Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the characteristics of specialization patterns on industrial dynamics, using a strong version of Thirlwall's external constraint model, for 13 manufacturing subsectors in Mexico during the period 1995-2020. The main findings show that: i) the growth of the manufacturing sector is constrained by the current account equilibrium; ii) the income elasticity of exports increases as productivity and capital accumulation grow; iii) the income elasticity of imports is greater to the extent that the participation of foreign value added in export production increases. With this evidence, it is possible to conclude that the deepening of the outward industrialization model has limited the gains associated with trade and slowed down economic growth. In this context, it is essential to operate an industrial policy that strengthens internal supply chains and the position within global value chains. The contribution of the work lies in analyzing at the subsector level the implications of the composition of trade on economic expansion.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar el impacto de las características de los patrones de especialización sobre la dinámica industrial, mediante una versión fuerte del modelo de restricción externa de Thirlwall, en 13 subsectores manufactureros de México durante el periodo 1995-2020. Los resultados principales muestran que: i) el crecimiento del sector manufacturero se encuentra restringido por el equilibrio de la cuenta corriente; ii) la elasticidad ingreso de las exportaciones aumenta en la medida que crece la productividad y la acumulación de capital; iii) la elasticidad ingreso de las importaciones es mayor en la medida que aumenta la participación del valor agregado extranjero en la producción de exportación. Con esta evidencia, es posible concluir que la profundización del modelo de industrialización hacia fuera ha limitado las ganancias asociadas al comercio y ralentizado el crecimiento económico. En este contexto, es fundamental operar una política industrial que fortalezca las cadenas de suministro interna y la posición dentro de las cadenas globales de valor. La contribución del trabajo reside en analizar a nivel de subsector las implicaciones de la composición del comercio sobre la expansión económica.

Abstract This paper analyzes the links between exports and regional economic growth in Mexico. The Kaldor-Dixon-Thirlwall theoretical model and the econometric methodology of Durbin spatial panel models are used, which were estimated for the periods 2008-2019 and 2008-2023. The econometric results show, among other findings, that the relationship between regional growth and state export growth is null and non-significant, while trade openness and its absolute growth are positive and significant. The weak relationship between exports and regional growth implies that industrial policy proposals other than traditional ones should be promoted. A limitation of this study is the absence of data on regional imports, which could have enabled a more comprehensive examination of theoretical frameworks. Nonetheless, the study's significance lies in highlighting the limited role of the export sector in driving regional growth in Mexico, attributed to the weakening of national productive links.

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan los vínculos entre las exportaciones y el crecimiento económico regional de México. Para ello se utiliza el modelo teórico de Kaldor-Dixon-Thirlwall y la metodología econométrica de modelos Durbin de panel espacial, los cuales fueron estimados para los periodos 2008-2019 y 2008-2023. Los resultados econométricos muestran, entre otros hallazgos, que la relación entre el crecimiento regional y el crecimiento estatal de las exportaciones es nulo y no significativo, mientras que para la apertura comercial y su crecimiento absoluto son positivos y significativos. La evidencia de una relación débil entre las exportaciones y el crecimiento regional implica que se deben impulsar propuestas de política industrial diferentes a las tradicionales. La principal limitación de esta investigación fue la falta de información sobre las importaciones regionales, con las cuales se podrían analizar planteamientos teóricos más completos. La originalidad de este trabajo consiste en mostrar que, para el crecimiento regional en Mexico, el sector exportador en las economías estatales tiene un papel limitado que se explica por el debilitamiento de los vinculos productivos nacionales.

RESUMO O avanço do franchising representa uma aposta dos sectores empresariais na flexibilização da relação comercial, em que as marcas líderes se libertam dos custos de gestão do emprego, ao mesmo tempo que aumentam as suas receitas com o licenciamento dos seus activos intangíveis. Quais são as principais características do franchising enquanto Modelo de Gestão Técnico-Empresarial (MTGE)? Quais são as principais características contratuais desta relação comercial? Tem impacto nas condições de trabalho e de organização dos trabalhadores? O objetivo deste artigo é responder a estas questões, apresentando aspectos básicos do fenómeno do franchising no sector do comércio, na perspetiva da sociologia do trabalho, lançando as bases para futuras investigações. Assim, usando dados da pesquisa de franquias realizada como parte do PICT 03138 na cidade de Buenos Aires-Mar del Plata e relatórios de câmaras setoriais, investigamos as franquias na Argentina em 2023, enquadradas como um componente do MTGE de crescente implementação no setor de comércio.

RESUMEN El avance del franchising representa una apuesta de sectores empresarios por una mayor flexibilización de la relación comercial, en la que las marcas líderes se deslindan de los costos de gestión del empleo a la vez que aumentan sus ingresos por la licencia de sus activos inmateriales ¿Cuáles son las principales características de las franquicias como Modelo Técnico y de Gestión Empresarial (MTGE)? ¿Cuáles son las principales características contractuales de dicha relación comercial? ¿Tiene incidencias en las condiciones laborales y organizativas de los trabajadores? El objetivo de este artículo es dar cuenta de estas preguntas presentando aspectos básicos del fenómeno de franquicias en el sector comercio, desde la sociología laboral, sentando las bases de futuras indagaciones. Así, recurriendo a datos del relevamiento de franquicias realizado dentro del PICT 031381 en Ciudad de Buenos Aires-Mar del Plata y a informes de cámaras sectoriales se investiga las franquicias en Argentina en 2023, enmarcadas como un componente del MTGE de creciente implementación en el sector comercio.

ABSTRACT The advance of franchising represents a bet of business sectors for a greater flexibilization of the commercial relationship, in which the leading brands are relieved of the costs of employment management while increasing their income from the licensing of their intangible assets. What are the main characteristics of franchising as a Technical and Business Management Model (MTGE)? What are the main contractual characteristics of this commercial relationship? Does it have an impact on the labor and organizational conditions of workers? The aim of this article is to answer these questions by presenting basic aspects of the franchising phenomenon in the commerce sector, from the perspective of labor sociology, laying the foundations for future research. Thus, using data from the survey of franchises carried out within PICT 03138 in the City of Buenos Aires-Mar del Plata and reports from sectorial chambers, we investigate franchises in Argentina in 2023, framed as a component of the MTGE of growing implementation in the commerce sector.

Energy consumption from the residential sector forms a large portion of the electricity grid demand. The growing accessibility of residential load profile data presents an opportunity for improved residential load forecasting and the implementation of demand-side management (DSM) strategies. Machine learning is a tool well-suited for predicting stochastic processes, such as residential power usage due to human behavior. Long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks are especially suited for predicting time-series data such as electrical load profiles. This paper investigates the impact of LSTM hyperparameters to the predictive performance of models, which include the tradeoffs associated with training data size, horizon ratios, model fidelity, prediction horizon and computational intensity. This paper provides a framework to evaluate the choice of LSTM hyperparameters for understanding trade-offs in a practical application of load profile predictions for the context of Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEBs).

ABSTRACT The consistent underperformance of the Brazilian economy in the 21st century, despite some years of higher gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the 2000s, has coincided with positive outcomes in its financial system. This contradiction is examined in the article through the concepts of hegemony and financialization. The aim is to establish a connection between financial hegemony, economic structure, and aggregate profitability, to identify how the former affects negatively the latter. The weight of the financial sector and its ability to influence economic policies and sustain its gains in different contexts are evaluated. Additionally, the determinants of the profit rate and its relationship with structural factors are examined. The evidence points to a significant influence of financial capital, which, through adverse structural changes, affects long-term profit rate trends, and consequently affects the industry and foreign trade, while also allowing the financial sector to maintain its gains over time.

RESUMEN El bajo rendimiento constante de la economía brasileña en el siglo XXI, a pesar de algunos años de mayor crecimiento del producto interno bruto (PIB) en la década del 2000, ha coincidido con resultados positivos en su sistema financiero. Esta contradicción se examina en el artículo mediante los conceptos de hegemonía y financiarización. El objetivo es establecer una conexión entre la hegemonía financiera, la estructura económica y la rentabilidad agregada, a fin de identificar cómo lo primero impacta negativamente en lo segundo. Se evalúa el peso del sector financiero, así como su capacidad para influir en las políticas económicas y mantener sus ganancias en diferentes contextos. Además, se examinan los determinantes de la tasa de beneficio y su relación con los factores estructurales. La evidencia apunta a una influencia significativa del capital financiero, que mediante cambios estructurales adversos afecta las tendencias de la tasa de beneficio a largo plazo, lo que en consecuencia impacta en la industria y el comercio exterior, y permite al sector financiero mantener sus ganancias con el tiempo.

Abstract This article analyzes the influence of several immigrant merchants arrival in Yucatan during the context of trade opening in the Caribbean. Likewise, it examines the mechanisms for strengthening the Yucatecan mercantile sector and the social, political and economic interference of these agents that allowed the commercial elite of Mérida and Campeche to position themselves as a power group in the region at the end of the Colonial era.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza la influencia de varios comerciantes inmigrantes que llegaron a Yucatán durante el contexto de apertura comercial en el Caribe. Asimismo, se examinan los mecanismos de fortalecimiento del sector mercantil yucateco y la injerencia social, política y económica de estos agentes que permitieron a la élite de negociantes de Mérida y Campeche posicionarse como grupo de poder en la región a fines de la época colonial.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of economic openness on wage dispersion. To this end, using a fixed effects panel model, we evaluate the impact of exports and foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as productivity and education, on wage dispersion in 14 economic subsectors in Mexico during the period 1999-2021. The main findings show that: i) increasing exports tend to diminish wage dispersion; ii) the flow of FDI seems to increase wage dispersion; iii) productivity and the heterogeneity of the productive network are determining factors in the dynamics of average wages. In this context, it is important to implement a variety of industrial and labour policies to effectively absorb the dynamic advantages associated with economic openness, such as the reduction of wage dispersion.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el efecto de la apertura económica en la dispersión salarial. Con este fin, mediante un modelo panel de efectos fijos, evaluamos el impacto de las exportaciones y la inversión extranjera directa (IED), así como de la productividad y la educación, sobre la dispersión salarial en 14 subsectores económicos de México durante el periodo 1999-2021. Los resultados principales muestran que: i) el incremento de las exportaciones reduce la dispersión salarial; ii) el flujo de IED parece inducir un aumento de la dispersión salarial; iii) la productividad y la heterogeneidad de la malla productiva constituyen factores determinantes de la dinámica de las remuneraciones medias. En este contexto, es importante instrumentar una miscelánea de política industrial y laboral que permita absorber en forma efectiva las ventajas dinámicas asociadas con la apertura económica, como la reducción de la dispersión salarial.

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

Resumen En este artículo se realiza una investigación sobre las deficiencias y las posibles mejoras en la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera (ele) para los profesionales que trabajan en el área de comercio exterior en China. El análisis se realiza con metodología cualitativa a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a: 1) docentes de español; 2) docentes disciplinares del comercio exterior, y 3) empresarios y empleados de este sector económico. El aporte de este artículo consiste en identificar, analizar y revelar las deficiencias en el manejo/empleo del español de los profesionales quienes trabajan en el comercio exterior. En el artículo se plantean algunas sugerencias de mejoría en medidas en los cursos de español con fines específicos en el comercio exterior, enfocándose en los contenidos de enseñanza, abordando también aspectos de la lengua, conocimientos disciplinares y lo referido a la cultura. Todo lo cual orienta a la reforma de construcción de los cursos de ELE del comercio exterior y formación de profesionales dedicados al comercio que trabajan con clientes hispanos.

Abstract In this article, an investigation is carried out on the deficiencies and possible improvements in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language for professionals who work in the area of foreign trade in China. The analysis is carried out based on information collected through semi-structured interviews with: (1) teachers of Spanish as a second language in university institutions of Vocational and Applied Education in the field of foreign trade; (2) teachers from those same institutions that teach disciplines associated with trade abroad; and, finally, (3) businessmen/employees of this economic sector. The contribution of this article is to identify, analyze and reveal the deficiencies in the use of Spanish by professionals who work in foreign trade. The article presents some suggestions for improvement in Spanish courses for specific purposes in foreign trade, focusing on the teaching content, also including aspects of the language, disciplinary knowledge and what refers to culture. All of which guides the reform of the construction of Spanish as a second language courses in foreign trade and the training of professionals dedicated to trade who work with Hispanic clients.

Resumen: En un contexto de creciente globalización y digitalización, las ventanillas únicas para el comercio han adquirido un papel fundamental como herramienta para agilizar y facilitar las operaciones comerciales a nivel internacional. Este artículo científico se centra en el análisis de las tendencias más recientes en la implementación de las ventanillas únicas para el comercio, poniendo de relieve cuatro áreas de particular interés que están moldeando la actualidad de este campo. La primera tendencia se relaciona con la aplicación de una ventanilla única nacional en un país en vez de implementar distintas ventanillas únicas «limitados». La siguiente tendencia implica incluir diversos sectores de servicios en la ventanilla única nacional, desde los servicios regulatorios hasta los servicios privados, en la esfera de la logística y el transporte. La tercera tendencia se relaciona con la transformación de los sistemas nacionales en las plataformas globales de facilitación del comercio que permiten realizar el comercio sin interrupción, en comparación con la ventanilla única, las plataformas para el comercio ofrecen múltiples soluciones y capaces de abarcar un gran número de bienes, servicios y participantes del comercio internacional no sólo en un sector específico, sino abarcar toda la cadena de suministro. Estas tendencias representan una evolución constante en la búsqueda de simplificar y mejorar el comercio internacional, adaptándolo a las demandas cambiantes de la economía globalizada.

Abstract: In a context of increasing globalization and digitalization, single windows for trade have assumed a fundamental role as a tool to streamline and facilitate international business operations. This scientific article focuses on the analysis of the most recent trends in the implementation of single windows for trade, highlighting four areas of particular interest that are shaping the current landscape in this field. The first trend is related to the implementation of a national single window in a country instead of implementing various "limited" single windows. The following trend involves including various sectors of services in the national single window, from regulatory services to private services, in the logistics and transportation sphere. The third trend is related to the transformation of national systems into global trade facilitation platforms that allow uninterrupted trade. Compared to the single window, trade platforms offer multiple solutions and are capable of covering a wide range of goods, services, and international trade participants not only in a specific sector but across the entire supply chain. These trends represent an ongoing evolution in the pursuit of simplifying and enhancing international trade, adapting it to the changing demands of the globalized economy.

Abstract: This article analyzes the relationship between the services sector and Ecuadorian economic growth using cointegration and causality econometric techniques from 1990-2018. The results indicate that services as a whole, particularly trade and transportation, positively impact economic growth in the long run. However, in the short term, services as a whole have a negative effect, which may be explained by the continuous deterioration of their productivity. Meanwhile, there is a causality effect ranging from trade to economic growth, and from GDP per capita to services as a whole and transportation.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la relación entre el sector servicios y el crecimiento económico ecuatoriano mediante técnicas econométricas de cointegración y causalidad durante el periodo 1990-2018. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los servicios en conjunto y, en particular, el comercio y el transporte, tienen un impacto positivo en el crecimiento económico a largo plazo; sin embargo, en el corto plazo, los servicios en conjunto tienen un efecto negativo, que puede explicarse por el continuo deterioro de su productividad. Por otro lado, se observa un efecto de causalidad desde el comercio hacia el crecimiento económico y, desde el PIB per cápita hacia los servicios en conjunto y al transporte.

Abstract Purpose: This paper makes a novel attempt to estimate the potential impact of credit risk on foreign direct investment (FDI hereafter), thereby focusing on a completely unexplored area in the existing empirical literature. Design/methodology/approach: To provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between credit risk and FDI inflows, the study incorporates all the eight-member economies of the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC hereafter) and analyzes a panel data set, over the period 2011 to 2019, extracted from the World Development Indicators, using the suitable econometric techniques for the efficient estimations of the specified models. Findings: The results indicate a negative and statistically significant relationship between the credit risk of the banking sectors and FDI inflows. Similarly, market size and inflation rate appear to be the two other main factors behind the increasing FDI inflows in the SAARC member economies. Interestingly, the size of the market became irrelevant in attracting FDI inflows when the Indian economy is excluded from the sample due to its higher economic weight. On the other hand, FDI inflows are not dependent on the level of trade openness, with most of the specifications showing either an insignificant or negative coefficient of the variable. Practical implications: The obtained results are unique and robust to alternative methodologies, and hence, the SAARC economies could consider them as the critical inputs in formulating the appropriate policies on FDI inflows. Originality/value: The findings are unique and original. The authors have established a relationship between credit risk and FDI for the first time in the SAARC context.

Resumo A agricultura é reconhecida como a força motriz do crescimento econômico, especialmente nas economias em desenvolvimento. Desempenha um papel crucial na economia do Irã, sobretudo durante as sanções econômicas, pois é uma fonte de renda para a população rural, segurança alimentar, criação de emprego e receitas em divisas. O presente estudo investiga o impacto dos gastos governamentais, da abertura comercial e dos termos de troca no crescimento agrícola no Irã, utilizando dados anuais do período de 1978 a 2021, por meio da aplicação do modelo de lag distribuído autorregressivo não linear (NARDL). Os resultados confirmaram a assimetria no impacto das três variáveis de interesse no crescimento agrícola. Em outras palavras, confirmou-se a superioridade da especificação não linear na explicação das relações entre variáveis. Para ser mais específico, um choque positivo e negativo nas despesas públicas afeta o crescimento do setor em 0,18 e -0,05%, respectivamente, no longo prazo. A mesma conclusão foi encontrada para a abertura comercial com coeficientes de impacto de 0,22 e -0,11 para choques positivos e negativos, respectivamente. Além disso, não conseguimos encontrar impacto significativo nos termos de troca. econômico desenvolvimento Irã econômicas rural alimentar divisas governamentais 197 2021 NARDL. NARDL . (NARDL) palavras confirmouse confirmou se específico 018 0 18 0,1 0,05%, 005 05 -0,05% respectivamente prazo 022 22 0,2 0,11 011 11 -0,1 negativos disso 19 202 (NARDL 01 1 0, 0,05% 00 -0,05 02 2 -0, 20 0,05 -0,0 -0 0,0 -

Abstract Agriculture is recognized as the driving force of economic growth, especially in developing economies. It plays a crucial role in Iran’s economy especially during economic sanctions as it is a source of income for rural people, food security, job creation, and foreign exchange earnings. The present study investigates the impact of government spending, trade openness, and terms of trade on agricultural growth in Iran using annual data for the period 1978-2021 by application of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL). The results confirmed asymmetry in the impact of all three variables of interest on agricultural growth. In other words, the superiority of the nonlinear specification in explaining the relationships between variables was confirmed. To be specific, a positive and negative shock to government spending affects sector growth by 0.18 and -0.05 percent, respectively in the long run. The same finding was found for trade openness with 0.22 and -0.11 impact coefficients for positive and negative shocks, respectively. Moreover, we could not find significant impact for terms of trade. economies Irans s people security creation earnings 19782021 1978 2021 1978-202 NARDL. NARDL . (NARDL) words specific 018 0 18 0.1 0.05 005 05 -0.0 percent run 022 22 0.2 0.11 011 11 -0.1 shocks Moreover 1978202 197 202 1978-20 (NARDL 01 1 0. 0.0 00 -0. 02 2 197820 19 20 1978-2 -0 19782 1978- -

ABSTRACT: Agriculture plays a leading role in the economic growth and development process. Ensuring the continuity of production depends on the purchasing power of the producers. The sustainability of production and the development of the rural welfare index in favor of the producers will increase the driving role of the agricultural sector, which is also a resource for other sectors. This study determined the variables affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade of the greenhouse tomato producers in Antalya, Türkiye. The product price has been determined as the major factor affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade. In addition, it was concluded that a one-unit increase in the product price increases the Domestic Terms of Trade by 34.99 units. Interviews revealed that the continuity of consumption needs is more important than the continuity of production. It has been determined that the high and variable input costs cause erosion in the incomes of the producers. Agricultural policies will be more effective both in the short and long term when the aim is to improve the welfare and purchasing power of producers, rather than intervening in agricultural prices or reducing prices. ABSTRACT process sector sectors Antalya Türkiye addition oneunit one unit 3499 34 99 34.9 units 349 3 9 34.

RESUMO: A agricultura tem um papel preponderante no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico. Garantir a continuidade da produção depende do poder de compra dos produtores. A sustentabilidade da produção e o desenvolvimento do índice de bem-estar rural em favor dos produtores aumentarão o protagonismo do setor agropecuário, que também é um recurso para outros setores. O objetivo principal deste estudo é determinar as variáveis que afetam os Termos de Comércio Domésticos dos produtores de tomate de estufa em Antalya, Turquia. O preço do produto foi determinado como o principal fator que afeta os Termos de Comércio Domésticos. Além disso, concluiu-se que um aumento de uma unidade no preço do produto aumenta os Termos de Troca Domésticos em 34,99 unidades. As entrevistas revelaram que a continuidade das necessidades de consumo é mais importante do que a continuidade da produção. Constatou-se que os altos e variáveis custos dos insumos causam erosão na renda dos produtores. As políticas agrícolas serão mais eficazes, tanto no curto quanto no longo prazo, quando o objetivo for melhorar o bem-estar e o poder de compra dos produtores, em vez de intervir nos preços agrícolas ou reduzir os preços. RESUMO econômico bemestar bem estar agropecuário setores Antalya Turquia disso concluiuse concluiu se 3499 34 99 34,9 unidades Constatouse Constatou eficazes prazo 349 3 9 34,

Abstract The Brazilian steel industry holds enormous economic significance, as it produced approximately 32 million steel products in 2022 and exported around 12 million tons to over 100 countries. Based on a 2021 study conducted by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the steel industry contributed 1.9% to the overall national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Although the steel industry plays a significant role in Brazil's trade balance, it has direct implications on economic, environmental, and social aspects, thereby intersecting with the three fundamental principles of sustainability. This study aims to assess the sustainable performance of the five primary companies by integrating the TOPSIS method with the Gaussian AHP method. The evaluation will be based on indicators derived from the Sustainable Development Goals (GRI) and will utilize sustainability reports from 2019 to 2021. The study demonstrated the feasibility of employing the suggested approach as a means of evaluating the sustainable performance of the five organizations in the steel sector, thus positioning it as a prospective tool for stakeholder analysis. significance 3 202 1 10 countries IPEA, IPEA , (IPEA) 19 9 1.9 GDP. GDP . (GDP) Brazils Brazil s balance environmental aspects GRI (GRI 201 sector analysis 20 (IPEA 1. (GDP 2

Resumo A indústria siderúrgica brasileira possui importância ímpar para a economia, uma vez que sua produção, em 2022, girou na ordem de 32 milhões de produtos siderúrgicos e suas exportações, para mais de cem países, chegou ao montante de aproximadamente 12 milhões de toneladas. Segundo estudo de 2021 do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), a siderurgia representou 1,9% do PIB Nacional. Apesar da contribuição para a balança comercial brasileira, a siderurgia afeta diretamente as questões ligadas à economia, ao meio ambiente e ao social interagindo, desta forma, com os três pilares da sustentabilidade. Em razão dessa interconexão, o presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho sustentável das cinco principais empresas através da combinação do método TOPSIS com o método AHP-Gaussiano utilizando indicadores estabelecidos pelo Sustainable Development Goals (GRI), oriundo dos relatórios de sustentabilidade dos anos de 2019 a 2021. O estudo demonstrou a possibilidade de utilização do método proposto como forma de avaliar o desempenho sustentável das cinco organizações do setor siderúrgico tornando-se potencial ferramenta de análise por partes interessadas. economia produção 2022 3 exportações países 1 toneladas 202 IPEA, IPEA , (IPEA) 19 9 1,9 Nacional interagindo interconexão AHPGaussiano AHP Gaussiano GRI, GRI (GRI) 201 tornandose tornando se interessadas 20 (IPEA 1, (GRI 2