RESUMO: A produção de manga (Mangifera indica) está se expandindo em muitos países e seus resíduos tem o potencial de ser usado para a fabricação de dietas para peixes. Este estudo avaliou a substituição parcial de fubá de milho por farinha de manga (FM) em dietas para piava (Megaleporinus obtusidens) em termos de performance zootécnica, glicose do plasma, enzimas intestinais e análise microbiológica. Piavas (n = 160) foram distribuídas em um esquema completamente randomizado (quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições) e alimentadas por 45 dias com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão de FM (0, 33, 66 e 100%). Não houve nenhuma contaminação microbiológica (bolor, coliformes totais, Bacillus cereus e Salmonella sp.) na FM. Os fenóis totais e taninos totais foram maiores na dieta com FM (P < 0.05). Dietas com 100% de fubá de milho substituído por MM reduziu a performance de crescimento e aumento a taxa de conversão alimentar (TCA) e os níveis de glicose nos peixes (P < 0.05). De acordo com a análise de regressão de segunda ordem, o nível ideal de inclusão de FM na dieta estimado com base no ganho de peso e o TCA foi de 23,68 e 19,75%, respectivamente (P < 0.05). O aumento gradual dos níveis de FM substituindo fubá de milho na dieta reduziu a atividade das enzimas intestinais amilase, lipase e protease alcalina (P < 0.05). Em conclusão, recomendamos a substituição de 19,75-23,68% de fubá de milho por FM, que pode ser usada nas dietas de piava. RESUMO Mangifera indica (FM Megaleporinus obtusidens zootécnica plasma n 160 repetições 4 0, 0 (0 33 6 100%. 100 . 100%) bolor, bolor (bolor sp. sp P 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) (TCA ordem 2368 23 68 23,6 1975 19 75 19,75% amilase conclusão 19,7523,68% 19752368 19,75 23,68% 19,75-23,68 16 ( 3 10 00 0.0 236 2 23, 197 1 7 7523 19,7523,68 1975236 19,7 19,75-23,6 0. 752 19,7523,6 197523 19, 19,75-23, 19,7523, 19752 19,75-23 19,7523 19,75-2 19,752 19,75-

ABSTRACT: Mango (Mangifera indica) production is expanding in many countries, and its discarded residues have the potential to be used in the manufacture of fish diets. This study evaluated replacing part of the corn meal (CM) with mango meal (MM) in diets for piava (Megaleporinus obtusidens) in terms of zootechnical performance, plasma glucose, and intestinal enzymes. Piavas (n = 160) were distributed in a completely randomized design (four treatments and four replications) and were fed for 45 days with diets containing different levels of MM inclusion (0, 33, 66, and 100%). There was no microbiological contamination (mold, total coliforms, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonellasp.) in MM. The MM diet had higher total phenols and total tannins (P < 0.05). Diets with 100% of the CM replaced by MM reduced the growth performance and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and plasma glucose levels in piava (P < 0.05). According to the second-order regression analysis, the optimal level of MM inclusion in the diet estimated based on weight gain and FCR was 23.68 and 19.75%, respectively (P < 0.05). The gradual increase in MM levels replacing CM in the diet reduced the activity of the intestinal enzymes amylase, lipase, and alkaline protease (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we recommended replacing 19.75-23.68% of CM with MM, which can be used in piava diets. ABSTRACT Mangifera indica countries (CM (MM Megaleporinus obtusidens n 160 replications 4 0, 0 (0 33 66 100%. 100 . 100%) mold, mold (mold coliforms cereus Salmonellasp. Salmonellasp P 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) (FCR secondorder second order analysis 2368 23 68 23.6 1975 19 75 19.75% amylase lipase conclusion 19.7523.68% 19752368 19.75 23.68% 19.75-23.68 16 ( 3 6 10 00 0.0 236 2 23. 197 1 7 7523 19.7523.68 1975236 19.7 19.75-23.6 0. 752 19.7523.6 197523 19. 19.75-23. 19.7523. 19752 19.75-23 19.7523 19.75-2 19.752 19.75-

Resumen Se realizó una modificación física (autoclaveado) y cinco modificaciones químicas (lintnerización, entrecruzamiento, acetilación, hidroxipropilación y oxidación) al almidón nativo de avena. Los almidones se mezclaron con quitosano (Q) y plastificante (glicerol) para elaborar películas. Las soluciones formadoras de película (SFP) se caracterizaron reológicamente. En las películas se evaluaron las propiedades físicas (color, grosor, humedad y solubilidad), la permeabilidad al vapor de agua y al oxígeno (10 y 25 °C) y las propiedades mecánicas. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana frente a Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Listeria monocytogenes mediante el método de difusión en agar. La funcionalidad de las películas como envase de carne picada de cerdo se evaluó mediante el recuento de coliformes fecales y aerobios totales durante 21 días a 4°C. Todas las SFP presentaron comportamiento pseudoplástico. La adición de Q aumentó la tensión a la fractura (TF) y disminuyó el porcentaje de elongación (% E) en todas las películas; siendo la formulación Oxidado-Q la que presentó el mayor incremento (≈ 200 %) en TF y la menor disminución (38 %) en %E. Todas formulaciones con Q presentaron actividad antibacterial, la cual fue mayor en la película Oxidado-Q y disminuyó con el tiempo de evaluación. En general, los resultados indicaron que la película Oxidado-Q puede representar una formulación conveniente como envase antibacteriano con adecuadas propiedades físicas, mecánicas y de barrera.

Abstract One physical modification (autoclaving) and five chemical modifications (lintnerization, crosslinking, acetylation, hydroxypropylation, and oxidation) were performed on the native oat starch. The starches were mixed with chitosan (Ch) and plasticizer (glycerol) to make films. The film-forming solutions (FFS) were characterized rheologically and evaluated for physical properties (color, thickness, humidity and solubility), water vapor and oxygen permeability (10 and 25 °C), and mechanical properties. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes by the agar diffusion. The functionality of the films as packaging in ground pork was evaluated by counting fecal coliforms and total aerobes for 21 days at 4°C. All the FFS presented a pseudoplastic-type behavior. The addition of Ch increased the stress at fracture (TF) and decreased the percentage elongation (% E) in all the films; being the Oxidized-Ch formulation the one that presented the greatest increase (≈ 200 %) in TF and the smallest decrease (38 %) in % E. All formulations with Ch presented antibacterial activity, which was higher in the Oxidized-Ch film and decreased with the evaluation time. The results generally indicated that the Oxidized-Ch film may represent a suitable formulation as antibacterial packaging with adequate physical, mechanical, and barrier properties.

Abstract:The presence of coliform bacteria in water presents a potential threat to public health, as it can increase the risk of infectious diseases in the most vulnerable population. The matter is more complicated when the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water consumed is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of the quality of drinking water in three Territorial Base Organizations (OTB’s) of the Municipality of Vinto-Cochabamba and the relationship of dependence of the microbiological parameters with the OTB’s. Laboratory analyzes of 30 samples taken from different homes (10 samples per OTB) show compliance with the maximum permissible limits of physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, alkalinity and hardness) according to Bolivian Standard 512 (NB 512). Regarding the microbiological parameters for total coliforms, of the 30 samples analyzed, only 11 met the maximum permissible limit, unlike the total coliform parameter, where 25 of the 30 samples met the maximum permissible limit. The microbiological parameters were subjected to chi-square analysis, providing sufficient evidence to affirm with 95% confidence that the results of total and heat-resistant coliforms do not depend on the OTB (p=0.36). By contrasting the results of household water consumption with that of water supplied, it can be speculated that contamination of microbiological origin occurs either in the distribution pipes, household tanks and/or the water use practices of each household.

Resumen: La presencia de bacterias coliformes en el agua presenta una amenaza potencial a la salud pública, ya que puede incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas en la población más vulnerable. El asunto resulta más complicado cuando se desconoce la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua que se consume. El presente estudio tiene la finalidad de evaluar el estado actual de la calidad de agua de consumo en tres Organizaciones Territoriales de Base (OTB’s) del Municipio de Vinto-Cochabamba y la relación de dependencia de los parámetros microbiológicos con las OTB’s. Los análisis de laboratorio de 30 muestras tomadas en los diferentes domicilios (10 muestras por OTB) muestran el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permisibles de los parámetros fisicoquímicos (pH, conductividad, alcalinidad y dureza) según la Norma Boliviana 512 (NB 512). Respecto a los parámetros microbiológicos para coliformes totales, de las 30 muestras analizadas solo 11 cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible, a diferencia del parámetro de coliformes termorresistentes, donde 25 de las 30 muestras cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible. Los parámetros microbiológicos fueron sometidos al análisis de chi-cuadrado, dando evidencia suficiente para afirmar con un 95% de confianza que los resultados de coliformes totales y termorresistentes no depende de la OTB (p=0.36). Al contrastar los resultados de agua de consumo domiciliario con la del agua suministrada, puede especularse que la contaminación de origen microbiológico ocurre ya sea en las tuberías de distribución, tanques domiciliarios y/o las prácticas de uso del agua de cada domicilio

Resumo Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região. Analisaramse Analisaram se Amazonas 201 2020 185528 185 528 185.52 1 microrregiões analisadas 9320 93 20 93,20 6665 66 65 66,65 SAA , (SAA) 3102 31 02 31,02 (SAC 233 2 33 2,33 SAI . (SAI) Observouse Observou tradicionais recomendado microbiológicos identificouse identificou Ecoli E coli conclusão verificaramse verificaram abastecimento agenda pública região 202 18552 18 52 185.5 932 9 93,2 666 6 66,6 (SAA 310 3 0 31,0 23 2,3 (SAI 1855 5 185. 93, 66, 31, 2,

Abstract Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region. 201 202 185528 185 528 185,52 1 microregions 9320 93 20 93.20 6665 66 65 66.65 WSS , (WSS) 3102 31 02 31.02 SolutionCAS, SolutionCAS Solution CAS, Solution-CAS 233 2 33 2.33 SolutionIAS. SolutionIAS IAS Solution-IAS communities level E conclusion region 18552 18 52 185,5 932 9 93.2 666 6 66.6 (WSS 310 3 0 31.0 23 2.3 1855 5 185, 93. 66. 31. 2.

RESUMEN Introducción: Hoy en día los contaminantes producidos en el agua superan las capacidades de sus mecanismos de descontaminación. Siendo necesario evaluar las aguas residuales pertenecientes al Central Refinería Ecuador. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua residual del Central Refinería Ecuador, para su posible aprovechamiento en riego agrícola. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua residual se evaluó mediante ensayos físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los principales resultados físico, químicos y microbiológicos evaluados en dos momentos fueron: temperatura 46,6 y 43,6 ºC, conductividad eléctrica 2 359 y 1 366 µS cm-1, sólidos sedimentables 8 y 3,50 mL L-1. pH 5,80 y 6,30 unidades de pH, fósforo total 5 y 3,75 mg L-1, nitrógeno total 4,20 y 6,45 mg L-1, demanda química de oxígeno 1 832 y 1 742 mg L-1, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno 1 671 y 1 451 mg L-1, grasas y aceites 296,9 y 30,9 mg L-1; cadmio 0,06 y 0,16 mg L-1, cromo total 0,10 y 0,20 mg L-1, cobre 1,19 y 1,80 mg L-1, plomo 0,43 y 0,55 mg L-1, zinc 1,37 y 2,33 mg L-1, coliformes totales 8 800 000 y 1 60 000 mg L-1 y coliformes fecales 8 800 000 y 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusiones: El efluente no cumple con los requisitos de vertimiento de la NC 27, (2012)y es clasificada de mala calidad para ser aprovechada en el riego de la caña de azúcar según NC 855, (2011).

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays the pollutants produced in water exceed the capabilities of its decontamination mechanisms. It is necessary to evaluate the wastewater belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Objective: To evaluate the quality of the wastewater from the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador) for its possible use in agricultural irrigation. Materials and Methods: The quality of the wastewater was evaluated through physical, chemical and microbiological tests. Results and Discussion: The main physical, chemical and microbiological results evaluated at two points in time were: temperature 46.6 and 43.6 ºC, electrical conductivity 2 359 and 1 366 µS cm-1, sedimentable solids 8 and 3.50 mL L-1. pH 5.8 and 6.3 pH units, total phosphorus 5 and 3.75 mg L-1, total nitrogen 4.20 and 6.45 mg L-1, chemical oxygen demand 1 832 and 1 742 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand 1 671 and 1 451 mg L-1, fats and oils 296.90 and 30.90 mg L-1; cadmium 0.06 and 0.16 mg L-1, total chromium 0.10 and 0.20 mg L-1, copper 1.19 and 1.80 mg L-1, lead 0.43 and 0.55 mg L-1, zinc 1.37 and 2.33 mg L-1, total coliforms 8 800 000 and 160 000 mg L-1 and fecal coliforms 8 800 000 and 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusions: The effluent does not comply with the discharge requirements of NC 27, (2012) and is classified of poor quality to be used for sugarcane irrigation according to NC 855, (2011).

RESUMEN Introducción: El suministro de agua para uso industrial y consumo social disminuye debido a las sequías, la sobreexplotación del agua subterránea y la contaminación procedente de productos químicos agrícolas e industriales. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua para el uso industrial y consumo social de la fuente de abasto perteneciente al Central Refinería Ecuador. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua para uso industrial y consumo social se evaluó mediante la aplicación de técnicas y métodos de ensayos, en la determinación de los parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los parámetros de calidad del agua para el uso industrial y el consumo social evaluados fueron el olor, el sabor y el color de inodora, insípida e incolora respectivamente. Los sólidos totales disueltos fueron de 553 mg L-1, el pH de 7,33 unidades de pH, el calcio de 75 mg L-1, el magnesio de 45 mg L-1, el cloruro de 45 mg L-1, el sulfato de 21 mg L-1, el nitrito de 0,03 mg L-1, los nitratos de 20,2 mg L-1, los coliformes totales de 1 222 número más probable por 100 mL y los coliformes termotolerantes de 584 número más probable por 100 mL. Conclusiones: Estos valores de calidad del agua para el uso industrial son aptos, mientras que para el consumo social son no aptos por contaminación microbiológica e incumplimiento de los requisitos de protección sanitarios. Aunque los valores físicos y químicos analizados en el agua para consumo social se encuentran dentro de límites máximos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Water supply for industrial use and social consumption decreases due to droughts, overexploitation of groundwater and pollution from agricultural and industrial chemicals. Objective: To evaluate the quality of water for industrial use and social consumption from the supply source belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Materials and Methods: The quality of water for industrial use and social consumption was evaluated through the application of testing techniques and methods, in the determination of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Results and Discussion: The water quality parameters for industrial use and social consumption evaluated were odor, taste and color of odorless, tasteless and colorless respectively. Total dissolved solids were 553 mg L-1, pH 7,33 pH units, calcium 75 mg L-1, magnesium 45 mg L-1, chloride 45 mg L-1, sulfate of 21 mg L-1, nitrite of 0,03 mg L-1, nitrates of 20,2 mg L-1, total coliforms of 1 222 most probable number per 100 mL and thermotolerant coliforms of 584 most probable number probable per 100 mL. Conclusions: These water quality values are suitable for industrial use, while for social consumption they are not suitable due to microbiological contamination and non-compliance with health protection requirements. Although the physical and chemical values analyzed in water for social consumption are within maximum limits.

Stormwater harvesting is a promising solution for global freshwater depletion, particularly in tropical regions with abundant rainfall. However, it is not widely used due to the lack of suitable treatment technologies for domestic applications. Multi-stage filtration (MSF) is an effective integrated treatment technology that provides a cost-effective alternative for stormwater treatment. This study investigated MSF's capacity for treating stormwater at different stages. The MSF designed and built comprised the down-flow roughing filter (DRF) and slow sand filter (SSF). The results achieved by the MSF for the treated effluents were: pH (7.1-8.1), temperature (27.6-29.4°C), electrical conductivity (EC) (100-190 µS/cm) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (70-130 mg/L). Turbidity removal efficiency of the MSF was in the range of 36-99% (5.825-164.05 NTU) and the overall average removal efficiency of the MSF was 74%, 90% and 86% for total coliforms (TC) (360-11 800 CFU/ 100 mL), faecal coliforms (FC) (0-1 300 CFU/100 mL) and Enterococcus spp. (120- 1 400 CFU/100 mL), respectively. The study identified stormwater reuse potentials based on international guidelines and benchmarks. For the treated effluent, pH, temperature, EC and TDS were all within the permissible limits for toilet, laundry, bathing, recreational and agricultural water reuse, while turbidity suited agricultural (non-food crop) and restricted urban reuse. 46% of the effluent was suitable for recreational purposes as this satisfied the 50 NTU standard. 62.5% of the effluent satisfied the FC standard for toilets and urinals and agricultural reuse (non-food crop) purposes, while 87.5 % of the effluent satisfied urban reuse purposes (restricted access). 66.67% of the effluent satisfied the Enterococcus spp. standard for agricultural reuse (non-food crop). All treated effluents satisfied the TC bathing standard. This study shows that after minimal disinfection, stormwater effluents offer potential reuse in household applications, thereby reducing potable water demand.

Leachate from a composting plant was characterized and applied as a biofertilizer in lettuce crops. Characteristics of untreated (UE) and anaerobically treated (TE) leachate samples were compared. The pH of TE (8.2) increased in relation to the UE (5.2) due to an increase in ammonia nitrogen in TE (1197 mg L-1) compared to UE (859 mg L-1). Anaerobic treatment was efficient in the removal of organic matter from the leachate, evaluated by the decrease of dissolved organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total solids. K presented the highest concentration (1743 mg L-1) in TE, followed by Mg (135 mg L-1). Cd, Pb and Cr were present at low concentrations in the samples, 0.047, 0.206 and 0.081 mg L-1, respectively. Salmonella, thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggs were not present in TE, which was applied as a biofertilizer in a lettuce crop and compared to mineral fertilization based on fresh matter and dry matter production. Lettuce production using TE was statistically equivalent to mineral fertilization. Toxic metals were not detected in the lettuce shoots. It was concluded that the anaerobically treated leachate from the composting company has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer.

Resumo O sistema de desinfecção solar, conhecido como SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection), é um método que envolve a exposição da água à radiação solar (luz UVA e calor) para eliminar microrganismos patogênicos. Coagulantes orgânicos extraídos da Moringa oleifera (T1) e Salvia hispanica (T2) foram usados em conjunto com o processo de filtração como auxiliares. Esse processo incluiu filtros de areia com tamanhos de partícula variando de 0,25 mm a 0,850 mm e uma manta geotêxtil não tecida colocada em sua base. Após passarem pelo processo de coagulação/floculação/sedimentação/filtração, as amostras foram expostas ao sol em um concentrador solar usando garrafas pintadas na metade de sua superfície (PR) e garrafas não pintadas (BR). Os parâmetros analisados incluíram propriedades físico-químicas como pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez e cor aparente, bem como parâmetros microbiológicos, incluindo E. coli e coliformes totais. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas demonstraram a superioridade de T1 em termos de turbidez e cor aparente. Em relação às análises microbiológicas, as análises demostraram a remoção eficaz de E. coli e coliformes totais, com 100% de inativação observada nas amostras. Portanto, foi observado que a sequência de tratamento aplicada reduziu significativamente a carga microbiológica das amostras; contudo, não se pode afirmar com certeza se os coagulantes exerceram alguma influência nesse resultado. Solar Disinfection, Disinfection , Disinfection) luz calor patogênicos T (T1 T2 (T2 auxiliares 025 0 25 0,2 0850 850 0,85 base coagulaçãofloculaçãosedimentaçãofiltração coagulação floculação sedimentação coagulação/floculação/sedimentação/filtração PR (PR BR. BR . (BR) físicoquímicas físico químicas pH elétrica aparente microbiológicos E totais microbiológicas 100 Portanto contudo resultado (T 02 2 0, 085 85 0,8 (BR 10 08 8 1

Abstract Solar Water Disinfection, known as SODIS, is a treatment method involving the exposure of water to solar radiation (UVA light and heat) to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. Organic coagulants extracted from Moringa oleifera (T1) and Salvia hispanica (T2) were used in conjunction with the filtration process as auxiliaries. This process included sand filters with particle sizes ranging from 0.25 mm to 0.850 mm and a non-woven geotextile placed at its base. After undergoing the coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation/filtration process, the samples were exposed to sunlight in a solar concentrator using bottles painted on half of their surface (PR) and unpainted bottles (BR). The analyzed parameters included physicochemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, and apparent color, as well as microbiological parameters, including E. coli and total coliforms. The results of physicochemical analyses demonstrated the superiority of T1 in terms of turbidity and apparent color. Regarding microbiological analyses, they showed the effective removal of E. coli and total coliforms, with 100% inactivation observed in the samples. It was observed that the applied treatment sequence significantly reduced the microbiological load of the samples; however, it cannot be stated with certainty whether the coagulants exerted any influence on this result. Disinfection SODIS UVA heat microorganisms T (T1 T2 (T2 auxiliaries 025 0 25 0.2 0850 850 0.85 nonwoven non woven base coagulationflocculationsedimentationfiltration coagulation flocculation sedimentation PR (PR BR. BR . (BR) pH conductivity color E coliforms 100 however result (T 02 2 0. 085 85 0.8 (BR 10 08 8 1

Abstract The implementation of effective cleaning and disinfection procedures is crucial to ensure quality control and food safety in food services. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic conditions in the gastronomy laboratories of a university in Colombia. The study conducted ATP bioluminescence detection and microbiological analysis on various surfaces and food handler's hands. The results indicated the presence of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and total coliforms on the surfaces, but no Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, or Salmonella spp. The cutting-board had the highest microbial counts, while the countertop and serving dish had the lowest. Total coliform counts exceeded the acceptable limits on most surfaces. Correlations between ATP levels and microbial counts were not significant. ATP measurements indicated organic contamination, but not necessarily high microbial loads. The findings emphasize the importance of proper cleaning, disinfection protocols, and personal hygiene practices to prevent cross-contamination and ensure food safety. services Colombia handlers handler s hands coli aureus monocytogenes spp cuttingboard cutting board lowest significant contamination loads protocols crosscontamination cross

PEO/TiP fibers were obtained using the Solution Blow Spinning (SBS) apparatus and heat treated to produce TiO2 fibers. The morphological and structural characteristics were assessed using SEM and X-ray diffraction. The fibers, with a thickness of 12 μm, showed a change in crystalline structure with heat treatment. At temperatures as low as 800 °C, only the anatase phase was identified, while at 900 °C, both anatase and rutile phases coexisted. The addition of TiP to the polymer matrix reduced the initial breakdown temperature, and the DSC curves showed exothermic peaks due to the amorphous phase transition to TiO2/anatase. The fibers' photocatalytic capacity was tested, revealing that TiO2-fibers in the anatase phase achieved 97% degradation of Rhodamine-B dye in 40 minutes. The study found that the biocide efficacy of TiO2-fibers depends on their heat treatment. Fibers with anatase/rutile or pure rutile phases did not show significant efficiency. However, fibers treated at 600°C with pure anatase phase were more effective in eliminating E. coli and total coliforms. Finally, we can state that the TiO2 fibers obtained in this work using the SBS technique can be used to produce filters to purify water contaminated by pathogens dangerous to human health or even to purify the air. PEOTiP PEO (SBS TiO Xray X ray diffraction 1 μm treatment 80 C °C identified 90 coexisted temperature TiO2anatase TiOanatase TiO2/anatase tested TiO2fibers TiOfibers 97 RhodamineB Rhodamine B 4 minutes anataserutile efficiency However 600C 600 E coliforms Finally air 8 9 60 6

RESUMO Ao longo da fronteira entre a Argélia e a Tunísia, no nordeste do país, as águas subterrâneas são consideradas a principal fonte de água potável e agrícola para a comunidade local. Essa situação é resultado da baixa pluviosidade e da limitação das águas superficiais. O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é descobrir como as descargas de águas residuais afetam a qualidade físico-química e bacteriológica das águas subterrâneas aluviais. Trinta e seis poços e boreholes foram utilizados para coletar amostras de água. Os resultados da análise mostram que as águas variaram de ácidas a neutras (6,46 ≤ pH ≤ 8,3) e de moderadamente a altamente mineralizadas (754 μS/cm < C.E < 11680 μS/cm). Os principais tipos de água, de acordo com o diagrama de Piper, são bicarbonato cálcico (HCO3- Ca2+) e cloreto cálcico (Cl- Ca2+). Coliformes totais e Escherichia Coli foram detectados em 60 e 100% das amostras de água analisadas, respectivamente. Os dados geoespaciais mostram que a poluição química e bacteriológica progride de montante para jusante, do rio Oued El Kebir, no sudeste, até o rio Oued Chabro, no noroeste. A análise estatística multivariável (análise de componentes principais e análise de aproximação) destacou que a mineralização da água é controlada por três fenômenos principais, que são a interação hidrólise da água-rocha, a lixiviação de formações geológicas e a influência de atividades antropogênicas. Tunísia país local superficiais físicoquímica físico aluviais 6,46 646 6 46 (6,4 8,3 83 8 3 754 (75 μScm μS cm CE C E 1168 μS/cm. . μS/cm) Piper HCO3 HCO (HCO3 Ca2+ Ca2 Ca Cl (Cl Ca2+. 100 analisadas respectivamente jusante Kebir sudeste Chabro noroeste aproximação águarocha, águarocha rocha, rocha água-rocha antropogênicas 6,4 64 4 (6, 8, 75 (7 116 (HCO 10 6, (6 7 ( 11 1

ABSTRACT Along the Algerian-Tunisian border in northeastern Algeria, groundwater is regarded as the primary source of agricultural and drinking water for the local community. This situation is the result of low rainfall and limited surface water. Finding out how wastewater discharges affect the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of alluvial groundwater is the objective of this research paper. Thirty-six wells and boreholes were targeted to collect water samples. The analysis results show that the waters ranged from acidic to neutral (6.46 ≤ pH ≤ 8.3), and moderately to highly mineralized (754 μS/cm < C.E < 11680 μS/cm). The main water types, according to the Piper diagram, are calcic bicarbonate (HCO3- Ca2+) and calcic chloride (Cl- Ca2+). Total coliforms and Escherichia Coli were detected in 60 and 100% of the water samples analyzed, respectively. The geospatial data shows that the chemical and bacteriological pollution progresses from upstream to downstream, from Oued El Kebir river in the South East to Oued Chabro River in the North West. The multivariable statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Closer Analysis) highlighted that water mineralization is controlled by three major phenomena, which are water-rock hydrolysis interaction, leaching of geological formations, and influence of anthropogenic activities. AlgerianTunisian Algerian Tunisian Algeria community paper Thirtysix Thirty six 6.46 646 6 46 (6.4 8.3, 83 8.3 , 8 3 8.3) 754 (75 μScm μS cm CE C E 1168 μS/cm. . μS/cm) types diagram HCO3 HCO (HCO3 Ca2+ Ca2 Ca Cl (Cl Ca2+. 100 analyzed respectively downstream West Principal phenomena waterrock rock interaction formations activities 6.4 64 4 (6. 8. 75 (7 116 (HCO 10 6. (6 7 ( 11 1

Abstract Dairy desserts have become a commercial product which produced in the industry and consumption is increasing worldwide. Ensuring food safety is becoming increasingly significant in dairy dessert which is microbiologically risky product. The combination of microbiological monitoring of both food products and the production environment is critical to provide food quality and safety. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) is a monitoring program which allows to evaluate effectiveness of general hygiene-sanitation operations and control programs to prevent possible microbial contamination of food. The aim of this study is to provide practical recommendations and strategies to build efficient EMP in the dairy desserts and food industry. During the implementation of the EMP (October 2019-March 2020), a total of 852 samples; dairy dessert (keskul) (n = 144), raw and auxiliary materials (n = 78), air (n = 96), water (n = 24), personnel (n = 144) and production surfaces (n = 366) microbiological conditions were examined within the parameters of Total Mesophilic Aerobic Bacteria (TMAB), coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and yeast-mold. The microbiological results of keskul before vs after the implementation of EMP was 3.81 vs. 2.55 log cfu/g for TMAB, 2.60 vs. 0.90 log cfu/g for coliforms, 0.58 vs. 0 log cfu/g for E. coli, 0 for S. aureus, 2.33 vs. 1.01 log cfu/g for yeast-mold and negative for Salmonella, respectively. Our study demonstrates that effective EMP plays a significant and crucial role in controlling microbiological hazards of final product. worldwide (EMP hygienesanitation hygiene sanitation October 2019March March 2019 2020, 2020 , 2020) 85 samples (keskul n 144, 144 78, 78 78) 96, 96 96) 24, 24 24) 366 TMAB (TMAB) coliform coli yeastmold. yeastmold yeast mold. mold 381 3 81 3.8 255 2 55 2.5 cfug cfu g 260 60 2.6 090 90 0.9 coliforms 058 58 0.5 E S 233 33 2.3 101 1 01 1.0 Salmonella respectively 201 202 8 14 7 9 36 (TMAB 38 3. 25 5 2. 26 6 09 0. 05 23 10 1. 20

Resumo Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região.

Abstract Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region.

Resumen Antecedentes: Muchos de los alimentos nativos fermentados de América Latina son elaborados por las comunidades indígenas mediante procesos que preservan sus tradiciones. Entre estos productos se encuentra el “champús”, una bebida o postre fermentado originario de Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Presenta un sabor característico entre dulce y ácido con un bajo contenido de alcohol, está elaborado a base de cereales como maíz, trigo o la mezcla de estos, y puede llevar entre sus ingredientes frutas y especias. Objetivo: Esta investigación evaluó las características de calidad microbiológica, fisicoquímica y sensorial del champús para revalorizar el consumo de los alimentos tradicionales. Métodos: Se evaluaron criterios de seguridad microbiológica, microorganismos fermentadores, parámetros fisicoquímicos y sensoriales de dos lotes de champús elaborados por 5 productores, tomando muestras en diferentes etapas de proceso. Resultados: Como resultados, se encontró que la temperatura y la humedad relativa promedio de elaboración estuvieron entre 16,5 ± 2,56 °C y 61,6 ± 9,14 % y que los productos superaron los criterios microbiológicos como coliformes totales y algunos criterios microbiológicos como Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus. También hubo una alta prevalencia de bacterias lácticas y levaduras a lo largo del proceso, identificándose los géneros Weissella, Leuconostoc y Lactobacillus. Se evidenció la presencia de ácidos orgánicos (láctico, acético y propiónico) y de etanol. El champús parece ser una fuente de calcio, fósforo y aminoácidos libres. Conclusión: Esta información sirve de base para proponer planes de mejora para los pequeños productores y al mismo tiempo para realizar estudios más detallados sobre la microbiota nativa del champús.

Abstract Background: Many native fermented foods in Latin America are made by indigenous communities through processes that preserve their traditions. Among these products is champús, a fermented drink or dessert native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It has a characteristic flavor between sweet and sour with a low alcohol content, is made from cereals such as corn, wheat, or a mixture of these, and can include fruits and spices. Objectives: This research evaluated the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory quality characteristics of champús to revalue the consumption of traditional foods. Methods: For this purpose, the microbiological safety criteria, fermenting microorganisms, and physicochemical and sensory parameters were evaluated for two batches of champús prepared by five producers and taking samples at different stages. Results: It was found that the average temperature and relative humidity for processing were between 16.5 ± 2.56 °C and 61.6 ± 9.14 %, respectively, and the products exceeded microbiological criteria such as total coliforms and some microbiological criteria for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. There was also a high prevalence of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts throughout the process, with the occurrence of the genera Weissella, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus. The presence of organic acids (lactic, acetic, and propionic) and ethanol was evidenced. Champús seems to be a source of calcium, phosphorus, and free amino acids. Conclusions: This information provides a basis to propose improvement plans for small producers and, at the same time, to conduct more detailed studies on the native microbiota of champús.