RESUMO Introdução: Doenças pulmonares são comuns em pacientes com doença renal em estágio terminal (DRET), dificultando o diagnóstico diferencial com COVID-19. Este estudo descreve achados de tomografia computadorizada de tórax (TC) em pacientes com DRET em terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) hospitalizados com suspeita de COVID-19. Métodos: Indivíduos maiores de 18 anos com DRET, encaminhados ao pronto-socorro com suspeita de COVID-19 foram incluídos. Dados clínicos e epidemiológicos foram extraídos de registros eletrônicos de saúde. A TC foi classificada como típica, indeterminada, atípica, negativa. Comparamos achados tomográficos de pacientes com COVID-19 positivos e negativos. Resultados: Recrutamos 109 pacientes (62,3% COVID-19-positivos) entre março e dezembro de 2020, idade média de 60 ± 12,5 anos, 43% mulheres. A etiologia mais comum da DRET foi diabetes. Tempo médio em diálise foi 36 meses, intervalo interquartil = 12–84. A lesão pulmonar mais comum foi opacidades em vidro fosco. O padrão típico de TC foi mais comum em pacientes com COVID-19 (40 (61%) vs. 0 (0%) em pacientes sem COVID-19, p < 0,001). Sensibilidade 60,61% (40/66), especificidade 100% (40/40). Valores preditivos positivos e negativos foram 100% e 62,3%, respectivamente. Padrão atípico de TC foi mais frequente em pacientes COVID-19-negativos (9 (14%) vs. 24 (56%) em COVID-19-positivos, p < 0,001), enquanto padrão indeterminado foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (13 (20%) vs. 6 (14%), p = 0,606), e padrão negativo foi mais comum em pacientes COVID-19-negativos (4 (6%) vs. 12 (28%), p = 0,002). Conclusões: Em pacientes com DRET em TRS hospitalizados, um padrão atípico de TC de tórax não pode excluir adequadamente o diagnóstico de COVID-19. Introdução , (DRET) COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 (TC (TRS Métodos 1 prontosocorro pronto socorro COVID-1 incluídos saúde típica indeterminada atípica negativa Resultados 10 62,3% 623 62 3 (62,3 COVID19positivos COVIDpositivos COVID-19-positivos 2020 125 5 12, 43 mulheres diabetes meses 1284 84 12–84 fosco 40 61% 61 (61% vs 0% (0% COVID19, 19, 0,001. 0001 0,001 . 001 0,001) 6061 60,61 40/66, 4066 40/66 66 (40/66) 100 40/40. 4040 40/40 (40/40) respectivamente COVID19negativos COVIDnegativos 9 ( 14% 14 (14% 2 56% 56 (56% COVID19positivos, positivos, 0,001, 13 (1 20% 20 (20% 14%, 0,606, 0606 0,606 606 0,606) 4 6% (6% 28%, 28 28% (28%) 0,002. 0002 0,002 002 0,002) Conclusões (DRET COVID1 COVID- 62,3 (62, 202 128 8 12–8 (61 (0 000 0,00 00 60,6 406 40/6 (40/66 404 40/4 (40/40 (14 (56 (20 060 0,60 (6 (28% 62, (62 12– 0,0 60, 40/ (40/6 (40/4 (5 (2 06 0,6 (28 0, (40/

ABSTRACT Introduction: Lung diseases are common in patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD), making differential diagnosis with COVID-19 a challenge. This study describes pulmonary chest tomography (CT) findings in hospitalized ESKD patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) with clinical suspicion of COVID-19. Methods: ESKD individuals referred to emergency department older than 18 years with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 were recruited. Epidemiological baseline clinical information was extracted from electronic health records. Pulmonary CT was classified as typical, indeterminate, atypical or negative. We then compared the CT findings of positive and negative COVID-19 patients. Results: We recruited 109 patients (62.3% COVID-19-positive) between March and December 2020, mean age 60 ± 12.5 years, 43% female. The most common etiology of ESKD was diabetes. Median time on dialysis was 36 months, interquartile range = 12–84. The most common pulmonary lesion on CT was ground glass opacities. Typical CT pattern was more common in COVID-19 patients (40 (61%) vs 0 (0%) in non-COVID-19 patients, p < 0.001). Sensitivity was 60.61% (40/66) and specificity was 100% (40/40). Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 100% and 62.3%, respectively. Atypical CT pattern was more frequent in COVID-19-negative patients (9 (14%) vs 24 (56%) in COVID-19-positive, p < 0.001), while the indeterminate pattern was similar in both groups (13 (20%) vs 6 (14%), p = 0.606), and negative pattern was more common in COVID-19-negative patients (4 (6%) vs 12 (28%), p = 0.002). Conclusions: In hospitalized ESKD patients on RRT, atypical chest CT pattern cannot adequately rule out the diagnosis of COVID-19. Introduction ESKD, , (ESKD) COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 challenge (CT RRT (RRT COVID19. 19. Methods 1 records typical Results 10 62.3% 623 62 3 (62.3 COVID19positive COVIDpositive COVID-19-positive 2020 125 5 12. 43 female diabetes months 1284 84 12–84 opacities 40 61% 61 (61% 0% (0% nonCOVID19 nonCOVID non non-COVID-1 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 001 0.001) 6061 60.61 40/66 4066 66 (40/66 100 40/40. 4040 40/40 (40/40) respectively COVID19negative COVIDnegative 9 ( 14% 14 (14% 2 56% 56 (56% COVID19positive, positive, 0.001, 13 (1 20% 20 (20% 14%, 0.606, 0606 0.606 606 0.606) 4 6% (6% 28%, 28 28% (28%) 0.002. 0002 0.002 002 0.002) Conclusions (ESKD COVID1 COVID- 62.3 (62. 202 128 8 12–8 (61 (0 nonCOVID1 non-COVID- 000 0.00 00 60.6 40/6 406 (40/6 404 40/4 (40/40 (14 (56 (20 060 0.60 (6 (28% 62. (62 12– non-COVID 0.0 60. 40/ (40/ (40/4 (5 (2 06 0.6 (28 0.

Abstract Introduction One of the paths in the investigation of congenital sensorineural hearing loss (CSNHL) is to try to characterize its etiology through the inner ear evaluation using high resolution computer tomography (CT) scans. With minor malformation, it is not always possible for a simple visual inspection to recognize if the structure in the inner ear is normal or not. Objective To verify if measurements of the inner ear are predictive of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and suggest cutoff points of size limits. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study of inner ear CT scan measurements of 214 patients, 50 with congenital SNHL (CSNHL) and 164 acquired SNHL (ASNHL) (control group). Results In the CSNHL group, central bony island (CBI) were 0.48 mm smaller (p < 0.001), cochlear nerve aperture was (CNA) 0.10 mm smaller (p < 0.001), and cochlea height was (CH) 0.15 mm smaller (p < 0.001). Vestibular aqueduct (VA) and cochlea width (CW) were similar between groups (0.70 vs 0.72, p = 0.19, and 7.20 vs 7.15 p = 0.23). The predictive cutoff points for CSNHL were CBI = 3.6 mm, CAN = 1.4 mm, CH = 3.4 mm, CW = 7.0 mm, and VA = 0.9 mm. Conclusion Congenital sensorineural hearing loss determined a decrease in CBI, opening of the cochlear nerve (OCN), and CW. Thus, these measures, at the cutoff points indicated, should make us aware of the diagnosis of congenital hearing loss. (CSNHL (CT scans malformation (SNHL limits crosssectional cross sectional 21 patients 5 16 ASNHL (ASNHL control group. group . group) (CBI 048 0 48 0.4 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 001 0.001) CNA (CNA 010 10 0.1 (CH 015 15 0.001. (VA (CW 0.70 070 70 (0.7 072 72 0.72 019 19 0.19 720 7 20 7.2 715 7.1 0.23. 023 0.23 23 0.23) 36 3 6 3. 14 1 4 1. 34 7. 09 9 0. OCN, OCN (OCN) Thus measures indicated 2 04 000 0.00 00 01 0.7 07 (0. 71 02 0.2 (OCN 0.0 (0 (

Abstract Introduction Eagle syndrome is a rare and an often misdiagnosed entity in otorhinolaryngology. Objective To determine the efficacy of the surgical treatment for Eagle syndrome. Methods The present prospective study included 25 patients who presented with complaints of pain in the throat, ear, and neck, as well as difficulty and/or pain while swallowing; they were assessed for Eagle syndrome. As per patient profile, we performed a clinical assessments along with orthopantomograms (OPGs), three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) scans, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Pain was assessed pre- and postoperatively through the Numerical Rating Scale-11 (NRS-11), whose score ranges from 0 to 10. Microscopic tonsillo-styloidectomy was performed in cases in which the conservative treatment failed to relieve pain. Results The mean age of the entire study population was of 36.08 ± 7.19 years, and the male-to-female ratio was of 1.08:1. Referred otalgia was the commonest (44%) complaint. Radiologically, out of 25 patients, 20 patients presented elongated styloid processes. The longest symptomatic styloid process measured radiographically was of 64.7 mm while the shortest was of 28.2 mm. Out of 20 patients, 12 underwent surgery. The postoperative pain assessment through the NRS-11 was performed on day 0 (3.83 ± 0.83), day 7 (1.5 ± 0.52), week 4 (0.5 ± 0.52), and week 12 (0.41 ± 0.51). By 12 weeks, 7 patients were symptom-free, while 5 patients still reported mild pain. Conclusion Eagle syndrome associated with an elongated styloid process is not a rarity, but it often goes undiagnosed. Microscopic tonsillo-styloidectomy shows excellent results in the management of patients with Eagle syndrome. otorhinolaryngology 2 throat ear neck andor or swallowing profile OPGs, OPGs , (OPGs) threedimensional three dimensional 3D D CT scans CBCT. CBCT . (CBCT) pre Scale11 Scale 11 Scale-1 NRS11, NRS11 NRS (NRS-11) 10 tonsillostyloidectomy tonsillo styloidectomy 3608 36 08 36.0 719 19 7.1 years maletofemale male female 1.081. 1081 1.08 1. 1 1.08:1 44% 44 (44% complaint Radiologically processes 647 64 64. 282 28 28. surgery NRS-1 3.83 383 3 83 (3.8 0.83, 083 0.83 0.83) 1.5 15 (1. 0.52, 052 0.52 52 0.52) 0.5 05 (0. 0.41 041 41 (0.4 0.51. 051 0.51 51 0.51) weeks symptomfree, symptomfree symptom free, free symptom-free rarity undiagnosed (OPGs (CBCT Scale1 Scale- NRS1 (NRS-11 360 36. 71 7. 081 1.081 108 1.0 1.08: (44 6 NRS- 3.8 38 8 (3. 0.8 (1 0. (0 0.4 04 (NRS-1 (4 3. (3 ( (NRS- (NRS

Abstract Introduction Diseases of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavities, and those related to the skull base can be treated with nasal endoscopic surgery. Anatomical references are essential to safely perform these surgeries. Objective To measure and compare the distance from the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus to the anterior skull base in cadavers and on computed tomography (CT) scans to determine a measurement as an anatomical reference in imaging exams for sinus and anterior skull base surgery. Methods In dissections and CT scans, we took measurements from the most upper and medial point of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus (point A) to the point where the skull base deflects and the anterior sphenoid wall is formed (Δ 90°; point B), in the right and left nasal cavities. We used 51 cadavers aged ≥ 18 years in the present research. Results The measurements obtained from CT scans and dissections were greater than 1.5 cm in all cadavers, and they were positively correlated. The 1-cm increase in the AB-tomography measurement corresponded to the 1.08-cm increase to the right and 1.07-cm to the left in the AB-dissection measurement. Conclusion The CT measurements may be considered a reliable tool to promote safe and effective access to the paranasal sinuses, matching the distance that should be dissected until the anterior base of the skull. sinuses cavities surgery surgeries (CT A Δ 90° 90 B, B , B) 5 1 research 15 1. correlated 1cm ABtomography AB 1.08cm 108cm 1.08 08 1.07cm 107cm 1.07 07 ABdissection dissection 9 08cm 108 1.0 0 07cm 107 10

Abstract Introduction Functional endoscopic sinus surgery and endoscopic skull base surgery are frequently performed surgeries today. Nasal septal deviation is a common finding and can affect the surgical area. Therefore, it is important to examine the effect of this deviation on other anatomical structures. Objectıve The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the degree of nasal septal deviation and anterior skull base structures using computed tomography (CT). Methods A total of 312 patients (aged 18 to 65 years old) whose paranasal sinus CT images were available were included in the study. Measurements were obtained on images retrieved from Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) and Horos image archive systems in the bone window in the coronal and axial plane. Results The mean age of 312 patients was 33.00 years old (standard deviation [SD] 11.22 years). The presence of septal deviation was not associated with changes in olfactory fossa (OF) depths, Keros degrees, and the angle between the lateral lamella and the cribriform lamella. However, OF depths and Keros degrees on the deviated side of the septum were found to change at a significant level (p < 0.05). No significant association was observed between the degree of septal deviation and cribriform lamella-lateral lamella angle. Conclusion The study showed significantly increased OF depth and Keros degree on the deviated side of the nasal septum. Performing CT scans before endoscopic sinus surgery and endoscopic skull base surgery is important to increase the chances of a successful surgical outcome and to reduce complications. today area Therefore CT. . (CT) 31 aged 1 6 PACS (PACS plane 3300 33 00 33.0 standard SD [SD 1122 11 22 11.2 years. years) (OF However p 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) lamellalateral complications (CT 3 330 33. 112 2 11. 0.0 0.

Abstract The anatomy of the venous system of the lower limbs has been full of imprecise terms and eponyms that make it difficult to understand, communicate, and treat the pathologies that affect it. Terminologia anatomica (TA) has come to banish these problems, but its use has not yet penetrated sufficiently since what was taught in the 1st years in anatomy courses is forgotten when reaching clinical or radiological practice, perpetuated by those who teach in the final stages of training. This work aims to be a contribution to the study of the venous anatomy of the lower limbs, with an emphasis on the superficial system, incorporating the use of TA, which corresponds to the official human anatomical nomenclature, for the study of anatomy and realization and the interpretation of imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and phlebography.

Resumen La anatomía del sistema venoso de los miembros inferiores ha estado llena de términos y epónimos imprecisos que dificultan el entendimiento, la comunicación y el tratamiento de las patologías que le afectan. La Terminologia Anatomica ha venido a desterrar estos problemas, pero su utilización aún no ha penetrado lo suficiente, ya que lo enseñado en los primeros años en los cursos de anatomía se olvida al llegar a la práctica clínica o radiológica, perpetuado por quienes enseñan en las últimas etapas de formación. Este trabajo pretende ser un aporte en el estudio de la anatomía venosa de los miembros inferiores con énfasis en el sistema superficial, incorporando el uso de la Terminologia Anatomica, que corresponde a la nomenclatura anatómica humana oficial, para el estudio de la anatomía, la realización y la interpretación de exámenes imagenológicos como ultrasonido, tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética y flebografías.

Abstract Objective: Efforts to discover increasingly safe, effective, and cosmetically satisfactory surgical accesses have allowed the development of various neurosurgical techniques, which can be identified in post-surgical imaging controls. The Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo, within the national neurosurgical network, corresponds to the referral center for cerebrovascular pathologies in the third and fourth regions of the country. This collection of clinical cases aims to describe, from an imaging point of view, different surgical accesses that are frequently used for the treatment of cerebrovascular pathology in our center. Methods: This work corresponds to a retrospective study carried out at the Hospital San Pablo in Coquimbo between February and June of 2022, where we reviewed and described different clinical cases of minimally invasive neurosurgical approaches, accompanied by a brief bibliographic review of each type of access. Results: Five clinical cases are presented with different minimally invasive techniques such as micro-pterional, mini-pterional, mini-retrosigmoid, parasagittal, and mini-suboccipital craniotomies. Conclusion: Over time, new techniques have been developed for the resolution of neurosurgical pathology. It is essential to know the anatomical references used in the different techniques, for their correct description when interpreting neuroimaging.

Resumen Objetivo: Los esfuerzos por descubrir accesos quirúrgicos cada vez más seguros, efectivos y cosméticamente satisfactorios han permitido el desarrollo de variadas técnicas neuroquirúrgicas, las cuales pueden identificarse en controles imagenológicos posquirúrgicos. El Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo, dentro de la red neuroquirúrgica nacional, corresponde al centro de derivación de patologías cerebrovasculares de la tercera y cuarta región del país. Esta recopilación de casos clínicos tiene como objetivo describir desde el punto de vista imagenológico diferentes accesos quirúrgicos que resultan frecuentes de utilizar para el tratamiento de la patología cerebrovascular en nuestro centro. Método: Este trabajo corresponde a un estudio retrospectivo realizado en el Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo entre febrero y junio del año 2022, donde revisamos y describimos diferentes casos clínicos de abordajes neuroquirúrgicos mínimamente invasivos, acompañados de una breve revisión bibliográfica de cada tipo de acceso. Resultados: Se exponen cinco casos clínicos con distintas técnicas mínimamente invasivas como craneotomías micropterional, minipterional, minirretrosigmoidea, parasagital y minisuboccipital. Conclusiones: Con el paso del tiempo se han desarrollado nuevas técnicas para la resolución de la patología neuroquirúrgica. Resulta esencial conocer las referencias anatómicas utilizadas en las diferentes técnicas, para su correcta descripción al interpretar una neuroimagen.

ABSTRACT Introduction Ureteral stricture is often a consequence of urolithiasis or previous endourological procedures (1-3). Precisely delineating the stricture zone intraoperatively is crucial to minimize ureter shortening and target only the affected tissue (4, 5). Flexible ureteroscopy offers a significant advantage in this regard. Objective This video aims to demonstrate the step-by-step technique of flexible ureteroscopic guided laparoscopic ureteroplasty for treating ureteral stricture caused by urolithiasis and prior endourological interventions. Patient and Methods We present a case of a 36-year-old male with a history of urolithiasis and unsuccessful endourological treatments, including endoureterotomy and balloon dilation, diagnosed with re-stenosis of the proximal ureter of 1 cm through ureteroscopy and pyelography. He underwent a successful laparoscopic ureteroplasty. While the lead surgeon performed the laparoscopy, an assistant conducted the flexible ureteroscopy. Intraoperatively, using transillumination facilitated by the flexible ureteroscope, we can precisely identify the narrowed area, allowing for resection of only the damaged segment. Subsequently, we perform the end-to-end ureteroplasty, confirming its patency through the seamless passage of the ureteroscope. Upon completion, we employ a fat patch to safeguard the anastomosis. Results The patient was discharged on the third postoperative day. Double J stent was removed six weeks after surgery. Symptoms resolved. Renal function improved: eGFR 49 to 67 ml/min. Furthermore, improvement was observed in the DTPA scan, and a decrease in hydronephrosis was noted on the follow-up tomography. Conclusion Flexible ureteroscopy effectively identifies the stricture zone in laparoscopic ureteroplasty, enhancing surgical precision and outcomes. This approach is safe, effective, and reproducible, offering a valuable technique in the surgical treatment of ureteral strictures. 13. 13 3 . (1-3) 4, 4 (4 5. 5 5) regard stepbystep step interventions 36yearold yearold 36 year old treatments dilation restenosis re stenosis pyelography laparoscopy Intraoperatively ureteroscope area segment Subsequently endtoend end completion anastomosis day surgery resolved improved 6 mlmin ml min ml/min Furthermore scan followup follow up tomography outcomes safe effective reproducible strictures (1-3 ( (1- (1

RESUMEN La subluxación atlantoaxial es la lesión más frecuente en la columna cervical causada por la artritis reumatoidea. Se manifiesta por rigidez de nuca, dolor cervical y déficit neurológico. El diagnóstico se realiza con tomografía computarizada e imágenes de resonancia magnética. El intervalo atlanto dental anterior mayor a 5mm indica inestabilidad atlantoaxial, el intervalo atlanto dental posterior menor a 14mm advierte riesgo neurológico. Las indicaciones más frecuentes de cirugía son: dolor cervical severo, inestabilidad y síntomas de mielopatía. Cuando existe compresión medular es necesaria la descompresión cervical alta sea por vía posterior o por vía anterior (odontoidectomía endonasal versus transoral). La línea rinopalatina nos indicará la factibilidad de una odontoidectomía endonasal endoscópica (OEE). El objetivo de la presentación del presente caso es compartir nuestra experiencia con la primera odontoidectomía endonasal endoscópica realizada en nuestro país y fomentar la utilización de la técnica. La cirugía fue realizada en un paciente con cuadriparesia espástica por subluxación atlantoaxial por artritis reumatoidea y que presentó excelente evolución pos operatoria, con recuperación casi completa. La OEE es una técnica operatoria mínimamente invasiva, ideal para pacientes con múltiples comorbilidades y que ofrece de buenos a excelentes resultados.

ABSTRACT Atlantoaxial subluxation is the most common injury to the cervical spine caused by rheumatoid arthritis. It is manifested by neck stiffness, neck pain and neurological deficit. Diagnosis is made with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The anterior dental atlanto interval greater than 5mm indicates atlantoaxial instability, the posterior dental atlanto interval less than 14mm warns of neurological risk. The most frequent indications for surgery are: severe neck pain, instability and symptoms of myelopathy. When there is spinal cord compression, upper cervical decompression is necessary, either via a posterior or anterior approach (endonasal versus transoral odontoidectomy). The rhinopalatine line will indicate the feasibility of an endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy (EEO). The objective of the presentation of this case is to share our experience with the first endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy performed in our country and to promote the use of the technique. The surgery was performed on a patient with spastic quadriparesis due to atlantoaxial subluxation due to rheumatoid arthritis and who presented excellent postoperative evolution, with almost complete recovery. EEO is a minimally invasive surgical technique, ideal for patients with multiple comorbidities and offering good to excellent results.

RESUMEN Introducción. Las imágenes de densidad electrónica (DE) podrían detectar diferencias miocárdicas tisulares no distinguibles mediante la tomografía computarizada (TC) convencional sin contraste. Objetivos. Evaluar si existen diferencias de DE miocárdica asociadas al sexo, y de estar presentes, su relación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular o calcificación coronaria. Material y métodos. Los pacientes pertenecían a un estudio prospectivo observacional de centro único que incluyó sujetos asintomáticos entre 50 y 75 años, derivados para realizar una TC de tórax de baja dosis. Todas las imágenes se obtuvieron mediante un equipo de TC espectral dual, y fueron evaluadas utilizando imágenes de TC convencional (120 kVp) y de DE. Resultados. Se incluyó un total de 171 pacientes. La atenuación miocárdica no estuvo relacionada con el sexo o factores de riesgo coronarios (todos con p >0,05), mientras que el porcentaje de densidad electrónica respecto del agua (%EDW, por su sigla en inglés) fue significativamente mayor en la población masculina (p<0,0001), y en los pacientes con diabetes (p=0,007), hipertensión (p=0,004) y obesidad (p=0,004). La extensión de la calcificación coronaria no estuvo relacionada ni con la ate nuación ni con la DE miocárdicas. En el análisis univariado, el sexo masculino fue la única variable asociada a un %EDW elevado (p=0,011), mientras que la edad, la diabetes, la obesidad, el tabaquismo, la hipertensión y el score CACSIS (score de calcificación de las arterias coronarias), no. Un modelo de regresión logística que incluyó sexo, obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión, identificó al sexo masculino como el único predictor independiente de %EDW elevado (OR 2,51, IC 95% 1,23-5,34, p=0,016). Conclusiones. En este estudio, las imágenes de DE identificaron diferencias en el tejido miocárdico que la TC convencional fue incapaz de discriminar, con un mayor %EDW en hombres y en pacientes con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El sexo masculino fue el único predictor independiente de %EDW elevado.

ABSTRACT Background. Electron density (ED) imaging might be able to detect myocardial tissue differences indistinguishable for con ventional non-contrast computed tomography (CT). Objectives. To evaluate whether there are differences in myocardial ED associated with sex, and if present, their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors or coronary calcification. Methods. Patients were participants of a prospective single center observational study comprising asymptomatic subjects between 50 and 75 years old, referred for a low-dose chest CT. All images were obtained using a dual-layer detector spectral CT, and evaluated using conventional CT (120 kVp) and ED images. Results. A total of 171 patients were included. Myocardial attenuation was not related to sex or coronary risk factors (all p >0.05), whereas the percent electron density relative to water (%EDW) was significantly higher among males (p <0.0001), and patients with diabetes (p = 0.007), hypertension (p = 0.004), and obesity (p = 0.004). The extent of coronary artery calcification was unrelated to neither the myocardial attenuation, nor the myocardial ED. At univariate analysis, male sex was the only variable associated with a high %EDW (p = 0.011), whereas age, diabetes, obesity, smoking, hypertension, and CACSIS (coronary artery calcification segment involvement score), were not. Logistic regression analysis including sex, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in the model, identified male sex as the only independent predictor of a high %EDW (OR 2.51, 95%CI 1.23-5.34, p=0.016). Conclusions. In this study, ED imaging identified myocardial tissue differences that conventional CT was unable to discriminate, with a higher %EDW in men and in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Male sex was the only independent predictor of a high %EDW

ABSTRACT Introduction: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a deterioration of kidney function that occurs after the administration of a iodinated contrast medium (ICM). Most studies that defined this phenomenon used older ICMs that were more prone of causing CA-AKI. In the past decade, several articles questioned the true incidence of CA-AKI. However, there is still a paucity of a data about the safety of newer ICM. Objective: To assess the incidence of CA-AKI in hospitalized patients that were exposed to computed tomography (CT) with and without ICM. Methods: Prospective cohort study with 1003 patients who underwent CT in a tertiary hospital from December 2020 through March 2021. All inpatients aged > 18 years who had a CT scan during this period were screened for the study. CA-AKI was defined as a relative increase of serum creatinine of ≥ 50% from baseline or an absolute increase of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 18 to 48 hours after the CT. Chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and linear regression model with restricted cubic splines were used for statistical analyses. Results: The incidence of CA-AKI was 10.1% in the ICM-exposed group and 12.4% in the control group when using the absolute increase criterion. The creatinine variation from baseline was not significantly different between groups. After adjusting for baseline factors, contrast use did not correlate with worse renal function. Conclusion: The rate of CA-AKI is very low, if present at all, with newer ICMs, and excessive caution regarding contrast use is probably unwarranted. Introduction Contrastassociated Contrast associated CAAKI CA AKI (CA-AKI ICM . (ICM) CAAKI. AKI. decade However Objective (CT Methods 100 202 2021 1 50 03 0 3 0. mgdL mg dL 4 Chisquared Chi squared test KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis analyses Results 101 10 10.1 ICMexposed 124 12 12.4 criterion groups factors Conclusion low all unwarranted (ICM 20 5 10. 12. 2

RESUMO Introdução: Lesão renal aguda associada ao contraste (LRA-AC) é uma deterioração da função renal que ocorre após a administração de meio de contraste iodado (MCI). A maioria dos estudos que definiram esse fenômeno utilizaram MCI mais antigos, mais propensos a causar LRA-AC. Na última década, diversos artigos questionaram a verdadeira incidência de LRA-AC. Entretanto, ainda há escassez de dados sobre a segurança dos MCI mais novos. Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de LRA-AC em pacientes hospitalizados expostos à tomografia computadorizada (TC) com e sem MCI. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com 1.003 pacientes submetidos a TC em hospital terciário, de dezembro/2020 a março/2021. Todos os pacientes internados com idade ≥ 18 anos que realizaram TC nesse período foram selecionados. A LRA-AC foi definida como aumento relativo de creatinina sérica de ≥ 50% em relação ao valor basal ou aumento absoluto de ≥ 0,3 mg/dL dentro de 18 a 48 horas após a TC. Utilizamos o teste qui-quadrado, teste de Kruskal-Wallis e modelo de regressão linear com splines cúbicos restritos para análises estatísticas. Resultados: A incidência de LRA-AC foi 10,1% no grupo exposto ao MCI e 12,4% no grupo controle ao usar o critério de aumento absoluto. A variação da creatinina em relação ao valor basal não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos. Após ajuste para fatores basais, o uso de contraste não se correlacionou com pior função renal. Conclusão: A taxa de LRA-AC é muito baixa, caso exista, com MCIs mais novos, e a cautela excessiva quanto ao uso de contraste provavelmente não se justifica. Introdução LRAAC LRA AC (LRA-AC . (MCI) antigos LRAAC. AC. década Entretanto novos Objetivo (TC Métodos 1003 1 003 1.00 terciário dezembro2020 dezembro 2020 dezembro/202 março2021 março 2021 março/2021 selecionados 50 03 0 3 0, mgdL mg dL 4 quiquadrado, quiquadrado qui quadrado, quadrado qui-quadrado KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis estatísticas Resultados 101 10 10,1 124 12 12,4 grupos basais Conclusão baixa exista justifica (MCI 100 00 1.0 dezembro202 202 dezembro/20 março202 março/202 5 10, 12, 1. dezembro20 20 dezembro/2 março20 março/20 dezembro2 2 dezembro/ março2 março/2 março/

ABSTRACT Background: Success rates in endourological procedures, notably percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and ureteroscopy (URS), have demonstrated suboptimal outcomes, leading to more reinterventions and radiation exposure. Recently, the use of intraoperative computed tomography (ICT) scans has been hypothesized as a promising solution for improving outcomes in endourology procedures. With this considered, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis encompassing all available studies that evaluate the impact of the use of intraoperative CT scans on surgical outcomes compared to conventional fluoroscopic-guided procedures. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Multiple databases were systematically searched up to December of 2023. This study aimed to directly compare the use of an ICT scan with the standard non-ICT-guided procedure. The primary endpoint of interest was success rate, and the secondary endpoints were complications and reintervention rates, while radiation exposure was also evaluated. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed following Cochrane recommendations. Data was presented as an Odds ratio with 95%CI across trials and a random-effects model was selected for pooling of data. Results: A comprehensive search yielded 533 studies, resulting in the selection of 3 cohorts including 327 patients (103 ICT vs 224 in non-ICT). Primary outcome was significantly higher in the experimental group versus the control group (84.5% vs 41.4% respectively, 307 patients; 95% CI [3.61, 12.72]; p<0.00001; I2=0). Reintervention rates also decreased from 32.6% in the control to 12.6% in the ICT group (OR 0.34; 95%CI [0.12,0.94]; p =0.04; I2= 48%), whereas complication rates did not exhibit significant differences. Radiation exposure was also significantly reduced in two of the included studies. Conclusion: This meta-analysis highlights a favorable outcome with intraoperative CT scan use in PCNL procedures, showing a considerable increase in SFR when compared to standard fluoroscopy and nephroscopy. Despite limited studies, our synthesis underscores the potential of ICT scans to significantly reduce residual stones and their consequences for endourology patients, as reinterventions and follow-up ionizing radiation studies. Background procedures (PCNL URS, URS , (URS) Recently (ICT considered metaanalysis meta analysis fluoroscopicguided fluoroscopic guided Methods guidelines 2023 nonICTguided non procedure rate evaluated recommendations 95CI 95 randomeffects random effects data Results 53 32 103 (10 22 nonICT. nonICT . non-ICT) 84.5% 845 84 5 (84.5 414 41 4 41.4 respectively 30 3.61, 361 61 [3.61 12.72 1272 12 72 12.72] p<0.00001 p000001 0 00001 I2=0. I20 I I2=0 I2 I2=0) 326 6 32.6 126 12.6 OR 0.34 034 34 0.12,0.94 012094 94 [0.12,0.94] =0.04 004 04 48%, 48 48% 48%) differences Conclusion nephroscopy followup follow (URS 202 9 10 (1 2 non-ICT 84.5 8 (84. 41. 3.61 36 [3.6 12.7 127 1 7 p<0.0000 p00000 0000 32. 12. 0.3 03 0.12,0.9 01209 [0.12,0.94 =0.0 00 20 ( 84. (84 3.6 [3. p<0.000 p0000 000 0. 0.12,0. 0120 [0.12,0.9 =0. (8 3. [3 p<0.00 p000 0.12,0 012 [0.12,0. =0 [ p<0.0 p00 0.12, 01 [0.12,0 = p<0. p0 0.12 [0.12, p<0 0.1 [0.12 p< [0.1 [0. [0

Abstract Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNENs) have been historically regarded as rare, but their incidence has raised more than 6-fold over the last 3 decades, mostly owing to improvement in the detection of small asymptomatic tumours with imaging. Early detection and proper classification and staging are essential for the prognosis and management of panNENs. Histological evaluation is mandatory in all patients for the diagnosis of panNEN. Regarding localization and staging, multiphasic contrast-enhanced computer tomography is considered the imaging study of choice. Nevertheless, several other diagnostic modalities might present complementary information that can help in diagnosis and staging optimization: magnetic resonance imaging, somatostatin receptor imaging using positron emission tomography in combination with computed tomography (PET/CT), PET/CT with fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), and endoscopic ultrasound. Approximately 10%of panNENs are due to an inherited syndrome, which includes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, von Hippel-Lindau disease, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), tuberous sclerosis complex, and Mahvash disease. In this review, the Portuguese Pancreatic Club summarizes the classification, diagnosis, and staging of panNENs, with a focus on imaging studies. It also summarizes the characteristics and particularities of panNENs associated with inherited syndromes.

Resumo As neoplasias neuroendócrinas pancreáticas (panNENs) são historicamente consideradas raras, embora a sua incidência tenha aumentado mais de 6 vezes nas últimas três décadas, principalmente devido à otimização do diagnóstico de tumores pequenos e assintomáticos em exames de imagem. A deteção precoce, a classificação e o estadiamento adequados são essenciais para o prognóstico e abordagem dos panNENs. A avaliação histológica é obrigatória em todos os doentes para o diagnóstico de panNENs. Para a localização e estadiamento, a TC multifásica com contraste é considerada o estudo de imagem de eleição. Contudo, várias outras modalidades diagnósticas podem apresentar informações complementares que podem auxiliar no diagnóstico e na otimização do estadiamento: ressonância magnética, PET/CT dos receptores da somatostatina, PET/CT [1⁸F]FDG e ecoendoscopia. Aproximadamente 10% dos panNENs estão relacionados com síndromes hereditários, que incluem neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 1 (MEN1), doença de von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1), complexo de esclerose tuberosa (TSC) e doença de Mahvash. Neste artigo, o Clube Português de Pâncreas aborda a classificação, diagnóstico e estadiamento de panNENs, com foco nos estudos de imagem, bem como resume as características e particularidades dos panNENs associados aos síndromes hereditários.

Abstract Introduction: Refractory Status Epilepticus (RSE) is a serious medical emergency where the seizure does not subside despite conventional pharmacological treatment. The continuous presence of episodes lasting 24 hours or more is described as super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). This case report details the complex in teraphy management and explores a multidisciplinary approach. Case presentation: A 32-year-old male with a history of focal epilepsy secondary to head trauma in childhood. Enters emergency with a RSE episode. Barbiturate coma, plasmapheresis and ketogenic diet were administered. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging revealed a lesion in the right fronto-temporo-insular cortex, areas of hypermetabolism on Positron Emission Tomography and continuous epileptiform activity on video-electroencephalogram. Palliative surgery was chosen, achieving successful resolution of the SRSE and Engel Scale IA classification at 14 months of follow up. Discussion: The SRSE is a critical neurological event with a guarded prognosis and complex therapeutic options. Therapeutic options are described from anticonvulsants, immunotherapy and surgery. The surgical approach emerges as an effective option, especially in cases with structural injuries. Early identification and appropriate therapy are vital to prevent complications. Conclusions: SRSE represents a critical challenge with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. However, epilepsy surgery shows promising results in the context of the structural brain cause responsible for epileptiform activity. The importance of early identification and palliative surgical management as a viable option is highlighted, improving the quality of life of patients.

Resumen Introducción: El estado epiléptico refractario (EER) constituye una emergencia médica grave, donde la crisis no cede a pesar del tratamiento farmacológico convencional. Se describe como estado epiléptico superrefractario (EESR) la continua presencia de episodios con una duración de 24 horas o más. Este reporte de caso detalla la complejidad en el manejo y explora un enfoque multidisciplinario. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 32 años con antecedente de epilepsia focal secundaria a traumatismo craneoencefálico en la niñez, quien ingresó en contexto de EESR, el cual recibió coma barbitúrico, plasmaféresis y dieta cetogénica. En los exámenes, la resonancia magnética reveló una lesión en la región frontotemporal insular derecha; en la tomografía por emisión de positrones se observaron zonas de hipermetabolismo y en el videoelectroencefalograma una continua actividad epileptiforme. Se optó por la cirugía paliativa, logrando la resolución exitosa del EESR y una clasificación Engels IA a los 14 meses. Discusión: El EESR es un evento neurológico crítico con pronóstico reservado y opciones terapéuticas desafiantes. Se describen opciones terapéuticas desde anticonvulsivantes, inmunoterapia y cirugía, donde el abordaje quirúrgico emerge como una opción eficaz, especialmente en casos con lesiones estructurales. La identificación temprana y la terapia adecuada son vitales para prevenir complicaciones. Conclusiones: El EESR representa un desafío crítico con alta carga de morbimortalidad, sin embargo, la cirugía de epilepsia muestra promisorios resultados en el contexto de causa cerebral estructural, responsable de la actividad epileptiforme. Se destaca la importancia de la identificación temprana y el manejo quirúrgico paliativo como opción viable, mejorando la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether three-dimensional (3D) printing increases agreement in the classification of tibial pilon fractures. Methods Orthopedists and traumatologists reviewed radiographs, computed tomography scans with 3D reconstruction, and prototyping 3D printing, and classified the fractures based on the Rüedi-Allgöwer and Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO, Association for the Study of Internal Fixation) Foundation/Orthopedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification systems. Next, data evaluation used Kappa agreement coefficients. Results The use of the 3D model did not improve agreement for tibial pilon fractures regarding the treatment proposed by the groups. Regarding the classification systems, the agreement only improved concerning the AO/OTA classification when the 3D model was used in the assessment by the foot and ankle specialists. Conclusion Although 3D printing is statistically relevant for surgeons specializing in foot and ankle, its values remain lower than optimal. threedimensional three dimensional D (3D radiographs reconstruction RüediAllgöwer Rüedi Allgöwer AO, AO (AO Fixation FoundationOrthopedic Foundation Orthopedic AOOTA OTA (AO/OTA systems Next coefficients groups specialists optimal

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar se a impressão tridimensional (3D) aumenta a concordância na classificação de fraturas do pilão tibial. Métodos Foram selecionadas radiografias, tomografias com reconstrução 3D e impressão de prototipagem em impressora 3D. Os exames foram apresentados a profissionais da área de Ortopedia e Traumatologia que classificaram as fraturas com base nas classificações da Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO, Associação para o Estudo da Fixação Interna) Foundation/Orthopedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) e de Rüedi-Allgöwer. Posteriormente, os dados foram avaliados pelos coeficientes de concordância de Kappa. Resultados O uso do modelo 3D não melhorou a concordância na fratura do pilão tibial quanto ao tratamento proposto pelos grupos. Em relação aos sistemas de classificação, somente a concordância na classificação AO/OTA melhorou quando foi utilizado o modelo 3D na avaliação pelos especialistas em pé e tornozelo. Conclusão Apesar de o uso da impressão 3D ter relevância estatística para os cirurgiões especialistas em pé e tornozelo, ainda apresenta valores menores do que os ideais. D (3D radiografias AO, AO (AO Interna FoundationOrthopedic Foundation Orthopedic AOOTA OTA (AO/OTA RüediAllgöwer. RüediAllgöwer Rüedi Allgöwer. Allgöwer Rüedi-Allgöwer Posteriormente Kappa grupos tornozelo ideais