ABSTRACT Education is a complex, continuous and permanent social process that takes place throughout life, and as such, universities in their relationship with society must pay attention to the needs that arise from it, based on collective improvement. The objective of the work was aimed at determining the training needs in English for specific purposes in taxi drivers as tour operators in Riobamba. Based on a mixed methodology, which combines quantitative and qualitative research, in correspondence with the complexity of the object of study. Methods were combined that favor quantitative methodology, which allowed obtaining the necessary information from the selected information sources, through quantitative methods and techniques (questionnaires, interviews, observation, document analysis). The methods cover the entire investigative process, which confer validity and scientificity to the results achieved, the survey to determine the training needs of taxi drivers as tourism operators, interviews to explore the previous experiences of this investigation. As a result, the training needs of taxi drivers as tourism operators were determined and it was evidenced that there is low knowledge of the travel information provided by taxi service personnel, in addition to the fact that there are few training plans imparted from level institutes higher.

RESUMEN La educación es un proceso social complejo, continuo y permanente que se realiza durante toda la vida y, como tal, las universidades en su vínculo con la sociedad, deben prestar atención a las necesidades que de ella surjan, en función del mejoramiento colectivo. El objetivo del trabajo se encaminó a determinar las necesidades de capacitación en inglés con fines específicos en los taxistas como operadores de turismo de Riobamba; a partir de una metodología mixta, que combina la investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa, en correspondencia a la complejidad del objeto de estudio. Se combinaron métodos que privilegian la metodología cuantitativa, que permitieron obtener las informaciones necesarias de las fuentes de información seleccionadas, a través de métodos y técnicas cuantitativas (cuestionarios, entrevistas, observación, análisis de documentos). Los métodos recorren todo el proceso investigativo y confieren validez y cientificidad a los resultados alcanzados: la encuesta, para la determinación de las necesidades de capacitación en los taxistas como operadores del turismo; entrevistas, para explorar las experiencias precedentes de esta investigación. Como resultado, se determinaron las necesidades de capacitación en los taxistas como operadores del turismo y se evidenció que existe un bajo conocimiento de la información de viaje que entrega el personal de servicios de taxis; además, existen pocos planes de capacitación impartidos desde los institutos de nivel superior.

RESUMO A educação é um processo social complexo, contínuo e permanente que se desenvolve ao longo da vida e, como tal, as universidades, na sua relação com a sociedade, devem estar atentas às necessidades que dela decorrem, baseadas na melhoria colectiva. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar as necessidades de formação em inglês para fins específicos em taxistas como operadores turísticos em Riobamba; baseia-se numa metodologia mista, que combina pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas, de acordo com a complexidade do objeto de estudo. Combinaram-se métodos que privilegiam a metodologia quantitativa, o que permitiu obter a informação necessária junto das fontes de informação selecionadas, através de métodos e técnicas quantitativas (questionários, entrevistas, observação, análise documental). Os métodos perpassam todo o processo de investigação e conferem validade e cientificidade aos resultados alcançados: o inquérito, para determinar as necessidades de formação dos taxistas como operadores turísticos; entrevistas, para explorar as experiências anteriores desta pesquisa. Como resultado, foram determinadas as necessidades de formação dos motoristas de táxi como operadores turísticos e ficou evidente que há um baixo conhecimento da informação de viagem fornecida pelo pessoal do serviço de táxi; Além disso, existem poucos planos de formação ministrados por institutos de nível superior.

Resumen: En el marco de los estudios de la movilidad turística cobra relevancia el papel que desempeña esta práctica en el desarrollo de los territorios, proceso que implica una mirada centrada en aquellos aspectos socioculturales que resaltan el turismo más allá del consumo en sí. En este trabajo se utilizó una metodología cualitativa para analizar el discurso de operadores turísticos de la ciudad de Puerto Varas e indagar en tres ejes relevantes del turismo: lugares e hitos, rutas y patrimonio, factores clave para la revitalización a nivel económico y cultural de la ciudad. Dentro de los resultados destaca el rol de las agencias de viaje como intermediarias y promotoras de actividades entre visitantes y locales; la emergencia de lugares clave para la generación del turismo en el marco de rutas con paisajes visuales diversos, y lugares icónicos de la ciudad, que se transforman en detonantes de la memoria, la identidad y la cohesión socioespacial del territorio.

Abstract: In the context of tourism mobility studies, the role that this practice plays in the development of territories becomes relevant, a process that implies a focus on those sociocultural aspects that highlight tourism beyond consumption itself. In this work, a qualitative methodology was used to analyze the discourse of tour operators in the city of Puerto Varas, and thus investigate three relevant axes: places and tourist landmarks; routes and heritage, key factors for the economic and cultural revitalization of the city. Among the results, the role of travel agencies stands out as intermediaries and promoters of activities between visitors and locals, the emergence of key places for the promotion of tourism within the framework of routes with diverse visual landscapes and iconic places in the city that are they become triggers of memory, identity and socio-spatial cohesion of the territory.

Abstract: The objective of this article was to design a spatial circular system with a local approach to the management of ecotourism that contributes to the systematization and establishment of ecotourism networks, as a proposal to minimize theoretical-methodological and material deficiencies of existing systems in the desire to link and concretize the participation of the local community. It is a quali-quantitative and transversal research, where the different categories of the scientific method were used, such as: systemic-structural, analytical-synthetic and induction and deduction from an endogenous approach. The design of the proposal of the Circular Model of Ecotourism and the partial application on the Island of Leapeka, in Cuando Cubango, Angola, allowed the emergence of a new theoretical-methodological instrument, also spatial, for the management of ecotourism, which ecotourism policy makers, travel agencies, tour operators and local communities can strengthen and appropriate for the management of ecotourism activity with indicators for the local community.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo fue diseñar un sistema circular espacial con enfoque local para la gestión del ecoturismo que contribuya a la sistematización y estabelecimiento de redes ecoturísticas, como propuesta para minimizar carencias teórico-metodológicas y material de los sistemas existentes en el afán de vincular y concretar la participación de la comunidad local. Es una investigación cuali-cuantitativa y transversal, donde se emplearon las distintas categorías del método científico, como: sistémico-estructural, analítico-sintético e inducción y deducción desde un enfoque endógeno. El diseño de la propuesta del Modelo circular del ecoturismo y la aplicación parcial en la Isla de Leapeka, en Cuando Cubango, Angola, permitieron el surgimiento de un nuevo instrumento teórico-metodológico, también espacial, para la gestión del ecoturismo, lo cual los diseñadores de políticas de ecoturismo, las agencias de viaje, turoperadores y las comunidades locales pueden robustecer y apropiarse para la gestión de la actividad ecoturística con indicadores para la comunidad local.

Abstract Traditionally, the relationship between tourism and archaeology has been always difficult. On the one hand, governments, local communities and tourism companies seek economic benefits from millions of visitors at the archaeological sites, and, on the other, the mass influx of tourists has damage archaeological monuments and cause socio-territorial conflicts. The studies aim to analyze the tourist use of archaeological sites in Mexico from a stakeholder perspective are scares. This article aims to contribute to this literature based on 13 semi-structured interviews with actors involved with the use and administration of two touristified archaeological sites in the Mexican Caribbean: Tulum and Coba. The findings show that public servants privilege the conservation of the intrinsic properties of the archaeological asset while tourist guides, local businessmen and tour operators exalt the extrinsic values, mainly the economic value and aesthetic value. Although the interests of each actor are more oriented towards one end of the conservation-exploitation continuum, none of the discourses can be described as radical. Future studies should propose new collaboration mechanisms between the tourism sector and the conservation of archaeological sites, based on common objectives.

Resumen Tradicionalmente, la relación entre turismo y arqueología ha sido ríspida. Por un lado, gobiernos, sociedades locales y empresarios buscan beneficiarse de los ingresos que generan los millones de visitantes a los sitios arqueológicos y, por el otro, esta visita masiva ha generado tanto afectaciones a las estructuras arqueológicas como conflictos socioterritoriales. Los trabajos que pretenden analizar el uso turístico del patrimonio arqueológico en México desde la visión de los actores involucrados, incluyendo funcionarios públicos y empresarios, son escasos. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir a esta literatura a partir de trece entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores involucrados con el uso y administración de dos zonas arqueológicas turistificadas en el Caribe mexicano: Tulum y Cobá. Los hallazgos muestran que los funcionarios públicos privilegian la conservación de las propiedades intrínsecas del bien arqueológico, mientras que los guías de turistas, empresarios locales y turoperadores exaltan los valores extrínsecos, principalmente el económico y el estético. Aunque los intereses de cada actor están más orientados hacia uno de los extremos del continuo conservación-explotación, ninguno de los discursos puede ser calificado de radical. Futuros estudios deben proponer nuevos mecanismos de colaboración entre el sector turismo y la conservación de sitios arqueológicos basados en objetivos comunes.

Resumen Introducción: En el año 2011 y como una iniciativa de Ciencia Ciudadana, los propietarios de la tienda Deep Blue Diving Shop en Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, iniciaron a recolectar diariamente los datos de temperatura en la columna de agua de mar durante sus actividades de buceo, como respuesta a la necesidad de informar a los turistas antes de viajar a Costa Rica para la selección del equipo correcto de SCUBA y así maximizar su experiencia en el Golfo de Papagayo. Esta recolección de datos se mantuvo constante hasta enero de 2020 por la pandemia del COVID-19. Objetivo: Identificar eventos fríos y cálidos de la temperatura sub-superficial del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica y su relación con fuentes de variabilidad climática conocidas como El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) y sistemas sinópticos como las incursiones de frentes fríos en el Mar Caribe. Métodos: Se utilizaron datos de Temperatura Subsuperficial del Mar correspondientes a la temperatura más baja de la columna del agua de mar, a una profundidad aproximada de 25-35 m. Las observaciones se realizaron con una frecuencia diaria del 01/01/2011 al 31/01/2020. Resultados: La iniciativa de Ciencia Ciudadana presentada en este estudio mostró ser muy útil para el monitoreo y caracterización de la temperatura del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo. La temperatura media fue de 25.7 °C. Se observaron temperaturas más frías en febrero-marzo, por debajo de 22.5 °C con un mínimo secundario en julio. Hubo dos máximos en mayo y agosto con temperaturas superiores a 27.4 °C. Los descensos durante los eventos fríos alcanzaros los 16-17 °C. Todos los eventos fríos estuvieron asociados al paso de frentes fríos por el Mar Caribe, debido a reforzamientos en intensidad del viento alisio, con componente zonal del este, que provoca surgencia estacional. Los eventos cálidos presentaron temperaturas en sus máximos de 30-31 °C. Los eventos cálidos estuvieron asociados al desarrollo y madurez de los eventos cálidos del ENOS tipo El Niño. El ENOS es un modulador importante de la variabilidad de la temperatura del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo, ya que los eventos El Niño están relacionados con anomalías positivas de la temperatura del mar en el Pacífico Tropical del Este. Conclusiones: La iniciativa de Ciencia Ciudadana presentada en este estudio resultó ser muy útil para monitorear la temperatura del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo. Los resultados de este estudio indican que los guías de buceo pueden aportar datos sobre la temperatura del mar de suficiente calidad y con alta resolución temporal. Los buzos pueden apoyar de manera rentable el monitoreo y la Ciencia Ciudadana puede contribuir positivamente al bienestar social al influir en las preguntas que se están abordando y al dar voz a las personas en la toma de decisiones ambientales locales. La información generada en este estudio regresa a los operadores de turismo y mejora la comprensión de la variabilidad observada en los datos recolectados por ellos, conocimiento que luego es transmitido a sus clientes para mejorar su experiencia.

Abstract Introduction: In January 2011 and as a Citizen Science initiative, the owners of the Deep Blue Diving Shop in Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, began to collect daily temperature data in the seawater column during their diving activities, to inform tourists before traveling to Costa Rica and help them properly select their diving equipment and thus maximize the enjoyment of the experience in the Gulf of Papagayo. This data collection remained constant until January 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: Identify cold and warm events of the sub-surface temperature of the sea in the Gulf of Papagayo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica and their relationship with known sources of climate variability as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and synoptic systems such as incursions of cold fronts in the Caribbean Sea. Methods: Sea Subsurface Temperature data corresponding to the lowest temperature of the seawater column were used, at an approximate depth of 25-35m. Observations were made daily, from 01/01/2011 to 01/31/2020. Results: The mean temperature was 25.7 °C. Cooler temperatures were observed in February-March, below 22.5 °C with a secondary minimum in July. There were two peaks in May and August with temperatures above 27.4 °C. The drops during cold events reached 16-17 °C. All cold events were associated with the passage of cold fronts through the Caribbean Sea, due to reinforcement in the intensity of the trade winds, with a zonal component from the East, which causes seasonal upwelling. The warm events presented temperatures at their maximum of 30-31 °C. The latter events were associated with the development and maturity of warm El Niño-type ENSO events. ENSO is an important modulator of sea temperature variability in the Gulf of Papagayo, since El Niño events are related to positive anomalies in sea temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Conclusions: The Citizen Science initiative presented in this study proved to be very useful for monitoring sea temperature in the Gulf of Papagayo. The results of this study indicate that Dive Masters can provide data on sea temperature of sufficient quality and with high temporal resolution. Divers can profitably support monitoring and Citizen Science can contribute positively to social well-being by influencing the questions that are being addressed and by giving people a voice in local environmental decision-making. The information generated in this study returns to the tour operators and enhance the understanding of the variability observed in the data collected by them, a knowledge that is later transmitted to their clients to improve their experience.

Resumen En este documento, se analizan el comportamiento de la oferta, demanda y preferencias del turismo de jóvenes mochileros que visitan la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. La investigación es cuantitativa, con alcance descriptivo y de tipo transversal, donde se encuestaron 196 visitantes que utilizaron los servicios turísticos informales de bajo costo, durante 2018. Se encontró que la mayoría de turistas informales, son jóvenes entre 18 y 30 años (68%), profesionales, que buscan una experiencia diferente, de bajo costo, con preferencia para viajar en grupo de amigos, gastar poco dinero y hospedarse en sitios económicos. En el 95% de los casos, eligen sitios que les ofrecen servicio de desayuno y conexión a internet, considerado prioritario, y prefieren alojarse en sitios ubicados principalmente en el centro histórico de la ciudad, por su ambiente bohemio y multicultural. Se destaca que el 67% de los encuestados, posee un nivel de formación universitario. Se concluye con la necesidad de que los operadores turísticos complementen los servicios que ofertan, de modo que satisfagan las expectativas de los turistas mochileros que visitan Cartagena de Indias.

Abstract In this document, the behavior of the supply, demand and preferences of tourism of young backpackers, who visit the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, are analyzed. The research is quantitative, descriptive and transversal in scope, where 196 visitors who used low-cost informal tourist services were surveyed during 2018. It was found that the majority of informal tourists are young people between 18 and 30 years old (68%), professionals, who are looking for a different, low-cost experience, preferably to travel with a group of friends, spend little money and stay in cheap places. In 95% of the cases, they choose sites that offer breakfast service and internet connection, considered a priority, and prefer to stay in places located mainly in the historic center of the city, due to their bohemian and multicultural atmosphere. It stands out that 67% of those surveyed have a university level of training. It concludes with the need for tour operators to complement the services they offer, so that they meet the expectations of backpackers visiting Cartagena de Indias.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la influencia del lenguaje publicitario y del destino turístico usados en publicidad en la gene ración de boca a boca electrónico en Facebook. Mediante análisis de contenido, se analizaron 290 publicaciones de operadores turísticos en páginas comerciales de Facebook y, para comprobar los efectos propuestos, se aplicó un modelo de regresión de Poisson. Los resul tados sugieren que usar en publicidad destinos turísticos como playa, sitios rurales o educativos, así como lenguaje publicitario cognitivo, favorece la aparición de boca a boca electrónico. De este modo, las empresas que buscan aumentar sus métricas de participación en redes sociales pueden usar este tipo de contenidos para aumentar la participación de sus seguidores. Clasificación JEL: C12; M10; M37; M31.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the advertising language and the tourist destination used in advertising in the generation of electronic word of mouth on Facebook. Through content analysis, 290 publications on Facebook commercial pages of tour operators were analyzed, and, to contrast the proposed effects, a Poisson regression model was applied. The results suggest that using beach tourism, rural and educational destinations in advertising, as well as cognitive advertising language, favors the appearance of electronic word of mouth. In this way, companies seeking to increase their participation metrics in social networks can use this type of content to increase the participation of their followers.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da linguagem publicitária e do destino turístico utilizado na publicidade na geração do boca a boca eletrônico no Facebook. Por meio da análise de conteúdo, foram analisadas 290 publicações de operadoras de turismo nas páginas comerciais do Facebook e, para verificar os efeitos propostos, foi aplicado um modelo de regressão de Poisson. Os resultados sugerem que a utilização de destinos turísticos como a praia, sites rurais ou educacionais na publicidade, bem como a linguagem publicitária cognitiva, favorece o surgimento do boca a boca eletrônico. Dessa forma, empresas que buscam aumentar suas métricas de participação nas redes sociais podem utilizar esse tipo de conteúdo para aumentar a participação de seus seguidores.

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of climate change on the natural resources used by the tourist routes of Porto Seguro, Bahia - Brazil. The methodology of the Brazilian Tourism Inventory, the theory of the Quadruple Botton Line and the norms of the Davos Declaration, are used for collecting and interpreting data, resulting in the elaboration of a conceptual framework. This table identified 9 parameters: name; theme; itinerary; ecosystem; Frequency; number of visitors; legal instrument of protection; factors of climate change and risks, which were replicated in the districts of the municipality. The tables were completed in two stages, the first exploratory and the second through interviews with semi-structured routes carried out in travel agencies, tourism operators and association of municipal tourism guides. For this, natural and cultural routes were formatted and marketed at the destination. The most used ecosystem is terrestrial. Of the attractions that compose the itineraries, 98% do not have a study of carrying capacity and are concentrated in environmentally fragile areas. All areas have a federal, state and / or municipal protection instrument. Nature road maps are vulnerable to the factors of climate change (rising sea levels, rising temperatures and changes in the rainfall regime), impacting greatly on the reception of company revenues. The risks range from cultural to habitat loss and species in addition tourism entrepreneurs have not adopted sustainable practices to reduce identified risks.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los efectos del cambio climático sobre los recursos naturales utilizados en los itinerarios turísticos de Porto Seguro (Bahia - Brasil). Para la recolección e interpretación de los datos se utilizó la metodología del Inventario del Turismo Brasileño, las bases teóricas del Cuádruple Botton Line y de la Declaración de Davos, resultando en la elaboración de un cuadro conceptual. El mismo identificó 9 parámetros: nombre, tema, itinerario, ecosistema, periodicidad, número de visitantes, instrumento jurídico de protección, factores del cambio climático y riesgos, los cuales fueron replicados en los distritos del municipio. Los cuadros fueron completados en dos etapas, la primera exploratoria y la segunda a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en agencias de viaje, transportadoras de turismo y asociaciones de guías de turismo municipales. Para esto se obtuvieron itinerarios naturales y culturales creados y comercializados en el destino. El ecosistema terrestre es el más utilizado. De los atractivos que componen los itinerarios, el 98% no posee un estudio de capacidad de carga y están concentrados en áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Todas las áreas poseen un instrumento de protección federal, estadual y/o municipal. Los itinerarios de naturaleza están vulnerables a los factores del cambio climático (aumento del nivel del mar, aumento de la temperatura y cambio en el régimen de lluvias), impactando en los ingresos de las empresas. Los riesgos varían desde los culturales hasta la pérdida de hábitats y especies, pero los empresarios no adoptan prácticas sustentables para reducir los riesgos identificados.

Abstract The tourism-space system is made up of a region of origin, a transit route and a region of destination. The attractions are located in the destination region and are responsible for the intra-regional mobility of visitors. Archaeological zones are examples of attractions and represent for many regions the main axis of economic development. However, they have been little studied from the point of view of the attributes that favor or inhibit your visit. The present study proposes an attraction model for archaeological zones based on two attributes: accessibility and monumentality. The first is understood as the distance-time between the archaeological zones and the tourist emitting poles (eg cities and beach resorts); and the second as the maximum height of buildings in an archaeological zone. Each attribute has three levels of values: low, medium, and high. To assign these values, in the case of accessibility, the literature was reviewed and official visitor statistics were mapped to the 44 archaeological zones open to the public in the Yucatan peninsula. Mapping these data allowed the identification of the visitor's emission poles and the relationships that these have with their peripheral archaeological zones. To determine the levels of monumentality, the literature was reviewed and the maximum and minimum heights of the archaeological zones of the Yucatan peninsula were taken into account. The crossing of these two attributes generated a classification of the archaeological zones into four types: T1 = touristized; T2 = non-monumental quick access; T3 = monumental delayed access and T4 = non-monumental delayed access. Type 1 zones represent the maximum level of attraction that an area can exert on visitors or tour operators because they meet the two main criteria: accessibility in maximum 3 hours from the issuing centers and a medium to high monumentality. Type 2 zones are zones that do not reach the high level of monumentality of type 1 zones but which are compensated for by their relatively close distance from the emitting poles (maximum 3 h). Type 3 areas are those areas that only meet the criteria of high monumentality but not accessibility since their access exceeds 3 hours from the issuing centers. These areas are not attractive to tour operators because despite having buildings with heights ranging from 12 to 45 m, they are too far away to be included in their routes or day-tours. Finally, type 4 zones groups all zones that have a low level in both attributes. They have low accessibility with a time exceeding 3 hours and their buildings are not perceived as monumental enough to offset the cost of the trip. They are generally found in rural regions far removed from urban or tourist centers and with poor access roads (eg narrow and dirt roads). Its level of isolation is such that it does not motivate investments in the tourism sector and the supply of lodging or food services in the vicinity is very scarce. The results of this study confirm the theory of decay with distance (distance-decay) and have implications for a more sustainable management of these cultural spaces, as well as for the development and commercialization of new and better tourist routes. The presented model allows prospecting which archaeological zones will be exceeded in the coming years and will be able to plan their proper management of impacts accordingly. In the same way, the model can help design and implement better tourist routes because it identifies the most and least visited regions of the Yucatan peninsula.

Resumen El sistema turístico-espacial se compone de una región de origen, una ruta de tránsito y una región de destino. Las atracciones se encuentran en la región de destino y son las responsables de las movilidades intrarregionales de los visitantes. Las zonas arqueológicas son ejemplos de atracciones y representan para muchas regiones el principal eje de desarrollo económico. Sin embargo, han sido poco estudiadas desde el punto de vista de los atributos que favorecen o inhiben su visita. Tomando estadísticas oficiales de las 44 zonas arqueológicas abiertas al público en la península de Yucatán para identificar centros emisores y periferias receptoras, el presente artículo propone un modelo de atracción basado en dos atributos de las zonas arqueológicas: la accesibilidad y la monumentalidad. El modelo generó cuatro tipos de zonas arqueológicas: T1= turistificadas; T2= no monumentales de acceso rápido; T3= monumentales de acceso tardado y T4= no monumentales de acceso tardado. Los resultados confirman la teoría del decaimiento con la distancia (distance-decay) y tienen implicaciones para un manejo más sustentable de estos espacios culturales, así como para el desarrollo y comercialización de nuevas y mejores rutas turísticas.

Abstract: This research is aimed to know the profile of the tourist resident in Spain who intends to carry out ecotourism or ecological tourism, as well as to know the main services that these demand and the activities of interest. Spain is a country that has extensive protection of its territory and at the same time is one of the countries where tourism, and specifically nature tourism has very important figures. We used a quantitative methodology through an online survey conducted 403 interviews through an electronic database of a specialized company working on demographic, socioeconomic and ecotourism services. Among other results it can be seen that the profile of the nature tourist is male, over 45 years old, has university studies, lives in towns of more than ten thousand inhabitants, and has a salary around the average. The study is an opportunity for tour operators because it facilitates the design of communication and marketing plans and strategies for future consumers.

Resumen: Esta investigación pretende conocer el perfil del turista residente en España que tiene la intención de realizar ecoturismo o turismo ecológico, así como conocer los principales servicios que éstos demandan y las actividades de interés. España es un país que cuenta con una extensa protección de su territorio y a la vez es uno de los países donde el turismo, y en concreto el turismo de naturaleza tiene cifras muy importantes. Se empleó una metodología cuantitativa a través de una encuesta realizada en línea, se realizaron 403 entrevistas a través de una base de datos electrónica de una empresa especializada trabajando sobre aspectos demográficos, socioeconómicos y sobre los servicios ecoturísticos. Entre otros resultados se aprecia que el perfil del turista de naturaleza es hombre, mayor de 45 años, pose estudios universitarios, vive en localidades de más de diez mil habitantes y tiene un salario entorno a la media. El estudio supone una oportunidad para los operadores turísticos, porque facilita el diseño de planes y estrategias de comunicación y marketing para de cara a los futuros consumidores.

Resumo: A pesquisa explora os desafios da livre circulação de pessoas para fins turísticos com a implantação do Corredor Bioceânico que ligará Chile, Argentina, Paraguai e Brasil. A pesquisa realizou-se por meio de levantamento bibliográfico e documental, e entrevista a operadores de turismo e viajantes. Os resultados revelam entraves existentes para a circulação de pessoas nesses países, que poderão se reproduzir no trecho previsto para o corredor, e apontam a necessidade de se estabelecer novos acordos que aumentem o conforto e a segurança dos turistas no corredor.

Abstract: The research explores the challenges of the free circulation of people for tourism purposes with the implementation of the Corredor Bioceânico that will link Chile, Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. The research was done through a bibliographical and documentary survey, and interview to tour operators and travelers. The results reveal existing obstacles to the movement of people in these countries, which may be reproduced in the section expected for the corridor, and point out the need to establish new agreements to increase the comfort and safety of tourists in the corridor.

Resumen: La investigación explora los desafíos de la libre circulación de personas con fines turísticos con la implantación del Corredor Bioceânico que unirá Chile, Argentina, Paraguay y Brasil. La investigación se realizó por medio de levantamiento bibliográfico y documental, y entrevista a los operadores turísticos y viajeros. Los resultados revelan barreras existentes para la circulación de personas en esos países, que podrán reproducirse en el tramo previsto para el corredor, y apuntan la necesidad de establecer nuevos acuerdos que aumenten el confort y la seguridad de los turistas en el corredor.

La presente investigación tiene como objeto, la identificación y análisis de los efectos sociales y económicos generados por las Tour Operadoras Crillón Tours, Transturin y Magri Turismo, así como también los factores por los cuales decidieron invertir en la comunidad. Del mismo modo se da a conocer de breve manera la situación en la cual se encuentra Yumani y su actividad turística, realizando un análisis sobre aspectos generales de los pobladores, también las características y experiencias de los turistas que visitan la comunidad; evaluando de esta forma su grado de satisfacción. La metodología empleada es descriptivo correlacional. Finalmente, se concluye que las Tour Operadoras mencionadas, generaron efectos económicos y sociales importantes, mayormente positivos en la comunidad de estudio.

The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the social and economic effects generated by the Tour Operators Crillon Tours, Transturin and Magri Turismo, as well as the factors by which they decided to invest in the community. In the same way, the situation in which Yumani and its tourist activity is found, carrying out an analysis on general aspects of the inhabitants, also the characteristics and experiences of the tourists who visit the community; evaluating their degree of satisfaction. The metodology used is descriptive correlational. Finally, it is concluded that the Tour Operators mentioned, generated important economic and social effects, being mostly positive in the study community.

Sustainable tourism can contribute to the preservation of natural resources and cultural heritage where it is carried out. However, it can also generate environmental, economic and social problems. This paper deals with the topic of wine tourism in Valle de Guadalupe (VDG), in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. The natural vocation of the valley, agricultural-rural with a natural environment, has been transformed due to the growth of tourist activity, generating pressure on natural resources and demanded the design and execution of strategies that allow its controlled development. This work aimed to identify and compare the perspectives of two players in the tourism system: tour operators and visitors on the issues, with the aim of identifying the knowledge and perception of the problems surrounding the region 's sustainability. The perception of problems is a useful tool for the design of sensitization strategies, which communicate and sensitize the actors to the care and preservation of the environment, favoring the tourist competitiveness of the destination. In this case it is recommended to undertake strategies such as the generation of cultural tourism product of nature; design and communication of a manual of good practices for the visitor and environmental education programs that allow not only the hedonic enjoyment of the Valley, but also a real valuation of the resources for its maintenance.

La actividad turística puede contribuir a la conservación de los recursos naturales y el patrimonio cultural donde se lleva a cabo. Sin embargo, también puede generar problemas ambientales, económicos y sociales. En este trabajo se aborda el tema del turismo enológico en Valle de Guadalupe (VDG), en Ensenada, Baja California. La vocación natural del valle, agrícola-rural con un entorno natural, se ha ido transformando debido al crecimiento de la actividad turística, generando presión sobre los recursos naturales, demandando por parte de los tomadores de decisiones, el diseño y ejecución de estrategias que permitan su desarrollo controlado. Este trabajo tuvo por objetivo identificar y comparar las percepciones sobre problemas ambientales de dos actores del sistema turístico: operadores turísticos y visitantes. La percepción de problemas resulta una herramienta útil para el diseño de estrategias de sensibilización dirigidas a fortalecer el cuidado y preservación del entorno, favoreciendo la competitividad turística del destino. También contribuye a ser un indicador complementario para la satisfacción del visitante. Se encontró que el turoperador percibe más cantidad de problemas que el visitante. Los problemas que destacan son tres: la pérdida de cobertura vegetal agrícola y natural, el incremento del tráfico en carreteras rurales y el incremento en la generación de residuos; todos derivados del incremento de la actividad turística. Se recomienda emprender estrategias para incrementar el conocimiento sobre el valor y cuidado ambiental de la región, como la generación de producto turístico cultural y de naturaleza; el diseño y comunicación de un manual de buenas prácticas para el visitante y programas de educación ambiental que permitan no sólo el disfrute hedónico del Valle.

BACKGROUND: In tourism, globally there is a growing interest in social media marketing research. However, most previous research on social media marketing has focused on large tourism enterprises such as chain hotels, leaving out small tourism businesses such as travel agencies and tour operators. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to establish factors that influence attitude towards the use of social media marketing by travel agencies and tour operators in South Africa. METHOD: The study adopted a quantitative approach through the use of questionnaires. Data used in the analysis were collected from 150 travel agencies and tour operators by means of a structured questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that managerial support and managers' level of education are the two main internal factors which influence attitude towards the use of social media marketing. Pressure from competitors, perceived benefits and perceived ease of use were found to be the most prominent external factors which influence the use of social media marketing. The results also revealed that technical knowledge moderates the relationship between attitude towards social media marketing and the level of social media marketing usage. CONCLUSION: The study concludes with these recommendations: Management of travel agencies, tour operating businesses and the South African government should support the use of social media marketing by small tourism businesses through providing training and workshops on social media marketing for the employees to acquire the required skills.

As Capitais Europeias da Cultura (CEC) são o projeto colaborativo de âmbito cultural mais ambicioso concretizado na Europa, se se considerar a respetiva escala. Em 2012, pela primeira vez em Portugal, uma cidade de dimensão média acolheu uma CEC. Guimarães, situada no noroeste do país, foi a cidade escolhida. Três anos depois, entendemos que era tempo de avaliar o que mudou como consequência do acolhimento do evento em termos de perfil do visitante e perceção dos atributos da cidade. Foram usados dados primários recolhidos através de um inquérito aplicado aos turistas de Guimarães nos períodos ex-ante (2010/2011) e ex-post (2015). Na análise, recorreu-se a métodos estatísticos que permitissem pôr em evidência as similaridades e/ou diferenças nos perfis dos visitantes e nas perceções destes referentes aos atributos do destino, considerando os dois momentos de análise. Em função dos resultados alcançados, concluiu-se que ocorreu uma mudança no perfil do visitante de Guimarães (no período posterior face ao período inicial, constatou-se um maior balanceamento entre homens e mulheres, um decréscimo na quantidade de turistas entre os 0 e os 25 anos de idade, e um incremento dos entre 45 e os 65 anos, assim como dos detentores de mais baixos níveis de escolaridade), aparte uma notória evolução no que respeita à perceção dos atributos da cidade. Acredita-se que os resultados empíricos obtidos podem ser uma fonte de informação relevante para os operadores turísticos e, sobretudo, para as entidades responsáveis pelo planeamento e gestão da cidade.

The European Capitals of Culture (ECOC) are the most ambitious European cultural partnership project implemented in Europe, if one looks at its scale. In 2012, for the first time in Portugal, a medium sized city was its host. Guimarães (in the northwest of Portugal) was the city chosen. Three years after hosting the ECOC, it is time to assess what has changed as a consequence of hosting the event in terms of visitors' profile and the perception of the city´s attributes. Primary data sources were used, gathered via conducting surveys on tourists in the ex-ante (2010/11) and post-event periods (2015) to Guimarães. Analytically, statistical methods were used putting in evidence the similarities and /or differences found regarding the visitors' profiles and perceptions towards the destination´s attributes, when looking at the two time periods being analyzed. In relation to the results achieved, it was concluded that a change in the visitors' profile to Guimarães took place (there was a more balance between men and women; a decrease in the amount of tourists aged from 0 to 25 and an increase in those aged from 46 to 65; as well as an increase in tourists with lower schooling levels), aside from a notorious evolution in what regards the perceived city attributes. One believes that the empirical results attained are a valuable source of information for tour operators and, mainly, for city planning and for the managing authorities.