospects of further research is the study of the influence of the application of the flipped classroom model on the students’ learning motivation.

RESUMEN El estudio de los métodos de aula invertida es importante para mejorar la calidad de la educación y la eficacia del aprendizaje en el contexto de los cambios tecnológicos modernos y el creciente interés por la educación a distancia. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la efectividad del uso del modelo de aula invertida en el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera con fines profesionales. Se utilizaron pruebas para diagnosticar la efectividad de la asimilación del material educativo, que incluyeron varios tipos de tareas y cuestionarios para determinar el nivel de satisfacción con los materiales educativos en video y el aprendizaje en línea. Se prevalidaron pruebas y cuestionarios de acuerdo con los objetivos de la investigación. Los resultados obtenidos (χ2emp = 8,095 > χ2 0,05 = 7,815) permitieron concluir que el modelo de aprendizaje semipresencial de aula invertida en el desarrollo de la competencia en lenguas extranjeras es más efectivo que el aprendizaje tradicional. El experimento demostró que este formato ayuda a los estudiantes a implementar una trayectoria de aprendizaje individual, lo que contribuye a mejorar el rendimiento académico. Se determinó que la efectividad del uso de este modelo depende de la calidad de los materiales de video y de la capacidad de los estudiantes para organizar su propio trabajo independiente. La perspectiva de futuras investigaciones es el estudio de la influencia de la aplicación del modelo de aula invertida en la motivación de aprendizaje de los estudiantes.