Resumen La corrosión es un problema recurrente en la industria del gas natural, debido a la presencia de gases corrosivos como el CO2 y el H2S que en presencia de agua pueden atacar el acero y producir daños y fugas que generen accidentes y contaminación, es por ello que la predicción de la tendencia del gas natural hacia la corrosión es fundamental para desarrollar estrategias de inhibición y mitigación de este proceso. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar una Red Neuronal Artificial (RNA) entrenada con datos de composición de muestras de gas natural para predecir la tendencia corrosiva, como método alternativo que pueda ser utilizado como una herramienta predictiva eficiente. La RNA se entrenó con una muestra de 46 gases naturales y 11 componentes por cada una, además de la presión y la temperatura como condiciones operacionales, lo que representa un total de 598 datos de entrenamiento de la RNA, además se utilizaron 8 muestras adicionales para la validación externa del modelo. La RNA que desarrolló fue dentro de los principios de la estadística Bayesiana, con una arquitectura de Perceptrón Multicapa. Se obtuvo que la RNA es capaz de clasificar correctamente el 95,65% de la tendencia corrosiva de las muestras, siendo aquellas con tendencia no corrosiva las que presentaron el menor porcentaje de predicción (75%). La predicción de las muestras externas siguió la tendencia esperada, con menor capacidad para clasificar a las no corrosivas, y las muestras con posible corrosión y corrosivas fueron predichas en 80%. Se concluye que la RNA es una herramienta eficiente para la predicción de la tendencia corrosiva del gas natural en presencia de CO2 y su efectividad depende de que se utilicen muestras con todos los componentes necesarios para entrenar la misma, además puede ser mejorada al introducir otros parámetros como la cantidad de agua presente.

Abstract Corrosion is a recurrent problem in the natural gas industry, due to the presence of corrosive gases such as CO2 and H2S that in the presence of water can attack steel and produce damages and leaks that generate accidents and contamination, that is why the prediction of the tendency of natural gas towards corrosion is essential to develop strategies to inhibit and mitigate this process. The objective of the study was to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with composition data of natural gas samples to predict the corrosive tendency, as an alternative method that can be used as an efficient predictive tool. The ANN was trained with a sample of 46 natural gases and 11 components for each one, in addition to pressure and temperature as operational conditions, representing a total of 598 training data of the ANN, also 8 additional samples were used for external validation of the model. The ANN that developed was within the principles of Bayesian statistics, with a Multilayer Perceptron architecture. It was obtained that the ANN is able to correctly classify 95.65% of the corrosive tendency of the samples, being those with non-corrosive tendency the ones that presented the lowest prediction percentage (75%). The prediction of the external samples followed the expected trend, with lower capacity to classify the non-corrosive ones, and the samples with possible corrosion and corrosive were predicted in 80%. It is concluded that ANN is an efficient tool for predicting the corrosive tendency of natural gas in the presence of CO2 and its effectiveness depends on using samples with all the necessary components to train it, and it can be improved by introducing other parameters such as the amount of water present.

RESUMEN El trabajo tuvo el propósito de caracterizar, desde el punto de vista químico, físico, granulométrico y mineralógico, un residuo industrial de hidróxido de calcio generado en el proceso de fabricación de acetileno. Las muestras se analizaron, primeramente, sin neutralizar; luego se realizó el mismo procedimiento, usando ácido sulfúrico a un 98 % de pureza. Para ambos casos, las temperaturas de calentamiento fueron de 500 oC y 900 oC. Para identificar las fases, los patrones de difracción fueron obtenidos usando fuente de radiación de cobre (CuKα, λ=1,5418 Å). Se determinó que el residual presenta CaO y MgO, lo que garantiza su pureza. Al calentarlo sin neutralizar a 500 oC se transforma el hidróxido de calcio y a los 900 oC hay pérdida del carbonato y del agua. En el residual, tanto sin tratamiento como neutralizado, está presente el hidróxido de calcio.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the work was to characterize, from the chemical, physical, granulometric and mineralogical point of view, an industrial residue of calcium hydroxide generated in the acetylene manufacturing process. Samples were first analyzed without neutralization; then the same procedure was performed using 98 % purity sulphuric acid. For both cases, the heating temperatures used were 500 °C and 900 °C. To identify the phases, diffraction patterns were obtained using copper radiation source (CuKα, λ = 1.5418 Å). It was determined that residual contains CaO and MgO, which guarantees its purity; heated at 500 °C, and without neutralizing, calcium hydroxide is transformed and there is loss of water and carbonate at 900 °C. In both untreated and neutralized waste, calcium hydroxide is present.

Abstract L-ascorbic acid is a natural antioxidant produced by plants and their fruits. The abundance of this acid during the development and postharvest ripening of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) depends on genetic and climatic factors. The mangoes undergo a quarantine hydrothermal treatment before being exported to control the fruit fly. A quarantine hydrothermal treatment consists of immersing mangoes in water at 46.1 °C (118 °F) for 60 to 120 min depending on the size, affecting the L-ascorbic acid content and other quality parameters of the fruit. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of QHT on L-ascorbic acid content, firmness, color, and expression of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis and recycling genes during mango postharvest. ‘Ataulfo’ mangoes were harvested at physiological ripeness in Escuinapa, Sinaloa in 2019, subjected to QHT (46.1 °C, 75 min), hydrocooled (25 °C, 30 min) and stored at 20 °C for nine days. Mangoes subjected to QHT showed a reduction in L-ascorbic acid content (p≤ 0.05). The firmness of the pulp behaved similarly in fruits with QHT and in control fruits, while the external color of the fruits with a quarantine hydrothermal treatment indicated an advanced ripening process compared to the control fruits (p≤ 0.05). The levels of MiGME1, MiGME2, MiGGP2, and MiMDHAR transcripts increased in response to treatment, suggesting activation of the synthesis and recycling pathway to counteract the abiotic stress caused by the heat to which the mangoes were subjected.

Resumen El ácido L-ascórbico, es un antioxidante natural producido por las plantas y sus frutos. La abundancia de este ácido durante el desarrollo y la maduración poscosecha del mango (Mangifera indica L.) depende de factores genéticos y climáticos. Los mangos se someten a un tratamiento hidrotérmico cuarentenario, antes de su exportación para control de la mosca de la fruta. El un tratamiento hidrotérmico cuarentenario, consiste en sumergir los mangos en agua a 46.1 °C (118 °F) durante 60 a 120 min dependiendo del tamaño, afectando el contenido de ácido L-ascórbico y otros parámetros de calidad del fruto. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del THC en el contenido de ácido L-ascórbico, la firmeza, el color y la expresión de genes de biosíntesis y reciclaje de ácido L-ascórbico durante la postcosecha del mango. Los mangos ‘Ataulfo’ se cosecharon en madurez fisiológica en Escuinapa, Sinaloa en el año 2019, se sometieron a THC (46.1 °C, 75 min), hidroenfriado (25 °C, 30 min) y se almacenaron a 20 °C por nueve días. Los mangos sometidos al THC mostraron reducción en el contenido de ácido L-ascórbico (p≤ 0.05). La firmeza de la pulpa se comportó similar en frutos con THC y en frutos testigo, mientras que el color externo de los frutos con un tratamiento hidrotérmico cuarentenario e indicó un proceso de maduración adelantado respecto a los frutos testigo (p≤ 0.05). Los niveles de transcritos MiGME1, MiGME2, MiGGP2 y MiMDHAR aumentaron en respuesta al tratamiento, lo que sugiere la activación de la ruta de síntesis y reciclaje para contrarrestar el estrés abiótico ocasionado por el calor al que se sometieron los mangos.

ABSTRACT A urinary sediment is a tool used for years to characterize renal manifestations of primary and secondary diseases, which requires standardization and learning to interpret it. In patients admitted to the intensive care unit, it is often not performed, or several factors must be taken into account for its interpretation due to the patient's hemodynamic status, glomerular filtration, tubular excretion, water reabsorption, and solutes. In addition to the acid-base balance, which can vary significantly in critically ill patients with different pathophysiological conditions? A review of the conditions for the interpretation of urinalysis is presented.

RESUMEN El sedimento urinario es una herramienta utilizada hace tantos años para caracterizar manifestaciones renales de enfermedades primarias y secundarias, que es necesario realizar una estandarización y aprender a interpretar el mismo. En los pacientes ingresados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, muchas veces no se realiza, o hay que tener en cuenta varios factores para su interpretación debido al estado hemodinámico del paciente a la filtración glomerular, la excreción tubular, la reabsorción de agua y los solutos además del equilibrio acido-base, los cuales pueden variar significativamente en pacientes en estado crítico con diferentes condiciones fisiopatológicas. Se presenta una revisión de las condiciones para la interpretación del urianálisis.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades fisicoquímicas, morfológicas, estructurales y térmicas del almidón recuperado de los residuos de Solanum tuberosum de la industria de frituras en México, utilizando técnicas instrumentales avanzadas. La papa residual se recogió de una empresa productora de papas fritas y el almidón se obtuvo mediante extracción acuosa. El almidón presentó un contenido de carbohidratos de 87.79 %, proteínas (1.18 %), lípidos (0.15 %), cenizas (0.26 %) y amilosa (24.35 %). La capacidad de absorción de agua fue de 1.0163 g g-1, solubilidad (30.17 - 46.65 %), hinchamiento (2.31 - 8.69 g g-1). Los análisis térmicos mostraron una gelatinización del almidón entre 61.7 - 90 °C con una pérdida máxima de peso a 288.1 °C. La microscopía electrónica de barrido-espectroscopía dispersiva de energía (SEM-EDS) mostró partículas de 14 - 69 µm con una composición de 54.3 % de carbono, 45.4 % de oxígeno y 0.15 % de potasio. La dispersión dinámica de luz (DLS) mostró partículas de tamaño nanométrico (120 nm). La resonancia magnética nuclear (NMR) y la difracción de rayos X (XRD) exhibieron la cristalinidad del almidón como tipo B (34.73 %) y la reflectancia total atenuada por espectroscopia infrarroja transformada de Fourier (FTIR - ATR) mostró los grupos funcionales distintivos de la glucosa.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical, morphological, structural, and thermal properties of starch recovered from Solanum tuberosum residual of chips industry in Mexico using advanced instrumental techniques. The residual potato was collected from a chips production company and the starch obtained by aqueous extraction. The starch presented a content of carbohydrates of 87.79 %, proteins (1.18 %), lipids (0.15 %), ashes (0.26 %), and amylose (24.35 %). The water absorption capacity was 1.0163 g g-1, solubility (30.17 - 46.65 %), swelling (2.31 - 8.69 g g-1). Thermal analyzes showed a starch gelatinization about 61.7 - 90 ºC with a maximum weight loss at 288.1 °C. The scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed particles of 14 - 69 µm with a composition of 54.3 % carbon, 45.4 % oxygen, and 0.15 % potassium. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed particles of nanometric size (120 nm). The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) exhibited the crystallinity of the starch as type B (34.73 %) and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) showed the functional groups distinctive of the glucose.

Resumen En este trabajo se elaboraron películas comestibles (PCs) a base de quitosano (Q), agar (A) y tomillo (T), en cuatro diferentes formulaciones (Q, A, QA y QAT). A las PCs se les evaluaron propiedades mecánicas (tensión y elongación a la ruptura), propiedades estructurales (espectroscopía de infrarrojo por FTIR), propiedades térmicas (análisis termogravimétrico), propiedades de transporte (permeabilidad al vapor de agua) y análisis morfológico (microscopía electrónica de barrido). Las PCs de QA y QAT destacaron por su resistencia a la tensión, transparencia, velocidad de transmisión al vapor de agua y permeancia, así como la mayor capacidad antio-xidante. Se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de los recubrimientos comestibles (RCs) de QA y QAT en la calidad de frutos de aguacate “Hass” durante 13 días de almacenamiento a 25 °C. Se evaluaron periódicamente en los frutos las variables de pérdida de peso, tasa de respiración, producción de etileno, apariencia visual y pudriciones. La aplicación de los RCs al fruto redujo su pérdida de peso y extendió su vida de anaquel. Los RCs les confirieron a los frutos una barrera al vapor de agua, reduciendo la pérdida de peso en 40%. Así mismo, se disminuyó la incidencia de pudriciones de los frutos.

Abstract In this work, edible films (PCs) based on chitosan (Q), agar (A) and thyme oil (T) were prepared in four different formulations (Q, A, QA and QAT), and their mechanical properties (tension and elongation at break) and water vapor permeability were evaluated. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also performed. The QA and QAT PCs stood out for their tensile strength, transparency, water vapor transmission rate and permeance, as well as the highest antioxidant activity. The effect of the application of the edible coatings (RCs) of QA and QAT on the quality of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit was evaluated during 13 d of storage at 25 °C. The following variables were evaluated periodically: weight loss, respiration rate, ethylene production, visual appearance, and rotting. The application of RCs to the fruit reduced their weight loss and extended their shelf life. The RCs gave the fruit a barrier to water vapor, reducing weight loss by 40 with respect to the control. In addition, the incidence of fruit rots was reduced.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los cambios en propiedades estructurales de un Andisol, como respuesta a la incorporación de rastrojo de avena (Avena sativa) entre postcosecha y pre-siembra, con tres equipos mecánicos. Los equipos empleados para la incorporación fueron: Púas (P), Discos (D), y Patas y Doble Discos Alternados (PD). La unidad experimental en cada caso fue de 1 ha y una parcela control (C) de 0,25 ha, sin incorporación. Para la evaluación de los tratamientos se colectaron muestras de suelo con cilindros antes y después de la incorporación de rastrojo. Los tratamientos P, D y PD presentaron cambios positivos en capacidad de aire (CA) y conductividad de aire 60 hPa (Kl) en la profundidad de 5 a 10 cm, con respecto a los medidos en la parcela control (C). Sólo el contenido de agua disponible para las plantas (PAWC) fue mayor en C. En la profundidad de 20 a 25 cm, los efectos de incorporación fueron negativos. El coeficiente de extensibilidad lineal (COLE) disminuyó en los tratamientos con incorporación de rastrojo, mientras que la CA aumentó en todos los tratamientos. Se concluyó que, durante el corto periodo transcurrido antes de la evaluación, el método de incorporación no produjo cambios significativos, pero sí se mejoraron algunas propiedades de la estructura suelo.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to determine the changes in soil structural properties of an Andisol as a result of the incorporation of oat (Avena sativa) stubble between post-harvest and presowing, using three types of mechanical equipment. The following pieces of equipment were used for stubble incorporation: tines (P), discs (D), and alternating shanks and double discs (PD). The experimental unit in each treatment was 1 ha, while a control plot (C) of 0.25 ha (no stubble incorporation) was also included. For the evaluation of the treatments, soil samples were collected with cylinders before and after stubble incorporation. Treatments P, D and PD showed positive changes in air capacity (AC) and air conductivity 60 hPa (Kl) at a depth of 5-10 cm, with respect to values observed in the control plot (C). Only plant available water content (PAWC) was higher in C. Stubble incorporation had negative effects at a depth of 20-25 cm. The coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) decreased in the treatments with stubble addition, while AC increased in all the treatments. It was concluded that, during the short period before the evaluation, the incorporation method did not produce significant changes, but some soil structural properties were improved.

ABSTRACT Modeling catchment-lake interactions is computationally demanding, usually requiring coupled numerical models and parallel processing capabilities. However, models with these requirements are still rare. In this paper, we developed a coupled 2D-3D model for lake catchments using a parallel scheme that leverages processing power of GPU and multiple CPUs. The model allows for hydrodynamic simulation applications considering diffuse water flows at the interface between the catchment and the lake. We coupled the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) with a two-dimensional shallow water model and test it on the Peri Lake Catchment in southern Brazil. The results revealed the ability of the model simulate lake water levels as well as the diffuse inputs of water and solutes, providing the possibility of its use in lake and reservoir water management. catchmentlake demanding capabilities However rare paper 2D3D DD 2D 3D D CPUs EFDC (EFDC twodimensional two dimensional Brazil solutes management

RESUMO A modelagem das interações entre bacia hidrográfica e lago é computacionalmente exigente, e geralmente requer modelos numéricos acoplados e recursos de processamento paralelo. No entanto, modelos com esses requisitos ainda são raros. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um modelo 2D-3D acoplado para bacias de lagos usando um esquema paralelo que aproveita o poder de processamento de GPUs e de várias CPUs. O modelo permite aplicações de simulação hidrodinâmica considerando fluxos de água difusos na interface entre a bacia hidrográfica e o lago. Acoplamos o Código de Dinâmica de Fluidos Ambiental (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code - EFDC) com um modelo bidimensional de águas rasas e o testamos na bacia da Lagoa do Peri, no sul do Brasil. Os resultados revelaram a capacidade do modelo de simular os níveis da água do lago, bem como entradas difusas de água e solutos, proporcionando a possibilidade de seu uso no gerenciamento da água de lagos e reservatórios. exigente entanto raros trabalho 2D3D DD 2D 3D D CPUs Environmental EFDC Peri Brasil solutos reservatórios

Resumen Se estudió el efecto de sales en el desarrollo de brinzales de Pinus greggii var. australis durante 172 días. Se probaron las sales: clorhídrica, sulfática y sulfático-sódica, incluyendo un tratamiento testigo de agua destilada. De estas, se generaron conductividades eléctricas de 3 dS m-1, 6 dS m-1, 9 dS m-1 y 12 dS m-1. Se analizó la evolución del incremento en diámetro y altura de los brinzales. Al final del experimento se compararon los tratamientos con respecto al incremento total en diámetro y altura, biomasa radical e índice de calidad de Dickson, y se observaron cortes transversales de raíces de primer orden por microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB). Se encontró que los tratamientos con niveles de salinidad de 3 dS m-1, para todos los tipos de sales, fueron los que menos afectaron el desarrollo de los brinzales, mientras que la sal clorhídrica con 12 dS m-1 fue la que más afecto el desarrollo de los brinzales. Por otro lado, las imágenes por MEB mostraron que en la sección de la corteza en la raíz no hubo presencia de gránulos de almidón cuando se trataron con niveles de salinidad de 12 dS m-1, mientras que en el tratamiento testigo sí. Estos resultados sugieren que P. gerggii var. australis tolera niveles de salinidad menores a 3 dS m-1 y su crecimiento se afecta cuando los niveles de salinidad aumentan, generando plantas con parámetros morfológicos no deseados.

Abstract The effect of salts on the development of Pinus greggii var. australis samplings was studied for 172 days. Three types of salts: chloride, sulfate, and sulfate-sodium were tested along with a control treatment of distilled water. Electrical conductivities for each salt were 3 dS m-1, 6 dS m-1, 9 dS m-1, and 12 dS m-1. Trajectories of diameter and height increments were analyzed. At the end of the experiment, treatments were compared according to the total increments in diameter and height, root biomass, and the Dickson quality index, in addition to observing first-order root cross sections by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Treatments with salinity levels of 3 dS m-1 for all types of salts were those that least affected sapling growth, while chloride salt with 12 dS m-1 was the one that most affected sapling growth. On the other hand, SEM images showed that no starch granules were present in the root section of the cortex when treated with salinity levels of 12 dS m-1, while they were present in the control treatment. These results suggest that P. gerggii var. australis tolerates salinity levels lower than 3 dS m-1 and its growth is affected when salinity levels increase, generating poor plant standards.

ABSTRACT. Objective: To evaluate if a combined hydration (systemic and superficial) decreases the vocal symptoms and improves the glottic efficiency in a sample of university students of Speech therapist. Material and Methods: Quasi-experimental study with Hydration group (N=20) and Control group (N=19) with pre and post-hydration assessment (water intake 1.500 ml/day and steam twice/day for a week). Voice-related dehydrating factors (vocal use, tobacco, alcohol, coffee, oral breathing), vocal symptoms and glottic efficiency through Maximum Phonation Time, Fo, Jitter % and Shimmer %, using Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) were analyzed. Results: Hydration group significantly decreased dryness (p = .013=, throat clearing (p = .005), vocal fatigue (p = .015), pain throat (p = .009) and Shimmer % (p = .048) compared to the Control group, which only decreased throat clearing (p = .02). Discussion: The combined hydration may be a useful measure to improve vocal health for future speech-language-pathologists.

RESUMEN. Objetivo: Evaluar si la hidratación combinada (sistémico y superficial) disminuye síntomas vocales y mejora la eficiencia glótica en una muestra de estudiantes de Logopedia. Material y Métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental con grupo Hidratación (N=20) y grupo Control (N=19) con valoración pre y post-hidratación (ingesta de agua 1.500 ml/día e inhalaciones dos veces/día durante una semana). Se analizaron factores deshidratantes relacionados con la voz (uso vocal, tabaco, alcohol, café, respiración bucal), síntomas vocales y eficiencia glótica a través del Tiempo Máximo Fonación, Fo, Jitter % y Shimmer %, usando Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP). Resultados: Grupo Hidratación disminuyó significativamente sequedad (p = 0,013), carraspeo (p = 0,005), fatiga vocal (p = 0,015), dolor faríngeo (p = 0,009), Shimmer % (p = 0,048) frente al grupo Control que sólo disminuyó el carraspeo (p = 0,02). Conclusiones: La hidratación combinada puede ser una medida útil para mejorar la salud vocal de los futuros logopedas.

Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar a la población de Ambos Nogales en función de sus opiniones sobre los impactos generados por el proyecto de ampliación y evaluación de proyectos de modernización del sistema de saneamiento transfronterizo durante el periodo 2000-2018, para identificar criterios de evaluación ex post que fortalezcan estrategias de gobernanza de políticas públicas en materia de agua y saneamiento. Se aplicó una encuesta aleatoria representativa a nivel ciudad. El análisis de información se realizó mediante el método de conglomerados jerárquicos y el método de análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Los resultados evidencian la conformación de grupos o segmentos de población con alta homogeneidad interna y alta heterogeneidad intergrupal en ambas ciudades, evidencia empírica permite construir una tipología de grupos de población. Como conclusión, se propone una serie de acciones con el objetivo de impulsar una gobernanza transfronteriza y sostenible tendiente a mejorar la opinión pública sobre dicha obra.

Abstract: This article aims to characterize the Ambos Nogales population according to the opinions of the impacts generated by the expansion and modernization cross-border sanitation system project during 2000-2018 and identify ex post evaluation criteria to strengthen governance strategies for the public policies on water and sanitation. A representative random survey was applied at the city level. The information analysis was performed using the hierarchical cluster and multiple correspondence analysis methods. The results show the formation of groups of cities or population segments with high internal homogeneity and high intergroup heterogeneity. This empirical evidence allows us to build a typology of public opinion. Finally, to improve public opinion on this project, a series of actions aimed at promoting sustainable transboundary governance are proposed.

Resumo A aplicação de condicionadores ao solo visa o reforço da estabilidade da agregação (EA) e da sua resistência à erosão. O bagaço de azeitona (BA) húmido, proveniente da produção de azeite em duas fases, pode ser utilizado na compostagem e obtenção de condicionadores orgânicos (CBA). O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar resultados de ensaio experimental realizado para avaliar a influência de CBA na EA. O ensaio comportou dois solos de potencialmente distinto grau de agregação (1, franco-limoso; 2, franco-argiloso), nos quais se aplicaram três CBA, em três doses. Amostras de agregados (1-2 mm) foram misturadas com condicionador moído (<0,75 mm), submetidas a ciclos diários de humedecimento e secagem, e coletadas em 5 momentos ao longo do período experimental de 30 dias. A EA foi determinada por agitação e crivagem em húmido. Confirmou-se a hipótese de o solo 2 possuir EA significativamente superior à do solo 1. Neste, a adição dos condicionadores aumentou significativamente a proporção de agregados estáveis relativamente ao solo original, em todas as dosagens, o que não se verificou no solo 2. A incorporação de CBA em solos cultivados com olival, contribuindo para a economia circular, melhora a proteção do solo pelo incremento de agregados estáveis.

Abstract The application of soil conditioners aims to reinforce aggregate stability (AS) and soil resistance to erosion. The wet olive pomace (OP), from olive oil production in two phases, can be used in composting and obtaining organic conditioners (OPC). The objective of this work is to present the results of an experiment carried out to evaluate the influence of OPC on AS. The experiment involved two soils of potentially different degrees of aggregation (1, silt loam; 2, clay loam), in which three OPC were applied, in three doses. Aggregate samples (1-2 mm) were mixed with conditioner (<0.75 mm), subjected to daily cycles of wetting and drying, and collected at 5 moments along the 30-day experimental period. AS was determined by shaking and wet sieving. The hypothesis that soil 2 has a significantly higher AS than soil 1 was confirmed. In this, the addition of conditioners significantly increased the proportion of stable aggregates as compared to the original soil, at all dosages, which was not observed in soil 2. The incorporation of OPC in soils cultivated with olive groves, contributing to the circular economy, improves soil protection by increasing stable aggregates.

Resumo Atualmente, um dos maiores problemas ambientais ao nível do globo é a perda de solo por erosão hídrica. O agente erosivo pode provocar perdas significativas de nutrientes e matéria orgânica, principalmente quando a superfície do solo suporta um reduzido coberto vegetal. Em Portugal, o fogo controlado é uma prática comumente utilizada no controlo da disponibilidade de combustível e consequente redução do risco de incêndio. Contudo, esta prática remove em grande parte a cobertura vegetal, deixando o solo mais exposto aos processos erosivos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito do fogo controlado na erosão hídrica em áreas de matos do Parque Natural de Montesinho, NE Portugal. Após o fogo, foram instaladas 6 parcelas de erosão de 4 m2 cada (4 × 1 m), para avaliação da perda de solo e do escoamento superficial na área queimada. Os resultados englobam 8 meses de ensaio (março a dezembro de 2021), e as colheitas foram realizadas por cada evento de precipitação, perfazendo um total de 6 avaliações. O volume de água de escoamento e a perda de solo (massa de sedimentos) foram obtidos através de cálculos que englobaram o escoamento, os sedimentos transportados para o interior dos reservatórios de colheita do escoamento e os sedimentos depositados na parte frontal das parcelas de erosão (colocação de um dispositivo que permite a recolha dos sedimentos transportados). A quantidade média de perda de solo foi de 15,4 g m-2, o escoamento superficial médio foi de 1,4 mm, traduzindo-se num coeficiente de escoamento de 4,2%. Para avaliação das perdas de C e N, os sedimentos foram separados em 4 classes de tamanho (<0,2mm, 0,2-0,5mm, 0,5-2mm, >2mm) e analisadas em laboratórios as concentrações de C e N. A baixa precipitação total, durante o período de ensaio, ocasionou baixos valores de escoamento e, portanto, baixos valores de perda de solo, de C e de N.

Abstract Currently, one of the biggest environmental problems at the global level is the soil loss by water erosion. The erosive agent can cause significant losses of nutrients and organic matter, especially when the soil surface supports a reduced vegetation cover. In Portugal, prescribed fire is a commonly used practice to control the fuel availability and consequently reduce the wildfires risk. However, this practice removes the vegetation cover, leaving the soil more exposed to erosive processes. In this sense, the present work aims to evaluate the effect of prescribed fire on water erosion in shrub areas of the Montesinho Natural Park, NE Portugal. After the fire, 6 erosion plots of 4 m2 each (4 × 1 m) were installed to assess soil loss and runoff in the burned area. The results encompass 8 months (March to December 2021), and samples were collected for each rainfall event, making a total of 6 evaluations. The runoff and soil loss (sediment mass) were obtained through calculations that encompassed the runoff, the sediments transported into the runoff collection reservoirs and the sediments deposited on the front of the erosion plots (placement of a device that allows the collection of transported sediments). The average of soil loss was 15.4 g m-2, the average of runoff was 1.4 mm, corresponding to a runoff coefficient of 4.2%. To evaluate C and N losses, the sediments were separated into 4 size classes (<0.2mm, 0.2-0.5mm, 0.5-2mm, >2mm) and analyzed in laboratory the C and N concentrations. The low total precipitation, during the test period, caused low runoff values and, therefore, low losses of soil, C and N.

Resumen: Los contaminantes emergentes, también denominados micro contaminantes, son compuestos de distintos orígenes y naturaleza que durante mucho tiempo han sido ignorados debido a su baja concentración. La presencia de compuestos farmacéuticos en cuerpos de agua y sus efectos ecotoxicológicos se han convertido en un tema de interés mundial. El objetivo del trabajo aquí presentado fue evaluar la remoción del ibuprofeno y paracetamol desde un efluente doméstico mediante la macrófita acuática Typha dominguensis en sistemas de humedales flotantes a escala de mesocosmos. Los ejemplares de T. dominguensis fueron colectados de los hume- dales del Lago Ypacaraí, trasladadas y aclimatadas en el invernadero 30 días antes del inicio del experimento. Se diseñaron y construyeron los sistemas flotantes con el fin de que las raíces y rizomas permanezcan sumergidos. El ensayo se realizó desde un efluente doméstico con la adición de los fármacos en estudio a una concentración de 25 mg.L-1. La constante de velocidad de decaimiento del ibuprofeno fue de K: 0,004 días-1, y el t = 10,1 días-1. Para el paracetamol fue de K: 0,106 días-1, y el t = 6,5 dias-1, alcanzando porcentajes de remoción de 65,1% del ibuprofeno, 86,5 % del paracetamol, en el tratamiento empleado. El contenido de clorofila no se vio afectado por la exposición a los fármacos en estudio.

Abstract: The emerging pollutants, or micropollutants, are compounds of different origin and nature that have been ignored for a long time due to their low concentration. The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in water bodies, and their ecotoxicological effects, became a topic of worldwide interest. The objective of this work was to evaluate the removal of ibuprofen and paracetamol from a domestic effluent by the aquatic macrophyte Typha dominguensis in floating wetland systems at the mesocosm scale. Specimens of T. dominguensis were collected from the Ypacaraí Lake wetlands, transferred and acclimatized in the greenhouse during 30 days before the start of the experiment. Floating systems were designed and built so that the roots and rhizomes remained submerged. The test was carried out from a domestic effluent with the addition of the study drugs at a concentration of 25 mg.L-1. The decay rate constant of ibuprofen was K: 0.004 days-1, and its t = 10.1 days-1. For paracetamol was K: 0.106 days-1, and t = 6.5 days-1, reaching removal percentages of 65.1% for the ibuprofen, 86.5% for the paracetamol, during the treatment. The chlorophyll content was not affected by the exposure to the drugs under study.

Abstract This article investigated the hypothesis of the existence of a cost-quality trade-off in the provision of basic sanitation services (water supply) in Brazilian municipalities, which can be accentuated by private providers and mitigated by hybrid providers. For this, panel estimates were obtained with municipal data from 2008 to 2015. Hospital morbidity indicators were considered as proxies for non-contractable quality. Mixed capital companies and public companies were considered as of hybrid provision. The results signaled the existence of a cost-quality trade-off, with hybrid providers attenuating it, but not being accentuated by private providers; that is, privatization does not exacerbate the problem. The results also suggested that the trade-off is associated with regional providers. Therefore, the evidence found indicates the importance of mechanisms, such as effective regulatory oversight, that deal with the negative quality (health) response to cost reductions regardless of governance, given that the cost-quality trade-off is observed in public and hybrid providers. costquality tradeoff trade off water supply municipalities this 200 2015 noncontractable non contractable tradeoff, off, it problem Therefore mechanisms oversight health (health governance 20 201 2

Resumo Este estudo investigou a hipótese de existência de um trade-off custo-qualidade na provisão de serviços de saneamento básico (abastecimento de água) nos municípios brasileiros, que poderia ser acentuado por provedores privados e atenuado por provedores híbridos. Para isso, foram realizadas estimações em painel com dados municipais de 2008 a 2019. Como proxies para a qualidade não contratável, foram considerados indicadores de morbidade hospitalar devido a doenças associadas ao saneamento. Já como provisão híbrida, foram consideradas as sociedades de economia mista e as empresas públicas. Os resultados sinalizaram a existência do trade-off custo-qualidade, com os provedores híbridos o atenuando, mas não sendo acentuado pelos provedores privados; ou seja, a privatização não potencializa o problema. Além disso, os resultados sugeriram que o trade-off está associado a provedores regionais. Portanto, as evidências encontradas indicaram a importância de mecanismos, como a supervisão regulatória efetiva, que lidem com a resposta negativa da qualidade (saúde) a choques de custos independentemente da governança, dado que o trade-off custo-qualidade é observado em provedores públicos e híbridos. tradeoff trade off custoqualidade custo abastecimento água brasileiros isso 200 2019 contratável híbrida públicas custoqualidade, qualidade, atenuando seja problema disso regionais Portanto mecanismos efetiva saúde (saúde governança 20 201 2