ABSTRACT This article describes the actors involved in the recommendation of the Peruvian anchoveta catch quota prior to the fishing seasons of each region (north-central and south), as well as the bias associated with it. The data on biomasses, quotas, and landings correspond to the 2000-2022 period, while the recommendations for the total quota correspond to 2019-2022. For the north-central region, Imarpe recommends Produce an exploitation rate lower than or equal to 0.35. This is done through a decision table for four probable oceanographic environment scenarios, considering a remaining biomass to ensure sustainability. The compliance of Peruvian anchoveta catches quotas in the first fishing seasons has been higher than 90 %, while in the second fishing seasons, catches have even been less than 50 %, as in the case of: 2001, 2019, 2010 and 2017. Between 2019 and 2022, Produce opted for the following: i) with a quota lower than that recommended in the decision table (I-2021, II-2020, I-2019) and ii) with a quota higher than that recommended in the biomass of the decision table (I-2022, II-2021, II-2022, II-2019 and I-2020). The observation error is lower (0.10) for the summer surveys and higher (0.15) for the winter-spring (spawning biomass and hydroacoustic surveys).

RESUMEN Este artículo describe los actores que intervienen en la recomendación de la cuota de captura de anchoveta, previo a las temporadas de pesca para cada región (norte-centro y sur), así como el sesgo asociado a la misma. Los datos de las biomasas, cuotas y desembarques corresponden al período 2000-2022, mientras que las recomendaciones para la cuota total corresponden a 2019-2022. Para la región norte-centro, el Imarpe recomienda a Produce una tasa de explotación menor o igual a 0.35 mediante una tabla de decisión para cuatros escenarios probables de ambiente oceanográfico, considerando una biomasa remanente para asegurar su sostenibilidad. El cumplimiento de las cuotas de capturas de anchoveta en las primeras temporadas de pesca ha sido mayor a 90 %, mientras que en las segundas temporadas de pesca se han capturado inclusive menores a 50 %, como es el caso del: 2001, 2019, 2010 y 2017. Entre 2019 y 2022, Produce optó lo siguiente: i) con cuota menor a la recomendada en la tabla de decisión (I-2021, II-2020, I-2019) y ii) con cuota mayor a la recomendada en la biomasa a la tabla de decisión (I-2022, II-2021, II-2022, II-2019 y I-2020). El error de observación es menor (0.10) en los cruceros de verano y mayor (0.15) en invierno-primavera (cruceros de biomasa desovante e hidroacústicos).

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different oral root canal filling materials on the expression of inflammatory factors and protease related molecules in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). A total of 90 patients with posterior tooth defects who underwent root canal therapy in our hospital were selected. They were divided into an observation group (group A) and a control group (group B) based on different root canal filling materials, with 45 teeth in each group. The group A patients were repaired with fiber post, composite resin combined with zirconia ceramic crown, while the group B patients were repaired with metal post core combined with metal ceramic crown. The clinical effect, periodontal index, restoration success rate, mastication efficiency, periodontal index, restoration effect, and the levels of GCF and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) before and after restoration were compared between the two groups. The clinical efficacy of the group A was better than that of the group B patients. The success rate of repair and chewing efficiency in the group A were higher than those in the group B. The completeness rate, color matching rate, edge fit rate, edge coloring qualification rate, and gingival qualification rate of the group A patients were higher than those of the group B patients. After repair, the levels of GCF and ALP in both groups of patients were higher than before repair, and the group B was raised than the group A. The PLI, GI, and SBI indices of the group A patients were reduced than those of the group B patients. The application of fiber post, composite resin combined with zirconia porcelain crown restoration in patients with posterior tooth defects after root canal treatment can improve the success rate, chewing efficiency, and restoration effect, with little impact on changes in GCF and ALP levels in the body.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de diferentes materiales de obturación del canal radicular sobre la expresión de factores inflamatorios y moléculas relacionadas con proteasas en el fluido crevicular gingival (GCF). Se seleccionaron un total de 90 pacientes con defectos de los dientes posteriores que se sometieron a tratamiento de canal en nuestro hospital. Se dividieron en un grupo de observación (grupo A) y un grupo control (grupo B) basado en diferentes materiales de obturación del canal radicular, con 45 dientes en cada grupo. Los dientes de los pacientes del grupo A fueron reparados con poste de fibra, resina compuesta combinada con corona de cerámica de circonio, mientras que los dientes de los pacientes del grupo B fueron reparados con núcleo de poste de metal combinado con corona de cerámica de metal. Se compararon en los dos grupos el efecto clínico, el índice periodontal, la tasa de éxito de la restauración, la eficiencia de la masticación, el índice periodontal, el efecto de la restauración y los niveles de GCF y fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) antes y después de la restauración. La eficacia clínica del grupo A fue mejor que la de los pacientes del grupo B. La tasa de éxito de la reparación y la eficiencia de la masticación en el grupo A fueron mayores que las del grupo B. La tasa de integridad, la tasa de coincidencia de colores, la tasa de ajuste de los bordes, la tasa de calificación de la coloración de los bordes y la tasa de calificación gingival de los pacientes del grupo A fueron mayores que las de los pacientes del grupo B. Después de la reparación, los niveles de GCF y ALP en ambos grupos de pacientes fueron más altos que antes de la reparación, y el grupo B aumentó más que el grupo A. Los índices PLI, GI y SBI de los pacientes del grupo A fueron más reducidos que los pacientes del grupo B. La aplicación de poste de fibra, resina compuesta combinada con restauración de corona de porcelana de circonio en pacientes con defectos de dientes posteriores después del tratamiento de canal puede mejorar la tasa de éxito, la eficiencia de la masticación y el efecto de la restauración, con poco impacto en los cambios en los niveles de GCF y ALP en el cuerpo.

Abstract In January 2023, the Law for the Institutionalisation of Public Policy Evaluation in the General State Administration came into force in Spain. This law takes an important step by establishing the evaluation of public policies (EPP) as an instrument to improve the effective and efficient use of public resources and to make the decision-making process more transparent. This requires trained personnel to carry out evaluations. The aim of this article is to present how university education in EPP is structured in the public universities of Spain and how the various university degrees linked mainly to Political Science incorporate courses on public policy analysis and evaluation. Based on the observation and analysis of the presence of these courses in universities, this study shows in the development of political science studies, EPP is at an incipient stage, this being a relatively young approach in Spain within the realm of Political Science and partially limited to a few universities. The proportion of academic credits in public policy analysis and evaluation out of the overall volume of courses is marginal. This implies that in terms of the skillset attained at the end of university education and its transfer to the workplace, it vastly depends on certain universities and the completion of their coursework.

Resumen En enero de 2023 entró en vigor en España la Ley de Institucionalización de la Evaluación de Políticas Públicas en la Administración General del Estado. Esta ley da un paso importante al establecer la evaluación de políticas públicas (EPP) como elemento para mejorar el uso eficaz y eficiente de los recursos públicos y dotar de una mayor transparencia al proceso de toma de decisiones. Para ello es necesario contar con personal capacitado para realizar las evaluaciones. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar cómo se estructura la formación universitaria dentro de las universidades públicas españolas en EPP y cómo los diferentes grados universitarios vinculados mayoritariamente a la Ciencia Política introducen la formación en análisis y evaluación de políticas públicas. A partir de la observación y análisis de la presencia de estas formaciones en las universidades, este estudio muestra cómo la EPP se encuentra en una fase bastante incipiente en el desarrollo dentro de los estudios de ciencia política, siendo un enfoque relativamente joven en España dentro de la Ciencia Política y parcialmente limitado a unas cuantas universidades. El volumen de créditos formativos en análisis y evaluación de políticas públicas sobre el total de la formación es marginal. Esto significa que, en términos de competencias alcanzadas al final de la formación universitaria y de la transferencia de esos aprendizajes al puesto de trabajo, depende de la realización de la formación universitaria en determinadas universidades.

ABSTRACT Afro-Ecuadorian dance is a bond of connection with ancestors and identity, and provides an education in movement that facilitates, in turn, the development of educational values around the treatment of the body; this favors motivation towards the practice of continued physical activity. The objective of the research lies in proposing Afro-Ecuadorian dance as a methodological alternative for the inclusion of students with hyperactivity and is contextualized in the tenth grade, with a total of 35 students, and a sample of a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, from the Higher Basic School “José Otilio Ramírez Reina” Educational Unit, province of Esmeraldas in Ecuador. The study was based on a quantitative-qualitative approach and the dialectical-materialist method; methods from the theoretical level such as historical-logical and analysis-synthesis and from the empirical level, documentary analysis, observation and survey, were used to interpret the derivations obtained in each stage that went from the exploratory, descriptive level, until reaching an explanation of the phenomenon investigated. The results reveal the insufficient recognition of Afro-Ecuadorian dance for the inclusion of students with this disorder, as well as the limited scientific production related to the topic. From the study carried out, it was concluded that Afro-Ecuadorian dance constitutes an expeditious route for better knowledge, enjoyment and preservation of identity in these students.

RESUMO Reconhece-se que a dança afro-equatoriana é um vínculo de ligação com os ancestrais e a identidade, e proporciona uma educação em movimento que facilita, por sua vez, o desenvolvimento de valores educativos em torno do tratamento do corpo; Isso favorece a motivação para a prática de atividade física continuada. O objetivo da pesquisa consiste em propor a dança afro-equatoriana como alternativa metodológica para a inclusão de alunos com hiperatividade e está contextualizada no décimo ano, com um total de 35 alunos, e uma amostra de um aluno com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, da Escola Básica Superior da Unidade Educacional “José Otilio Ramírez Reina”, província de Esmeraldas no Equador. O estudo baseou-se na abordagem quanti-qualitativa e no método dialético-materialista; Métodos do nível teórico como histórico-lógico e análise-síntese e do nível empírico, análise documental, observação e levantamento, foram utilizados para interpretar as derivações obtidas em cada etapa que passou do nível exploratório, descritivo, até chegar a uma explicação do fenômeno investigado. Os resultados revelam o insuficiente reconhecimento da dança afro-equatoriana para a inclusão de alunos com esse transtorno, bem como a limitada produção científica relacionada ao tema. Do estudo realizado concluiu-se que a dança afro-equatoriana constitui um caminho expedito para um melhor conhecimento, diversão e preservação da identidade destes alunos.

RESUMEN Se reconoce que la danza afroecuatoriana es un lazo de conexión con los ancestros y la identidad, y aporta una educación del movimiento que facilita, a su vez, el desarrollo de valores educativos en torno al tratamiento del cuerpo; ello favorece la motivación hacia la práctica de la actividad física continuada. El objetivo de la investigación radica en proponer la danza afroecuatoriana como una alternativa metodológica para la inclusión de estudiantes con hiperactividad y se contextualiza en décimo año, con un total de 35 estudiantes, y una muestra de un estudiante con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, de la Básica Superior de la Unidad Educativa “José Otilio Ramírez Reina”, provincia de Esmeraldas en Ecuador. El estudio, se sustentó en un enfoque cuantitativo-cualitativo y el método dialectico-materialista; se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico como el histórico-lógico y el análisis-síntesis y del nivel empírico el análisis documental, la observación y la encuesta, para interpretar las derivaciones obtenidas en cada etapa que transitó desde el nivel exploratorio, descriptivo, hasta llegar a una explicación del fenómeno investigado. Los resultados revelan el insuficiente reconocimiento de la danza afroecuatoriana para la inclusión de estudiantes con este trastorno, así como la escasa producción científica relacionada con la temática. Del estudio realizado se concluyó que la danza afroecuatoriana constituye una vía expedita para un mejor conocimiento, disfrute y preservación de la identidad, en estos estudiantes.

RESUMEN Introducción: el aislamiento social es un fenómeno complejo y multidimensional que afecta la vida de las personas, fomenta la desigualdad y afecta la dignidad y la identidad personal y social. Objetivo: describir particulares de adultos mayores hospitalizados con aislamiento social. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el Hospital “Arnaldo Milián Castro” durante el período de 2017 a 2020. La población fue de 44 adultos mayores con aislamiento social atendidos en el Servicio de Geriatría. Se emplearon la observación, la entrevista, el análisis documental de historias clínicas y el Instrumento evaluativo social-gerontológico en la recolección del dato. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: del total de pacientes el 68,2% fueron hombres, alrededor del 50% se agrupó en los grupos de edades entre 65 y 69 y 75 y 79 años, el 72,7% no tenía institucionalización previa, el 27,3% sufrió depresión y el 13,6% ansiedad, el 72,7% no complicó su estado de salud y su recuperación fue lenta y se registró un 68,2% de adultos con hijos. Fueron identificadas como causas de aislamiento la emigración familiar (22,7%), los hábitos tóxicos (18,3%) y los problemas de la vivienda (13,6%). Conclusiones: predominaron el sexo masculino y los grupos de edades de entre 65 y 69 y 75 y 79 años, hubo asociación entre el sexo masculino y la institucionalización y la presencia de complicaciones y la recuperación lenta del estado de salud. La emigración familiar, los hábitos tóxicos y las enfermedades invalidantes fueron las causas del aislamiento y la depresión la consecuencia más frecuente en ambos sexos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: social isolation is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that affects people's lives, promotes inequality and affects dignity and personal and social identity. Objective: to describe characteristics of hospitalized older adults with social isolation. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the “Arnaldo Milián Castro” Hospital during the period from 2017 to 2020. The population was 44 older adults with social isolation treated in the Geriatrics Service. Observation, interviews, documentary analysis of medical records and the social-gerontological evaluation instrument were used in data collection. The statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential. Results: of the total patients, 68.2% were men, around 50% were grouped in the age groups between 65 and 69 and 75 and 79 years, 72.7% had no previous institutionalization, 27.3% suffered depression and 13.6% anxiety, 72.7% did not complicate their health status and their recovery was slow and 68.2% of adults with children were recorded. Family emigration (22.7%), toxic habits (18.3%) and housing problems (13.6%) were identified as causes of isolation. Conclusions: the male sex and the age groups between 65 and 69 and 75 and 79 years predominated, there was an association between the male sex and institutionalization and the presence of complications and slow recovery of health status. Family emigration, toxic habits and disabling diseases were the causes of isolation and depression was the most frequent consequence in both sexes.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to compare the quality of life of precarious quarry and brick-kiln workers in the municipality of San Luis Potosí and artisanal mercury mining in Camargo, Querétaro. Field work and non-participatory observation were carried out. During the field research period in 2019-2020, a questionnaire was applied to a total of 118 workers. The data were organized and processed with the Excel program (Microsoft Office 365) and analyzed within the framework of environmental anthropology and everyday-life approaches. In both contexts, it was found that the workers present a high level of marginalization, chronic diseases, physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, in addition to the lack of protective equipment. According to the activity performed, they suffer from different occupational hazards. Furthermore, they are not employed under a labor contract, and their families also participate in the work. The identified situations of occupational precariousness presented various diagnosed chronic degenerative comorbidities, lack of protective equipment to perform their activities, occupational hazards and little access to health services. Therefore, multidisciplinary efforts and approaches are required to assess, address and draw attention to their conditions, in order to prevent, intervene and transform labor precariousness into decent work. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e072

RESUMEN Este objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la calidad de vida de los trabajos precarios de cantera y ladrillo del municipio de San Luis Potosí y minería artesanal de mercurio en Camargo, Querétaro. Se realizó trabajo de campo y observación no participativa. Durante el periodo de investigación de campo en 2019-2020 se aplicó un cuestionario a un total de 118 trabajadores. Los datos fueron organizados y tratados con el programa Excel (versión Microsoft Office 365) y analizados dentro del marco de los enfoques de la antropología ambiental y de la vida cotidiana. En ambos contextos, se encontró que los trabajadores presentan un nivel alto de marginación, enfermedades crónicas, inactividad física, consumo de alcohol y tabaco, además de que no cuentan con equipo de protección, de acuerdo con la ocupación, tienen diferentes riesgos laborales. Además, no cuentan con contrato laboral. Aunado a ello, la familia participa en las labores. Los escenarios de precariedad laboral identificados presentaron algunas comorbilidades crónico-degenerativas diagnosticadas, nulo equipo de protección para realizar sus actividades, riesgos laborales y poco acceso a servicios de salud. Por lo tanto, requieren de esfuerzos y abordajes multidisciplinarios que permitan evaluar, atender y visibilizar sus condiciones con la finalidad de prevenir, intervenir y transformar la precariedad laboral en trabajo decente. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e072

Abstrct Infectious diseases have been one of the main causes of death in prehistoric populations. Their study reveals their impact on population dynamics and enables research on patterns of adaptation to the emergence of new pathogens and their mutations. The aim of this work is to present a first approach to the analysis of infectious diseases in bioarchaeological remains from the Late Holocene (from ca. 4200 cal years BP to the present) in high altitude and lowland environments of Mendoza and Córdoba (Argentina). The groups that inhabited these areas present differences regarding their social organization, but they share similarities in lifestyle and subsistence strategies, based on hunting-gathering at the beginning of the period, and the introduction of horticulture towards the end of the Holocene. Paleopathological analysis of 75 adult individuals of both sexes was carried out. Macroscopic observation and systemic recording of bone lesions were performed. Frequencies were calculated by sex, age, chronological (pre and post 1000/1200 years BP), and environmental criteria (Highlands/Lowlands and Plains/Mountains). Forty-eight percent of the total sample presented lesions possibly associated with infectious pathologies; 46% were from Mendoza and 58.3% from Córdoba. Higher prevalences are observed for Mendoza at the beginning of the Late Holocene and for Córdoba at the end of the period. Regarding environmental aspects, the groups that inhabited the Sierras area in Córdoba and the Mendoza Plain registered higher prevalences. These results are discussed in relation to the epidemiological transitions model. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26(1), 076, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e076

Resumen Las patologías infecciosas han constituido una de las principales causas de muerte en las sociedades prehistóricas. Su estudio permite conocer el impacto en las dinámicas poblacionales e investigar los patrones de adaptación frente al surgimiento de nuevos patógenos y sus mutaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una primera aproximación al análisis de procesos infecciosos en restos bioarqueológicos del Holoceno Tardío (desde ca. 4200 años cal AP hasta el presente) en ambientes de altura y planicies de las provincias de Mendoza y Córdoba (Argentina). Los grupos que ocuparon estas áreas presentan particularidades respecto a su organización social, pero comparten similitudes en los modos de vida y las estrategias de subsistencia, basados en la caza-recolección a comienzos del período, con incorporación de la horticultura hacia momentos finales. Se realizó el análisis paleopatológico de 75 individuos adultos de ambos sexos, mediante la observación macroscópica y el registro sistemático de lesiones óseas. Se calcularon frecuencias por sexo, edad, criterios cronológicos (pre y post 1000/1200 años AP) y ambientales (Sierras/Llanuras y Planicies/Montañas). El 48% de los individuos de la muestra presentó lesiones que podrían asociarse a patologías infecciosas, de los cuales el 46% corresponde a Mendoza y el 58,3% a Córdoba. Se observan mayores prevalencias para Mendoza a inicios del Holoceno Tardío, así como en momentos finales del período para Córdoba; en términos geográficos/ambientales, los grupos que habitaron la zona de Sierras en Córdoba y la Planicie de Mendoza registraron mayores porcentajes de afectación. Estos resultados se discuten según el modelo de transiciones epidemiológicas. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26(1), 076, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e076

Abstract Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium producing staphylococcal enterotoxins, responsible worldwide for outbreaks of staphylococcal poisoning. Objective: To determine the genotypification and prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus type B, C, D, and E in nasopharyngeal smears of food-handlers. Material and method: Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained of 100 food-handlers from food services of Chillán city, after signing informed consent, the samples were transported to 4 ° C, and then inoculated for 48 hours at 37 ° C in Baird Parker Agar plates. After the confirmatory tests of catalase and coagulase for Staphylococcus aureus, DNA extraction and subsequent molecular identification of enterotoxin type B, C, D, and E were performed by means of conventional PCR amplification. Results: The 38% of the sample was positive by Staphylococcus aureus. Of the total carriers of the bacteria, it was identified that 28.9% produced enterotoxin type B and 7.9% produced type E enterotoxin, of this 2.6% were producers of both enterotoxins. The presence of enterotoxins C and D was not detected by PCR. Conclusions: The 38% of 100 the food-handlers studied carry Staphylococcus aureus, and 36,8% of them produce enterotoxins B and E, representing 14% of the total group of study. Our observation suggests the necessity of strict protocols of food manipulation to prevent contamination of food with S. aureus.

Resumen Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus es una bacteria Gram positiva productora enterotoxinas estafilocócicas, responsables a nivel mundial de brotes por intoxicación estafilocócica. Objetivo: Determinar la genotipificación y prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxigénico tipo B, C, D y E en frotis nasofaríngeos de manipuladores de alimentos de Chile. Material y método: Este estudio se realizó en una muestra de 100 manipuladores de alimentos de servicios de alimentación de Chillán. Realizando en una primera etapa, previa firma de consentimiento informado, muestreo nasofaríngeo en los lugares de trabajo. Las muestras se trasladaron a 4°C, para luego ser inoculadas por 48 horas a 37 °C en placas Agar Baird Parker. Posterior a las pruebas confirmativas de catalasa y coagulasa para Staphylococcus aureus, se realizó extracción de ADN y posterior identificación molecular de enterotoxina tipo B, C, D y E, mediante la amplificación por PCR convencional. Resultados: El 38% de la muestra estaba colonizada por Staphylococcus aureus. Del total de portadores de la bacteria se identificó que el 28,9% producían la enterotoxina tipo B y el 7,9% producían la enterotoxina tipo E, de estos un 2,6% era productor de ambas enterotoxinas. No se detectó presencia de las enterotoxinas C y D. Conclusiones: El 38% de los 100 manipuladores de alimentos de servicios de alimentación estudiados es portador de Staphylococcus aureus, y 36,8% de estos producen enterotoxinas B y E, representando un 14% del grupo total de estudio.

Abstract Objective: The aim of our study is to describe the progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with clinical stage (CS) II and IIINSGCT with an RM after primary or secondary CT with negative serum markers (NSM). A residual mass (RM) in non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) after chemotherapy (CT) is defined as a mass >1 cm in greatest diameter. The pre ferred treatment for RM is retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), with a cure rate greater than 80%. Methods: We identified 60 patients with NSGCT, RM, and NSM between 2007 and 2020. Data regarding clinical and oncological outcomes as well as pathological information were obtained in a retrospective fashion from our electronic database. Results: A total of 60 patients were included. 50% of cases were CS II, and 50% CS III. About 90% of the patients had undergone RPLND. Teratoma was found in 73.6% of these patients. PFS and OS were better in CS II patients, compared to CS III. The patients treated with observation were found to have a shorter PFS compared to patients who underwent RPLND. Patients with viable tumors after RPLND had shorter OS compared to patients with teratoma and fibrosis. Conclusions: RPLND continues to be the treatment of choice to patients with RM after CT and NSM.

Resumen Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es describir la supervivencia libre de progresión (SLP) en pacientes con TCGNS en estadio clínico (CS) II y III con masa residual tras QT primaria o secundaria con marcadores séricos negativos (MSN). Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con TCGNS, MR y MSN atendidos entre 2007-2020. Los datos se obtuvieron de forma retrospectiva de nuestra base de datos electrónica. Resultados: Se identificaron 60 pacientes, el 50% eran CS II y el 50% CS III, y el 90% de los pacientes fueron sometidos a DGLRP. Se evidenció teratoma en el 73,6% de los pacientes. La SLP y la super vivencia global (SG) fue mejor en pacientes con CS II, frente a CS III. Los pacientes observados tuvieron una SLP menor frente a los que se sometieron a DGLRP. Los pacientes tratados con DGLRP y evidencia de tumor viable en la patología tenían una SG más corta comparado con teratoma y fibrosis. Conclusión: La DGLRP sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección para las MR posterior a QT y MSN.

In the majority of South African schools, maintaining discipline remains a challenge - a situation which commands the attention of departmental officials both locally and internationally. When negative disciplinary approaches were prohibited in schools in this country, positive disciplinary measures were recommended in the form of a code of conduct for learners. In the study reported on here we examined the challenges that teachers face in using a code of conduct to maintain positive discipline among the learner cohort. The study was guided by positive discipline and democratic theories. These theories imply that discipline must be taught to learners so that they are equipped to behave appropriately and obey the school/classroom rules. Data were gathered from a total of 16 educators in 2 sampled schools in Pinetown, Durban, through semi-structured interviews, observation and document review. The findings reveal that a variety of challenges impeded the use of a learners' code of conduct, including a failure to review the document on a regular basis. The content of those codes was not widely communicated either, which meant that they remained ineffective in addressing each school's specific needs with regard to correcting misbehaviour. Based on the findings, we recommend that the Department of Basic Education raise awareness around democratic governance in schools to enhance positive discipline by means of up-to-date, enforced codes of conduct. Schools also need to encourage parents to be actively involved in their children's schooling, as a means of supporting teachers.

Abstract Leishmaniosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and, in the New World, is transmitted to mammals through the bite of blood-sucking dipteran insects of the genus Lutzomyia. Canines are susceptible to infection, developing the visceral form (VL) and the cutaneous form (CL) of the disease. Diagnostic methods include direct observation of the parasite by light microscopy, serology, or molecular biology techniques in samples from dogs with clinical signs and/or clinical suspicion. In this word, the usefulness of a nested PCR designed for the diagnosis of this pathology in dogs was evaluated. A total of 18 samples of EDTA pre-treated dog’s whole blood were analyzed. Dogs were from the city of Corrientes and presented clinical suspicion of suffering from leishmaniasis. From the samples, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and two successive rounds of amplification of a sequence that codes for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA were carried out. The results obtained from the nested PCRs were compared with this obtained from the direct parasitological method (gold standard). The applied technique showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 67% and negative predictive value of 100%, turning it into a valuable tool for diagnosing canine leishmaniosis.

Resumen La leishmaniosis es una enfermedad causada por parásitos protozoarios del género Leishmania y transmitida a mamíferos mediante la picadura de insectos dípteros hematófagos del género Lutzomyia en el nuevo mundo. Los caninos son susceptibles de adquirir la forma visceral y la forma cutánea de la enfermedad. Los métodos de diagnóstico incluyen observación directa del parásito por microscopía óptica, serología o técnicas de biología molecular en muestras de perros con signos clínicos evidentes y/o sospecha clínica. En este estudio se evaluó la utilidad de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa anidada (PCRn) para el diagnóstico de dicha patología en perros. Se analizaron 18 muestras de sangre entera anticoagulada con EDTA de perros de la ciudad de Corrientes con sospecha clínica de padecer leishmaniosis. A partir de las mismas, se extrajo ácido desoxiribonucleico (ADN) y se realizaron dos rondas de amplificación sucesivas de una secuencia que codifica para la subunidad pequeña de ARN ribosomal. Los resultados obtenidos de las PCR anidadas fueron comparados con los resultados obtenidos a partir del método parasitológico directo considerado como gold standard. La técnica aplicada mostró sensibilidad del 100%, especificidad del 75%, valor predictivo positivo del 67% y valor predictivo negativo del 100% lo que la convierte en una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico de leishmaniosis canina.

Resumo As espécies de aranhas são importantes para manter o equilíbrio ecológico, controlar populações de insetos e fornecer fontes potenciais de compostos medicinais. Destacando a importância das espécies de aranhas, o presente estudo teve como objetivo explorar a diversidade da fauna de aranhas e a riqueza de espécies em vários habitats no Distrito de Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, de março de 2021 a dezembro de 2021. As aranhas foram coletadas por meio de diferentes métodos: armadilhas de queda, busca críptica, coleta manual no solo, coleta manual aérea e batida na vegetação. Em seguida, as aranhas capturadas foram lavadas em álcool e preservadas em uma combinação de 80% de álcool e 20% de glicerol, para observação posterior. A identificação foi realizada com a ajuda de chaves de identificação de aranhas disponíveis e da literatura. Um total de 578 espécimes representando 29 espécies, de 17 famílias e 26 gêneros, foram coletados e identificados. A família Lycosidae foi a família mais dominante (13,49%), seguida por Salticidae (10,2%), Araneidae (8,47%), Tetragnathidae (7,61%), Pholicidae (6,4%), Oxyopidae (5,88%), Thomisidae (5,7%), Clubionidae (5,53%), Sicariidae (5,19%), Scytodidae (5,01%), Corinnidae (4,67%), Agelenidae (4,32%), Cheiracanthiidae e Sparassidae (4,15%), Oecobiidae e Hersiliidae (3,97%) e Theridiidae, que foi a mais rara entre todas (1,21%). As espécies mais comumente identificadas são Hippasa partita, Lycosa poonaesis, Lycosa terrestris, Draposa oakleyi, Plexippus paykulli, Menemerus nigli, Thyene imperialis, Thyene bivittate e Hasarius adansoni, Argiope versicolor, Neoscona theisi, Tetragnatha extensa, Crossopriza lyoni e Oxyopes Javanus. Durante o estudo atual/presente, observou-se que espécies de aranhas foram encontradas abundantemente em áreas quentes de maio a agosto, o que demonstra que a fauna de aranhas da área de estudo é muito rica, mas ainda pouco explorada. ecológico medicinais Mardan Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão 202 métodos queda críptica solo vegetação 80 20 glicerol posterior literatura 57 2 1 gêneros identificados 13,49%, 1349 13,49% , 13 49 (13,49%) 10,2%, 102 10,2% 10 (10,2%) 8,47%, 847 8,47% 8 47 (8,47%) 7,61%, 761 7,61% 7 61 (7,61%) 6,4%, 64 6,4% 6 4 (6,4%) 5,88%, 588 5,88% 5 88 (5,88%) 5,7%, 5,7% (5,7%) 5,53%, 553 5,53% 53 (5,53%) 5,19%, 519 5,19% 19 (5,19%) 5,01%, 501 5,01% 01 (5,01%) 4,67%, 467 4,67% 67 (4,67%) 4,32%, 432 4,32% 32 (4,32%) 4,15%, 415 4,15% 15 (4,15%) 3,97% 397 3 97 (3,97% Theridiidae 1,21%. 121 1,21% . 21 (1,21%) partita poonaesis terrestris oakleyi paykulli nigli imperialis adansoni versicolor theisi extensa Javanus atualpresente atual atual/presente observouse observou se agosto rica explorada 134 13,49 (13,49% 10,2 (10,2% 84 8,47 (8,47% 76 7,61 (7,61% 6,4 (6,4% 58 5,88 (5,88% 5,7 (5,7% 55 5,53 (5,53% 51 5,19 (5,19% 50 5,01 0 (5,01% 46 4,67 (4,67% 43 4,32 (4,32% 41 4,15 (4,15% 3,97 39 9 (3,97 12 1,21 (1,21% 13,4 (13,49 10, (10,2 8,4 (8,47 7,6 (7,61 6, (6,4 5,8 (5,88 5, (5,7 5,5 (5,53 5,1 (5,19 5,0 (5,01 4,6 (4,67 4,3 (4,32 4,1 (4,15 3,9 (3,9 1,2 (1,21 13, (13,4 (10, 8, (8,4 7, (7,6 (6, (5,8 (5, (5,5 (5,1 (5,0 4, (4,6 (4,3 (4,1 3, (3, 1, (1,2 (13, (10 (8, (7, (6 (5 (4, (3 (1, (13 (1 (8 (7 ( (4

Abstract Spider species are important for maintaining ecological balance, controlling insect populations, and providing potential sources of medicinal compounds. Highlighting the importance of spider species, the present study was aimed at exploring the diversity of spider fauna and species richness in various habitats in District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, from March 2021 to December 2021. Spiders were collected through different methods: pitfall traps, cryptic searching, ground hand collection, aerial hand collection, and vegetation beating. Then, the captured spiders were washed in alcohol and preserved in a combination of 80% alcohol and 20% glycerol for further observation. Identification was carried out with the help of available spider identification keys and literature. A total of 578 specimens representing 29 species from 17 families and 26 genera were collected and identified. Family Lycosidae was the most dominant family (13.49%), followed by Salticidae (10.2%), Araneidae (8.47%), Tetragnathidae (7.61%), Pholicidae (6.4%), Oxyopidae (5.88%), Thomisidae (5.7%), Clubionidae (5.53%), Sicariidae (5.19%), Scytodidae (5.01%), Corinnidae (4.67%), Agelenidae (4.32%), Cheiracanthiidae and Sparassidae (4.15%), Oecobiidae and Hersiliidae (3.97%) and Theridiidae was the rarest among all (1.21%). The most commonly identified species are Hippasa partita, Lycosa poonaesis, Lycosa terrestris, Draposa oakleyi, Plexippus paykulli, Menemerus nigli, Thyene imperialis, Thyene bivittate and Hasarius adansoni. Argiope versicolor, Neoscona theisi, Tetragnatha extensa, Crossopriza lyoni, and Oxyopes Javanus. During the present study, it was observed that spider species were abundantly found in warm areas from May to August, which demonstrates that the spider fauna of the study area is very rich but has yet to be explored. balance populations compounds Mardan Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 202 methods traps searching collection beating Then 80 20 observation literature 57 2 1 13.49%, 1349 13.49% , 13 49 (13.49%) 10.2%, 102 10.2% 10 (10.2%) 8.47%, 847 8.47% 8 47 (8.47%) 7.61%, 761 7.61% 7 61 (7.61%) 6.4%, 64 6.4% 6 4 (6.4%) 5.88%, 588 5.88% 5 88 (5.88%) 5.7%, 5.7% (5.7%) 5.53%, 553 5.53% 53 (5.53%) 5.19%, 519 5.19% 19 (5.19%) 5.01%, 501 5.01% 01 (5.01%) 4.67%, 467 4.67% 67 (4.67%) 4.32%, 432 4.32% 32 (4.32%) 4.15%, 415 4.15% 15 (4.15%) 3.97% 397 3 97 (3.97% 1.21%. 121 1.21% . 21 (1.21%) partita poonaesis terrestris oakleyi paykulli nigli imperialis adansoni versicolor theisi extensa lyoni Javanus August explored 134 13.49 (13.49% 10.2 (10.2% 84 8.47 (8.47% 76 7.61 (7.61% 6.4 (6.4% 58 5.88 (5.88% 5.7 (5.7% 55 5.53 (5.53% 51 5.19 (5.19% 50 5.01 0 (5.01% 46 4.67 (4.67% 43 4.32 (4.32% 41 4.15 (4.15% 3.97 39 9 (3.97 12 1.21 (1.21% 13.4 (13.49 10. (10.2 8.4 (8.47 7.6 (7.61 6. (6.4 5.8 (5.88 5. (5.7 5.5 (5.53 5.1 (5.19 5.0 (5.01 4.6 (4.67 4.3 (4.32 4.1 (4.15 3.9 (3.9 1.2 (1.21 13. (13.4 (10. 8. (8.4 7. (7.6 (6. (5.8 (5. (5.5 (5.1 (5.0 4. (4.6 (4.3 (4.1 3. (3. 1. (1.2 (13. (10 (8. (7. (6 (5 (4. (3 (1. (13 (1 (8 (7 ( (4

Resumo O estudo das serpentes envolve fatores fisiológicos, comportamentais e de interação com um ambiente extremamente dinâmico e complexo. A relação destes animais com a biodiversidade ainda é bastante preliminar, pouco estudada e muito alimentada por práticas populares ligadas a medicina tradicional, correntes esotéricas e místicas. Nessa linha que este estudo propôs conhecer sobre o efeito do extrato bruto alcoólico a 80% da Petiveria alliacea L, popularmente conhecida como Erva Tipi, e seus efeitos associados à repelência da serpente Bothrops moojeni. Foi construído um complexo de caixas para a observação do deslocamento da serpente, realizado por um período total de seis dias, sendo os três primeiros para definição do padrão exploratório e os outros dois para o teste ao extrato alcóolico de Tipi e finalmente no sexto dia um ciclo com presença de um atrativo vivo. Foi observado que o animal não teve comportamento de inibição e se deslocou pelo complexo de forma análoga ao que ocorre na natureza e demonstrou comportamento de evitar se manter na presença do extrato tanto com a presença de um atrativo vivo como sem ele, preferindo se deslocar nos outros compartimentos. Os resultados mostram que essa ferramenta proposta é valida para estudo de deslocamento das serpentes Bothrops moojeni, da mesma maneira que agregou valores na importância da biodiversidade do Cerrado e sobre as práticas populares da Erva Tipi, uma vez que o efeito repelente sobre a serpente foi significativo nos dois testes realizados.

Abstract The serpent study involves physiological, behavioral and interaction factors with an extremely dynamic and complex environment. The relation of these animals with biodiversity is still quite preliminary, little studied and sustained by popular practices related to traditional medicine, esoteric and mystical currents. Therefore, this study proposed to know about the effect of 80% crude alcoholic extract of Petiveria alliacea L., popularly known as Tipi Herb, and its effects associated with the repellency of the Bothrops moojeni serpent. A complex of boxes was built for the observation of the snake's displacement, carried out for a total period of six days, the first three for defining the exploratory pattern and the other two for testing the alcoholic extract of Tipi, and finally on the sixth day, one cycle with the presence of a live attractant as bait. It was observed that the animal had no inhibition behavior and moved through the complex in a way like what occurs in nature and showed behavior to avoid remaining in the presence of the extract both with the presence of a live attractant or without it, preferring to move in the other compartments. The results show that this proposed tool is valid for the study of displacement of Bothrops moojeni snakes, in the same way that it added values on the importance of cerrado biome biodiversity and on the popular medicine practices of Tipi Herb, since the repellent effect on the snake was significant in the two tests performed.

Resumo A produção de plantas transgênicas com características agronômicas e hortícolas desejadas vem ganhando grande importância por atender às demandas da crescente população. A transformação genética também é um passo fundamental para estudar os fundamentos das ciências das plantas. Foram desenvolvidos e utilizados diferentes protocolos de transformação, que são confiáveis e eficientes. Esses protocolos usaram genes de resistência a antibióticos ou herbicidas incorporados ao gene de interesse para identificar plantas transformadas e não transformadas. Esses genes marcadores podem representar uma ameaça ao ser humano e ao meio ambiente. O uso de marcadores visuais permite a observação direta e fácil de plantas transformadas com mais precisão. No estudo atual, foi projetado um cassete de genes com o gene da hidroxilase de produção de pigmentos (PPH) sob promotor específico de fibra (GhSCFP) e terminador NOS a jusante. Após verificar a eficiência estrutural e funcional do gene otimizado por códons usando ferramentas de bioinformática, o cassete foi enviado para síntese química a partir de fonte comercial. O cassete do gene do pigmento (PPH_CEMB), clonado em pCAMBIA-1301, foi transformado em Agrobacterium por eletroporação. O método de imersão floral mediado por Agrobacterium foi usado para transformar a inflorescência de Camelina sativa. Após a formação de sementes, foi observado um total de 600 sementes com mudança de cor, das quais 19 desenvolveram uma coloração marrom-avermelhada, enquanto as 581 restantes permaneceram amarelas. A eficiência de transformação calculada com base na mudança de cor foi de 1%. A análise de PCR das folhas obtidas após a semeadura de sementes avermelhadas confirmou a transformação do gene produtor de pigmentos, enquanto não foi observada amplificação por PCR em folhas de plantas de sementes do tipo selvagem. A partir dos resultados, é evidente que a transformação da inflorescência de C. sativa mediada por Agrobacterium é uma técnica muito eficiente e favorável ao ambiente não só para a detecção de plantas transformadas, mas também para estudar processos celulares básicos.

Abstract Production of transgenic plants with desired agronomic and horticultural traits has gained great importance to fulfill demands of the growing population. Genetic transformation is also a fundamental step to study basics of plant sciences. Different transformation protocols have been developed and used which are reliable and efficient. These protocols used antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes incorporated along with gene of interest to identify transformed plants from non-transformed ones. These marker genes may pose a threat to human and environment. Use of visual markers enables direct and easier observation of transformed plants with more precision. In current study a gene cassette with ‘pigment production hydroxylase (PPH) gene under fiber specific promoter (GhSCFP) and downstream Nos-terminator was designed. After checking the structural and functional efficiency of codon optimized gene using bioinformatics tools, the cassette was sent for chemical synthesis from commercial source. The pigment gene cassette (PPH_CEMB), cloned in pCAMBIA-1301, was transformed into Agrobacterium through electroporation. Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip method was used to transform Camelina sativa inflorescence. After seed setting a total of 600 seed were observed for change in color and out of these, 19 seeds developed a reddish-brown coloration, while the remaining 581 seeds remained yellow. The transformation efficiency calculated on basis of color change was 1.0%. PCR analysis of leaves obtained after sowing reddish seeds confirmed the transformation of pigment production gene, while no PCR amplification was observed in leaves of plants from wild type seeds. From the results it is evident that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of C. sativa inflorescence is very efficient and environment friendly technique not only for detection of transformed plants but also to study basic cellular processes.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the effects of the preoperative application of artificial tears combined with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor on the ocular surface function and inflammatory factor levels after operation in cataract patients complicated with dry eyes. Methods: A total of 118 cataract patients (118 eyes) complicated with dry eyes treated from February 2019 to February2020 were assigned to control and observation groups (n=59 eyes/group) using a random number table. One week before the operation, the control group was administered 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops (artificial tears), based on which the observation group received Beifushu eye drops (recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor), both 6 times daily for 1 week. A comparison was made between the scores of clinical symptoms and the indices of ocular surface function, inflammatory factors in tears, and oxidative stress indices before and after the operation. The ocular surface function was evaluated by an ocular surface disease index questionnaire, tear film breakup-time assay, Schirmer’s I test, and corneal fluorescein stain test. The inflammatory factors in tears were measured. Results: No significant differences were noted in the general data and clinical symptom score, ocular surface disease index, tear film breakup-time, Schirmer’s I test score, fluorescein stain score, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxide, and total antioxidant capacity before treatment between the 2 groups (p>0.05). After treatment, the clinical symptom score, ocular surface disease index, fluorescein stain score, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, malondial-dehyde and lipid peroxide declined significantly, and tear film breakup-time, Schirmer’s I test score, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity increased in both the groups. The improvements in the clinical symptom score as well as in the indices of ocular surface function, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress were more prominent in the observation group than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Artificial tears combined with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor before operation. significantly improved the ocular surface function, reduced inflammatory factors in tears, and alleviated dry eye symptoms after operation in cataract patients. Purpose Methods 11 (11 201 February202 n=59 n59 n 59 (n=5 eyes/group eyesgroup table 01 0 0.1 , tears) factor, factor) questionnaire breakuptime breakup time assay Schirmers Schirmer s measured Results breakuptime, time, interleukin6, interleukin6 interleukin 6, interleukin-6 factoralpha, factoralpha alpha, alpha factor-alpha malondialdehyde dismutase p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 . 05 (p>0.05) malondial dehyde p<0.05. p<0.05 (p<0.05) Conclusions (1 20 February20 n=5 n5 5 (n= 0. interleukin- p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 p<0.0 (p<0.05 ( February2 n= (n p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0. (p<0.0 p>0 (p>0. p<0 (p<0. p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (p> (p< (p

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da aplicação pré-operatória de lágrimas artificiais combinadas com o fator de crescimento de fibroblastos básicos bovinos recombinantes na função da superfície ocular e níveis de fator inflamatório após cirurgia em pacientes com catarata complicada com olhos secos. Métodos: Um total de 118 pacientes com catarata complicada com olhos secos (118 olhos), tratados entre fevereiro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020, foram divididos em grupos de controle e de observação (n=59, 59 olhos) usando uma tabela de números aleatórios. Uma semana antes da cirurgia, o grupo controle recebeu colírio de hialuronato de sódio a 0,1% (lágrimas artificiais), enquanto o grupo de observação recebeu colírio Beifushu (fator de crescimento de fibroblastos básicos bovinos recombinantes), ambos, seis vezes ao dia, por uma semana. Antes do tratamento e um mês após a cirurgia, os escores de sintomas clínicos, índices de função da superfície ocular, níveis de fatores inflamatórios nas lágrimas e índices de estresse oxidativo foram comparados. A função da superfície ocular foi avaliada pelo questionário do índice de doença da superfície ocular, ensaio de tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste I de Schirmer e teste de coloração por fluoresceína da córnea. Os níveis de fatores inflamatórios nas lágrimas foram medidos. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas nos dados gerais e no escore de sintomas clínicos, índice de doença da superfície ocular, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, escore do teste I de Schirmer, pontuação do teste de coloração por fluoresceína da córnea, interleucina-6, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, malondialdeído, superóxido dismutase, peróxido lipídico e capacidade antioxidante total antes do tratamento entre os dois grupos (p>0,05). Após o tratamento, o escore de sintomas clínicos, índice de doença da superfície ocular, escore do teste de coloração por fluoresceína da córnea, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, interleucina-6, malondialdeído e peróxido lipídico diminuíram significativamente, e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, escore do teste I de Schirmer, superóxido dismutase e a capacidade antioxidante total aumentou em ambos os grupos. As melhorias no escore de sintomas clínicos, bem como os índices de função da superfície ocular, fatores inflamatórios e estresse oxidativo foram mais proeminentes no grupo de observação do que no grupo controle (p<0,05). Conclusões: Lágrimas artificiais combinadas com fator de crescimento de fibroblastos básicos recombinantes antes da cirurgia melhoram notavelmente a função da superfície ocular, diminuem os níveis de fatores inflamatórios nas lágrimas e aliviam os sintomas de olho seco após a cirurgia em pacientes com catarata complicada com olhos secos. Objetivo préoperatória pré operatória Métodos 11 (11 olhos, , 201 2020 n=59, n59 n (n=59 5 aleatórios 01 0 1 0,1 artificiais, artificiais) recombinantes, recombinantes) dia clínicos comparados lacrimal córnea medidos Resultados interleucina6, interleucina6 interleucina 6, 6 interleucina-6 alfa p>0,05. p005 p p>0,05 . 05 (p>0,05) significativamente p<0,05. p<0,05 (p<0,05) Conclusões (1 20 202 n=59 n5 (n=5 0, interleucina- p00 p>0,0 (p>0,05 p<0,0 (p<0,05 ( 2 n=5 (n= p0 p>0, (p>0,0 p<0, (p<0,0 n= (n p>0 (p>0, p<0 (p<0, p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (p> (p< (p