Abstract The contemporary sexual landscape witnesses a discernible shift towards the pursuit of individualized pleasure within sexuality, diverging from conventional notions of stable relationships. This transformation is notably propelled by societal shifts, including increased moral permissiveness and widespread adoption of digital technologies, notably dating applications and websites. In this milieu, the current study aims to investigate the influence of reggaetón on the sexual attitudes and behaviors of Generation Z individuals, particularly regarding their perceptions of romantic relationships, gender roles, and sexuality. Through a comprehensive literature review, this inquiry illuminates the profound impact of music, specifically reggaetón, on the construction of sexual identity and attitudes towards sexuality among young adults. The findings underscore the significant role played by reggaetón in shaping the perceptions of youth concerning relationships and sexuality, primarily through its lyrical content, which frequently glorifies the objectification of women and promotes toxic masculinity. Furthermore, the visual elements accompanying reggaetón further reinforce these messages, thereby influencing the way in which young individuals conceptualize and engage in interpersonal relationships. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the pressing need for artists and the music industry at large to acknowledge and embrace their ethical responsibility in promoting representations of sexuality.

Resumen La revolución sexual moderna caracterizada por la búsqueda del placer personal, desligada de las relaciones estables tradicionales ha sido impulsada por factores como la permisividad moral y la proliferación de tecnologías digitales, incluyendo aplicaciones y sitios web de citas. En ese contexto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto del reguetón en la sexualidad de los jóvenes de la Generación Z. Para tal fin, se realizó una revisión de la literatura académica sobre la influencia de este género musical en la formación de la identidad sexual y las actitudes hacia la sexualidad. Los hallazgos muestran que, el reguetón, a través de sus letras promueven la cosificación de la mujer y la masculinidad tóxica, junto con sus componentes audiovisuales, lo que repercute el modo en que los jóvenes conciben las relaciones y la sexualidad, lo cual puede perpetuar estereotipos de género perjudiciales y tener un impacto negativo en las relaciones interpersonales. Como conclusión se destaca la necesidad de que los artistas y la industria musical consideren su responsabilidad ética en la promoción de representaciones saludables y respetuosas de la sexualidad.

Diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) is an attractive method for dynamic studies of metal speciation. Conventional DGT devices consists of diffusion and binding layers that utilize a polyacrylamide hydrogel, a synthetic polymer considered toxic, for the determination of labile metals. In this work, a simple method for the preparation of DGT devices using environmentally friendly and sustainable materials was proposed. Consequently, the polyacrylamide hydrogel was replaced with agarose, a low-cost and non-toxic biopolymer. The modified DGT was employed to determine the labile concentrations of Cd, Cu and CrIII in natural waters. The diffusion coefficients (D) for agarose were determined with a diffusion cell. The obtained values of D ranged from 2.05 to 4.53 × 10−5 cm2 s−1. The relationships between diffusion mass and time were linear for all trace metals. The binding layer with Chelex-100® and agarose was evaluated in retention and extraction of metals. The elution factors were within the range of 0.775 and 0.86 for Cd, Cu and CrIII. The proposed device was evaluated through recovery tests. Recoveries were greater than 80%. DGT devices were deployed in the determination of labile metals in river water from Cará-Cará River (Paraná, Brazil). The concentration of labile species in Cará-Cará sample proceeded as follows: Cd > Cu ≥ CrIII. The results suggest that DGT devices with agarose can be effectively used for speciation analysis. (DGT toxic work Consequently lowcost low cost nontoxic non biopolymer waters (D cell 205 2 05 2.0 453 4 53 4.5 105 10 5 10− cm s1 s 1 s−1 Chelex100® Chelex100 Chelex 100® 100 Chelex-100 0775 0 775 0.77 086 86 0.8 tests 80 80% CaráCará Cará Paraná, Paraná (Paraná Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) follows analysis 20 2. 45 4. s− Chelex10 Chelex-10 077 77 0.7 08 8 0. Chelex1 Chelex-1 07 7 Chelex-

ABSTRACT Perennial ryegrass is one of the most important food sources in animal production. However, several pests affect this crop, and one of the primary control strategies is the symbiotic relationships between ryegrass endophyte fungi. This fungus produces alkaloids that exhibit toxic activity against arthropods. Furthermore, the effect of fungi may extend to higher trophic levels, including predators (spiders and/or insects), decreasing their abundance and diversity. Given the importance of spiders and insects as predators, whether the symbiotic interaction between perennial ryegrass and endophyte fungus reduces the abundance and diversity of predators pose an important question. To address this question, natural enemies in perennial ryegrass were collected and analyzed over a year, and the percentage of endophyte fungus was evaluated by the presence of hyphae from two ryegrass cultivars, Jumbo (E-) and Alto AR1 (E+). We observed an 80% endophyte infection rate for (E+) and 0% for (E-). Moreover, 222 individual spiders corresponding to 10 families were identified in both perennial ryegrasses, including 209 individuals for (E-) and 13 for (E+). The most abundant spider family was Lycosidae, representing 71.17% of the total spiders. In addition, 65 insects were collected, corresponding to 6 families, with Carabidae being the most abundant. Furthermore, the Simpson index indicated the dominance of the family Lycosidae. Overall, spider and insect abundance and diversity were reduced in (E+), suggesting a negative effect of the endophyte on predator populations. production However crop arthropods Furthermore levels andor or insects, , insects) question year cultivars E (E- AR E+. E+ . 80 (E+ 0 E. Moreover 22 1 ryegrasses 20 Lycosidae 7117 71 17 71.17 addition Overall E+, populations (E 8 2 711 7 71.1 71.

University campuses are framed as sexualised spaces marked by high sexual risk-taking behaviour and toxic masculinities that often fuel abusive relationships and sexual violence. More often, the most vulnerable groups, to this violence include sexual minorities, girls and students with disabilities. Drawing on qualitative ethnographic research and semi-structured interviews with students and staff from two universities in Zimbabwe, this article examines how toxic campus 'cultures' and campus sexual economies can be transformed and made more inclusive and safer for all students. The study uses Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice, especially the field and habitus to understand how toxic masculinities are produced and reproduced on campus, as well as how everyday practice on campus can be instrumentalised to reconfigure coercive sexual practices and toxic masculinities. Although there is a huge body of research on sexual violence in Zimbabwe, very little of this has focused on the prevalence and experiences of this phenomenon within university campus spaces. Therefore, little is known about how students experience, perceive, and navigate sexual violence on campus, as well as institutional responses to sexual violence. Consequently, this study seeks to fill this gap and contribute to the burgeoning scholarship and debates on sexual violence, including coercive sexual practices and heteronormativity in university campus spaces. We seek to contribute to three sustainable development goals, that is goal 3 (good health and well-being), goal 5 (gender quality) and finally goal 10 (reduced inequalities). CONTRIBUTION: This article foregrounds the ways in which institutions of higher learning respond to sexual violence within the university campus. The key contribution of this article relates to how students' religious and socio-cultural subjectivities shaped or mediated experiences of and perceptions on sexual violence on campus. Consequently, we assert that the campus religious 'field' and students' spiritual 'habitus' had a huge influence on the campus sexual economies.The research contributes to the field of Biblical Theology engaged with Gender Justice, Health and Human Development.

RESUMO Introdução: A abordagem ciência-tecnologia-inovação-sociedade é uma nova reflexão sobre a inter-relação e impacto da ciência, tecnologia e inovação, numa perspectiva multidisciplinar, no contexto social e humanístico. Objetivo: Desenhar uma política de ação que favoreça a abordagem ciência-tecnologia-inovação-sociedade dos profissionais de saúde no combate aos hábitos tóxicos. Método: Estudo pedagógico desenvolvido na Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo em 2009 com métodos empíricos, teóricos e matemático-estatísticos. Por meio da modelagem, foram configurados os componentes, relações e qualidades essenciais do sistema de ações que favorecem a adequada abordagem ciência-tecnologia-inovação-sociedade, identificando o problema científico de como contribuir para viabilizar essa abordagem no combate aos hábitos tóxicos. Resultados: As derivações descritas neste artigo sugeriram a compreensão pela amostra do estudo da necessidade da abordagem ciência-tecnologia-inovação-sociedade como ferramenta científico-metodológica de combate aos hábitos tóxicos, percebendo mudanças nos pontos de vista tradicionais. procedimental e de atitude sobre o assunto para um olhar renovador com uma resposta efetiva das ciências da saúde e da educação a um problema social do país. Conclusões: Oferece-se uma política de ações, que possibilita a articulação da abordagem ciência-tecnologia-inovação-sociedade, numa perspectiva integradora da ação científica com a educação, ao combate aos hábitos tóxicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The science-technology-innovation-society approach is a new reflection on the interrelationship and impact of science, technology and innovation in the social and humanistic context from a multidisciplinary perspective. Objective: To design an action policy that favors the science-technology-innovation-society approach of health professionals in the fight against toxic habits. Method: A pedagogical study was developed at the Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo in 2009 with empirical, theoretical and mathematical-statistical methods. The components, relationships and essential qualities of the system of actions that favor the appropriate science-technology-innovation-society approach were configured through modeling, identifying the scientific problem on how to contribute to making this approach viable in the fight against toxic habits. Results: The derivations described in this article suggested the understanding, by the study sample, of the need for the science-technology-innovation-society approach as a scientific-methodological tool to fight against toxic habits, perceiving changes in traditional cognitive and procedural points of view, and the attitude about the subject for a refreshing look with an effective response from the health and educational sciences to a social problem in the country. Conclusions: A policy of actions is offered, which enables the articulation of the science-technology-innovation-society approach, from an integrating perspective of scientific action with education, to the fight against toxic habits.

RESUMEN Introducción: El enfoque ciencia-tecnología-innovación-sociedad es una nueva reflexión acerca de la interrelación y el impacto de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en el contexto social y humanista desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Objetivo: Diseñar una política de acciones que favorezca el enfoque ciencia-tecnología-innovación-sociedad de los profesionales de salud en la lucha contra los hábitos tóxicos. Método: Se desarrolló un estudio pedagógico en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo en el año 2009 con métodos empíricos, teóricos y matemáticos-estadísticos. Mediante la modelación se configuraron los componentes, relaciones y cualidades esenciales del sistema de acciones que favorezcan el adecuado enfoque ciencia-tecnología- innovación-sociedad, identificándose el problema científico en cómo contribuir a viabilizar este enfoque en la lucha contra los hábitos tóxicos. Resultados: Las derivaciones descritas en este artículo sugirieron la comprensión por la muestra del estudio sobre lo necesario del enfoque ciencia-tecnología-innovación-sociedad como herramienta científica-metodológica para la lucha contra los hábitos tóxicos, percibiéndose cambios en los tradicionales puntos de vistas cognoscitivos y procedimentales, y la actitud acerca del tema por una mirada renovadora con respuesta eficaz desde las ciencias de la salud y las educativas a un problemas social en el país. Conclusiones: Se ofrece una política de acciones a la lucha contra los hábitos tóxicos, que posibilita la articulación del enfoque ciencia-tecnología-innovación-sociedad, desde una perspectiva integradora del accionar científico con el educativo.

ARE AOPs THE FUTURE OF ECOTOXICOLOGY? AOPs (Adverse Outcome Pathways) were introduced in the field of ecotoxicology due to the need of replacement of the classic system for assessing adverse results (considering only the mortality of organisms exposed to certain substances or mixtures) to a predictive system based on the measurement of biological events occurring primarily at a molecular level and having clear biological relationships with potential adverse effects on more complex biological systems. AOPs are useful for organizing and integrating information related to the toxic potential of chemical substances alone or in mixtures, in exposed organisms, supporting the prediction and understanding of the effects induced by stressors and the development of action plans in order to reduce the exposure of organisms to acceptable levels. This tool is already gaining strength and being used worldwide by scientists, and in the future it may be the basis for the regulation of chemical substances and their mixtures. This article presents the basic principles related to the development and use of an AOP, in a simple and objective way, in addition to presenting a practical example of this tool, which can be considered the future of ecotoxicology.

Resumen Antecedentes: El café es una de las bebidas más consumidas en el mundo, sin embargo, puede contener compuestos tóxicos como la ocratoxina A (OTA). Objetivos: Determinar la presencia de OTA en diferentes tipos de café destinados a la preparación de bebida y comercializados en Colombia mediante la aplicación del ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA) y analizar su relación con las propiedades físicas, fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 8 muestras de café comercializado en el mercado colombiano, en las cuales se determinó el contenido de OTA mediante la aplicación del método ELISA. Así mismo se realizó análisis microbiológico y se determinaron propiedades fisicoquímicas como contenido de humedad, aw, porcentaje de sólidos disueltos totales (%TDS) y rendimiento de extracción (%EY); y propiedades físicas como densidad por caída libre, densidad compactada (CBD), porosidad, tamaño promedio de partícula (ASP) y color. Los datos fueron tratados con análisis multivariado empleando análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y análisis de conglomerados (CA) para investigar cuantitativamente las relaciones entre las muestras de café con respecto a sus propiedades físicas, fisicoquímicas y contenido de OTA. Se aplicó prueba LSD con un nivel de significación del 95 % y prueba de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Todas las muestras presentaron contenido de OTA, pero solo 2 sobrepasaron los límites permitidos por la normatividad, con un valor máximo de 15.449 µg/Kg, el cual representa un 31.449 % de la ingesta diaria tolerable según los parámetros definidos por el Comité Mixto FAO/OMS de Expertos en Aditivos Alimentarios (JECFA). De acuerdo al PCA y CA, las muestras se agruparon armónicamente de acuerdo al tipo de café asociado a su presentación comercial y proceso industrial, contenido de OTA y ASP; el contenido de OTA se correlacionó significativa y positivamente (p < 0.05) con el %EY, %TDS, ASP, porosidad, CBD y humedad. Conclusión: Los cafés comercializados en Colombia presentan un rango variable de OTA, en donde los cafés solubles presentan contenidos de OTA mayores que los cafés tostados y el 25 % de los cafés analizados no cumplen con niveles definidos por la normatividad colombiana. El contenido de OTA en el café está relacionado con propiedades que definen la capacidad de extracción de solutos del café.

Abstract Background: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world; however, it may contain toxic compounds such as ochratoxin A (OTA). Objectives: Determine the OTA’s presence in different types of coffee, intended for beverage preparation and marketed in Colombia through the application of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analyze its relationship with the physical, physicochemical and microbiological properties. Methods: 8 samples of coffee commercialized in the Colombian market were selected, in which the OTA content was determined by applying the ELISA method. Likewise, a microbiological analysis was performed, and physicochemical properties were determined, such as moisture content, aw, percentage total dissolved solids (%TDS), and extraction yield (%EY). Physical properties such as free-flow densities, compacted bulk densities (CBD), porosity, average particle size (ASP), and color. The data were treated with multivariate analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) to quantitatively investigate the relationships between the coffee samples concerning their physical, physicochemical properties, and OTA content. LSD test was applied with a significance level of 95 % and Pearson correlation test. Results: All the samples had OTA content, but only 2 exceeded the limits allowed by the regulations, with a maximum value of 15.449 µg/Kg, which represents 31.449 % of the tolerable daily intake according to the parameters defined by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). According to the PCA and CA, the samples were grouped harmonically according to the type of coffee associated with its commercial presentation and industrial process, OTA content, and ASP. OTA content was significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with %EY, %TDS, ASP, porosity, CBD and moisture. Conclusions: The coffees marketed in Colombia showed a variable range of OTA, where soluble coffees had higher OTA contents than roasted coffees, and 25 % of the coffees analyzed do not meet the levels defined by Colombian regulations. The OTA content in coffee is related to properties that define the ability to extract solutes from coffee.

Abstract Venom from Amazonian scorpions of the genus Tityus contains components capable of eliciting a distinct clinical, mostly neurological, syndrome. This contrasts with the mainly autonomic manifestations produced after envenomation by congeneric southern and northern South American species. Herein, we summarize Pan-Amazonian scorpionism by synthesizing available toxinological, clinical, and molecular data gathered from all affected areas in Amazonia, including Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and French Guiana. We searched multiple databases, as well as our own records, for reports of scorpion envenomations in Amazonia by confirmed Tityus spp., and compared the clinical manifestations. To help uncover clinical and venom relationships among problematic species, we explored phylogenetic relationships with a rate-calibrated analysis of mitochondrial COI data from available species. The possible existence of diversity gradients for venom toxic and immunogenic components despite the predicted strong phylogenetic association among species is underscored by discussed clinical and toxinological findings. A multicentric effort, involving all nations affected by this neglected disease, is urgently needed to offer alternatives for treating and understanding this pathology, including the preparation of neutralizing antibodies with a broad range of efficacy. neurological syndrome Herein PanAmazonian Pan Brazil Ecuador Colombia Peru Venezuela Guiana databases records spp spp. ratecalibrated rate calibrated findings effort disease pathology efficacy

Summary: One third of the world’s soils are acidic, under these conditions many crops are affected, especially when aluminum concentrations reach toxic levels. In order to establish the relationships between acidity indicators and cation exchange capacity, and pH and organic matter content, 13 sites were selected in Frailesca and Valles Zoque regions. Five sub-samples were collected at a depth of 0.30 m, in order to form a homogeneous sample per experimental site. Determination of pH, interchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, and aluminium (Al3+) and hydrogen (H+) saturation was performed. The saturation percentage of Al3+ was exponentially correlated with increases in CIC, pH and calcium (Ca2+) saturation %; however, in regard to organic matter, Al3+ saturation adjusted significantly to a second order polynomial model, indicating a maximum saturation at values of 4.14% of organic matter. The percentage of H+ saturation adjusted negatively to an exponential function, decreasing at organic matter values higher than 2%. It is concluded that in the soils of Frailesca region, there is an acidification process that could lead to toxic increases of aluminum for corn culture, especially at pH values lower than five.

Resumen: La tercera parte de los suelos del mundo son ácidos, en estas condiciones muchos cultivos se afectan, sobre todo cuando las concentraciones de aluminio alcanzan niveles tóxicos. Con el objetivo de establecer las relaciones entre indicadores de acidez y la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, el pH y el contenido de materia orgánica, se seleccionaron 13 sitios en las regiones Frailesca y Valles Zoque. Se tomaron cinco sub-muestras a 0.30 m de profundidad, para luego conformar una muestra homogénea por sitio experimental. Se determinaron el pH, cationes intercambiables, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, contenido de materia orgánica, saturación de aluminio (Al3+) y de hidrógeno (H+). El porcentaje de saturación del Al3+ se correlacionó exponencialmente con incrementos en la CIC, el pH y el % de saturación del calcio (Ca2+); sin embargo, respecto a la materia orgánica, la saturación de Al3+ se ajustó significativamente a un modelo polinomial de segundo grado, indicando un máximo de saturación a valores de 4.14% de materia orgánica. El porcentaje de saturación de H+ se ajustó negativamente a una función exponencial, disminuyendo a valores de materia orgánica superiores a 2%. Se concluye que en los suelos de la región Frailesca se está produciendo un proceso de acidificación que pudiera conducir a incrementos tóxicos del aluminio para el cultivo de maíz, sobre todo a valores de pH inferiores a cinco. Tales incrementos en la acidificación de los suelos pudieran estar asociados al excesivo uso de fertilizantes amoniacales producto de una agricultura mucho más intensiva que en la región Valles Zoques.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Chemical substances are highly toxic elements due to the ingestion of metallic fumes. La Oroya is a mining city that comprises a set of smelters and refineries, ranked as the fifth most polluted worldwide, causing detrimental health effects; however, there are health professionals who work at the hospital in that locality. Objective. Identify, analyze and understand the meaning of health in hospital professionals when living in a mining city. Methods. Qualitative study, based on the analysis of social representations. Thirteen health professionals with a minimum of 10 years working were selected, divided into foreign and rooted natives. The technique was the semi-structured in-depth interview. A guide of questions constructed through the universe of beliefs was applied. ATLASti was used as textual analysis software. Results. The health and wellness category was identified, linked to two subcategories: psychosocial (objective in good interpersonal relationships) and tranquility of life. And physical aspects, which includes healthy practices and health problems. Conclusions. The meaning of health was to face a new way of life by defying pollution in a mining city. The foreigners presented more health problems than the rooted natives and did not have adequate physical activity. Both groups generated new customs, motivated by the economic benefit of maintaining good relationships with patients and coworkers and the vocation of professional service.

RESUMEN Introducción. Las sustancias químicas son elementos altamente tóxicos por ingesta de humos metálicos. La Oroya es una ciudad minera que comprende un conjunto de fundiciones y refinerías, catalogada como la quinta más contaminada a nivel mundial, ocasionando efectos perjudiciales en la salud; sin embargo, existen profesionales de salud que trabajan en el hospital de dicha localidad. Objetivo. Identificar, analizar y comprender el significado que tiene la salud en los profesionales del hospital al vivir en una ciudad minera. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo, sustentado en el análisis de las representaciones sociales. Se seleccionó 13 profesionales de salud con un mínimo de 10 años laborando, divididos en foráneos y nativos arraigados. La técnica fue la entrevista en profundidad semiestructurada. Se aplicó una guía de preguntas construidas mediante el universo de creencias. Se utilizó el ATLASti como software de análisis textual. Resultados. Se identificó la categoría salud y bienestar, vinculada a dos sub categorías: psicosocial (objetivada en buenas relaciones interpersonales) y tranquilidad de vida. Y aspectos físicos, la cual comprende prácticas saludables y problemas de salud. Conclusiones. El significado de la salud fue enfrentar una nueva forma de vida desafiando la contaminación de una ciudad minera. Los foráneos presentaron más problemas de salud que los nativos arraigados y no tuvieron adecuada actividad física. Ambos grupos generaron nuevas costumbres, motivados por el beneficio económico mantener buenas relaciones con los pacientes y compañeros de trabajo y la vocación de servicio profesional.

Introdução: A diabetes autoimune latente do adulto caracteriza-se pelo aparecimento de diabetes mellitus em indivíduos com menos de 50 anos, com quadro inicial de polifagia, polidipsia e/ou poliúria, IMC < 25kg/m² e história pessoal ou familiar de doenças autoimunes. Descrição do caso: Doente de 46 anos, sexo masculino, desempregado, com antecedentes pessoais de défice cognitivo, abuso de substâncias tóxicas e perturbações depressivas e de ansiedade. Como antecedente familiar refere que o pai foi diagnosticado com diabetes mellitus aos 40 anos. Nas suas relações familiares apresenta alguns conflitos com a irmã. Assintomático até outubro de 2012, quando recorre à consulta por cansaço, xerostomia, polifagia, polidipsia, poliúria e perda ponderal acentuada, com novo consumo abusivo de álcool, tabaco e comportamentos desadequados. Coloca-se a hipótese diagnóstica de diabetes mellitus inaugural, apresentando HbA1c 12% e glicemia em jejum 254mg/dL. Inicia terapêutica com metformina e nateglinida. Porém, mantém mau controlo da doença, com necessidade de escalada terapêutica sucessiva, até introdução de insulina dois meses após o diagnóstico. É referenciado à consulta de diabetologia e falta por diversas vezes às consultas de seguimento, até ao diagnóstico de diabetes autoimune latente do adulto (LADA) em fevereiro de 2015, quando apresenta anticorpos anti-GAD65 positivos. Por insuficiência económica extrema são várias as refeições que nesta altura não consegue cumprir e apresenta vários episódios de hipoglicemia e queixas de cansaço e irritabilidade, ainda que sem alteração do estado de consciência. Em janeiro de 2016 é internado por quadro de cetoacidose diabética. Desde então tem mais apoio social, sem novos episódios de hipoglicemia. Contudo, mantém níveis inadequados de HbA1c. Comentário: O caso clínico que se descreve mostra a influência das condições socioeconómicas, antecedentes pessoais e as relações familiares no tratamento de doenças crónicas como a LADA. Os hábitos alimentares desadequados, com refeições escassas e em períodos irregulares, além de má adesão aos cuidados de saúde e à terapêutica, condicionaram um controlo ineficaz da doença. Pretende-se com este caso salientar a importância de capacitar o doente pelo seu próprio tratamento e promover a participação ativa dos familiares mais próximos. Neste caso em particular, a relação conflituosa do doente com a irmã constituiu mais um elemento perturbador para o sucesso terapêutico.

Introduction: Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA) is characterized by the presence of diabetes mellitus in individuals under 50 years old, with initial polyphagia, polydipsia and/or polyuria, BMI < 25 kg/m² and a personal or family history of autoimmune diseases. Case report: Male, 46 years old, male, unemployed, with a personal history of cognitive impairment, toxic substance abuse, and depressive and anxiety disorders. He has a family history of diabetes mellitus diagnosed to his father at 40-years old. He also has a conflicted relationship with his sister. On October 2012, presented with fatigue, xerostomia, dry mouth, hyperphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss with new episodes of alcohol and tobacco abuse, and inappropriate behaviour. We hypothesize this was an inaugural diabetes mellitus condition, with an HbA1c of 12% and fasting glucose of 254 mg/dL. He started treatment with metformin and nateglinide. However, due to inappropriate control of the disease, we had to intensify therapeutic gradually, starting insulin administration two months after diagnosis. He was referral to a diabetology appointment, but he missed for several times both their and our appointments until he was diagnosed with latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA), on February 2015, when he had positive anti-GAD65 antibodies. Due to extreme poverty he missed many meals suffering some episodes of hypoglycaemia. By that time, he felt tired and irritable. On January 2016 he was admitted in the emergency room because of diabetic ketoacidosis. Since that episode, his social support improved, he had no further symptoms of hypoglycaemia, although remains with inadequate levels of HbA1c. Comment: This case report shows the impact of social-economic conditions, personal history and familiar relationships on the treatment of chronic diseases like LADA. Inadequate eating habits, with scarce and irregular meals and poor adherence to health care and therapy, have led to ineffective disease control. With this case report, we want to highlight the importance of hold the patient responsible for his treatment, as well as involving his closest family. In this particular case, the conflictual relationship with his sister proves to be a disturbing factor to achieve a successful therapy accomplishment.

ABSTRACT: The tailing dumps of the mining district of Tlalpujahua and El Oro (DIMITO) were stacked on the active drainage system and covering a basement consisting of carbonaceous limestones and shales ± andesites, which constitute the host rock of the epithermal Au vein-type deposit. This geomorphological setting shows deep channels and gullies of erosion and it has been estimated a loss of material > 27-34 % of its original volume. We present mapping of five tailing dumps that were placed ~68 year ago as well as the mineralogical and geochemical characterization of 12 profiles and 48 samples. Tailings are essentially siliceous-calcareous slime with clasts. Their pH is slightly alkaline from 7.5 to 8.5 and they show low conductivity <80 µS/cm. They are constituted by abundant quartz (≥ 53-68 %), lithics (7-20 %), calcite (≥12 %), silicates (9-11 %), Fe-Ti oxides (≥2-3 %) and sulphides and sulphosalts (≤2 %). Bulk compositions are characterized by SiO2 (56-92 %), Al2O3 (>15-13 %), CaO+MgO (≥5-11 %), Fetot (≤3-5 %), S (0.3-0.91 %), and C (3.4 -6.1 %). DIMITO tailings show values of Au (1.2-1.61 g/ton), Ag (28.1-46.8 g/ton), Pb (53.3-145.2 g/ton) and Zn (155.9-354.5 g/ton), suggesting that they could still have some economic recovering. In relation to the concentrations of the potentially toxic elements, the values of Sb (27.3-72.2 g/ton) significantly exceed high risk of the LMP (WHO, 2015), and a dozen samples of Pb and Zn and As (25.2-40.5 g/ton) show higher values than low-risk of the LMP. However, these values are scattered and random in each profile, so its toxic potential is discussed based on its mineralogical-geochemical correlation and its potential mobility. In order to estimate the acid-base accounting (ABA) of the DIMITO, we carried out a mathematical model based from the Gauss-reduction normalization of the geochemical data and their relationships with normative mineralogy. We found that the mineralogy represents a powerful proxy for the diagnostic of the toxic potential of the waste mines and that in general the tailings show not risk of acide mine drainage generation. However, we discuss the environment impact of the tailing dumps and the relationships with the actual land use of the DIMITO.

RESUMEN: Los depósitos de jales del distrito minero de Tlalpujahua y El Oro (DIMITO) fueron apilados sobre laderas y cañadas con un sistema de drenaje activo y cubriendo un basamento constituido por calizas carbonosas y lutitas ± andesitas que constituyen la roca encajonante de las vetas auríferas de tipo epitermal. Su morfología actual muestra profundos canales y cárcavas de erosión y se ha estimado una pérdida de material >27-34 % de su volumen original. Se presentan los resultados de un estudio cartográfico de cinco depósitos de jales que fueron abandonados hace ~68 años, así como la caracterización mineralógica y geoquímica de 12 perfiles y 48 muestras representativas. Los jales están constituidos, en general, por una matriz limo-arenosa calcárea que contiene abundantes clastos líticos. Su pH es ligeramente alcalino de 7.5 a 8.5 y muestran una baja conductividad eléctrica <80 µS/cm. Están conformados por fragmentos de cuarzo (≥ 53-68 %), seguido de líticos (7-20 %), calcita (≥12 %), silicatos (9-11 %), FeTi-óxidos (≥2-3 %) y sulfuros y sulfosales (≤2 %). Su composición química varía de SiO2 (56-92 %), Al2O3 (>5-13 %), CaO+MgO (≥5-11 %), Fetot (≤3-5 %), S total (0.3-0.91 %) y C total (3.4-6.1 %). Los jales presentan concentraciones promedio de elementos potencialmente económicos: Au (1.2-1.61 g/ton), Ag (28.1-46.8 g/ton), Pb (53.3-145.2 g/ton) y Zn (155.9-354.5 g/ton), que podrían tener un cierto rendimiento económico. En relación con las concentraciones de los elementos potencialmente tóxicos, los valores del Sb (43.9-72.2 g/ton) superan ampliamente el LMP de alto riesgo (WHO, 2015) y una docena de muestras de Pb y Zn y de As (25.2-40.5 g/ton) muestran valores más altos a los del LMP de bajo riesgo. Sin embargo, éstos valores se observan dispersos y aleatorios en cada perfil, por lo que se discute su potencial tóxico con base en su correlación geoquímico-mineralógica y su potencial movilidad. Con el objetivo de estimar el balance ácido-base en los jales del DIMITO, se realizó un modelo matemático de normalización (reducción de Gauss) de los elementos mayores y su relación con los minerales normativos y su potencial tóxico. Se encontró que la mineralogía representa un potente indicador en el análisis de residuos mineros y su potencial tóxico, así como en general que los jales mostraron un bajo riesgo en la generación de drenaje ácido de mina. Sin embargo, se discuten el uso y manejo de la cobertura natural y su relación con los residuos y obras mineras del DIMITO.

RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterizar clínicamente el intento de suicidio desde el enfoque del constructo de violencia en la población pediátrica femenina. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal, multivariado, desarrollado en el Hospital Infantil Los Ángeles de la ciudad de Pasto (Nariño), sobre la atención de pacientes femeninas entre 10 y 17 años, con diagnóstico de intento de suicidio, entre los años 2009 a 2014. Resultados: 97 pacientes (IC:95%, Z=1,96, e:10, p=50%). Mayor incidencia entre los 13 y 16 años (88%), predominio año 2011 (37%) y en los meses de abril, mayo, julio y agosto. Municipios de Nariño con mayor número de casos: Pasto, La Unión y El Tambo (56%). Putumayo (21%). Intentos de suicidio previos (33%). Mecanismo mayormente utilizado: ingestión de tóxicos y medicamentos (92%). Como factores de riesgo emocional: las discusiones con familiares (32%), las relaciones afectivas fallidas (14%) y la convivencia diferente a sus padres (17%), representan más del 88%. Subregistro en la determinación de violencia intrafamiliar, abuso sexual y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (70%). Valoración por parte de psicología (98%), y por psiquiatría (65%), frente a una ideación suicida y seguimientos menores del 5%. Discusión: la caracterización clínica del intento de suicidio desde el constructo de violencia, teniendo en cuenta el análisis de los diferentes factores de riesgo, permitirán identificar el abordaje clínico de las pacientes, fuente del adecuado plan de tratamiento, seguimiento y pautas de prevención, como base correlativa y reproducible para el manejo multidisciplinario.

ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize attempted suicide clinically from the perspective of the construct of violence among female pediatric population. Methodology: a descriptive, retrospective, cross -sectional and multivariate study conducted at the Los Ángeles Children's Hospital in the city of Pasto, Nariño. The study focused on the care provided to female patients aged 10 to 17 and diagnosed with attempted suicide between 2009 and 2014. Results: a total of 97 patients (95% CI, Z = 1.96, e: 10, p = 50%) were studied. There was increased incidence among those aged 13 to 16 (88%). Incidence was predominant in 2011 (37%) and in the months of April, May, July and August. Municipalities of Nariño with more cases: Pasto, La Union, El Tambo (56%), Putumayo (21%). Previous suicide attempts: 33%. Most used mechanism: ingestion of toxic and drugs (92%). Emotional risk factors: having arguments with family members (32%), failed emotional relationships (14%) and different coexistence with their parents (17%). These represent more than 88%. Registration in the determination of domestic violence, sexual abuse and psychoactive substance use (70%). Rating by psychology (98%), and psychiatry (65%) compared with suicidal ideation and minor follow-up of 5%. Discussion: the clinical characterization of attempted suicide based on the construct of violence becomes perennial. Furthermore, taking into account the analysis of the different risk factors will make it possible to identify the clinical way to approach patients, the source of an appropriate treatment plan and the monitoring and prevention guidelines as a correlative and reproducible basis for multidisciplinary handling.

RESUMO Objetivo: caracterizar clinicamente o intento de suicídio desde o enfoque do constructo de violência na população pediátrica feminina. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal, multivariado, desenvolvido no Hospital Infantil Los Angeles da cidade de Pasto (Nariño), sobre a atenção de pacientes femininas entre 10 e 17 anos, com diagnóstico de intento de suicídio, entre os anos 2009 a 2014. Resultados: 97 pacientes (IC: 95%, Z=1,96, e: 10, p=50%). Maior incidência entre os 13 e 16 anos (88%), predomínio ano 2011 (37%) e nos meses de abril, maio, julho e agosto. Municípios de Nariño com maior número de casos: Pasto, La Unión e El Tambo (56%). Putumayo (21%). Intentos de suicídio prévios (33%). Mecanismo maiormente utilizado: ingestão de tóxicos e medicamentos (92%). Como fatores de risco emocional: as discussões com familiares (32%), as relaciones afetivas falidas (14%) e a convivência diferente aos seus pais (17%), representam mais do 88%. Menos registro na determinação de violência intrafamiliar, abuso sexual e consumo de sustâncias psicoativas (70%). Valoração por parte de psicologia (98%), e por psiquiatria (65%), frente a uma ideação suicida e seguimentos menores do 5%. Discussão: a caracterização clínica do intento de suicídio desde o constructo de violência se faz perene, levando em conta o análise dos diferentes fatores de risco, permitirá identificar a abordagem clínica das pacientes, fonte do adequado plano de tratamento, seguimento e pautas de prevenção, como base correlativa e reproduzível para o manejo multidisciplinar.

This article studies the farmer's symbolic appropriation of the agrochemical in Morote river's watershed in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The way how they adapt, perceive, and experience the use of substances is going to be analyzed taking into account three different levels of exposition to the risk: intuition of the danger in the work's environment, experiences of intoxication and the immediate daily life space. This is a qualitative study, for that reason, the base of the information is provided by semi structured interviews to five local community farmers from the middle and low Morote river's watershed, as well as, the application of observation guides and the crops' spatial georeferencing. Photography is a valuable resource in order to establish opposite relationships between what is being said and what is really done for avoiding the dangers of being exposed to the agrochemical. From the main results of the study, three are the most relevant. First of all, some are used as invisibility agents that hide the risk by exposition to the agrochemical and it is seen as a normal condition from the agricultural activity, as well as, a manifestation of male weakness. This will take us to the second point, because people who have being victims of intoxication, change their perception of the agrochemical, mainly elderly workers; who after years of working, are chronically ill and they relate that to the exposition to the toxic substances for many years. The third point is evident when pesticides are classified as venomous substances, because of their negative effects in the environment as well as in human beings. None of the farmers living with their families permanently within the fields show any type of concern by being exposed to the fertilization and fumigation activities around them.

Este artículo estudia la apropiación simbólica del agroquímico por parte de trabajadores agrícolas de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Morote en Guanacaste, Costa Rica. La forma cómo se apropia, percibe y experimenta el uso de estas sustancias se analiza considerando tres niveles de exposición al riesgo: la intuición del peligro en el entorno laboral, las vivencias de la intoxicación y el espacio de convivencia inmediato. Por ser un estudio de tipo cualitativo sus principales fuentes provienen de la entrevista semiestructurada a cinco agricultores de comunidades rurales de la cuenca alta y media del río Morote, la aplicación de guías de observación y la georreferenciación espacial de su espacio de cultivo. Asimismo, la fotografía constituye un recurso valioso para establecer relaciones antagónicas entre lo que se dice y lo que se hace para evitar los peligros de la exposición al agroquímico. Entre los principales hallazgos del estudio se pueden mencionar tres destacables. En primera instancia, como agentes invisibilizadores del peligro por exposición se asumen las alteraciones a la salud por intoxicación como una situación común de la labor agrícola y como una manifestación de debilidad masculina. Este punto nos lleva al segundo aspecto, ya que haber vivido experiencias de intoxicación modifica la percepción del agroquímico, principalmente entre los agricultores más adultos, quienes padecen hoy dolencias crónicas que asocian con la exposición prolongada a dichas sustancias. El tercer punto evidencia que aun cuando se clasifica los plaguicidas como veneno, por sus impactos negativos en el ser humano y el ambiente, ningún agricultor expresa preocupación por residir con su familia de manera permanente en la zona agrícola y verse habitualmente expuestos a actividades de fumigación y fertilización.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate an unusual outbreak of tetrodotoxin poisoning in Leizhou, southeast China, a case series analysis was conducted to identify the source of illness. METHODS: A total of 22 individuals experienced symptoms of poisoning, including tongue numbness, dizziness, nausea and limb numbness and weakness. Two toxic species, Amoya caninus and Yongeichthys nebulosus, were morphologically identified from the batches of gobies consumed by the patients. Tetrodotoxin levels in the blood and Goby fish samples were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The tetrodotoxin levels in the remaining cooked Goby fish were determined to be 2090.12 µg/kg. For Amoya caninus, the toxicity levels were 1858.29 µg/kg in the muscle and 1997.19 µg/kg in the viscera and for Yongeichthys nebulosus, they were 2783.00 µg/kg in the muscle and 2966.21 µg/kg in the viscera. CONCLUSION: This outbreak demonstrates an underestimation of the risk of Goby fish poisoning. Furthermore, the relationships among the toxic species, climates and marine algae present should be clarified in the future.