Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

Summary: The municipality of Medellín, Veracruz, México has a type A landfill, whose operation level has recently increased due to landfill closure in the city of Veracruz. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the quality of groundwater surrounding the landfill of the municipality of Medellín., such as hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity (T), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), nitrates (NO3 -), total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in seven groundwater wells near the landfill during the “north” and dry season. The physicochemical water results from the seven wells analyzed were within the maximum permissible limits of Mexican regulations: turbidity values exceeded international regulations and four wells were found contaminated according to COD levels. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in both seasons were higher than the maximum permissible limits for human consumption in accordance with national and international regulations. Therefore, the results indicated the negative influence of the landfill on groundwater quality.

Resumen: Los rellenos sanitarios se han vuelto una fuente de contaminación de aguas superficiales y subterráneas, debido a la generación de lixiviados que pueden llegar hasta los cuerpos de agua con efectos adversos al ambiente. El municipio de Medellín, Veracruz, México; cuenta con un relleno sanitario tipo A cuyo nivel de operación se ha incrementado recientemente debido a la clausura del relleno sanitario de la ciudad de Veracruz. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la calidad del agua subterránea aledaña al relleno sanitario del municipio de Medellín. Se evaluaron potencial de hidrógeno (pH), conductividad eléctrica (CE), turbidez (T), Demanda Química de Oxigeno (DQO), Fósforo Total (PT), Nitratos, (NO3 -), Sólidos Disueltos Totales (SDT) y metales pesados Plomo (Pb), Cadmio (Cd) y Cobre (Cu) en 7 pozos de agua subterránea próximos al relleno sanitario durante la temporada de “nortes” y estiaje. Los resultados fisicoquímicos del agua de los 7 pozos analizados se encontraron dentro de los límites máximos permisibles de la normatividad mexicana; los valores de turbidez superaron la normatividad internacional y 4 pozos mostraron estar contaminados de acuerdo a los niveles de DQO. Las concentraciones de Pb y Cd en ambas temporadas se encontraron superiores a los límites máximos permisibles para consumo humano de acuerdo con la normatividad nacional e internacional. Los resultados indicaron la influencia negativa del relleno sanitario en la calidad del agua subterránea.

Abstract Introduction: Reservoirs are conceived as a set of interactions in which physical, chemical, and biological instability determines changes in the density of planktonic communities. Objective: To evaluate the instability of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and their interactions with environmental factors in four tropical Andean reservoirs with different trophic status. Methods: Physical and chemical variables and phytoplankton and zooplankton densities were measured between 2010-2018 in the oligotrophic reservoirs Punchiná and San Lorenzo and between 2013 and 2015 in the hypereutrophic reservoir Porce II and in the eutrophic Porce III reservoir (total N = 248). The Factor Shaping Community Assemblages (FCA) was used to calculate environmental and biotic instability as well as their interaction. Results: High environmental and biological instability was observed in the studied reservoirs. Oxygen saturation, pH, total nitrogen, water temperature, nitrites, total phosphorus (only for zooplankton), and total solids were the abiotic variables with the greatest contribution to planktonic instability, regardless of trophic state. Particularly, Cryptomonas sp., Aulacoseira sp., Cyclotella sp., Dinobryon sp., Nephrocytium sp., Tetraëdron caudatum and Oscillatoria sp. had the greatest influence on the instability of various rotifer taxa and some copepods. Conclusions: Regardless of trophic state, pH dynamics, nutrients availability, amount of suspended solids and the availability of gases, such as dissolved oxygen, mainly determined the instability of phytoplankton and to a lesser extent that of zooplankton. In the oligotrophic reservoirs, zooplankton instability was mainly influenced by highly palatable algae with no toxicity, and in reservoirs highly enriched, the instability was influenced by algae with low nutritional quality and difficult to ingest and manipulate.

Resumen Introducción: los embalses deben ser concebidos como un conjunto de interacciones, donde la inestabilidad física, química y biológica determinan cambios en la densidad de las comunidades planctónicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la inestabilidad del fitoplancton y zooplancton y su interacción con factores ambientales en cuatro embalses tropicales andinos con diferente estado trófico. Métodos: Se analizaron datos de variables físicas y químicas y de las densidades del fitoplancton y del zooplancton, medidas entre 2010-2018, en los embalses oligotróficos Punchiná y San Lorenzo y, entre 2013 y 2015, en el embalse hipereutrófico Porce II y en el embalse eutrófico Porce III (total N = 248). Se empleó el Factor Shaping Community Assemblages (FCA), para calcular la inestabilidad biótica y ambiental y la interacción entre estas. Resultados: En los embalses estudiados hubo una alta inestabilidad ambiental y biológica. El pH, la saturación de oxígeno, el nitrógeno total, la temperatura del agua, los nitritos, el fósforo total (solo para el zooplancton) y los sólidos totales, son las variables abióticas con mayor aporte a la inestabilidad planctónica, independientemente del estado trófico. Particularmente, Cryptomonas sp., Aulacoseira sp., Cyclotella sp., Dinobryon sp., Nephrocytium sp., Tetraëdron caudatum y Oscillatoria sp., tuvieron mayor influencia sobre la inestabilidad de diferentes taxones de rotíferos y de algunos copépodos. Conclusión: Independiente del estado trófico, la dinámica del pH, la disponibilidad de nutrientes, la cantidad de sólidos suspendidos y la disponibilidad de gases como el oxígeno disuelto determinaron principalmente la inestabilidad del fitoplancton, y en menor medida la del zooplancton. En los embalses oligotróficos la inestabilidad del zooplancton es influenciada principalmente por algas altamente apetecibles con toxicidad nula, y en embalses altamente enriquecidos la inestabilidad fue influenciada por algas con baja calidad nutricional y de difícil ingestión y manipulación.

ABSTRACT The rock-fluid interaction is associated with formation damage and occurs due to the introduction of foreign fluids that cause chemical and physical imbalances in the rock matrix and in the fluids insides, which reduces the permeability of formation The objective of the research is to evaluate properties of rock-fluid interaction in an improved recovery process. The research is developed on a laboratory scale with injection of chemical formulation, in search of alternatives for the improvement of oil production and the increase of the recovery factor of the reservoirs. Wettability tests and physical-chemical characterization of the injected fluids and effluents (total dissolved solids, density, conductivity, chloride, calcium, magnesium and pH) were carried out before and after contact with the formation. Based on determinations of density, water and sediment content, asphaltenes and rheological behavior, the characterization of the crude oil from the Seboruco well was carried out, as well as the layer water that was analyzed for its ionic composition and its classification. Such tests indicated a heavy and pseudoplastic crude oil, and a sodium hydrocarbonated layer water. The rock-fluid interaction tests showed significant changes in the wettability of the rock, from to oil-wet to water-wet. The analyzes of the effluents corroborated ionic exchange in the rock-fluid system such as: The increases in pH and increased content of chloride, calcium and magnesium obtained during the formulation step, which in some way favored the displacement of crude oil in the porous medium.

RESUMEN La interacción roca-fluido se asocia al daño de la formación y ocurre por introducción de “fluidos extraños” que causan desequilibrios químicos y físicos en la matriz de la roca y en los fluidos en su interior, lo que reduce la permeabilidad de la formación. La investigación tiene como objetivo: evaluar propiedades de interacción roca-fluido en un proceso de recuperación mejorada, a escala de laboratorio, con inyección de formulación química, en búsqueda de alternativas para el mejoramiento de la producción de petróleo e incremento del factor de recobro de los yacimientos. Se realizaron ensayos de mojabilidad y caracterización física y química de los fluidos inyectados y los efluentes (sólidos totales disueltos, densidad, conductividad, cloruro, calcio, magnesio y pH) antes y después del contacto con la formación. Sobre la base de determinaciones de densidad, contenido de agua y sedimento, asfaltenos y comportamiento reológico, se realizó la caracterización del crudo del pozo Seboruco y también del agua de capa que fue analizada en cuanto su composición iónica y su clasificación. Tales ensayos indicaron un crudo pesado y seudoplástico y el agua de capa del tipo hidrocarbonada sódica. Los ensayos de interacción roca-fluido evidenciaron cambios significativos en la mojabilidad de la roca, de oleohumectada a acuohumectada. Los análisis de los efluentes corroboraron intercambio iónico en el sistema roca-fluido como son: los incrementos de pH y aumento de contenido de cloruro, calcio y magnesio, obtenido al paso de la formulación, que en alguna forma favorecieron al desplazamiento del crudo en el medio poroso.

The Groot Aub (GA) settlement depends entirely on groundwater for domestic purposes and other development activities. Development activities are mainly agriculture, such as animal husbandry, chicken farming and crop farming using irrigation. However, these activities have the potential to contaminate the groundwater system. A total of 87 groundwater samples were collected from the boreholes in the study area during the dry and wet season. Water quality parameters (pH, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and hydrochemistry (Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3- > SO4(2-) > Cl-) of 5 boreholes and 1 reservoir tank were analysed. The dominant cations were attributed to cation exchange processes as a coupled exchange of Na+ + K+ replacing Ca2+; and Na+ replacing Mg²+ ions in the rock-water interactions. The HCO3- anion is attributed to underlying rich carbonate rocks in the study area and chemical reactions between groundwater and silicate minerals. TDS ranged from 639.01 to 1 998.96 mg/L. The microbial levels as indicated by heterotrophic plate count (HPC) values exceed the limits imposed by the local Namibian and WHO drinking water regulations. The Piper diagrams showed a mixed water type of mainly HCO3- and SO4(2-)anions and Na+ and Ca2+ > Mg2+ cations. The study shows that the elemental composition of the groundwater is impacted significantly by primarily anthropogenic activities and secondarily geogenic processes. Based on the results of this study it is recommended that a buffer zone be created between human activities and production boreholes to avoid further groundwater contamination.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Water supply for industrial use and social consumption decreases due to droughts, overexploitation of groundwater and pollution from agricultural and industrial chemicals. Objective: To evaluate the quality of water for industrial use and social consumption from the supply source belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Materials and Methods: The quality of water for industrial use and social consumption was evaluated through the application of testing techniques and methods, in the determination of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Results and Discussion: The water quality parameters for industrial use and social consumption evaluated were odor, taste and color of odorless, tasteless and colorless respectively. Total dissolved solids were 553 mg L-1, pH 7,33 pH units, calcium 75 mg L-1, magnesium 45 mg L-1, chloride 45 mg L-1, sulfate of 21 mg L-1, nitrite of 0,03 mg L-1, nitrates of 20,2 mg L-1, total coliforms of 1 222 most probable number per 100 mL and thermotolerant coliforms of 584 most probable number probable per 100 mL. Conclusions: These water quality values are suitable for industrial use, while for social consumption they are not suitable due to microbiological contamination and non-compliance with health protection requirements. Although the physical and chemical values analyzed in water for social consumption are within maximum limits.

RESUMEN Introducción: El suministro de agua para uso industrial y consumo social disminuye debido a las sequías, la sobreexplotación del agua subterránea y la contaminación procedente de productos químicos agrícolas e industriales. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua para el uso industrial y consumo social de la fuente de abasto perteneciente al Central Refinería Ecuador. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua para uso industrial y consumo social se evaluó mediante la aplicación de técnicas y métodos de ensayos, en la determinación de los parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los parámetros de calidad del agua para el uso industrial y el consumo social evaluados fueron el olor, el sabor y el color de inodora, insípida e incolora respectivamente. Los sólidos totales disueltos fueron de 553 mg L-1, el pH de 7,33 unidades de pH, el calcio de 75 mg L-1, el magnesio de 45 mg L-1, el cloruro de 45 mg L-1, el sulfato de 21 mg L-1, el nitrito de 0,03 mg L-1, los nitratos de 20,2 mg L-1, los coliformes totales de 1 222 número más probable por 100 mL y los coliformes termotolerantes de 584 número más probable por 100 mL. Conclusiones: Estos valores de calidad del agua para el uso industrial son aptos, mientras que para el consumo social son no aptos por contaminación microbiológica e incumplimiento de los requisitos de protección sanitarios. Aunque los valores físicos y químicos analizados en el agua para consumo social se encuentran dentro de límites máximos.

Stormwater harvesting is a promising solution for global freshwater depletion, particularly in tropical regions with abundant rainfall. However, it is not widely used due to the lack of suitable treatment technologies for domestic applications. Multi-stage filtration (MSF) is an effective integrated treatment technology that provides a cost-effective alternative for stormwater treatment. This study investigated MSF's capacity for treating stormwater at different stages. The MSF designed and built comprised the down-flow roughing filter (DRF) and slow sand filter (SSF). The results achieved by the MSF for the treated effluents were: pH (7.1-8.1), temperature (27.6-29.4°C), electrical conductivity (EC) (100-190 µS/cm) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (70-130 mg/L). Turbidity removal efficiency of the MSF was in the range of 36-99% (5.825-164.05 NTU) and the overall average removal efficiency of the MSF was 74%, 90% and 86% for total coliforms (TC) (360-11 800 CFU/ 100 mL), faecal coliforms (FC) (0-1 300 CFU/100 mL) and Enterococcus spp. (120- 1 400 CFU/100 mL), respectively. The study identified stormwater reuse potentials based on international guidelines and benchmarks. For the treated effluent, pH, temperature, EC and TDS were all within the permissible limits for toilet, laundry, bathing, recreational and agricultural water reuse, while turbidity suited agricultural (non-food crop) and restricted urban reuse. 46% of the effluent was suitable for recreational purposes as this satisfied the 50 NTU standard. 62.5% of the effluent satisfied the FC standard for toilets and urinals and agricultural reuse (non-food crop) purposes, while 87.5 % of the effluent satisfied urban reuse purposes (restricted access). 66.67% of the effluent satisfied the Enterococcus spp. standard for agricultural reuse (non-food crop). All treated effluents satisfied the TC bathing standard. This study shows that after minimal disinfection, stormwater effluents offer potential reuse in household applications, thereby reducing potable water demand.

Abstract The genus Isonychia groups mayflies with large nymphs present in lotic ecosystems. This genus has a very wide distribution, despite of this, in Mexico the records are very scarce and these do not refer to the environmental characteristics of the sites where they were found. The objective of this work is to report for the first time the genus Isonychia in Durango state, as well as to characterize some physicochemical parameters of water associated with its distribution. A total of 19 Isonychia nymphs, which probably correspond to the species I. sicca, were recorded in seven sites within the Nazas River basin. This extends the distribution range of the genus Isonychia for Mexico. The specimens were recorded in environments with moderate current speed and an acceptable water quality compared to other riparian systems, in terms of dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, temperature and ammonium.

Resumen El género Isonychia agrupa efímeras con ninfas de gran tamaño presentes en ecosistemas lóticos. Este género tiene una distribución muy amplia, a pesar de ello, en México los registros son muy escasos y éstas no refieren las características ambientales de los sitios donde fueron encontradas. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar por primera vez el género Isonychia en el estado de Durango, así como caracterizar algunos parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua asociados a su distribución. Se registraron 19 ninfas de Isonychia, que probablemente corresponden a la especie I. sicca, en siete sitios dentro de la cuenca del río Nazas. Esto amplía el rango de distribución del género Isonychia para México. Los ejemplares se registraron en ambientes con velocidad de corriente moderada y una calidad del agua aceptable en comparación con otros sistemas riparios, en términos de oxígeno disuelto, conductividad eléctrica, sólidos disueltos totales, pH, temperatura y amonio.

Abstract This study was designed to assess the ichthyofaunal diversity of River Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 1189 fish from six different sites were collected along the river and identified using standard keys. The fish collected and identified were representing 38 species, belonging to 7 families. The investigation spanned a year, from July 2021 to May 2022. The most dominant family was Cyprinidae 76% (n=906/1189), followed by Nemacheilidae 5.8% (n=69/1189), Channidae 5.2% (n=62/1189), Sisoridae 5.1% (n=61/1189), Mastacembelidae 4.9% (n=58/1189), Salmonidae 2.6% (n=31/1189) and least was Bagridae 0.17 (n=2/1189). The most abundant speices was Schizothorax plagiostomus with relative density of 16.8. Family Cyprinidae was represented by 21 species, Sisoridae by 7 species, Nemacheilidae by 5 species, Channidae by 2 species, while Bagridae, Salmonidae and Mastacembelidae, were each represented by a single species. PAST 3, XLSTAT and EXCEL 2019 were used for principal component analysis to study correlation of fish diversity and richness. Eigenvalue obtained from Kumrat to Busaq were 3.32, 1.01, 0.80, 0.44, 0.31 and 0.10 respectively. The higher value at Kumrat shows higher diversity. The water quality assessment showed average value of water temperature 10.4 ͦC, pH 7.0, electrical conductivity 184 mg/L, dissolved oxygen 7.9 mg/L, turbidity 43.73 mg/L, total dissolved solids 101 mg/L, total suspended solids 34.72 mg/L, total solids 135.53 mg/L, total alkalinity 75.77 mg/L, total hardness 58.37 mg/L, ammonia 0.46 mg/L, sulphate 26.03 mg/L, chloride 14.67 mg/L, calcium 69.11 mg/L, chromium 0.18 mg/L, copper 0.03, cobalt mg/L 0.04, nickel 0.039 mg/L, lead 0.02 mg/L and Zinc 0.35 mg/L. The findings of this study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters remained within the acceptable limits throughout the study period. Analysis of fish gut contents included; nymphs, insect larvae, the presence of algae, protozoans and macroinvertebrates in the river ecosystem. Panjkora Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan purpose 118 keys 3 species families year 202 2022 76 n=906/1189, n9061189 n n=906/1189 , 906 (n=906/1189) 58 8 5.8 n=69/1189, n691189 n=69/1189 69 (n=69/1189) 52 5.2 n=62/1189, n621189 n=62/1189 62 (n=62/1189) 51 1 5.1 n=61/1189, n611189 n=61/1189 61 (n=61/1189) 49 4 9 4.9 n=58/1189, n581189 n=58/1189 (n=58/1189) 26 6 2.6 n=31/1189 n311189 31 (n=31/1189 017 0 17 0.1 n=2/1189. n21189 n=2/1189 . (n=2/1189) 168 16 16.8 201 richness 332 32 3.32 01 1.01 080 80 0.80 044 44 0.44 031 0.3 010 10 respectively 104 10. C ͦC 70 7.0 18 mgL mg L 79 7. 4373 43 73 43.7 3472 34 72 34.7 13553 135 53 135.5 7577 75 77 75.7 5837 37 58.3 046 46 0.4 2603 03 26.0 1467 14 67 14.6 6911 11 69.1 018 003 0.03 004 04 0.04 0039 039 002 02 0.0 035 35 period included nymphs larvae algae ecosystem 20 n906118 n=906/118 90 (n=906/1189 5. n69118 n=69/118 (n=69/1189 n62118 n=62/118 (n=62/1189 n61118 n=61/118 (n=61/1189 4. n58118 n=58/118 (n=58/1189 2. n=31/118 n31118 (n=31/118 0. n2118 n=2/118 (n=2/1189 16. 33 3.3 1.0 08 0.8 437 43. 347 34. 1355 13 135. 757 75. 583 58. 260 26. 146 14. 691 69. 00 n90611 n=906/11 (n=906/118 n6911 n=69/11 (n=69/118 n6211 n=62/11 (n=62/118 n6111 n=61/11 (n=61/118 n5811 n=58/11 (n=58/118 n=31/11 n3111 (n=31/11 n211 n=2/11 (n=2/118 3. 1. n9061 n=906/1 (n=906/11 n691 n=69/1 (n=69/11 n621 n=62/1 (n=62/11 n611 n=61/1 (n=61/11 n581 n=58/1 (n=58/11 n=31/1 n311 (n=31/1 n21 n=2/1 (n=2/11 n906 n=906/ (n=906/1 n69 n=69/ (n=69/1 n62 n=62/ (n=62/1 n61 n=61/ (n=61/1 n58 n=58/ (n=58/1 n=31/ n31 (n=31/ n2 n=2/ (n=2/1 n90 n=906 (n=906/ n6 n=69 (n=69/ n=62 (n=62/ n=61 (n=61/ n5 n=58 (n=58/ n=31 n3 (n=31 n=2 (n=2/ n9 n=90 (n=906 n=6 (n=69 (n=62 (n=61 n=5 (n=58 n=3 (n=3 n= (n=2 n=9 (n=90 (n=6 (n=5 (n= (n=9 (n

Resumo Este estudo foi projetado para avaliar a diversidade da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Para isso, foram coletados um total de .1189 peixes de seis locais diferentes ao longo do rio e identificados através de chaves-padrão. Os peixes coletados e identificados representavam 38 espécies, pertencentes a 7 famílias. A investigação durou um ano, de julho de 2021 a maio de 2022. A família mais dominante foi Cyprinidae 76% (n=906/1189), seguida por Nemacheilidae 5,8% (n=69/1189), Channidae 5,2% (n=62/ 1189), Sisoridae 5,1% (n=61/1189), Mastacembelidae 4,9% (n=58/1189), Salmonidae 2,6% (n=31/1189), e o mínimo foi Bagridae 0,17 (n=2/1189). A espécie mais abundante foi Schizothorax plagiostomus com densidade relativa de 16,8. A família Cyprinidae foi representada por 21 espécies, Sisoridae por 7 espécies, Nemacheilidae por 5 espécies, Channidae por 2 espécies, enquanto Bagridae, Salmonidae e Mastacembelidae foram representados cada um por uma única espécie. PAST 3, XLSTAT e EXCEL 2019 foram utilizados para análise de componentes principais para estudar a correlação entre diversidade e riqueza de peixes. Os autovalores obtidos de Kumrat para Busaq foram 3,32, 1,01, 0,80, 0,44, 0,31 e 0,10, respectivamente. O valor mais alto em Kumrat mostra maior diversidade. A avaliação da qualidade da água apresentou valor médio de temperatura da água 10,4 ͦC, pH 7,0, condutividade elétrica 184 mg/L, oxigênio dissolvido 7,9 mg/L, turbidez 43,73 mg/L, sólidos totais dissolvidos 101 mg/L, sólidos suspensos totais 34,72 mg/L, sólidos totais 135,53 mg/L, alcalinidade total 75,77 mg/L, dureza total 58,37 mg/L, amônia 0,46 mg/L, sulfato 26,03 mg/L, cloreto 14,67 mg/L, cálcio 69,11 mg/L, cromo 0,18 mg /L, cobre 0,03, cobalto mg/L 0,04, níquel 0,039 mg/L, chumbo 0,02 mg/L e zinco 0,35 mg/L. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos permaneceu dentro dos limites aceitáveis durante todo o período de estudo. Análise do conteúdo intestinal dos peixes incluiu ninfas, larvas de insetos, presença de algas, protozoários e macroinvertebrados no ecossistema fluvial. Panjkora Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão isso 1189 .118 chavespadrão. chavespadrão chaves padrão. padrão chaves-padrão 3 espécies famílias ano 202 2022 76 n=906/1189, n9061189 n n=906/1189 , 906 (n=906/1189) 58 8 5,8 n=69/1189, n691189 n=69/1189 69 (n=69/1189) 52 5,2 n=62/ n62 62 (n=62 1189, 1189) 51 1 5,1 n=61/1189, n611189 n=61/1189 61 (n=61/1189) 49 4 9 4,9 n=58/1189, n581189 n=58/1189 (n=58/1189) 26 6 2,6 n=31/1189, n311189 n=31/1189 31 (n=31/1189) 017 0 17 0,1 n=2/1189. n21189 n=2/1189 . (n=2/1189) 168 16 16,8 201 332 32 3,32 01 1,01 080 80 0,80 044 44 0,44 031 0,3 010 10 0,10 respectivamente 104 10, C ͦC 70 7,0 18 mgL L 79 7, 4373 43 73 43,7 3472 34 72 34,7 13553 135 53 135,5 7577 75 77 75,7 5837 37 58,3 046 46 0,4 2603 03 26,0 1467 14 67 14,6 6911 11 69,1 018 /L 003 0,03 004 04 0,04 0039 039 002 02 0,0 035 35 físicoquímicos físico químicos ninfas insetos algas fluvial 118 .11 20 n906118 n=906/118 90 (n=906/1189 5, n69118 n=69/118 (n=69/1189 n=62 n6 (n=6 n61118 n=61/118 (n=61/1189 4, n58118 n=58/118 (n=58/1189 2, n31118 n=31/118 (n=31/1189 0, n2118 n=2/118 (n=2/1189 16, 33 3,3 1,0 08 0,8 437 43, 347 34, 1355 13 135, 757 75, 583 58, 260 26, 146 14, 691 69, 00 .1 n90611 n=906/11 (n=906/118 n6911 n=69/11 (n=69/118 n=6 (n= n6111 n=61/11 (n=61/118 n5811 n=58/11 (n=58/118 n3111 n=31/11 (n=31/118 n211 n=2/11 (n=2/118 1, n9061 n=906/1 (n=906/11 n691 n=69/1 (n=69/11 n= (n n611 n=61/1 (n=61/11 n581 n=58/1 (n=58/11 n311 n=31/1 (n=31/11 n21 n=2/1 (n=2/11 n906 n=906/ (n=906/1 n69 n=69/ (n=69/1 n61 n=61/ (n=61/1 n58 n=58/ (n=58/1 n31 n=31/ (n=31/1 n2 n=2/ (n=2/1 n90 n=906 (n=906/ n=69 (n=69/ n=61 (n=61/ n5 n=58 (n=58/ n3 n=31 (n=31/ n=2 (n=2/ n9 n=90 (n=906 (n=69 (n=61 n=5 (n=58 n=3 (n=31 (n=2 n=9 (n=90 (n=5 (n=3 (n=9

Resumo O estresse ambiental causado pela poluição é frequentemente avaliado pela diversidade de espécies de macroinvertebrados em habitats aquáticos específicos. Para descobrir as flutuações sazonais em várias comunidades de macroinvertebrados e diferentes parâmetros de qualidade da água do rio Zhob, foi realizado um teste de pesquisa no rio Zhob, Baluchistão. Amostras de macroinvertebrados e água foram retiradas de quatro estações diferentes do rio Zhob. Um total de 18 táxons de vários macroinvertebrados foram identificados na área. O filo Arthropoda constitui 94,8% da população total, seguido por Mollusca (3,6%) e Annelida (1,4%). Um grande número de artrópodes pertencia à ordem Diptera (1148), enquanto a ordem Trichoptera ocupava o segundo lugar em número de macroinvertebrados (441). Os números máximos de macroinvertebrados foram observados no mês de janeiro. Todos os parâmetros físico-químicos do rio Zhob, como temperatura do ar, temperatura da água, pH, oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e sólidos dissolvidos totais (TDS), estavam dentro da faixa, adequada para o crescimento saudável de macroinvertebrados. Populações diversificadas de vários macroinvertebrados confirmam boas condições ecológicas do ambiente e da água no local estudado, especialmente a ampla concentração de DO no rio. Os dados documentados sobre macroinvertebrados no local estudado fornecerão uma linha de base para pesquisas futuras.

Abstract Environmental stress caused by pollution is often assessed by diversity of macro-invertebrate species in specific aquatic habitat. To find out seasonal fluctuations in various macro-invertebrates communities and different water quality parameters of River Zhob, a research trial was conducted on River Zhob, Balochistan. Samples of macro-invertebrates and water were taken from four different stations of River Zhob. A total 18 taxa of various macro-invertebrates were identified from the area. Phylum Arthropoda constitute 94.8% of the total population followed by Mollusca (3.6%) and Annelida (1.4%). A large number of arthropods were belonged to order Diptera (1148), while the order Trichoptera was stood second with respect to macro-invertebrate´s number (441). The maximum numbers of macro-invertebrates were observed in the month of January. All physico-chemical parameters of River Zhob such as air temperature, water temp, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were within the range, suitable for the healthy growth of macro-invertebrates. Diversified populations of various macro-invertebrates confirm good ecological condition of environment and water in the studied site especially ample concentration of DO in River. The documented data on macro-invertebrates in studied site will provide a baseline for future research.

Resumo No presente estudo, diferentes níveis de alimentação da dieta formulada com Moringa oleifera foram comparados para analisar o desempenho de crescimento, taxa de conversão alimentar, eficiência de conversão alimentar e microbiologia intestinal de Oreochromis niloticus. O estudo foi composto por quatro grupos de tratamento, incluindo 4%, 8% e 12% de Moringa oleifera e um grupo de controle sem folhas de Moringa. O ensaio experimental foi realizado no laboratório de Zoologia do Instituto de Ciências Aplicadas e Sociais do Paquistão (PIASS), Kasur. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da água como temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos e salinidade em todos os aquários foram encontrados não significativamente diferentes entre si. Na condição controle T1, o ganho médio de peso foi de 14,89±16,90a gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 11,52±7,444a cm. No entanto, a contagem total viável em azul de metileno de eosina foi de 7,4×107, 5,8×107 em ágar de soja Tryptic e 5,8×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T2, o ganho médio de peso foi de 16,22±16,09b gramas e o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 12,97±7,79b cm. A contagem total viável em azul de metileno de eosina foi 7×107, 5,5×107 em ágar de soja Tryptic e 5,8×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T3, o ganho médio de peso foi de 37,88±27,43c gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi registrado como 16,48±12,56c cm. No entanto, a contagem total viável para o tratamento 3 foi de 6,4×10 em azul de metileno de eosina, 4,8×107 em ágar soja Tryptic e 5,2×107 em ágar Nutriente. Em T4, o ganho médio de peso foi de 44,22±31,67d gramas, enquanto o ganho médio de comprimento foi de 15,25±10,49d cm. A contagem total viável foi de 4,3×107 em Eosin metileno blue, 3,1×107 em Tryptic soy agar e 3,8×107 em Nutrient agar. O efeito da Moringa oleifera no crescimento de Oreochromis niloticus foi significativo e o extrato de Moringa a 12% apresentou ganho máximo de comprimento e peso e conversão alimentar mínima com a menor contagem microbiana no intestino dos peixes.

Abstract In current study, different feeding levels of Moringa oleifera formulated diet was compared to analyze the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency and gut microbiology of Oreochromis niloticus. The study was comprised of four treatment groups including 4%, 8% and 12% Moringa oleifera and one control group which was devoid of Moringa leaves. The experimental trial was conducted at the Zoology laboratory of Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, (PIASS) Kasur. The physicochemical parameters of water such as temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids and salinity in all aquaria were found non-significantly different from each other. In control condition T1, the average weight gain was 14.89±16.90a grams, while average length gain was 11.52±7.444a cm. However, the total viable count on Eosin methylene blue was 7.4×107, 5.8×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.8×107on Nutrient agar. In T2, the average weight gain was 16.22±16.09b grams and average length gain was 12.97±7.79b cm. The total viable count on Eosin methylene blue was 7×107, 5.5×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.8×107on Nutrient agar. In T3, the average weight gain was 37.88±27.43c grams, while the average length gain was recorded as 16.48±12.56c cm. However, the total viable count for treatment 3 was 6.4×10 on Eosin methylene blue, 4.8×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 5.2×107on Nutrient agar. In T4, the average weight gain was 44.22±31.67d grams, while the average length gain was 15.25±10.49d cm. The total viable count was 4.3×107on Eosin methylene blue, 3.1×107 on Tryptic soy agar and 3.8×107 on Nutrient agar. The effect of Moringa oleifera on the growth of Oreochromis niloticus was found to be significant and 12% Moringa extract showed maximum length and weight gain and minimum feed conversion ratio with the least microbial count in fish intestine.

Leachate from a composting plant was characterized and applied as a biofertilizer in lettuce crops. Characteristics of untreated (UE) and anaerobically treated (TE) leachate samples were compared. The pH of TE (8.2) increased in relation to the UE (5.2) due to an increase in ammonia nitrogen in TE (1197 mg L-1) compared to UE (859 mg L-1). Anaerobic treatment was efficient in the removal of organic matter from the leachate, evaluated by the decrease of dissolved organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total solids. K presented the highest concentration (1743 mg L-1) in TE, followed by Mg (135 mg L-1). Cd, Pb and Cr were present at low concentrations in the samples, 0.047, 0.206 and 0.081 mg L-1, respectively. Salmonella, thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggs were not present in TE, which was applied as a biofertilizer in a lettuce crop and compared to mineral fertilization based on fresh matter and dry matter production. Lettuce production using TE was statistically equivalent to mineral fertilization. Toxic metals were not detected in the lettuce shoots. It was concluded that the anaerobically treated leachate from the composting company has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer. crops (UE (TE 8.2 82 8 2 (8.2 5.2 52 5 (5.2 1197 (119 L1 L 1 L-1 859 (85 L1. . demand solids 1743 (174 135 (13 Cd 0047 0 047 0.047 0206 206 0.20 0081 081 0.08 L1, 1, respectively Salmonella shoots 8. (8. 5. (5. 119 (11 L- 85 (8 174 (17 13 (1 004 04 0.04 020 20 0.2 008 08 0.0 (5 11 ( 17 00 02 0.

ABSTRACT Careful implementation of a filtration system is essential for maintaining the operation of an irrigation system. Failure to maintain a filtration system can have a negative eff ect on irrigation pressure and uniformity. To avoid this problem, it is important to clean the filters, which can be done either manually or automatically. Predicting the correct time to clean the filters helps maintain the pressure and efficiency of the system. The aim of this study was to model backwash pressure as a function of water quality and the filter inlet pressure load using artificial neural networks. The characteristics of the water were determined using sensors to measure the pH (hydrogen potential), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and temperature. A pressure transducer was used to quantify the drop in pressure and the need to clean the filters. To predict the need for cleaning the irrigation filters, a hydraulic structure was constructed that included a screen filtration system with a mesh size of 120, cleaned by backwashing. The need for cleaning estimated by the multilayer perceptron feedforward artificial neural networks with 2-4-1 architecture performed well in modelling the temporal evolution of the pressure load in the screen filtration system (120 mesh), whereas adjusting the pressure load based on the water quality characteristics (pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids and temperature) performed poorly. uniformity problem automatically hydrogen potential, potential , potential) turbidity TDS, TDS (TDS) temperature 120 backwashing 241 2 4 1 2-4- (12 mesh, mesh) pH, (pH poorly (TDS 12 24 2-4 (1 2- (

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the application of the Phytoplankton Community Index-PCI and Functional Groups-FG in determining the water quality of the Guamá River (Pará, Amazônia, Brazil). Samplings occurred monthly for analyses of phytoplankton and physical and chemical parameters, for two years, at the station where water was collected for human supply consumption. Seasonality influenced electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, transparency, winds, true color, and N-ammoniacal. The ebb tide showed high turbidity and suspended solids. The density varied seasonally with the highest values occurring in September and December (61.1 ind mL-1 and 60.2 ind mL-1, respectively). Chlorophyll-a was more elevated in December (21.0 ± 4.7 µg L-1) and chlorophyll-c higher in relation to clorophyll- b indicated the dominance of diatoms. Functional Group P prevailed in the study months. Through the PCI índex the waters of Guamá River varied from reasonable to excellent and the TSI ranged from oligo to mesotrophic. The use of Functional Groups proved to be a promising tool in the determination of water quality since it covered the most abundant species in the Environment, but the PCI is not adequate to characterize Amazonian white-waters rivers, which have diatoms as the leading dominant group. IndexPCI Index GroupsFG FG Pará, Pará (Pará Amazônia Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) parameters years consumption conductivity solids oxygen transparency winds color Nammoniacal. Nammoniacal N ammoniacal. ammoniacal N-ammoniacal 61.1 611 61 1 (61. mL1 mL mL- 602 60 2 60. mL1, 1, respectively. respectively respectively) Chlorophylla Chlorophyll 21.0 210 21 0 (21. 47 4 7 4. L1 L L-1 chlorophyllc chlorophyll c clorophyll months mesotrophic Environment whitewaters white rivers group 61. 6 (61 21. (21 L- (6 (2 (

ABSTRACT Water scarcity and the search for alternative water reuse are challenges faced in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The objective of this study was to predict the risk of clogging of drippers based on water quality attributes and to analyze the effects of industrial residual water and supply water on their hydraulic performance. Two experimental benches were set up in a completely randomized design, in split-split plots, with three replicates. Plots contained the types of water (supply water and reverse osmosis reject), subplots contained the types of non-pressure-compensating drippers (NST - 1.6 L h-1, NSL - 1.6 L h-1 and NDT - 1.7 L h-1) and sub-subplots contained the evaluation times of the distribution uniformity coefficient and relative flow rate (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 hours). At times 0, 80 and 160 hours, the attributes pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese were characterized in both types of water. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis, ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% probability level. In residual water, the attributes that represented a risk of clogging for drippers were pH, electrical conductivity, magnesium and total dissolved solids, while in supply water only pH represented risk. The interaction between types of water and operating time significantly affected both hydraulic performance indicators, but there was no significant effect of the dripper type factor. semiarid semi arid region design splitsplit split plots replicates reject, reject , reject) nonpressurecompensating non pressure compensating NST 16 1 6 1. h1, h1 h 1, h- 17 7 subsubplots sub 0 (0 20 40 60 100 120 14 hours. hours . hours) 8 conductivity solids calcium analysis 5 level indicators factor ( 2 4 10 12

RESUMO A escassez hídrica e a busca por alternativas de reúso da água são desafios enfrentados no semiárido brasileiro. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, predizer o risco de obstrução de gotejadores por atributos de qualidade da água e analisar os efeitos das águas residual de indústria e de abastecimento no desempenho hidráulico de gotejadores. Para isso, foram montadas duas bancadas experimentais, onde o delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subsubdivididas com três repetições. Tendo nas parcelas os tipos de água (água de abastecimento e rejeito da osmose reversa), nas subparcelas os tipos de gotejadores não autocompensantes (NST - 1,6 L h-1, NSL - 1,6 L h-1 e NDT - 1,7 L h-1) e nas subsubparcelas os tempos de avaliação do coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição e da vazão relativa (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 horas). Nos tempos 0, 80 e 160 horas efetuou-se a caracterização dos atributos pH, condutividade elétrica, sólidos suspensos totais, sólidos dissolvidos totais, cálcio, magnésio, ferro e manganês nos dois tipos de água. Os dados foram submetidos à análise descritiva, ANOVA e teste de Tukey à 5% de probabilidade. Na água residual os atributos que representaram risco de obstrução para gotejadores foram o pH, condutividade elétrica, magnésio e sólidos dissolvidos totais, enquanto na água de abastecimento somente o pH. A interação tipos de águas e tempo de operação afetou significativamente os dois indicadores de desempenho hidráulico, entretanto não houve efeito significativo do fator tipos de gotejadores. brasileiro Objetivouse, Objetivouse Objetivou se, se Objetivou-se trabalho isso experimentais repetições reversa, reversa , reversa) NST 16 1 6 1, h1, h1 h h- 17 7 0 (0 20 40 60 100 120 14 horas. . horas) 8 efetuouse efetuou pH elétrica totais cálcio descritiva 5 probabilidade ( 2 4 10 12