RESUMEN: Introducción: la educación profesional técnica de nível médio (EPTNM) es muy presente en el área de la salud considerando el gran contingente de trabajadores técnicos, todavía, hay políticas frágiles en cuanto a la formación de profesores. Objetivos: 1. analizar cuales son los criterios y las formas de selección, no que se refiere a la exigencia de la formación como professor y 2. relacionar la formación de profesores con algunos aspectos de las relaciones/condiciones de trabajo. Metodología: estudio con enfoque histórico-dialéctico, implicando investigación documental y de campo. Participaron 10 escuelas que ofertan cursos técnicos del área de la salud, siendo cinco públicas y cinco privadas, en el estado de São Paulo, contemplando unidades das Etecs - Centro Paula Souza, EtSUS, SENAC y otras escuelas de la red privada, del interior y de la capital. Hecho análisis de planes de cursos, cuestionários on line y entrevistas semiestruturadas con gestores y profesores. Conclusiones: a pesar de la mayoría de los planes de cursos y de los gestores indicaron, prioritariamente, la selección de docentes con licenciatura, programas especiales u otras vías de formación pedagógica, hay siempre un carácter dudoso, incierto y de extrema flexibilidad. La formación flexibilizada y fragilizada para la docencia en la EPTNM contribuye con la naturalización y el fortalecimento de los aspectos que convergen para la precarización del trabajo, o que necesita ser contextualizado, históricamente, en las relaciones entre a educación y los procesos más amplios de reproducción de la sociedad capitalista actualmente marcados por el ideario neoliberal. RESUMEN Introducción (EPTNM todavía Objetivos 1 2 relacionescondiciones condiciones trabajo Metodología históricodialéctico, históricodialéctico histórico dialéctico, dialéctico histórico-dialéctico campo privadas Paulo Souza EtSUS privada capital Conclusiones indicaron prioritariamente licenciatura pedagógica dudoso flexibilidad contextualizado históricamente neoliberal

ABSTRACT: Introduction: higher secondary technical professional education (HSTPE) is really present in the health field, considering the great number of technical workers. Nevertheless, there are weak policies regarding teacher education. Objectives: 1. analyze which the selection criteria and methods are, regarding the education requirements as teachers and 2. connect teacher education to some aspects of the conditions of work. Methodology: a study with a dialectical and historical approach, involving document and field research. Ten (10) schools that offer technical courses in the field of health in São Paulo state took part in the study. Five (5) of these schools are public ones and the others are private, and they include branches of the Etecs - Centro Paula Souza, EtSUS, Senac, and other private schools, not only in the capital but also in the countryside of the state. The analysis of the course plans, online questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with teachers and administrators were carried out. Conclusions: although most of the course plans and the managers indicated, primarily, the selection of teachers with a degree, special programs, or other forms of pedagogical training, there is always a dubious, uncertain, and extremely flexible aspect. The relaxed and undermined education for the teaching in the HSTPE contributes to the naturalization and the reinforcement of the aspects that converge to the deterioration of work, which needs to be contextualized, historically, in the relationships between education and the wider processes of reproduction of the capitalist society currently marked by the neoliberal ideas. ABSTRACT Introduction (HSTPE workers Nevertheless Objectives 1 2 work Methodology approach research 10 (10 5 (5 Souza EtSUS Senac questionnaires semistructured semi structured out Conclusions indicated primarily degree programs training dubious uncertain aspect contextualized historically ideas (1 (

RESUMO: Introdução: a educação profissional técnica de nível médio (EPTNM) é muito presente na área da saúde, considerando o grande contingente de trabalhadores técnicos, todavia, há políticas frágeis quanto à formação de professores. Objetivos: 1. analisar quais são os critérios e as formas de seleção, no que se refere à exigência da formação como professor e 2. relacionar a formação de professores com alguns aspectos das relações/condições de trabalho. Metodologia: estudo com enfoque histórico-dialético, envolvendo pesquisa documental e de campo. Participaram 10 escolas que ofertam cursos técnicos da área da saúde, sendo cinco públicas e cinco privadas, no estado de São Paulo, contemplando unidades das Etecs - Centro Paula Souza, EtSUS, Senac e outras escolas da rede privada, do interior e da capital. Foi feita análise de planos de cursos, questionários on-line e entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e professores. Conclusões: apesar da maioria dos planos de cursos e dos gestores indicarem, prioritariamente, a seleção de docentes com licenciatura, programas especiais ou outras vias de formação pedagógica, há sempre um caráter dúbio, incerto e de extrema flexibilidade. A formação flexibilizada e fragilizada para a docência na EPTNM contribui com a naturalização e o fortalecimento dos aspectos que convergem para a precarização do trabalho, o que precisa ser contextualizado, historicamente, nas relações entre a educação e os processos mais amplos de reprodução da sociedade capitalista atualmente marcados pelo ideário neoliberal. RESUMO Introdução (EPTNM saúde todavia Objetivos 1 2 relaçõescondições condições trabalho Metodologia históricodialético, históricodialético histórico dialético, dialético histórico-dialético campo privadas Paulo Souza EtSUS privada capital online on line Conclusões indicarem prioritariamente licenciatura pedagógica dúbio flexibilidade contextualizado historicamente neoliberal

ORIENTATION: Extreme competition among institutions of higher learning was one of the difficulties that universities of technology (UoTs) had to overcome in order to enter the higher education system. This study examined the influence of training and development on job satisfaction, loyalty and retention among academic staff at a selected university of technology RESEARCH PURPOSE: The study investigated how training and development impact job satisfaction, loyalty and retention among academics MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The competitive nature of the academic sector inspired universities to strive to attract and retain talented faculty members. Training and development programmes are considered potential tools to enhance job satisfaction, loyalty and retention, but empirical evidence is needed to support this relationship RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This study used a quantitative research methodology with a non-probability convenience sample (n = 270) of academics within the selected university utilising self-administered structured questionnaires to collect data MAIN FINDINGS: The regression analysis revealed positive significant predictive relationships between training and development programmes and job satisfaction, loyalty and retention among academic staff PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Findings imply that universities should prioritise the development of tailored training initiatives that address the specific needs and aspirations of their academic staff. Training interventions can foster a positive work environment and enhance staff members' commitment and long-term engagement, ultimately improving the overall quality and reputation of the institution CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study provided evidence-based insights to inform policies related to training and development programmes for both academics and institutions of higher education administrators

ORIENTATION: The South African short-term motor insurance industry is highly competitive, offering clients many choices. Therefore, the long-term retention of clients is crucial for an insurance company's sustainability. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The study aims to report on the context-specific communication challenges during the claims stage and to propose recommendations to mitigate them from an interpersonal communication perspective. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Studies on client retention have been conducted from a marketing or corporate communication perspective, but it is not known how interpersonal communication during the claims phase could impact long-term relationships. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: We followed a qualitative approach, with a single case study design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior management and claims administrators in the motor insurance department of a large South African insurer. The data were inductively analysed through qualitative content analysis from which the challenges were identified. MAIN FINDINGS: A lack of mutual understanding, ineffective conflict management, a lack of trust and one-way communication were identified as the main challenges experienced by claims administrators in their communication with clients during the claims stage PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Practical principles such as sympathy and empathy, listening, feedback, respect, providing and clarifying information and providing access to resources, together with ethical and transparent communication, two-way symmetrical communication and dialogue should be included in claims administrators' training to enable them to understand and adapt to the client's needs. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: A framework for training claims administrators operating in this context is presented, offering a theoretical and practical contribution.

BACKGROUND: Adequate knowledge and skills by eyecare personnel and administrators are essential for the early diagnosis and prompt management of keratoconus (KC AIM: This study aimed to determine the knowledge and skills of key stakeholders on KC management in eyecare facilities of Bafoussam, West Region of Cameroon SETTING: Eyecare facilities in the West Region of Cameroon METHODS: A qualitative study, using a purposive (non-probability) sampling technique, was applied to collect data relevant to this study. In-depth interviews were used to collect data from eyecare personnel and administrators. Eyecare personnel in this study comprised optometrists, ophthalmic nurses and optometric technicians, who are trained to World Council of Optometry (WCO) competency level one or two. There were no ophthalmologists working at the study sites. Data obtained were captured, de-identified and stored in a password-protected electronic file. Data were coded and analysed applying a deductive thematic analysis approach RESULTS: There were 21 participants (five administrators and 16 eyecare professionals) from five facilities. Fourteen (66.6%) were males; 10 (47.6%) had 11-20 years of work experience. The majority of the participants had limited or no knowledge of KC. They reported an undersupply of KC diagnostic equipment and consumables at facilities, resulting in poor diagnosis and management of KC patients CONCLUSION: The study revealed inadequate knowledge, training and skills of eyecare practitioners and administrators on KC. Deficiencies in KC diagnosis and management could cause visual impairment with a potential negative impact on the quality of life (QoL) of KC patients CONTRIBUTION: This study illustrates the need to procure basic equipment, capacitate eyecare workers with knowledge of KC and establish standard clinical protocols for the diagnosis and management of KC, including referral pathways

As academic administrators become a key staffing component of efficiently run universities, their role as knowledge workers is being reframed. This is especially evident as universities increasingly rely on information technologies and student information systems to process vast amounts of student data in the pursuit of improving student success and assisting senior management with future planning. In this study, a qualitative research approach was employed to explore the enabling factors that contributed to academic administrators becoming central to various data quality management processes. Twenty-six (26) participants were purposively selected to participate in this study. Data collection strategies included the use of semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observations and documentary sources. The findings demonstrate the interrelationship between the professionalisation of academic administrators and enhanced data quality management processes. The results reassert the argument for reconceptualising the role of academic administrators as knowledge workers. This position has implications for how such staff are perceived within the organisational structure of the university and the types of staff development and training required.

ABSTRACT The goal of this research was to economically assess the implementation of an improvement program with four intervention areas in El Chico National Park, Hidalgo, Mexico. This study utilized the methodology of discrete choice experiments, which was conducted with 23 participants using the citizen’s jury approach. By means of a mixed logit model, it was found that the total willingness to pay for the implementation of the improvements in the park was $0.95 USD above the current rate. The most valued area of intervention was regulation of visits, followed by actions to improve forest health and the continuous training of guards. The levels of intervention related to fuel management were not significant. These preferences must be considered by the decision-makers and administrators of the park in order to integrate the opinions of the people who live in this protected natural area and its zone of influence and decide whether they coincide with its conservation goals, in accordance with current environmental legislation..

RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación fue valorar económicamente la implementación de un programa de mejoras con cuatro áreas de intervención en el Parque Nacional El Chico, en Hidalgo, México. Se aplicó la metodología de experimentos de elección discreta usando el enfoque de jurado de ciudadanos con 23 participantes. Mediante un modelo logit mixto se encontró que la disponibilidad a pago total por la implementación de las mejoras en el parque fue de $0,95 USD, lo que representa un 50 % por arriba de la tarifa vigente al momento de la aplicación del ejercicio. El área de intervención más valorada fue la sanidad forestal, seguida de la regulación del turismo y, en tercer lugar, la capacitación a los vigilantes de manera continua. Los niveles de intervención relacionados con el manejo de combustibles no resultaron significativos. Estas preferencias deberán ser consideradas por los tomadores de decisiones y administradores del Parque con la finalidad de que integren las opiniones de los pobladores que habitan en esta área natural protegida y su zona de influencia, y decidir su coincidencia con los propósitos de conservación del mismo, de acuerdo con lo previsto por la legislación ambiental vigente.

Abstract Was set the objective to characterize the administration management and innovation of the sports leagues and clubs in the Caldas department. Method: Exploratory study of correlational quantitative character with a descriptive scope, statistical analysis of multivariate methods, cluster and multiple correspondence (MCA) to characterize the population universe, represented by sports organizations, being the population sample 103 organizations. The information was obtained from leagues legal representatives; Google forms was used as a virtual survey tool to collect the info. Results: Most of the sports managers have a degree level, 30.5% have a post degree level. The sports manager's duties are mainly focused on the administration with some issues in the management processes, 68.65% of clubs and 69.59% of the leagues use information technology (I.T.), 58.25% entities meet the law requirements, and the others have some inconsistencies in their constitution and management. Conclusions: There is evidence of great dependence, by the league and clubs, on the governing bodies; the training of sports administrators must continue to be improved, specifically in innovation; the current sports managers should be encouraged to put into practice new administrative and management concepts of applied knowledge.

Resumen Se planteó como objetivo caracterizar la administración, gestión e innovación de las ligas y clubes deportivos del departamento de Caldas. Método: Estudio exploratorio de carácter cuantitativo correlacional con alcance descriptivo, análisis estadístico de métodos multivariados, clúster y de correspondencia múltiple (ACM) para la caracterización de la población universo, representada por organizaciones deportivas, siendo la población muestra de 103 organizaciones deportivas. La información se obtuvo de los representantes legales de ligas y clubes inscritos, mediante encuesta virtual a través del formulario Google Forms. Resultados: La mayoría de los administradores deportivos tiene estudios de pregrado y 30,1 % posgrado. Las funciones de los administradores y gestores deportivos se centran en lo relacionado con la administración, con falencias en los procesos de gestión; el 68.65 % de clubes y el 69.56 % de ligas usan herramientas tecnológicas TIC; el 58,25 % cumple con los requerimientos de Ley; los otros presentan inconsistencias en su constitución, administración y/o gestión. Conclusiones: Se evidencia gran dependencia, por parte de ligas y clubes, a los entes rectores; se debe seguir mejorando la formación de los administradores deportivos, específicamente en innovación; vincular procesos investigativos que fortalezcan la fundamentación teórica y la gobernanza en red.

Resumen: El tiempo es un activo valioso que debe usarse correctamente y con cautela. La administración del tiempo mejora el desempeño profesional a través del análisis y la planificación. El sector de la salud es uno de los que más rápidamente está experimentando cambios e innovaciones en todo el mundo, por lo que las necesidades de salud de las personas son cada vez más variadas y deben ser atendidas de manera rápida y eficiente. Los profesionales de la salud, especialmente los profesionales de enfermería, deben mantenerse al día con estos cambios y esforzarse por administrar el tiempo para brindar una atención eficiente y eficaz. Los profesionales de enfermería esforzase por desempeñar sus diversos roles bajo la presión del tiempo. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo reflexionar sobre la importancia de la administración del tiempo para la enfermería. Se determinó que a pesar de la notoria importancia que tiene la administración del tiempo para la enfermería, muy poco se hace para que los profesionales de enfermería desarrollen conocimientos y habilidades para una mejor administración del tiempo. El equipo de enfermería puede ahorrar tiempo, ampliar el tiempo disponible y evitar la pérdida de tiempo a través de comunicación eficiente, uso adecuado de las tecnologías, suficiente interacción con los pacientes, división del trabajo y conocimiento de la rutina de la unidad. Los administradores de las instituciones de salud y en especial los gerentes de enfermería deben prestar atención a la importancia de capacitar a los profesionales de enfermería en la administración del tiempo. Por lo tanto, las propias enfermeras gestoras deben tener el conocimiento para analizar mejor las situaciones y planificar sus tareas para que el tiempo se utilice de manera eficaz y eficiente. Es fundamental emplear correctamente el tiempo, porque cada segundo de vida es parte de una gran fortuna, y en el ámbito de la salud, un segundo puede representar la diferencia que salvará la vida de alguien.

Abstract: Time is a valuable asset that must be used correctly and cautiously. Time management improves professional performance through analysis and planning. The health sector is one of the fastest undergoing changes and innovations around the world, so the health needs of individuals are increasingly varied and must be met quickly and efficiently. Health professionals, especially nurses, must keep up with these changes and strive to manage time in order to provide efficient and effective care. Staff nurses and nurse managers struggle to perform their various roles under the pressure of time. This article aimed to reflect on the importance of time management for nursing. It was determined that despite the notorious importance of time management for nursing, very little is done for nurses to develop knowledge and skills to better manage time. The nursing team can save time, extend the available time and avoid waste of time through efficient communication, adequate use of technologies, sufficient interaction with patients, division of labor, and knowledge of the routine of the unit. Administrators of health institutions and especially nurse managers should pay attention to the importance of training nursing professionals in time management. Therefore, nurse managers themselves must have the knowledge to better analyze situations and plan their tasks so that time is used effectively and efficiently. It is essential to use time correctly, because every second of life is part of a great fortune, and in the health field, a second can represent the difference that will save someone’s life.

Resumo: O tempo é um bem valioso que deve ser usado de forma correta e cautelosa. O gerenciamento do tempo melhora o desempenho profissional através de análise e planejamento. O setor da saúde é um dos que mais sofre mudanças e inovações em todo o mundo, por isso as necessidades de saúde dos indivíduos são cada vez mais variadas e devem ser atendidas de forma rápida e eficiente. Os profissionais de saúde, principalmente os enfermeiros, devem acompanhar essas mudanças e se esforçarem para administrar o tempo e prestarem um cuidado eficiente e eficaz. Profissionais de enfermagem se esforçam para desempenhar suas várias funções sob a pressão do tempo. Este artigo teve como objetivo refletir sobre a importância do gerenciamento do tempo para a enfermagem. Constatou-se que apesar da notória importância do gerenciamento do tempo na área de enfermagem, muito pouco se faz para que os esses profissionais desenvolvam conhecimentos e competências para melhor gerir o tempo. A equipe de enfermagem pode economizar tempo, ampliar o tempo disponível e evitar desperdício de tempo por meio de comunicação eficiente, uso adequado de tecnologias, interação suficiente com os pacientes, divisão do trabalho e conhecimento da rotina da unidade. Administradores de instituições de saúde e principalmente os gerentes de enfermagem devem atentar para a importância da capacitação dos profissionais de enfermagem no gerenciamento do tempo. Portanto, os próprios gerentes de enfermagem devem ter conhecimento visando melhor analisar situações e planejar tarefas para que o tempo seja utilizado de forma eficaz e eficiente. É fundamental utilizar o tempo corretamente, pois cada segundo de vida faz parte de uma grande fortuna e, na área da saúde, um segundo pode representar a diferença que salvará a vida de alguém.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar los factores relacionados con el uso del Expediente Clínico Electrónico (ECE) desde la percepción de los usuarios médicos y enfermeras de los servicios de salud de un hospital de 2do nivel en Morelos, México. Material y métodos: Se realizó el análisis cualitativo de 22 entrevistas semiestructuradas a personal médico, enfermeras, directivo y administrativo de un hospital de 2do nivel en Morelos, México, tomando como referencia de análisis las dimensiones de normatividad, operatividad y capacitación en la implementación del ECE. Resultados: Se identificó un número insuficiente de computadoras y personal capacitado para operar el ECE. Cuando se logra operar el expediente éste es lento o presenta fallas sistemáticas frecuentes debido a las redes de navegación dependen del navegador central que brinda soporte estatal a la plataforma del ECE sin una resolución pronta cuando hay fallas, las unidades hospitalarias trabajan 24 horas y a nivel central las operaciones del ECE tienen horarios de lunes a viernes de 8 horas. Esto incrementa la resistencia a adoptar el expediente como herramienta de trabajo. La organización colabora a la resistencia al no proporcionar un soporte técnico suficiente y permanente para afrontar las fallas de operatividad del ECE. Los usuarios consideran que el expediente es seguro y confiable, lo cual incrementaría la posibilidad de uso del ECE. Conclusiones: La falta de recursos e ineficiencias en la operación del ECE colaboran a una baja y lenta adopción del expediente; así como la resistencia a utilizarlo. La organización colabora a aumentar la resistencia si la capacitación no es eficiente. Falta le da soporte continuo y suficiente en la infraestructura técnica y recurso humano. A pesar la limitada e ineficiente adopción del ECE se identificaron áreas y personal donde se presenta una mayor utilización (hospitalización y personal médico). Éstas podrían ser las experiencias de aprendizaje positivo que pueden utilizarse para instruir a toda la organización

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the factors related to the use of the Electronic Medical Record (ECE) from the perception of medical users of health services Morelos, Mexico. Material and methods: The qualitative analysis of 22 semi-structured interviews with medical personnel, nurses, managers and administrators of a 2nd level hospital in Morelos, Mexico was carried out, taking as a reference for analysis the dimensions of regulations, operability and training in the implementation of the ECE. Results: An insufficient number of computers and trained personnel were identified to operate the ECE. When it is possible to operate the file, it is slow or presents frequent systematic failures due to the navigation networks, they depend on the central browser that provides state support to the ECE platform without a prompt resolution when there are failures, the hospital units work 24 hours and centrally. ECE operations have 8-hour hours from Monday to Friday. This increases resistance to adopting the file as a working tool. The organization contributes to the resistance by not providing sufficient and permanent technical support to face the operational failures of the ECE. Users consider that the file is safe and reliable, which would increase the possibility of using the ECE. Conclusions: The lack of resources and inefficiencies in the operation of the ECE contribute to a low and slow adoption of the file; as well as the resistance to use it. The organization helps increase resistance if training is not efficient. Lack gives you continuous and sufficient support in the technical infrastructure and human resources. Despite the limited and inefficient adoption of ECE, areas and personnel were identified where there is greater use (hospitalization and medical personnel). These could be positive learning experiences that can be used to educate the entire organization

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges faced by elementary school principals during the first years of their administration and the extent to which they consider that their previous preparation helped them to face them. The study was descriptive, a survey carried out with one hundred and twenty-seven principals from the states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo, Mexico. During data collection, the questionnaire developed by Webber (2008) was used. Findings indicate that there were significant differences between the challenges that the principals face in the three states, although there were no differences in relation to the following challenges: initiating and continuing school improvement projects, dealing with underperforming academic and administrative staff, improving the professional capacities of teachers, handling conflicts, achieving a balance between personal and family life, enforcing regulations, dealing with administrative paperwork and having access to the authorities of the school system. Likewise, most principals in the three states are men. The participants perceive that their previous teaching training is valuable for exercising their role as principals, but they indicated to require training in school management, regulations, pedagogy, psychology, guidance, as well as in information and communication technologies.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue identificar los desafíos que enfrentan directores de educación primaria en los primeros años de su gestión y en qué medida consideran que su preparación previa los ayudó para enfrentarlos. El estudio fue descriptivo. Incluyó una encuesta que se aplicó a 127 directores de los estados de Yucatán, Campeche y Quintana Roo. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el cuestionario desarrollado por Webber (2008). Los resultados indican que existen diferencias significativas entre los retos de los directores de los tres estados, aunque no existieron diferencias en relación con los siguientes desafíos: iniciar y dar continuidad a proyectos de mejora escolar, lidiar con personal académico y administrativo con bajo desempeño, mejorar las capacidades profesionales de los profesores, manejar conflictos, lograr un equilibrio entre su vida personal y familiar, aplicar la normatividad, lidiar con papeleo administrativo y tener acceso a las autoridades del sistema escolar. Asimismo, se encontró que la gran mayoría de los directores en los tres estados son hombres. Los directores perciben que su formación docente previa es valiosa para el ejercicio de su papel como directores, pero indicaron requerir formación en gestión escolar, normatividad, pedagogía, psicología, orientación, así como en tecnologías de información y comunicación.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os desafios enfrentados pelos dirigentes do ensino fundamental nos primeiros anos de sua gestão e em que medida consideram que a sua preparação anterior os ajudou a enfrentá-los. O estudo foi descritivo. Incluiu uma pesquisa aplicada a 127 diretores dos estados de Yucatán, Campeche e Quintana Roo. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado o questionário desenvolvido por Webber (2008). Os resultados indicam que existem diferenças significativas entre os desafios dos dirigentes dos três estados, embora não tenham ocorrido diferenças em relação aos seguintes desafios: iniciar e dar continuidade a projetos de melhoria escolar, lidar com pessoal acadêmico e administrativo de baixo desempenho, melhorar as capacidades profissionais de professores, lidar com conflitos, alcançar um equilíbrio entre a vida pessoal e familiar, fazer cumprir os regulamentos, lidar com a papelada administrativa e ter acesso às autoridades do sistema escolar. Da mesma forma, constatou-se que a grande maioria dos conselheiros nos três estados são homens. Os diretores percebem que sua formação docente anterior é valiosa para o exercício de sua função de diretores, mas indicaram que requerem formação em gestão escolar, regulamentação, pedagogia, psicologia, orientação, bem como em tecnologias de informação e comunicação.

Early career researchers at African universities face numerous challenges and demands within a context of minimum resources; yet on the other hand, there is significant expectation for doing excellent science that is of high quality with integrity, while aligning science with societal goals. Furthermore, there is also expectation to increase outputs, make the system more inclusive, attract international partners and contribute to the University's global rankings. The need therefore to build research capacity, expand the number of active researchers and advance the careers of African researchers has never been more critical, particularly if continental and other global priorities are to be achieved. There is consensus that research leadership is essential to building research capacity in African universities. As a result, there have been increasing investments in building research capacity and research leadership, with initiatives ranging from the creation of north-south research partnerships across disciplines and empirical subjects, to training research leaders and university administrators in top ranking universities in Europe and North America, as well as building the capacity of funders and science systems in Africa. This article will examine the competencies required to be a research leader and the programs that are currently available that support capacity building in research leadership. In addition, it will provide perspectives on the role that global and African funders should play to advance the careers of early career researchers to transition into research leaders, foster innovation, build linkages with policy makers and promote scientific leadership in Africa.

In democratic societies, education should help build a participative, critical and responsible citizenry and therefore promote the role of schools as settings where students learn democratic coexistence. With the study reported on here we aimed to analyse how coexistence is fostered in classrooms and schools, as well as the possible synergy between schools' efforts to educate in democratic coexistence, and the children's social participation in their setting. To do so, we focused on the perspective of 476 school administrators at schools in Catalonia (Spain) based on an ad-hoc questionnaire comprised of 22 items on a Likert scale. The results reflect settings that value democratic coexistence at school and in society, although when we delved a bit deeper, we found aspects that still required more work. Actions that should be the focal point in the immediate future include developing more innovative educational strategies, training the administrators and enlisting students' participation in running the schools.

Abstract The paper provides a preview of the standards and frameworks of management used in general or in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Latino countries. From a comparative education point of view the article will contribute to understand how management is understood in the context of Latino schools and the aims and scope of the role. It will also contribute by comparing different standards and it will offer suggestions regarding the relevance and possibilities of the standards for an adequate management in TVET education.

Resumen El documento ofrece un avance de los estándares y marcos de gestión utilizados generalmente en la Educación y formación técnica y profesional (EFTP) en los países latinos. Desde el punto de vista de la educación comparada, el artículo contribuirá a comprender cómo se entiende la gestión en el contexto de las escuelas latinas y los objetivos y alcances del rol. También contribuirá comparando diferentes estándares y ofrecerá sugerencias sobre la pertinencia y posibilidades de los estándares para una adecuada gestión en la educación de la EFTP.

Resumen La gestión de los programas de Farmacia Clínica requiere comunicación, coordinación y organización para brindar la mejor atención posible a los pacientes y apoyar a los profesionales de los servicios de farmacia. Si bien existen ligeras variaciones entre los estilos de gestión de los diferentes ámbitos de la farmacia hospitalaria, existen algunos conceptos básicos que todos los gestores clínicos deben abordar. Estos incluyen formación, evaluación y apoyo al personal, evaluación y mejora de políticas y procesos, e investigación y docencia. La formación reglada impartida por personal cualificado es esencial para proporcionar un marco de actuación sólido encaminado a fortalecer las competencias del personal en general y de los farmacéuticos clínicos en particular. La comunicación, evaluación y discusión continuas sobre recompensas y promociones sirven para intensificar el apoyo al personal y reconocer la excelencia profesional. La evaluación y mejora continuas de políticas y procesos ayudan a identificar posibles áreas de mejora y a consensuar e implementar los cambios necesarios. La investigación es necesaria para optimizar la atención sanitaria y mejorar los resultados en salud. Los gerentes y responsables hospitalarios deben adaptar sus métodos de trabajo en función de las necesidades de su práctica asistencial, de las características de la institución en la que trabajan y de los profesionales que ejercen sus funciones en ella. De este modo, podrá promoverse el desarrollo de profesionales farmacéuticos, políticas y rutinas de trabajo que permitan ofrecer a los pacientes la más alta calidad asistencial.

Abstract Managing clinical pharmacy programs requires communication, coordination, and organization to provide the best possible care to patients and to support staff members. While different areas of pharmacy have slight variations in management style, there are core concepts that all clinical managers should address. These include training, staff evaluation and support, assessment and improvement of policies and processes and research. Standardized training performed by high performing members of staff is essential in providing the framework for strong employees and clinical pharmacists. Routine communication, evaluation, and discussion of reward and promotion will provide support to staff and recognition of high-quality work. Continued evaluation and improvement of policies and processes will bring attention to areas of improvement and how the change can be agreed upon and implemented. Research is necessary to advance the healthcare practice and improve patient outcomes. Managers and administrators should tailor their approach based on what is best for their practice setting, institution, and staff to promote strong and capable pharmacists, policies, and workflow to provide the best possible care to patients.