Resumen Introducción: se sabe que los festivales incrementan y valorizan el patrimonio intangible. Esta investigación busca propiciar la transformación de los festivales en escenarios que favorezcan el acceso a la difusión de las artes con criterios de equidad hacia las turistas mujeres. Objetivo principal: el propósito de este trabajo es investigar la participación de las turistas mujeres durante la asistencia al Festival de Artes Vivas de Loja-Ecuador en 2018, y determinar si tanto los hombres como las mujeres tienen una participación plena e igualitaria en la cultura; así como inferir las tendencias futuras. Método y técnica: esta investigación utiliza un enfoque cuantitativo de alcance exploratorio, se aplicaron 353 encuestas. Los datos se analizaron con base en la técnica de Clusters por Árboles de Regresión y al Análisis de Detección de Interacción Chi-cuadrado. Adicionalmente, se utilizaron cuatro estadísticos de prueba. Resultados: la probabilidad de asistencia de las turistas mujeres, así como sus gastos, fueron inferiores a la de los hombres. Las mujeres prefirieron las obras de teatro, la danza y las exposiciones gastronómicas. Los precios fueron percibidos como altos, lo que podría provocar el retorno de un pequeño porcentaje de las turistas mujeres. Conclusiones: la oferta cultural del festival no es inclusiva para las turistas mujeres. De persistir esta tendencia, la asistencia se polarizaría. El derecho de las turistas mujeres a participar como asistentes en las actividades de los festivales de arte debería ser un compromiso de la ciudad como política pública.

Abstract Introduction: festivals contribute to increasing heritage diversity. This research contributes to promoting the transformation of festivals into scenarios that favor access to the dissemination of the arts with criteria of equity towards women tourists.Objective: the purpose of this work is to investigate the participation of female tourists during Festival of Living Arts in Loja-Ecuador in 2018 in order to determine if both men and women have a full and equal participation in culture; as well as to infer future trends.Method and technique: this research use a quantitative approach of exploratory scope; 353 surveys were applied. Data were analyzed based on the regression tree technique and Chi-square Interaction Detection Analysis. Additionally, four test statisticians were used.Results: the probability of attendance of female tourists and their expenses were lower than men. Women tourists preferred plays, dance and gastronomic exhibitions. Prices were perceived as high, this would cause a return of a small percentage of female tourists.Conclusions: the cultural offer of the festival is not inclusive for female tourists. If this trend persists, attendance would become polarized. The right of female tourists to take part as attendees in the activities of art festivals should be a commitment of the city, as public policy.

Abstract This research analyzes the phenomenon of tourist travel to some destinations in relation to the animated film Coco, based on the Day of the Dead tradition celebrated in Mexico, and the motivations of tourists to travel; Thus, from a qualitative approach, it is shown how visitors of “Mama Coco” in Michoacan incur in behavioral patterns explained by the concept of media pilgrimage, but unlike similar trips, commonly linked to sites, in this case the center is found in a person whom they associate with feelings of nostalgia and family ties.

Resumen En esta investigación se analiza el fenómeno del desplazamiento de turistas a algunos destinos a propósito del filme animado Coco, basado en la tradición de Día de Muertos celebrada en México y las motivaciones de los turistas para desplazarse; de modo que a partir de un enfoque cualitativo, se muestra cómo los visitantes de “Mamá Coco” en Michoacán incurren en patrones de comportamiento explicados por el concepto de peregrinación mediática, pero a diferencia de viajes similares, comúnmente ligados a sitios, en este caso el centro se encuentra en una persona a la que asocian con sentimientos de nostalgia y lazos familiares.

RESUMEN El desarrollo sostenible del turismo y su contribución a la Agenda 2030 debe trascender los efectos económicos de la actividad; no puede limitarse al crecimiento de los ingresos sino mostrar impactos positivos que conduzcan a la satisfacción tanto de los residentes como de los visitantes y lograr un equilibrio ambiental que posicione el destino como referente en los segmentos de demanda. El actual modelo de desarrollo para la aldea de Pingan Yuanjiacun, bajo el título “Hehuang Impression: Conceptual Planning of the Project” reproduce un paradigma que ha tenido éxito en otros contextos rurales chinos, incluso en el propio Pingan; sin embargo, no está exento de observaciones críticas, al considerar que evidencia las debilidades de una gestión y una práctica turística que pueden haber generado diversos beneficios, pero también han distorsionado el paisaje y las mismas culturas tradicionales que dicen salvar, lo que deja mucho que desear en cuanto a innovación turística. En medio del proceso constructivo, se ha olvidado el hecho de que las áreas rurales son un complejo regional integrado por la ecología natural, la cultura social y económica, así como grupos residenciales con variadas normas sociales que se han establecido a lo largo de años, incluso siglos. Estos aspectos deben entenderse adecuadamente con la intención de respetar y salvar la cultura de Pingan. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo presentar las opiniones de visitantes y residentes de Pingan Yuanjiacun Village que permitan evaluar los niveles de satisfacción con el modelo de desarrollo turístico implementado.

ABSTRACT Sustainable development of tourism and its contribution to the 2030 Agenda need transcend the economic effects of the activity, it cannot be limited to the income growth to show positive impacts leading to the satisfaction of residents as well as of visitors and getting an environmental balance that positions the destination as a reference in the segments of demand. The current model of development for Pingan Yuanjiacun village, under the title “Hehuang Impression: Conceptual Planning of the Project” reproduces a paradigm that has been successful in other Chinese rural contexts, even in Pingan itself; nevertheless, it is not exempt from critic observations, considering that it evidences the weaknesses of a touristic management and practice that may have created several benefits, but have also distorted the landscape as well as the very same traditional cultures they claim to be saving which leaves a lot to be desired about the touristic innovation. Amid the constructive process, the fact that rural areas are a regional complex integrated by natural ecology, social and economic culture as well as residential groups with varied social norms that have been established throughout years, even centuries have been forgotten. They need be appropriately understood with the intention of respect and saving “Pingan culture”. The present research aims at presenting the opinions of visitors and residents of Pingan Yuanjiacun Village that allow to evaluate the satisfaction levels with the model of touristic development implemented.

Resumo O pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos (PES) é um mecanismo no qual um consumidor é capaz e está pronto para pagar pela proteção do serviço ecossistêmico preciso e deve haver um provedor, como sociedades locais, que recebe um recurso econômico, que, em troca, deve ter capacidade para manter esse serviço ecossistêmico. A avaliação econômica fornece a base para o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os serviços de turismo e estoque de carbono do território da capital de Islamabad (ICT), Paquistão. Duas zonas florestais (Chirpine e Scrub) do território da capital de Islamabad (ICT) foram selecionadas para estimativa do estoque de carbono e seus créditos de carbono e valor de carbono. Uma pesquisa baseada em questionário foi realizada para turismo como pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos. O método para avaliação do estoque de carbono foi a amostragem sistemática para a floresta de Chirpine, enquanto a amostragem aleatória foi feita para a floresta de cerrado. O tamanho da parcela de amostragem foi de 17,84 m de raio, e um total de 93 parcelas (49 zona Scrub e 44 zona Chirpine) foi considerado na área de estudo. O estoque de carbono de ambas as zonas (zona Chirpine e Scrub) é de 22.556,75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20.105,79, Scrub 2.450,96), e o dióxido de carbono total sequestrado por ambas as zonas é de 82.557,72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73.587,2, Scrub 8.970,52); créditos totais de carbono de ambas as zonas são 302.160,87 (Chirpine 269.328,97, Scrub 32.831,9), e o valor de carbono tanto do Chirpine quanto da zona de scrub é 4.532.418,92 $ (Chirpine 4.039.937,09 $, Scrub 492481,83 $). Da mesma forma, do ponto de vista do turismo, em Shakar Parian 94% dos turistas concordaram com o PES, enquanto 6% discordaram do PES (6% dos turistas não concordaram em contribuir para o PES, 40% concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 5 e 54% para R$ 10). além disso, no Lake View Park, 97% dos turistas concordaram e 3% discordaram (no Lake View Park, 5% dos turistas discordaram da contribuição do PES, enquanto 32% concordaram em R$ 5 e 63% foram em R$ 10). Em Damen e Koh, cerca de 87% dos turistas concordaram e 13% discordaram (24% concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 5 e 63% dos turistas concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 10). No Jardim Zoológico de Marghazar, 93% dos turistas concordaram (22% aceitaram a contribuição de R$ 5 e 71% dos turistas aceitaram contribuir com R$ 10) e 7% discordaram para PES. enquanto 7% turistas não foram acordados para contribuição. O PSA pode ser implementado para compensar o gestor florestal e de parques para garantir uma melhor gestão de florestas e parques. Devido à localização privilegiada e beleza cênica do ICT, possui enorme potencial para implementação de mecanismo de PSA para manejo e conservação florestal sustentável. Portanto, recomenda-se que a autoridade de desenvolvimento da capital (CDA) de Islamabad elabore um plano para implementação de PES em florestas e parques de ICT para sua gestão sustentável de recursos recreativos e florestais.

Abstract Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a mechanism where a consumer is able and ready to pay for the protection of the precise ecosystem service and there must be a provider such as local societies receiving an economic resource, who in return, must have the ability to maintain that ecosystem service. Economic valuation provides basis for payment for ecosystem services. Therefore, objective of this study was to evaluate tourism and carbon stock services of the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan. Two forest zones (Chirpine and Scrub) of Islamabad capital territory (ICT) were selected for estimation of carbon stock and their carbon credits and carbon worth, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted for tourism as a payment for ecosystem services. The method for carbon stock assessment was systematic sampling for Chirpine forest whereas random sampling was done for scrub forest. The size of sampling plot was 17.84 m radius, and a total of 93 plots (49 Scrub zone and 44 Chirpine zone) was taken in the study area. The carbon stock of both zones (Chirpine and Scrub zone) is 22556.75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20105.79, Scrub 2450.96) and total carbon dioxide sequestered by both zone is 82557.72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73587.2, Scrub 8970.52), total carbon credits of both zone is 302160.87 (Chirpine 269328.97, Scrub 32831.9) and the carbon worth of both Chirpine and scrub zone is 4532418.92 $ (Chirpine 4039937.09$, Scrub 492481.83$). Similarly, from tourism point of view, in Shakar Parian, 94% tourists were agreed for PES whereas 6% were disagreed for the PES (the 6% tourist were disagreed to contribute for PES, 40% were agreed for Rs.5 contribution and 54% for Rs.10.). moreover, in Lake view Park, 97% tourists were agreed and 3% are disagreed (In Lake View Park 5% tourists were disagreed for the PES contribution whereas 32% were agreed for Rs.5 and 63% were for Rs.10). In Damen e Koh, around 87% tourist were agreed and 13% were disagreed, (24% were agreed for the contribution of Rs.5 and 63% tourists were agreed for the contribution of Rs.10). In Marghazar Zoo, 93% tourists were agreed (22% were agreed for contribution of Rs.5 and 71% tourist were agreed for contribution of Rs.10) and 7% are disagreed for PES whereas 7% tourists were not agreed for contribution. PES may implement to compensate forest and parks manager to ensure better management of the forests and parks. Due to prime location and scenic beauty of the ICT, it has huge potential for implementation of PES mechanism for sustainable forest management and conservation. Therefore, it is recommended that Capital Development Authority (CDA) Islamabad should devise a plan for implementation of PES in forests and parks of ICT for its sustainable management of recreational and forest resources.

Abstract Although the Internet and e-commerce have contributed positively to the tourism sector, there is not much empirical research on the transformation of distribution channels or that considers the use of the Internet in travel planning as an antecedent of tourist satisfaction and loyalty. This paper aims to test the influence of online distribution channels in trip planning by tourists on their general satisfaction level and their loyalty towards the destination and to differentiate the profile of digital and traditional tourists. Quantitative research techniques are used to analyse the dataset of 1,387 surveys of tourists visiting the province of Burgos, Spain. Among those surveyed, 65% search for information online and 54% book or pay for services online. According to ordinal regression analysis, the use of online channels does not significantly influence the level of satisfaction, but according to binary logistic regression, it does significantly influence loyalty. The findings provide valuable information for developing marketing strategies in tourism organisations and support decision-makers in creating competitive tourism destinations that are resilient to the demographic challenge of depopulation.

Resumen A pesar de que Internet y el comercio electrónico han contribuido positivamente al sector turístico, no existen muchas investigaciones empíricas sobre la transformación de los canales de distribución ni que consideren el uso de Internet en la planificación del viaje como un antecedente de la satisfacción y lealtad del turista. Este trabajo pretende comprobar la influencia de los canales de distribución online en la planificación del viaje de los turistas sobre su nivel de satisfacción global y su lealtad al destino y diferenciar el perfil de los turistas digitales y tradicionales. Se utilizan técnicas de investigación cuantitativa para analizar el conjunto de datos formado por 1.387 encuestas de turistas que visitan la provincia de Burgos, España. Entre los encuestados, el 65% busca información online y el 54% reserva o paga servicios online. Según el análisis de regresión ordinal, el uso de los canales en línea no influye significativamente en el nivel de satisfacción, pero según la regresión logística binaria, influye significativamente en la lealtad. Los resultados proporcionan información valiosa para el desarrollo de estrategias de marketing en las organizaciones turísticas y apoyan a los responsables de la toma de decisiones en la creación de destinos turísticos competitivos resilientes ante el reto demográfico de la despoblación.

Abstract: The aim of the research is to understand how the latent dimensions that make up tourist experiences in the consumption of leisure trips to sun and beach destinations are characterized through the meaning of their multidimensional weave. Observation and content analysis techniques with a small/thick data approach were used to interpret the ways in which tourist experiences are manifested from digital traces in the narratives reconstructed by tourists who visited destination Natal-RN (Brazil) through travel reviews in virtual communities. The empirical study was developed in two stages: 1) the validation of theoretical categories, and 2) their subsequent thematic coding, based on the analysis of 1,450 units, and considering four aspects derived from the phases of the tourist trip (displacement; accommodation; gastronomy and on-site activities). Initially, a predominance of the functional-utilitarian element is observed, associable to perceived quality and, to a lesser extent, to accessibility. However, empirical regularities that support the meaningfulness of other components were identified and analyzed through the following categories: aesthetics; physical-sensory; sociocultural; entertainment; perceived safety; novelty; perceived hospitality; education; escapism; and a transversal emotional dimension.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio es comprender cómo se caracterizan las dimensiones latentes que componen las experiencias turísticas en el consumo de viajes de ocio a destinos de sol y playa a partir de los significados y sentidos de su tejido multidimensional. Se utilizaron técnicas de observación y análisis de contenido con enfoque small/thick data para la interpretación de las formas en que las experiencias turísticas se manifiestan a partir de las huellas digitales en los relatos reconstruidos por turistas que visitaron el destino Natal-RN (Brasil) en reseñas de viajes de comunidades virtuales. El estudio empírico constó de dos etapas: 1) la validación de categorías teóricas, y 2) su posterior codificación temática, a partir del análisis de 1.450 unidades, considerando cuatro aspectos derivados de las fases del viaje turístico (desplazamiento; alojamiento; alimentación y actividades en el destino). Inicialmente, se observa un predominio del elemento funcional-utilitario, asociable a la calidad percibida y, con menor presencia, a la accesibilidad. Sin embargo, se identificaron y analizaron regularidades empíricas que demuestran un rescate de lo significativo a partir de las siguientes dimensiones subyacentes también presentes: estética; físico-sensorial; sociocultural; entretenimiento; seguridad percibida; experiencia novedosa; hospitalidad percibida; educación; escapismo; y una dimensión emocional transversal.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo é entender como se caracterizam as dimensões latentes que compõem as experiências turísticas no consumo de viagens de lazer a destinos de sol e praia desde os significados e sentidos de seu tecido multidimensional. Foram utilizadas técnicas de observação e análise de conteúdo com um enfoque small/thick data para a interpretação dos modos nos quais as experiências turísticas se manifestam a partir de rastros digitais nos relatos reconstruídos por turistas que visitaram o destino Natal-RN (Brasil) em resenhas de viagens de comunidades virtuais. O estudo empírico consistiu em duas etapas: 1) a validação de categorias teóricas, e 2) sua posterior codificação temática, a partir da análise de 1.450 unidades, considerando quatro aspectos derivados das fases da viagem turística (deslocamento; acomodação; alimentação e atividades no destino). Inicialmente se observa uma predominância do elemento funcional-utilitário, associável à qualidade e, com menor presença, à acessibilidade percebidas. Porém, identificaram-se e analisaram-se regularidades empíricas que demonstram um resgate do significativo a partir das seguintes dimensões subjacentes também presentes: estética; físico-sensorial; sociocultural; entretenimento; segurança percebida; experiência inédita; hospitalidade percebida; educação; escapismo; e uma dimensão emocional transversal.

Abstract The Moche district is considered one of the most important tourist places in Peru and the sector of the high Moche countryside is considered the green lung of the Trujillo metropolis, a territory that occupies an important space in the Moche district, where it contains the architectural monument such as the huacas of the sun and the moon, and that in its landscape environment is a palpable reference of the concept of sustainable development; that harmonizes with the economy, social justice and environmental conservation. However, not everything is what it seems, so factors such as the inequity of sustainability, environmental injustice, the influence of the real estate market and the vehicular and pedestrian inaccessibility of the place intervene. This scientific article proposes a land management plan at the scale of farms or rural branches, which must be under the strategies of: comprehensive and systemic, Participatory, flexible, and prospective; This will allow all areas of the high Moche countryside to develop uniformly, allowing vehicular and pedestrian accessibility to promote experiential tourism, ensuring sustainable environmental, social and cultural development of the high Moche countryside. In such a way that the naturalness of the place is preserved and the visitor has a better image of sustainable development. The presence of a considerable influx of tourists has allowed a reduced accessibility for the continuity of a dignified life. In this sense, the characterization and the tendency to changes in land use in the study area, sustain the economic life of the high Moche countryside. Therefore, the management of territorial planning together with accessibility will allow the tourist visitor to fulfill their human expectations that the high Moche countryside offers. From the methodological point of view, the compilation and analysis of the most representative instruments and organizations that have an influence on the land use planning of the high Moche countryside, the specific bibliography, magazines, technical reports and official websites are used. The results will show that the most traditional conceptions of territorial ordering, management and planning management still predominate. Thus, this study will determine a project for a rural territorial ordering plan, in such a way that it allows the development of an experiential tourism in all sectors of the high Moche countryside. It will be regulated with a basic plan of technical normative instruments, with the objective of seeking to improve the quality of life of the population, ensure accessibility for all, and promote the environmental sustainability of Moche and the province of Trujillo.

Resumen El distrito de Moche es considerado como uno de los lugares turísticos más importantes del Perú y el sector de la campiña alta de Moche es considerado como el pulmón verde de la metrópoli de Trujillo, territorio que ocupa un importante espacio en el distrito de Moche, donde contiene al monumento arquitectónico como son las huacas del sol y la luna, y que en su entorno paisajístico es un referente palpable del concepto de desarrollo sustentable; que armoniza con la economía, justicia social y la conservación del medio ambiente. Sin embargo, no todo es lo que parece, por lo que intervienen factores como la inequidad de la sostenibilidad, la injusticia ambiental, la influencia del mercado inmobiliario y la inaccesibilidad vehicular y peatonal al lugar. El presente artículo científico plantea la propuesta de un plan de ordenamiento territorial a escala de predios o ramales rurales, que debe ser bajo las estrategias de: integral y sistémico, Participativo, flexible, y carácter prospectivo; esto permitirá que todas las áreas de la campiña alta de Moche se desarrolle uniformemente, permitiendo una accesibilidad vehicular y peatonal para promocionar un turismo vivencial, asegurando un desarrollo sustentable en lo ambiental, social y cultural de la campiña alta de Moche. De tal manera que se conserve la naturalidad del lugar y el visitante lleve una mejor imagen de un desarrollo sostenible. La presencia de una considerable afluencia de turistas ha permitido una accesibilidad reducida para la continuidad de una vida digna. En tal sentido la caracterización y la tendencia a cambios de usos de suelo en la zona de estudio, sostienen la vida económica de la campiña alta de Moche. Por lo tanto la gestión del ordenamiento territorial conjuntamente con la accesibilidad permitirá que el visitante turista colme sus expectativas humanas que ofrece la campiña alta de Moche. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, se recurre a la recopilación, análisis de aquellos instrumentos y organismos más representativos que tienen influencia en el ordenamiento del territorio de la campiña alta de Moche, la bibliografía específica, revistas, informes técnicos y sitios web oficiales. Los resultados evidenciaran que aún continúan predominando las concepciones más tradicionales de ordenamiento territorial, manejo y gestión de planificación. Es así que este estudio determinará un proyecto de plan de ordenamiento territorial rural, de tal manera permita el desarrollo de un turismo vivencial en todos los sectores de la campiña alta de Moche. Se regulará con un plan básico de instrumentos técnico normativos, con el objetivo de buscar mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, asegurar una accesibilidad para todos, y promover la sustentabilidad ambiental de Moche y la provincia de Trujillo.

Abstract: Weather is a big factor in tourist decisions, and certain places or events aren’t even recommended during dangerously bad weather. It is difficult to provide a better recommendation to a group of tourists in these circumstances. We propose gTravel, a weather assistant framework that predicts weather in specified points of interest for a group of tourists. We demonstrate how prior knowledge of climatic patterns at a POI, as well as prior insights into how visitors rank their destinations in a variety of weather conditions, can help improve choice reliability. According to our findings, the recommendations are significantly more valid, and the recommended remedy is more comfortable.

Resumen En el año 2019, surgió en la ciudad de Wuhan-China, un brote de coronavirus que alarmó al mundo y al cabo de tres meses, causó una pandemia mundial que aún no termina. La mala preparación de los gobiernos para afrontar situaciones de crisis fue criticada por los ciudadanos a nivel mundial. En Ecuador, Guayaquil fue el punto de inicio para los contagios que se propagaron en pocos días. El objetivo general de la investigación estuvo enmarcado en identificar las vulneraciones producidas por el COVID-19 respecto de los derechos a la salud, al trabajo, cultura, educación, habitad y vivienda en Ecuador y Colombia. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cualitativo, y se basó en la revisión bibliográfica y análisis documental. Se presentaron inferencias que devienen del análisis jurídico-documental. Entre las ideas principales de los resultados se pudo acotar que en el caso de Ecuador el deterioro de la salud ha sido, en primer lugar, consecuencia de las medidas económicas del gobierno, que desde el año 2019 ha mostrado reducción en el presupuesto de salud; seguido de los conocidos casos de corrupción en medio de la aguda pandemia; y finalmente que a nivel de la Constitución no fue prevista una crisis sanitaria de este tipo. Los problemas en el derecho al hábitat y a la vivienda digna se dio principalmente en los migrantes, y en los turistas debido al cierre de fronteras. En el derecho al trabajo se apreció una crisis producida por la paralización de empresas. La falta de acceso a la tecnología y al internet fue causa principal de la vulneración al derecho a la educación.

Abstract In the year 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus arose in the city of Wuhan-China, which alarmed the world and after three months, caused a global pandemic that has not yet ended. The poor preparation of governments to face crisis situations was criticized by citizens worldwide. In Ecuador, Guayaquil was the starting point for infections that spread in a few days. The general objective of the investigation was framed in identifying the violations produced by COVID 19 regarding the rights to health, work, culture, education, habitation and housing in Ecuador and Colombia. The study had a qualitative approach, and was based on the bibliographic review and documentary analysis. Inferences that come from the legal-documentary analysis were presented. Among the main ideas of the results, it was possible to delimit that in the case of Ecuador, the deterioration of health has been, first of all, a consequence of the economic measures of the government, which since 2019 has shown a reduction in the health budget; followed by the well-known cases of corruption in the midst of the acute pandemic; and finally, that at the level of the Constitution a health crisis of this type was not foreseen. The problems in the right to habitat and decent housing occurred mainly in migrants, and in tourists due to the closure of borders. In the right to work, a crisis produced by the paralysis of companies was appreciated. The lack of access to technology and the internet was the main cause of the violation of the right to education.

Abstract Building upon existing literature on gay tourism, gay tourist motivation, and homosexuality, this article explores the primary determinants of motivation to travel for gay tourists in a conservative market and their satisfaction with Bali, an Asian and peripheral destination. The study aims to provide valuable insights for destination marketers and stakeholders in Indonesia, enabling them to develop improved marketing strategies tailored to this niche tourism market. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing self-administered questionnaires distributed among gay tourists in Jakarta, Indonesia. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to analyze the experiences of 150 gay domestic tourists in Bali, Indonesia, as a tourist destination. The findings identified escape, experience, and peace as significant factors influencing gay tourists' satisfaction, while friendliness, venue, beach, nightlife, and natural beauty were identified as destination attributes impacting holiday satisfaction. These findings contribute to the existing body of literature on gay tourism, particularly within the Asian context, and provide valuable insights for destination managers and marketers seeking a deeper understanding of this niche market segment.

Resumo Com base na literatura sobre turismo gay, motivação de turistas gays e homossexualidade, este artigo examina os principais determinantes da motivação para viajar de turistas gays num mercado turístico conservador e sua satisfação com o destino de Bali. Os resultados determinaram atributos importantes que podem ser úteis para os profissionais de marketing e stakeholders na Indonésia, a fim de desenvolver estratégias de marketing mais eficientes e obter um melhor conhecimento desse nicho de mercado. Foi utilizada ama abordagem quantitativa a partir de questionários distribuídos entre turistas gays em Jacarta, Indonésia. Análises descritivas e de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizadas para analisar as experiências de 150 turistas gays domésticos na ilha de Bali. Os resultados identificaram escape, experiência e paz como fatores significativos para turistas gays, e amizade, locais, praia, vida noturna e beleza natural como perspectivas de destino que afetam a satisfação com as férias. Os resultados aprimoram o corpo existente de literatura sobre turismo gay, especificamente no contexto asiático, e são úteis para gestores e profissionais de marketing no melhor entendimento desse segmento de mercado de nicho.

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of destination image on the intention to recommend memorable tourism experiences of tourists participating in organized tours. In this context, the relationships between the variables of destination image, memorable tourism experience, tourist satisfaction and intention to recommend were examined in the research process. Quantitative research methods were used in the study. A questionnaire was preferred as the data collection tool. The population of the research consists of individuals living in Türkiye and having previous experience in organized tours. Data were collected from 950 participants using the convenience sampling technique from this universe. It has been revealed that the destination image has a positive effect on tourist satisfaction, memorable tourism experience and intention to recommend. In this context, it can be said that phenomena such as image, satisfaction and experience affect tourists' perceptions of destination image, and this situation increases the probability of destinations being preferred repeatedly. As a result, it can be concluded that factors with high emotional intensity such as memorable tourism experience and tourist satisfaction affect the intention to recommend.

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar o efeito da imagem de destino na intenção de recomendar experiências memoráveis por parte de turistas que participam em tours organizados. Neste contexto, foram examinadas as relações entre as variáveis de imagem de destino, experiência turística memorável, satisfação do turista e intenção de recomendar. Foram utilizados métodos de pesquisa quantitativa, sendo um questionário a ferramenta escolhida para a recolha dos dados. A população da pesquisa consiste em indivíduos que residem na Turquia e possuem experiência prévia em tours organizados. Os dados foram coletados de 950 participantes utilizando a técnica de amostragem por conveniência. Foi constatado que a imagem de destino tem um efeito positivo na satisfação do turista, na experiência turística memorável e na intenção de recomendar. Neste contexto, pode-se afirmar que fenómenos como imagem, satisfação e experiência afetam as perceções dos turistas em relação à imagem de destino, aumentando a probabilidade de os destinos serem escolhidos repetidamente. Como resultado, pode-se concluir que fatores com alta intensidade emocional, como a experiência turística memorável e a satisfação do turista, afetam a intenção de recomendar.

Culture and heritage contribute to South Africa S competitiveness as a tourism destination. By focusing on South Africa's cultural diversity as a unique competitive factor, more tourists can be reached, thereby increasing the impact of South Africa's attraction as a tourist destination. However, cultural tourism is challenging to manage because cultural attractions vary in popularity and attract different types of tourists who want to experience culture differently. Although research has already been done in South Africa to promote cultural tourism, a gap in the literature still needs to be bridged. There is a particular gap in the literature on Afrikaner culture tourism. This study intended to determine which cultural elements attract tourists to Afrikaner cultural attractions. Cultural elements can be depicted and presented at a cultural attraction to give a better understanding of the culture in question. Cultural elements can be evaluated according to the importance of the element within the culture and what contribution the element makes to the cultural attraction. Cultural elements can be divided between tangible and non-tangible cultural elements. Tangible cultural elements can be moving or static but can be physically touched, such as, for example, monuments and clothing. Non-tangible cultural elements cannot be handled but transmit cultures, such as music and language. This study aimed to perform an empirical analysis to determine which cultural elements should be presented at an Afrikaner cultural attraction in South Africa. The empirical study consisted of an exploratory research design. It was executed by employing the qualitative method, involving 15 research participants who were followers of six Afrikaner cultural attractions on Facebook websites. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to put questions to the research participants. The interview schedule comprised mainly open-ended questions on demographic information, Afrikaner cultural elements and creative principles of tourism. The results were captured via voice recordings, transcribed into Word and categorised in themes and sub-themes according to Creswell's six data analysis steps. With regard to the demographic profile, most participants were men, with an average age of 44. A high level of education was evident in the respondents. It was clear from the results that the 15 participants visited Afrikaner cultural attractions many times, while 80% of the participants recently visited the Voortrekker Monument. Orania is the most popular Afrikaner cultural attraction for the participants. From participants' answers, the term "cultural elements" can be seen as shared cultural goods with which individuals within a culture can relate and give meaning to the culture because it is essential and unique. The study filled a gap by determining that tourists want to experience the following cultural elements at an Afrikaner cultural attraction: history, language, music and dance, food, traditional way of life, faith, monuments, traditions, traditional clothing, cultural festivals, handicrafts, artefacts and archaeological remains, cultural values, art, heroes, architecture and traditional houses. Furthermore, the researchers determined the five most important Afrikaner cultural elements: history, language, music and dance, food and the traditional way of life. Within the history-culture element, tourists want to learn about Afrikaner history, from the European heritage to today, the Great Trek and how Afrikaners stand together, and the wars and battlefields of Afrikaner history. The language-culture element's presentation must teach tourists about the origins of Afrikaans; specific Afrikaans words, and Afrikaans literature and drama. The Music and Dance cultural element of the Afrikaner culture must focus on folk plays and folk songs and present contemporary "sokkie" and Afrikaans music for tourists. During their experience of the Afrikaner food culture element, tourists want to learn about traditional foods and ways of food preparation, such as biltong, chutney, koeksisters, bobotie and barbecued meat. According to the participants, the traditional way of life of the Afrikaner must, for tourists, showcase the social and community life, such as storytelling and togetherness around meals, as well as the outdoor life, such as farming activities. The study's recommendations are aimed at marketers and managers of existing or prospective Afrikaner cultural attractions, academics, and the general public, focusing on Afrikaner cultural tourism. The study filled a gap by determining the most important Afrikaner cultural elements for tourists to experience at an Afrikaner cultural attraction. The literature contribution can also be valuable in practice because it is the first study to offer guidelines as to which Afrikaner cultural elements should be the focus of destination and attraction managers and marketers. The study also recommends that cultural attractions use technology to attract and retain a younger market. It is also essential that attractions make a more significant investment in the training of their staff, seeing that the successful presentation of especially the non-tangible elements is largely linked to the quality training of staff. The study also emphasises that combining cultural and food experiences can give an attraction a competitive advantage. Furthermore, the study's contribution does not have to be limited to Afrikaner culture because unique cultural elements also exist within every other cultural context.

Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal watter kultuurelemente by 'n Afrikanerkultuur-besienswaardigheid in Suid-Afrika aangebied moet word. Die empiriese studie het 'n verkennende navorsingsontwerp gevolg en is uitgevoer deur die kwalitatiewe metode te volg, met 15 navorsingsdeelnemers. 'n Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoudskedule is gebruik om vrae aan die navorsingsdeelnemers te stel. Die onderhoudskedule het hoofsaaklik bestaan uit oop-einde vrae en het verband gehou met demografiese inligting, Afrikaner-kultuurelemente en kreatiewe beginsels van toerisme. Die resultate het getoon dat die navorsingsdeelnemers se belangrikste Afrikaner-kultuurelemente die volgende is: geskiedenis, taal, musiek en dans, kos en tradisionele leefwyse. Die aanbevelings van die studie is gemik op bemarkers en bestuurders van bestaande of voornemende Mrikanerkultuur-besienswaardighede, akademici en die algemene publiek, met 'n fokus op Afrikanerkultuurtoerisme.

Resumen: Las bebidas de plantas medicinales que se venden en las calles del Perú, constituyen alimentos nutracéuticos tradicionales, poco estudiados. Se evaluaron los cambios y los factores socioeconómicos asociados a estos cambios, en las bebidas que se expenden en la ciudad de Cajamarca (Perú), entre 2004 y 2018. Se aplicaron encuestas, entrevistas, observación directa y observación participativa. El número de bebidas ofertadas varió de 6 a 12. Salió del mercado la carreta de “maca” (Lepidium meyeniiWalp.) y entró la de jugo de “caña de azúcar” (Saccharum officinarumL.). El número de carretas se incrementó en 84% y la de jugo de “naranja” (Citrus sinensis(L.) Osbeck) se convirtió en la más importante. Las especies medicinales usadas disminuyeron en 26%, con exclusiones, inclusiones y nuevas combinaciones y, fueron recomendadas para nueve tipos de afecciones. La demanda general creció en 251%. Los factores más importantes asociados a los cambios fueron el crecimiento de la población flotante (universitarios, trabajadores mineros y turistas) y la relevancia o “boom” de la gastronomía peruana. Las bebidas lograron posicionarse y crecer, mediante diversificación y mejoras. Esta investigación aporta información sobre la dinámica de las bebidas y las plantas usadas y tiene carácter histórico para la ciudad de Cajamarca y el Perú.

Summary: Medicinal plant beverages sold in the streets of Peru constitute traditional nutraceutical foods, that are little studied. Changes and the socioeconomic factors associated with these changes, in the beverages sold in the city of Cajamarca (Peru), were evaluated between 2004 and 2018. Methods included surveys, interviews, direct observation and participatory observation. The number of beverages offered ranged from 6 to 12. The “maca” (Lepidium meyeniiWalp.) cart left the market, and the “sugar cane” (Saccharum officinarumL.) juice cart entered. The number of carts increased by 84%, and “orange” (Citrus sinensis(L.) Osbeck) juice became the most important. Medicinal species decreased by 26%, with exclusions, inclusions and new combinations, and were recommended for nine types of conditions. Overall demand grew by 251%. The most important factors associated to changes were the growth of the floating population (university students, mining workers, tourists and travelers) and the relevance or “boom” of Peruvian gastronomy. Beverages were able to position themselves in the market and grow through diversification and improvements. This research provides information on dynamics of the beverages and the plants used and has a historical character for the city of Cajamarca and Peru.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la evolución del turismo médico en la etapa de crisis de COVID-19, que paralizó a la mayoría de destinos, así como el impacto de la pandemia en los traslados de turistas que viajan por motivos médicos. Se enfatiza la recuperación de un destino altamente competitivo y bien posicionado entre la población de Estados Unidos, la ciudad de Tijuana en la frontera con San Diego, California, comparándolo con otros destinos, uno nacional (Cancún, Quintana Roo -México-) y el otro internacional (Tailandia). Con base en datos de INEGI-Banxico sobre viajeros internacionales en 2019, 2020 y 2021, cifras de la Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT) y entrevistas a proveedores y dirigentes de clústers médicos, se encontró que, ante el cierre en otras regiones, residentes de varias ciudades estadounidenses alejadas de la frontera con México e incluso de países distantes, de Asia, Medio Oriente y Europa, optaron por México para realizarse tratamientos médicos.

Abstract This article reviews the evolution of medical tourism during the COVID-19 crisis, which paralyzed most of the destination cities, as well as the pandemic’s impact on tourists who travelled for medical reasons. The author emphasizes the recovery of a highly competitive destination, well-positioned among U.S. Americans, Tijuana, on the border with San Diego, California, compared to other destinations, one national (Cancún), and the other international (Thailand). Using data from the INEGI-Banxico about international travelers in 2019, 2020, and 2021, statistics from the World Tourism Organization, and interviews with suppliers and leaders of medical clusters, she found that, as other regions closed down, residents from different U.S. cities far from the Mexican border, and even some from distant countries in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, opted to come to Mexico for medical treatments.

Abstract: The official data regarding the development of the tourist activity shows its importance and reflexes on the economy and social well-being. However, the question is whether the countries are properly prepared to meet all tourism demands with equality, which is why the needs of people with disabilities or reduced mobility are addressed in this study. Accessibility in accommodation facilities is an essential factor, whether by seeking to understand ways to eliminate barriers and/or how to develop an environment that is conducive to tourism activity. Thus, the research aims to analyze the valuation of accessibility in the choice of the accommodation and aspects that may influence the loyalty of the tourist with disabilities or with reduced mobility (TwDMr). The study is characterized as applied descriptive, with a bibliographic survey and the use of a questionnaire with both open and closed questions. It collected results from 995 respondents, serving as a basis for quali-quanti analyses. The results establish that having access to tourist activities positively influences people's quality of life; the importance of accessibility in the purchase of a tourism product or service was proven, highlighting the accessibility of the means of accommodation as the most important element in the TwDMr's choice of tourist destination. It was concluded that meeting the accessibility requirements in the means of accommodation influences the choice of tourist destination, generating value to the enterprise, leading to loyalty, and, as a result, the TwDMr tend to be more loyal when their needs are adequately met.

Resumen: Los datos oficiales sobre el desarrollo de la actividad turística muestran su importancia y reflejos en la economía y el bienestar social. Sin embargo, la pregunta es si los países están debidamente preparados para atender con igualdad todas las demandas turísticas, por lo que en este estudio se abordan las necesidades de las personas con discapacidad o movilidad reducida. La accesibilidad en las instalaciones de alojamiento es un factor esencial, ya sea buscando comprender formas de eliminar barreras y/o cómo desarrollar un entorno propicio para la actividad turística. Así, la investigación pretende analizar la valoración de la accesibilidad en la elección del alojamiento y los aspectos que pueden influir en la fidelización del turista con discapacidad o con movilidad reducida (TwDMr). El estudio se caracteriza por ser descriptivo aplicado, con levantamiento bibliográfico y el uso de un cuestionario con preguntas tanto abiertas como cerradas. Recopiló resultados de 995 encuestados, sirviendo como base para análisis cuali-cuantitativos. Los resultados establecen que tener acceso a actividades turísticas influye positivamente en la calidad de vida de las personas; Se comprobó la importancia de la accesibilidad en la compra de un producto o servicio turístico, destacando la accesibilidad del medio de alojamiento como el elemento más importante en la elección del destino turístico por parte de la TwDMr. Se concluyó que el cumplimiento de los requisitos de accesibilidad en los medios de alojamiento influye en la elección del destino turístico, generando valor al emprendimiento, generando fidelización, por lo que las TwDMr tienden a ser más leales cuando sus necesidades son satisfechas adecuadamente.

Resumo: Os dados oficiais a respeito do desenvolvimento da atividade turística demonstram a sua importância e reflexos na economia e bem-estar social. Entretanto, o que se questiona é se os países estão devidamente preparados para atender com igualdade a todas as demandas turísticas, motivo pelo qual as necessidades de pessoas com deficiência ou com mobilidade reduzida são abordadas no estudo. A acessibilidade no meio de hospedagem é um fator essencial, seja buscando compreender formas de eliminar barreiras e/ou como desenvolver um ambiente que propicie a atividade turística. Com isso, a pesquisa objetiva analisar a valoração da acessibilidade na escolha do meio de hospedagem e aspectos que podem influenciar na lealdade do turista com deficiência ou com mobilidade reduzida (TwDMr). O estudo é caracterizado como descritivo aplicado, com levantamento bibliográfico e uso de questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Coletou resultados de 995 respondentes, servindo de base para as análises quali-quanti. Os resultados estabelecem que ter acesso a atividades turísticas influencia positivamente na qualidade de vida das pessoas; comprovou-se a importância da acessibilidade na aquisição de um produto ou serviço turístico, salientando a acessibilidade aos meios de hospedagem como elemento mais importante na escolha do destino turístico pelo TwDMr. Conclui-se que atender aos requisitos de acessibilidade no meio de hospedagem tem a capacidade de influenciar na escolha do destino turístico, gerando valor ao empreendimento, conduzindo a lealdade, e, como resultado, os TwDMr tendem a ser mais fiéis quando são adequadamente assistidos em suas necessidades.