RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las relaciones entre la evaluación que los clientes realizan de la responsabilidad social empresarial de restaurantes en una zona de alta atracción turística de Lima, Perú, y el valor de marca que les atribuyen a esos restaurantes. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo, de alcance correlacional y con enfoque transversal. La recogida de datos se realizó a través de dos encuestas, una para la responsabilidad social empresarial y otra para el valor de marca. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio a 417 clientes de 20 restaurantes en la ciudad de Lima, lo que constituyó la muestra. Resultados: Se observaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas, positivas y moderadas entre la responsabilidad social empresarial y el valor de marca percibidos por los clientes. Conclusiones: La importancia y el peso que posee el sector de la restauración en la economía peruana demandan un tránsito de este sector hacia enfoques de gestión sostenible, que pueden materializarse a través de las prácticas de responsabilidad social empresarial. La sostenibilidad de esas prácticas por parte de las empresas de restauración es posible, si las inversiones realizadas para generar mayor beneficio económico, social y ambiental para la sociedad se revierten en el incremento del activo intangible valor de marca. Las correlaciones positivas y moderadas entre la responsabilidad social empresarial y el valor en restaurantes, indican que cualquier acción intencionada de mejora en uno de estos aspectos se verá reforzada y favorecida si se diseña considerando el constructo alternativo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the relationships between customers' evaluation of the corporate social responsibility of restaurants in an area of high tourist attraction in Lima, Peru, and the brand value they attribute to those restaurants. Materials and methods: A descriptive quantitative study was carried out, with a correlational scope and a transversal approach. Data collection was carried out through two surveys, one for corporate social responsibility and one for brand value. The sample was obtained through a random sampling of 417 customers from 20 restaurants in the city of Lima. Results: Statistically significant, positive and moderate correlations were observed between corporate social responsibility and brand value perceived by customers. Conclusions: The importance and weight of the restaurant sector in the Peruvian economy demand a transition of this sector towards sustainable management approaches, which can be materialized through corporate social responsibility practices. The sustainability of these practices by restaurant companies is possible if the investments made to generate greater economic, social and environmental benefits for society are reverted to an increase in the intangible asset of brand value. The positive and moderate correlations between corporate social responsibility and brand value in restaurants indicate that any intentional action to improve one of these aspects will be reinforced and favored if it is designed considering the alternative construct.

Abstract Timor-Leste is a country with a rich natural and cultural heritage, with great potential to develop tourism to support the country's economic development. The touristic infrastructures are deficient and the touristic attributes are deficient, so the number of visitors is relatively small. The question that arises is “How to overcome these limitations to the development of the tourism sector?”. This study sought to identify the motivations and expectations of visitors as well as their satisfaction with the Timor-Leste destination. For its implementation, primary data were collected through a questionnaire survey among visitors to Timor-Leste. The study concluded that most of the interviewees, visitors, came from Australia, followed by Portugal and that the purpose of the trip was mostly professional. The attributes constituted by the climate, tranquillity and hospitality were valued in a satisfactory or very satisfactory way by the visitors; in the group regarding direct usufruct, satisfaction and a lot of satisfaction were always superior to dissatisfaction, although with some warning signs in dissatisfaction; in prices charged, the degree of dissatisfaction was around 40%, and the quality of the infrastructures showed the greatest signs of dissatisfaction on the part of visitors. The proposals for improvement and recommendations were: not leaving litter on the beaches, improving sanitation, road conditions, tourist information and guides, accommodation and ecotourism conditions, public transport in Dili and in the Districts, entertainment, tourist attraction and traditional gastronomy.

Resumo Timor-Leste é um país com um rico património natural e cultural, com grande potencial para desenvolver o turismo para suportar o desenvolvimento económico do país. As infraestruturas turísticas são modestas e os atributos turísticos deficientes, pelo que o número de visitantes é relativamente pequeno. A questão que se coloca é “Como ultrapassar estas limitações ao desenvolvimento do setor do turismo”. Este estudo procurou identificar as motivações e expetativas dos visitantes assim como a sua satisfação com o destino Timor-Leste. Para a sua concretização, foram recolhidos dados primários através de inquérito por questionários junto de visitantes de Timor-Leste. O trabalho concluiu que a maioria dos entrevistados, visitantes, era proveniente d Austrália, logo seguida de Portuga e que a finalidade da viagem era maioritariamente profissional. Os atributos constituídos pelo clima, tranquilidade e hospitalidade foram valorizados de forma satisfatória ou muito satisfatória pelos visitantes; nos do grupo respeitante ao usufruto direto, a satisfação e a muita satisfação foram sempre superiores à insatisfação embora com alguns sinais de alerta na insatisfação, nos preços praticados, o grau de insatisfação rondou os 40%, e na qualidade das infraestruturas verificaram-se os maiores sinais de insatisfação por parte dos visitantes. As propostas de melhoria e recomendações foram: não deixar lixo nas praias, melhoria do saneamento, condições das estradas, informações e guias turísticos, condições de alojamento e de ecoturismo, transportes públicos em Díli e nos Distritos, animação, atração turística e gastronomia tradicional.

Abstract Building upon existing literature on gay tourism, gay tourist motivation, and homosexuality, this article explores the primary determinants of motivation to travel for gay tourists in a conservative market and their satisfaction with Bali, an Asian and peripheral destination. The study aims to provide valuable insights for destination marketers and stakeholders in Indonesia, enabling them to develop improved marketing strategies tailored to this niche tourism market. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing self-administered questionnaires distributed among gay tourists in Jakarta, Indonesia. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to analyze the experiences of 150 gay domestic tourists in Bali, Indonesia, as a tourist destination. The findings identified escape, experience, and peace as significant factors influencing gay tourists' satisfaction, while friendliness, venue, beach, nightlife, and natural beauty were identified as destination attributes impacting holiday satisfaction. These findings contribute to the existing body of literature on gay tourism, particularly within the Asian context, and provide valuable insights for destination managers and marketers seeking a deeper understanding of this niche market segment.

Resumo Com base na literatura sobre turismo gay, motivação de turistas gays e homossexualidade, este artigo examina os principais determinantes da motivação para viajar de turistas gays num mercado turístico conservador e sua satisfação com o destino de Bali. Os resultados determinaram atributos importantes que podem ser úteis para os profissionais de marketing e stakeholders na Indonésia, a fim de desenvolver estratégias de marketing mais eficientes e obter um melhor conhecimento desse nicho de mercado. Foi utilizada ama abordagem quantitativa a partir de questionários distribuídos entre turistas gays em Jacarta, Indonésia. Análises descritivas e de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizadas para analisar as experiências de 150 turistas gays domésticos na ilha de Bali. Os resultados identificaram escape, experiência e paz como fatores significativos para turistas gays, e amizade, locais, praia, vida noturna e beleza natural como perspectivas de destino que afetam a satisfação com as férias. Os resultados aprimoram o corpo existente de literatura sobre turismo gay, especificamente no contexto asiático, e são úteis para gestores e profissionais de marketing no melhor entendimento desse segmento de mercado de nicho.

Abstract This study describes the process of developing a typical dish for a slow city, using the lens of co-creation and coproduction. The slow movement argues that appreciation of local cuisine increases through events and developing slow food practices. Participant observation and interviews with actors involved in the development process revealed the symbolic components used to enhance the cultural heritage of Vizela, Portugal as a slow city. The research shows that the slow city initiative has gradually provided the basis for a gastronomic attraction to support tourist development. The development of a typical dish for the city was found to aid the recovery and revalorization of local knowledge, while the support of gastronomic culture by the local authority and community participation helped to strengthen regional identity and to develop an attractive and sustainable tourist offer. Thus, this study revealed the importance of residents in this development process as well as showed requirements that may support the rescue and cocreation of typical dishes for tourism.

Resumo Este estudo descreve o processo de desenvolvimento de um prato típico de uma cidade (slow city), sob a ótica da cocriação e da coprodução. O movimento slow defende que a valorização da culinária local pode ser ampliada por meio de eventos e do desenvolvimento de práticas slow food. A observação participante e as entrevistas com atores envolvidos no processo de desenvolvimento revelaram componentes simbólicos usados para valorizar o patrimônio cultural de Vizela, Portugal enquanto cidade slow. A pesquisa mostra que a iniciativa da cidade slow tem, gradativamente, fornecido as bases para uma atração gastronômica para apoiar o desenvolvimento turístico. O desenvolvimento de um prato típico da cidade contribuiu para o resgate e a valorização de saberes locais, enquanto a valorização da cultura gastronômica pelo poder local e participação da comunidade ajudaram no fortalecimento da identidade regional compondo a oferta turística com atratividade e sustentabilidade. Assim, revelou-se a importância dos moradores neste processo de desenvolvimento, bem como de requisitos para o resgate e a cocriação de pratos típicos para o turismo.

Culture and heritage contribute to South Africa S competitiveness as a tourism destination. By focusing on South Africa's cultural diversity as a unique competitive factor, more tourists can be reached, thereby increasing the impact of South Africa's attraction as a tourist destination. However, cultural tourism is challenging to manage because cultural attractions vary in popularity and attract different types of tourists who want to experience culture differently. Although research has already been done in South Africa to promote cultural tourism, a gap in the literature still needs to be bridged. There is a particular gap in the literature on Afrikaner culture tourism. This study intended to determine which cultural elements attract tourists to Afrikaner cultural attractions. Cultural elements can be depicted and presented at a cultural attraction to give a better understanding of the culture in question. Cultural elements can be evaluated according to the importance of the element within the culture and what contribution the element makes to the cultural attraction. Cultural elements can be divided between tangible and non-tangible cultural elements. Tangible cultural elements can be moving or static but can be physically touched, such as, for example, monuments and clothing. Non-tangible cultural elements cannot be handled but transmit cultures, such as music and language. This study aimed to perform an empirical analysis to determine which cultural elements should be presented at an Afrikaner cultural attraction in South Africa. The empirical study consisted of an exploratory research design. It was executed by employing the qualitative method, involving 15 research participants who were followers of six Afrikaner cultural attractions on Facebook websites. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to put questions to the research participants. The interview schedule comprised mainly open-ended questions on demographic information, Afrikaner cultural elements and creative principles of tourism. The results were captured via voice recordings, transcribed into Word and categorised in themes and sub-themes according to Creswell's six data analysis steps. With regard to the demographic profile, most participants were men, with an average age of 44. A high level of education was evident in the respondents. It was clear from the results that the 15 participants visited Afrikaner cultural attractions many times, while 80% of the participants recently visited the Voortrekker Monument. Orania is the most popular Afrikaner cultural attraction for the participants. From participants' answers, the term "cultural elements" can be seen as shared cultural goods with which individuals within a culture can relate and give meaning to the culture because it is essential and unique. The study filled a gap by determining that tourists want to experience the following cultural elements at an Afrikaner cultural attraction: history, language, music and dance, food, traditional way of life, faith, monuments, traditions, traditional clothing, cultural festivals, handicrafts, artefacts and archaeological remains, cultural values, art, heroes, architecture and traditional houses. Furthermore, the researchers determined the five most important Afrikaner cultural elements: history, language, music and dance, food and the traditional way of life. Within the history-culture element, tourists want to learn about Afrikaner history, from the European heritage to today, the Great Trek and how Afrikaners stand together, and the wars and battlefields of Afrikaner history. The language-culture element's presentation must teach tourists about the origins of Afrikaans; specific Afrikaans words, and Afrikaans literature and drama. The Music and Dance cultural element of the Afrikaner culture must focus on folk plays and folk songs and present contemporary "sokkie" and Afrikaans music for tourists. During their experience of the Afrikaner food culture element, tourists want to learn about traditional foods and ways of food preparation, such as biltong, chutney, koeksisters, bobotie and barbecued meat. According to the participants, the traditional way of life of the Afrikaner must, for tourists, showcase the social and community life, such as storytelling and togetherness around meals, as well as the outdoor life, such as farming activities. The study's recommendations are aimed at marketers and managers of existing or prospective Afrikaner cultural attractions, academics, and the general public, focusing on Afrikaner cultural tourism. The study filled a gap by determining the most important Afrikaner cultural elements for tourists to experience at an Afrikaner cultural attraction. The literature contribution can also be valuable in practice because it is the first study to offer guidelines as to which Afrikaner cultural elements should be the focus of destination and attraction managers and marketers. The study also recommends that cultural attractions use technology to attract and retain a younger market. It is also essential that attractions make a more significant investment in the training of their staff, seeing that the successful presentation of especially the non-tangible elements is largely linked to the quality training of staff. The study also emphasises that combining cultural and food experiences can give an attraction a competitive advantage. Furthermore, the study's contribution does not have to be limited to Afrikaner culture because unique cultural elements also exist within every other cultural context.

Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal watter kultuurelemente by 'n Afrikanerkultuur-besienswaardigheid in Suid-Afrika aangebied moet word. Die empiriese studie het 'n verkennende navorsingsontwerp gevolg en is uitgevoer deur die kwalitatiewe metode te volg, met 15 navorsingsdeelnemers. 'n Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoudskedule is gebruik om vrae aan die navorsingsdeelnemers te stel. Die onderhoudskedule het hoofsaaklik bestaan uit oop-einde vrae en het verband gehou met demografiese inligting, Afrikaner-kultuurelemente en kreatiewe beginsels van toerisme. Die resultate het getoon dat die navorsingsdeelnemers se belangrikste Afrikaner-kultuurelemente die volgende is: geskiedenis, taal, musiek en dans, kos en tradisionele leefwyse. Die aanbevelings van die studie is gemik op bemarkers en bestuurders van bestaande of voornemende Mrikanerkultuur-besienswaardighede, akademici en die algemene publiek, met 'n fokus op Afrikanerkultuurtoerisme.

Abstract: Adequate land use planning is one of the problems facing the future cities. Although this situation affects any population settlement, it should be highlighted the trend recorded in large cities, because they have become the main demographic attraction pole over the last decades. For quantifying and determining the evolution of different urban models developed in the Mediterranean coast of southeastern Spain, the study has developed a series of territorial indicators based on cadastral cartography. In addition, these have been related to certain socioeconomic variables with the intention of establishing the corresponding predictive models able to explain the urban patterns followed. As a result, it has been shown that construction booms, tourist immigration, land uses and municipal surface have been the most influential agents on the current urban dispersion ratios.

Resumen: La adecuada ordenación territorial es uno de los problemas a los que se enfrentan las ciudades del futuro. Aunque esta situación afecta a cualquier asentamiento poblacional, debe prestarse especial atención a las dinámicas registradas en las grandes urbes pues, durante las últimas décadas, se han convertido en los principales polos de atracción demográfica. Con la intención de cuantificar y catalogar la evolución de los distintos modelos urbanísticos presentes en el litoral mediterráneo del sureste español, el estudio ha desarrollado una serie de indicadores territoriales en base a la cartografía catastral. Además, los mismos han sido relacionados con determinadas variables socioeconómi cas con la intención de establecer los correspondientes modelos predictivos capaces de explicar la dinámica seguida. Como resultado, se ha comprobado como los booms constructivos, la inmigración turística, la catalogación del suelo y la superficie municipal han sido los agentes más influyentes sobre las actuales ratios de dispersión urbanística.

ORIENTATION: The South African Tourism Act of 2014 on improving the level of tourist attraction for sustainable development in South Africa has been promulgated to ensure quality tourism products and improve the growth and development of the tourism sector and ensure sustainable revenue generation. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This article investigates the dynamic impact of institutional quality, foreign direct investment and international trade on tourism inflows in South Africa from 1996 to 2019. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The study examines the impact of institutional quality, foreign direct investment and international trade on tourism inflow in South Africa. Investigations on the relationship between institutional quality and tourism are limited and filled with disparities. The study also adopted different measures to view institutional quality. South Africa is to benefit from this empirical investigation. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: World Bank Indicators were used as the main data source. Variables used for the analysis of the multivariate framework include international tourism receipts as a percentage of total exports, foreign direct investment, as a percentage of GDP, net inflow of investment, international trade, a combination of imports and exports gross domestic product, and political stability. MAIN FINDINGS: The bound testing approach found cointegration among these variables. This study found a positive relationship between tourism inflow and international trade and between tourism inflows and regulatory quality, both in the short- and long-term. Unidirectional causality running from regulatory quality to tourism inflow in South Africa was also established. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Government should ensure good institutional qualities that will attract tourism to enhance international trade and economic growth in the long term. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The result indicated that good regulatory quality improves attracting of tourists in South Africa. The volume of tourism inflows will assist in economic growth and increase foreign direct investments and other forms of international trade.

Abstract The Yarinacocha lake is an emblematic ecosystem of the Peruvian Amazon, representing the main point of fish landing and a tourist attraction in the city of Pucallpa. The wide fauna diversity in this area has made it the target of various studies, although for fish species most of them were focused on commercial species. In this work, we carried out the first ichthyofauna species inventory of the Yarinacocha lake, sampling throughout the entire lake during the rainy and dry seasons and considering also all previously recorded species deposited in the Ichthyological Collection of the MUSM with the same locality. A total of 164 fish species were recorded, representing 10 orders (plus Eupercaria), 34 families and 116 genera. Characiformes was the order with more species (68 spp., 41.5%) followed by Siluriformes (59 spp., 36%), Cichliformes (17 spp., 10.5%), and Gymnotiformes (8 spp., 4.9%). The most highly represented families, including almost 55.5% of the total diversity obtained, were Characidae (23 spp., 14%), followed by Cichlidae (17 spp., 10.4%), Loricariidae (14 spp., 8.5%), Pimelodidae (13 spp., 7.9%), Doradidae (13 spp., 7.4%) and Anostomidae (12 spp., 7.3%). From the total fish species recorded in this study, only 22 are considered protected species following the IUCN criteria and 109 species have commercial importance, including 90 ornamental species (54.8%). Our results contribute to the knowledge of the ichthyofauna of the Yarinacocha lake and can be used as a starting point for its conservation and sustainable management over time.

Resumo O lago Yarinacocha é um ecossistema emblemático da Amazônia peruana, representando o principal ponto de desembarque de peixes e também uma atração turística da cidade de Pucallpa. A grande diversidade faunística nesta área a tornou alvo de vários estudos, embora para as espécies de peixes a maioria deles tenha sido focada em espécies comerciais. Neste trabalho, realizamos o primeiro inventário da ictiofauna do lago Yarinacocha, amostrando todo o lago durante as estações chuvosa e seca, e também considerando todas as espécies depositadas na Coleção Ictiológica do MUSM dessa localidade. Um total de 164 espécies de peixes foram registradas, representando 10 ordens (mais Eupercaria), 34 famílias e 116 gêneros. Characiformes foi a ordem com mais espécies (68 espécies, 41,5%), seguida por Siluriformes (59 espécies, 36%), Cichliformes (17 espécies, 10,5%) e Gymnotiformes (8 espécies, 4,9%). As famílias mais representadas, incluindo quase 55,5% da diversidade total obtida, foram Characidae (23 spp., 14%), seguido por Cichlidae (17 spp., 10,4%), Loricariidae (14 spp., 8,5%), Pimelodidae (13 spp., 7,9%), Doradidae (13 spp., 7,4%) e Anostomidae (12 spp., 7,3%). Do total de espécies de peixes registradas neste estudo, apenas 22 são consideradas espécies protegidas seguindo os critérios da IUCN e 109 espécies têm importância comercial, incluindo 90 espécies ornamentais (54,8%). Nossos resultados contribuem para o conhecimento da ictiofauna do lago Yarinacocha e podem ser utilizados como ponto de partida para sua conservação e manejo sustentável ao longo do tempo.

Abstract The Bacalar Lagoon (BL) in Quintana Roo, Mexico; is an area of high interest due to its tourist potential. However, the changes in landuse patterns, urbanization, extensive cattle ranching and rapidly expanding agriculture, have generated negative impacts on areas of adjacent plan communities and wildlife habitats. The objective of this study has to evaluate the level of vegetation conservation in the southern portion of the BL through the avifauna present in sites with contrasting degrees of conservation. Additionally, change “and their habitat preference(s) in the different communities” to and their habitat use preferences in the different communities. To evaluate the level of conservation of the BL, field visits and botanical collections were carried out to identify species. For the counting and identification of birds, monthly surveys were made through coastal tours along the cenote Xul-ha in 2.5 km transects. Four transects were established: two for sites characterized as semi-conserved and two with disturbed sites. A total richness of 40 taxa was observed, which corresponds to 8.1% of the Quintana Roo avifauna and 32% to wetland birds (125 species). The species accumulation curves indicated that semi-conserved and disturbed sites tend to reach asymptotes and with a coverage percentage greater than 90%. In terms of diversity and community structure, no significant differences were observed. However, the semi-conserved and disturbed sites each have 11 unique species and share 18 species. The LB has an intermediate diversity of bird species compared to studies at the Mexican level, the habitat is important for the conservation of birdlife; as it functions as a reservoir of diversity. Strategies has been suggested that promote sustainable tourism, support the restoration of natural vegetation; and facilitate the economic development of the region.

Resumo A Lagoa Bacalar (BL) em Quintana Roo, México, é uma zona de grande interesse devido ao seu potencial turístico. No entanto, as mudanças nos padrões de uso da terra, urbanização, pecuária extensiva e agricultura em rápida expansão geraram impactos negativos nas áreas das comunidades adjacentes do plano e nos habitats da vida selvagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o nível de conservação da vegetação na porção sul da BL através da avifauna presente em locais com graus de conservação contrastantes. Além disso, alterar sua(s) preferência(s) de habitat nas diferentes comunidades. Para avaliar o nível de conservação da LB foram realizadas visitas de campo e coletas botânicas para identificação de espécies. Para a contagem e identificação das aves foram realizados levantamentos mensais através de passeios costeiros ao longo do cenote Xul-ha em transectos de 2,5 km. Foram estabelecidos quatro transectos: 2 para locais caracterizados como semiconservados e 2 para locais perturbados. Uma riqueza total de 40 táxons foi observada, o que corresponde a 8,1% da avifauna de Quintana Roo e 32% de aves pantanosas (125 espécies). As curvas de acumulação de espécies indicaram que locais semiconservados e perturbados tendem a atingir assíntotas e com percentual de cobertura superior a 90%. Em termos de diversidade e estrutura comunitária, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. No entanto, os locais semiconservados e perturbados têm, cada um, 11 espécies únicas e partilham 18 espécies. A BL possui uma diversidade intermediária de espécies de aves em comparação com estudos mexicanos, o habitat é importante para a conservação da avifauna; pois funciona como um reservatório de diversidade. Estratégias que promovem o turismo sustentável, apoiam a restauração da vegetação natural e facilitam o desenvolvimento econômico da região foram sugeridas, no presente estudo.

Abstract The Ramal Trem Turístico (RTT), a 17 km long railway between Ouro Preto and Mariana, a centenary line, currently in operation as a tourist attraction with historical importance. The railroad was built along a steep region, with hundreds of slopes, and eventually slope instabilities compromised the tour. In linear infrastructure projects, a risk assessment is an important tool for risk management, mapping it is the first step. After slope instabilities in 2019, a risk map was elaborated early 2021 for RTT. Risk is obtained by multiplying the probability of a certain event to occur by its consequences. Define its value in a quantitative way demands geotechnical investigation, for precise failure probability. Regardless of its importance, its determination needs high resources, specially for linear infrastructure in a region with heterogeneous geology and pedology. Therefore, for the risk mapping of the RTT, a semi-empirical methodology was adopted, based on the Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS), originally developed for rocky slopes, and adapted for the registration of slopes in soil and in landfill. The aim of the method is to register a series of slope characteristics to be assigned a specific score, framing the slopes within pre-defined risk classes. This methodology was applied to this 17 km railway and identified 286 slopes. In January 2022 extreme rainfall triggered slopes instabilities at RTT. A critical analysis of this event shows a satisfactory result for the applied methodology. Risk mapping is an important tool for risk management, helping to prioritize investments in mitigation measures.

Abstract: This article examines the process of building the culture of the wine and grape harvest festivals in Chile between 1930 and 1970 through the popular Topaze and En Viaje magazines. Both magazines contributed to the evaluation of the festivals and celebrations of wine. On the one hand, Topaze represented the roots that viticulture had in Chilean society and culture, symbolized in the chuico (popular bottle) and chingana (popular festival place). On the other, En Viaje promoted the grape harvest as a tourist attraction and alternative for rural economic development based on ancestral heritage. A failed attempt to organize a national festival is detected in 1950, following the model of Argentina. Finally, an alternative model was imposed, better rooted in the cultural landscapes of the Central Valley, consisting of multiple autonomous celebrations instead of a centralized party.

Resumen: Este artículo examina el proceso de construcción de la cultura de las fiestas del vino y la vendimia en Chile entre 1930 y 1970 a través de las representaciones graficas de las populares revistas Topaze y En Viaje. Ambos magazines contribuyeron a la valoración de las fiestas y celebraciones del vino. Topaze representó el arraigo que la vitivinicultura tenía en la sociedad y la cultura de Chile, simbolizado en chuicos, chinganas y fondas. En Viaje promovió la vendimia como atractivo turístico y alternativa de desarrollo económico rural a partir del patrimonio ancestral. Se detecta un fallido intento de organizar una fiesta nacional en 1950, siguiendo el modelo de Argentina. Finalmente se impuso un modelo alternativo, mejor arraigado en los paisajes culturales del Valle Central, consistente en múltiples celebraciones autónomas en vez de una fiesta centralizada.

ABSTRACT Ethnic cultural heritage is considered a tourist attraction that can be used to reduce the economic and social disadvantages prevailing in the environment and improve the quality of life of native or aboriginal peoples. The objective of the study was to examine the challenges and opportunities for the tourism valorization of the multiethnic culture of the Paraguayan Chaco. An exploratory study was carried out with qualitative data, through a triangulation with interviews, official public documents and field observation. As results, the dominant ethnic groups promote tourism to consolidate group identity, not as an economic alternative; while the other groups do not consider tourism as an economic opportunity; local customs and traditions constrain tour- ism activities. There is ample potential for multiethnic tourism in the region.

RESUMEN El patrimonio étnico cultural se considera un atractivo turístico que puede ser aprovechado para disminuir las desventajas económicas y sociales imperantes en el entorno y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pueblos originarios o aborígenes. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar los desafíos y oportunidades para la puesta en valor turística de la cultura multiétnica del Chaco paraguayo. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio con datos cualitativos, por medio de una triangulación con entrevistas, documentos públicos oficiales y observación de campo. Como resultados, los grupos étnicos dominantes impulsan el turismo para consolidar la identidad grupal, no como alternativa económica; mientras que los demás grupos no consideran al turismo como oportunidad económica; los usos y costumbres locales condicionan las actividades turísticas. Existe amplio potencial para el turismo multiétnico en la región.

Abstract In a global context that promotes cultural diversity as an economic resource, different government, non-government and private projects have incorporated certain indigenous Mbyá Guaraní expressions within the tourist marketing of the province of Misiones, Argentina. Here are the “children’s choirs”, which are promoted through the internet, audiovisual material and public events, and are proposed as a tourist attraction in visits to indigenous communities. Given that these musical practices carry different meanings to the tourist-commercial logics, it is observed from an ethnographic perspective, the tensions caused by the commercialization and exhibition of the children’s choir in the Mbyá Guaraní community of Pindo Poty. In particular, we examine the reappropriations and the limits of what is marketable and exhibitable that, on its own, the community sets and how the decisions about when and where to exhibit the children’s choir, challenge and exceed the tourist interests of projects that promote it, by being linked to their own political and territorial claims.

Resumo Em um contexto global que promove a diversidade cultural como recurso econômico, diversos projetos governamentais, não governamentais e privados incorporaram certas expressões indígenas Mbyá Guarani para fazer parte do marketing turístico da província de Misiones, Argentina. Entre elas estão os “corais infantis”, que são divulgados pela internet, material audiovisual e eventos, e propostos como atração turístico em visitas às comunidades indígenas. Tendo em vista que essas práticas musicais carregam significados diferentes das lógicas turístico-comerciais, observa-se, sob uma perspectiva etnográfica, as tensões que envolveram a comercialização e exibição do coral infantil da comunidade Mbyá Guaraní Pindo Poty. Em particular, são analisadas as reapropriações e os limites estabelecidos pela comunidade sobre o que é comercializável e exibível e como as decisões sobre quando e onde expor o coral desafiam e superam os interesses turísticos dos projetos que o promovem, por estarem vinculados com suas próprias reivindicações políticas e territoriais.

Resumen En un contexto global que promueve la diversidad cultural como recurso económico, diferentes proyectos gubernamentales, no gubernamentales y privados han incorporado ciertas expresiones indígenas mbyá guaraní como parte de la comercialización turística de la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Entre ellas se encuentran los “coros de niños”, los cuales son difundidos a través de Internet, material audiovisual y eventos, y propuestos como atractivo turístico en las visitas a las comunidades indígenas. Dado que estas prácticas musicales conllevan significados disímiles a las lógicas turístico-comerciales, este artículo señala, desde una perspectiva etnográfica, las tensiones que supusieron la comercialización y exhibición del coro de niños de la comunidad mbyá guaraní Pindo Poty. En particular se examinan las reapropiaciones y los límites de lo comercializable y exhibible que, sobre lo propio, fija la comunidad y cómo las decisiones sobre cuándo y dónde exhibir al coro desafían y sobrepasan los intereses turísticos de proyectos que lo promocionan, al vincularse con sus propias reivindicaciones políticas y territoriales.

Resumen La situación económica a la que se enfrentan las parroquias rurales del Ecuador es preocupante debido a la escasa formulación de proyectos que contribuyan a crear oportunidades para mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población. En este sentido, el turismo puede constituirse en una alternativa de generación de empleo y crecimiento económico. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la potencialidad turística de la parroquia Seis de Julio de Cuellaje del cantón Cotacachi, provincia de Imbabura. Para el efecto, se empleó la metodología de jerarquización de atractivos y generación de espacios turísticos del Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador 2018 y se adaptó la fórmula de evaluación multicriterio, misma que es igual a la división del criterio alcanzado por el atractivo sobre la ponderación estándar de los criterios de valoración. Se analizaron 20 atractivos turísticos, tres corresponden a la jerarquía II y 17 son de jerarquía I. Los criterios: estado de conservación e integración sitio/entorno, accesibilidad y conectividad obtuvieron mayor puntuación, sin embargo, su potencialidad es media. La puntuación de los siete criterios restantes es deficiente, por lo que se puede concluir que el nivel de potencialidad turística del territorio es bajo. Los actores públicos, privados y comunitarios deben trabajar mancomunadamente para mejorar las condiciones que actualmente desfavorecen al territorio como destino turístico emergente.

Abstract The economic situation of rural cantons in Ecuador is disturbing due to the lack of formulation of projects that might contribute to create opportunities to improve living conditions of the population, being tourism an alternative for generating employment and economic growth. The objective of this study was to determine the tourist potential of the Seis de Julio de Cuellaje Cotacachi´s canton, Imbabura province. For this purpose, the methodology of ranking attractions and generation of tourist spaces of Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador was used and the general aptitude formula multicriterial was adapted, which is equal to the division of the criterion achieved by attractiveness over the standard weighting of endpoints. Twenty tourist attractions were analyzed, three correspond to hierarchy II and 17 are hierarchy I. The criteria: state of conservation and site/environment integration, accessibility and connectivity obtained higher scores: however, their potentiality is medium. The score of the seven remaining criteria is deficient, so it can be concluded that the level of tourist potential in the territory is low. Public, private and community actors must work together to improve the conditions that currently disadvantage the territory as an emerging tourist destination.

Abstract Assessing the carrying capacity of tourist attractions is essential for measuring and monitoring the impact of users visiting attraction sites, both private and public, especially those in protected areas. Without proper planning, conventional tourism can promote environmental degradation along the trails of attraction sites in the Amazon region. The objective of this study was to determine the tourist carrying capacity (TCC) of trails in tourist attraction sites in the Presidente Figueiredo municipality, state of Amazonas, Brazil, considering the degree of forest degradation in these locations. TCC was determined using the method of Cifuentes et al. (1999), which classifies carrying capacity into three levels: physical (PCC), actual (ACC), and effective (ECC). The results identified trails with a highly satisfactory ECC: "Neblina" (77 visitors day-1), "C. Iracema Falls" (90 visitors day-1), and "Cachoeira da Onça" (39 visitors day-1). In addition, there was moderate forest degradation along the trails of the "Perema" (40.3%), "Sanctuary" (26.9%), "Galo da Serra" (26.9%), and "Pedra Furada" (26.1%) attraction sites. These results could support tourism planning in Presidente Figueiredo to control and implement regular monitoring to attain sustainable tourism.

Resumen Evaluar la capacidad de carga en los atractivos turísticos es fundamental para medir y monitorear el impacto del flujo de usuarios en los atractivos de uso público y privado, especialmente en áreas protegidas. El turismo convencional, sin una planificación adecuada en la región amazónica, puede promover la degradación ambiental en los senderos de los atractivos. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad de carga turística (CCT) de los senderos en los atractivos turísticos de Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, considerando el estado de degradación forestal en esos locales. Para determinar la CCT, se utilizó el método de Cifuentes et al. (1999), dividido en tres niveles: físico (CCF), real (CCR) y efectivo (CCE). Según los resultados obtenidos, destacamos los atractivos que presentaron una óptima CCE como: "Neblina" (77 personas día-1), "Complejo de Iracema Falls" (90 personas día-1) y "Cachoeira da Onça" (39 personas día-1). Además, hubo una moderada degradación forestal en los senderos de las atracciones "Perema" (40.3%), "Santuario" (26.9%), "Galo da Serra" (26.9%) y "Pedra Furada" (26.1%). Estos resultados pueden ayudar en la planificación turística de Presidente Figueiredo, garantizando de forma sostenible el control y monitoreo permanente de visitas en estos atractivos de la región.