RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a utilização e identificar as vantagens dos métodos moleculares para diagnóstico de infecções congênitas no líquido cefalorraquidiano de neonatos. Fontes de dados: A revisão foi registrada na base PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) sob CRD42021274210. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde/ Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (BVS/BIREME), Scopus, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cochrane, ProQuest, e EBSCOhost. A busca foi feita no período de agosto a outubro de 2021 e atualizada em dezembro de 2022, respeitando as orientações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyises (PRISMA). A sequência da seleção dos estudos foi: 1) Remoção de duplicatas; 2) Exame de títulos e resumos; 3) Recuperação dos textos completos potencialmente relevantes; e 4) Avaliação do texto completo conforme critérios de elegibilidade por dois autores independentes. O critério de inclusão considerou ensaios clínicos randomizados e não randomizados, estudos longitudinais, transversais, revisados por pares, estudos em humanos, publicados em inglês, espanhol, italiano e português, com recém-nascidos de até 28 dias que sofreram neuroinfecções congênitas pelos agentes toxoplasmose, rubéola, citomegalovírus, herpes simples (TORCH), e outros como Treponema pallidum, Zika, parvovírus B-19, varicela zoster, Epstein-Barr, e SARS-CoV-2, diagnosticadas por reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Dois avaliadores extraíram as seguintes informações: autor, ano de publicação, nacionalidade, sujeitos, tipo de estudo, métodos, resultados e conclusão. Síntese dos dados: O patógeno mais estudado foi Herpes Simples. Muitos artigos relataram somente sintomas iniciais inespecíficos, motivando a coleta de líquido cefalorraquidiano e realização da PCR para investigação etiológica. Conclusões: Os métodos moleculares são eficazes para detectar o genoma do patógeno no líquido cefalorraquidiano, o que pode impactar na evolução clínica e no prognóstico neurológico. Objetivo neonatos International CRD42021274210 CRD PubMed LatinoAmericano Latino Americano BVS/BIREME, BVSBIREME BVS/BIREME , BVS BIREME (BVS/BIREME) Scopus Science EMBASE, EMBASE (EMBASE) Cochrane ProQuest EBSCOhost 202 2022 MetaAnalyises Meta Analyises PRISMA. PRISMA . (PRISMA) 1 duplicatas 2 resumos 3 relevantes 4 independentes longitudinais transversais pares humanos inglês espanhol português recémnascidos recém nascidos toxoplasmose rubéola citomegalovírus TORCH, TORCH (TORCH) pallidum Zika B19, B19 B 19, 19 B-19 zoster EpsteinBarr, EpsteinBarr Epstein Barr, Barr Epstein-Barr SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, SARS-CoV-2 PCR. (PCR) informações autor publicação nacionalidade sujeitos estudo conclusão Simples inespecíficos etiológica Conclusões neurológico CRD4202127421 (BVS/BIREME (EMBASE 20 (PRISMA (TORCH B1 B-1 SARS-CoV- (PCR CRD420212742 B- SARS-CoV CRD42021274 CRD4202127 CRD420212 CRD42021 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the use and identify advantages of molecular methods for congenital infections diagnosis in cerebrospinal fluid of neonates. Data source: The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), under CRD42021274210. The literature search was performed in databases: PubMed, Virtual Health Library/ Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (VHL/BIREME), Scopus, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cochrane, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost. The search was carried out from August to October 2021 and updated in December 2022, respecting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The selection sequence was: 1) Duplicate title removal; 2) Examination of titles and abstracts; 3) Full-text retrieval of potentially relevant reports; and 4) Evaluation of the full text according to eligibility criteria by two independent authors. Inclusion criteria considered randomized and non-randomized control trials, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and peer-reviewed studies in humans, published in English, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, with newborns up to 28 days old who had congenital neuroinfections by toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex (TORCH), and others such as Treponema pallidum, Zika, parvovirus B-19, varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr, and SARS-CoV2, diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two evaluators extracted the following information: author, year of publication, nationality, subjects, study type, methods, results, and conclusion. Data synthesis: The most studied pathogen was herpes simplex. Several articles reported only nonspecific initial symptoms, motivating the collection of cerebrospinal fluid and performing PCR for etiological investigation. Conclusions: Molecular methods are effective to detect pathogen genomes in cerebrospinal fluid, which can impact clinical evolution and neurological prognosis. Objective neonates source PROSPERO, PROSPERO , (PROSPERO) CRD42021274210 CRD databases PubMed Library VHL/BIREME, VHLBIREME VHL/BIREME VHL BIREME (VHL/BIREME) Scopus Science EMBASE, EMBASE (EMBASE) Cochrane ProQuest EBSCOhost 202 2022 MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA guidelines 1 removal 2 abstracts 3 Fulltext Full reports 4 authors nonrandomized non trials longitudinal crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional peerreviewed peer reviewed humans English Spanish Italian Portuguese toxoplasmosis rubella cytomegalovirus TORCH, TORCH (TORCH) pallidum Zika B19, B19 B 19, 19 B-19 zoster EpsteinBarr, EpsteinBarr Epstein Barr, Barr Epstein-Barr SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV2, CoV2 CoV SARS-CoV2 PCR. . (PCR) information author publication nationality subjects type results conclusion synthesis symptoms investigation Conclusions prognosis (PROSPERO CRD4202127421 (VHL/BIREME (EMBASE 20 (TORCH B1 B-1 SARS-CoV (PCR CRD420212742 B- CRD42021274 CRD4202127 CRD420212 CRD42021 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

Abstract Background Molecularly targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKis), have emerged as essential tools in the treatment of dermatological diseases. These therapies modulate the immune system through specific signaling pathways, providing effective alternatives to traditional systemic immunosuppressive agents. This review aims to provide an updated summary of targeted immune therapies for inflammatory skin diseases, considering their pathophysiology, efficacy, dosage, and safety profiles. Methods The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed over the past 10 years, focusing on randomized clinical trials, case reports, and case series related to targeted immune therapies in dermatology. Eligibility criteria were applied, and data were extracted from each study, including citation data, study design, and results. Results We identified 1360 non-duplicate articles with the initial search strategy. Title and abstract review excluded 1150, while a full-text review excluded an additional 50 articles. The review included 143 studies published between 2012 and 2022, highlighting 39 drugs currently under investigation or in use for managing inflammatory skin diseases. Study limitations The heterogeneity of summarized information limits this review. Some recommendations originated from data from clinical trials, while others relied on retrospective analyses and small case series. Recommendations will likely be updated as new results emerge. Conclusion Targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of chronic skin diseases, offering new options for patients unresponsive to standard treatments. Paradoxical reactions are rarely observed. Further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms and nature of these therapies. Overall, targeted immune therapies in dermatology represent a promising development, significantly improving the quality of life for patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases. mAbs (mAbs JAKis, JAKis , (JAKis) diseases pathways agents pathophysiology efficacy dosage profiles Metaanalyses Meta PRISMA (PRISMA guidelines 1 years trials reports applied design 136 nonduplicate non duplicate strategy 1150 fulltext full text 5 14 201 2022 3 emerge treatments observed Overall development (JAKis 13 115 20 202 11 2

Resumo Existem várias barreiras ao desenvolvimento de uma boa relação médico-doente (RMD). Objetivou-se rever e sumarizar a literatura sobre barreiras à boa RMD e discutir possíveis vias de superação. Realizou-se uma revisão narrativa da literatura, pesquisando online a PubMed, o RCAAP e todos os repositórios das faculdades médicas portuguesas, obtendo-se 917 artigos, sendo selecionados 156 artigos por leitura de título e resumo e, destes, 67 para a realização do trabalho após leitura integral. As barreiras à RMD podem dividir-se em relacionadas com o médico, com o doente, com ambos ou com fatores externos. É possível intervir em várias através da formação de estudantes e de médicos em comunicação e empatia, nos doentes investindo em literacia em saúde e, para as organizações em que trabalham, na melhoria das condições organizacionais e processuais em que e com que as consultas ocorrem. É necessária mais investigação quantitativa e qualitativa que permita reforçar a evidência científica e noções empíricas sobre a RMD e formas de a potenciar.

Abstract There are several barriers to a sound doctor-patient relationship (DPR) development. This study aimed to review and summarize the literature on DPR barriers and to discuss possible ways to improve it, overcoming problems. A narrative literature revision was performed, reading title and abstract, of a total of 917 articles, 156 selected for complete reading out of which 67 were included in this review. The barriers to good DPR can be divided into four main categories: doctor-related, patient-related, doctor and patient-related, and external factors related. It is possible to intervene in several of these obstacles through medical student and doctor formation in communication and empathy, public health literacy amelioration, and organizational and procedural health facilities improvement. More quantitative and qualitative investigation is deemed necessary to reinforce the evidence and empirical knowledge about DPR.

Abstract In the development of the enquiry and investigation of criminal proceedings under Law 906 of 2004, means of evidence were created that affect fundamental rights such as freedom, life, good name, entity, private property, and freedom of movement, among others. The application of such means can be ordered by the Attorney General’s Office without prior legal control by a supervisory judge. Thus, this research is based on the question: Should prior control by the judge of guarantees be necessary in the acts of enquiry and investigation provided for in Law 906 of 2004? This article will give a clear and convincing answer, using a legal-qualitative method of interpretation through which the need for prior control by the judge in acts such as those in Book II (investigation techniques and investigation of evidence and the evidential system), Title I (the investigation and the investigation) will be studied and recognised. In addition, the need for the judge’s intervention will be analysed and justified for means such as search and seizure, the retention of correspondence, the interception of communications, the recovery of information left behind when surfing the internet or other similar technological means, the surveillance and monitoring of persons, the surveillance of things, undercover agents and the controlled delivery and seizure of goods for confiscation purposes. This is because in the vast majority of these actions, in the judicial practice of criminal proceedings, there is evidence of excesses and even illegalities by the Judicial Police and the Prosecutor’s Office. To this end, the principle of judicial reserve and the new concept of the judge in criminal proceedings, as understood by the UN, will be studied: a procedural guarantee for weighing up conflicting rights. In this sense, it will be taken into account that in the Colombian constitutional state model, the limitation or restriction of fundamental guarantees must be proportional and reasonable in relation to the purpose of the investigation. Similarly, it is proposed, in the legislative sphere, the modification and creation of a single chapter on actions that require judicial authorisation to be carried out by the Attorney General’s Office.

Resumo No desenvolvimento do inquérito e da investigação dos processos penais previstos na Lei 906 de 2004, foram criados meios de prova que afetam direitos fundamentais como a liberdade, a vida, o bom nome, a entidade, a propriedade privada e a liberdade de locomoção, entre outros. A aplicação de tais meios pode ser ordenada pelo Ministério Público sem o prévio controle legal de um juiz supervisor. Assim, esta pesquisa se baseia na pergunta: Deve ser necessário o controle prévio do juiz de garantias nos atos de inquérito e investigação previstos na Lei 906 de 2004? Este artigo dará uma resposta clara e convincente, utilizando-se de um método jurídico-qualitativo de interpretação, por meio do qual será estudada e reconhecida a necessidade de controle prévio pelo juiz em atos como os do Livro II (técnicas de investigação e apuração de provas e sistema probatório), Título I (o inquérito e a investigação). Além disso, será analisada e justificada a necessidade intervenção do juiz para meios como a busca e apreensão, a retenção de correspondência, a interceptação de comunicações, a recuperação de informações deixadas durante a navegação na Internet ou outros meios tecnológicos similares, a vigilância e o monitoramento de pessoas, a vigilância de coisas, os agentes infiltrados e a entrega controlada e a apreensão de bens para fins de confisco. Isso porque, na grande maioria dessas ações, na prática judicial do processo penal, há indícios de excessos e até ilegalidades por parte da Polícia Judiciária e do Ministério Público. Para tanto, estudaremos o princípio da reserva jurisdicional e o novo conceito de juiz no processo penal, conforme entendimento da ONU: uma garantia processual de ponderação dos direitos em conflito. Nesse sentido, será levado em conta que, no modelo de Estado constitucional colombiano, a limitação ou restrição das garantias fundamentais deve ser proporcional e razoável em relação à finalidade da investigação. Da mesma forma, propõe-se, no âmbito legislativo, a modificação e a criação de um capítulo único de ações que requerem autorização judicial para sua execução pelo Ministério Público.

Resumen En el desarrollo de la indagación e investigación del proceso penal previsto en la Ley 906 de 2004 se crearon medios de prueba que afectan derechos fundamentales como la libertad, la vida, el buen nombre, la entidad, la propiedad privada, la libre locomoción, entre otros. La aplicación de tales medios puede ser ordenada por la Fiscalía General de la Nación sin control legal previo de un juez de control de garantías. Así, esta investigación parte del interrogante: ¿Debería ser necesario el control previo del juez de garantías en los actos de indagación e investigación previstos en la Ley 906 de 2004? El presente artículo dará una respuesta clara y contundente, utilizando un método jurídico-cualitativo de interpretación mediante el cual se estudiará y reconocerá la necesidad del control previo del juez en actos como los del libro II (técnicas de indagación e investigación de la prueba y sistema probatorio), título I (la indagación y la investigación). Además, se analizará y justificará la necesidad de la intervención del juez para medios como el allanamiento y registro, la retención de correspondencia, la interceptación de comunicaciones, la recuperación de información dejada al navegar por internet u otros medios tecnológicos similares, la vigilancia y seguimiento de personas, la vigilancia de cosas, los agentes encubiertos y la entrega vigilada e incautación de bienes con fines de comiso. Esto porque en la gran mayoría de esas actuaciones, en la práctica judicial de los procesos penales, se evidencian excesos e incluso ilegalidades de la Policía Judicial y la Fiscalía. Para ello se estudiarán el principio de reserva judicial y el nuevo concepto de juez en el proceso penal, tal y como es entendido por la ONU: una garantía procesal para ponderar los derechos confrontados. Se tendrá en cuenta, en ese sentido, que en el modelo de Estado constitucional colombiano la limitación o restricción de garantías fundamentales debe ser proporcional y razonable frente al fin de la investigación. De igual forma se propone, en el ámbito legislativo, la modificación y creación de un capítulo único de actuaciones que requieran autorización judicial para su realización por parte de la Fiscalía General de la Nación.

In the present research, the computer program Gaussian 5.0.9W was used to perform all calculations and physicochemical characteristics of 2-chlorobenzene-1,4-diol, 2,5-dichlorobenzene-1,4-diol, and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene-1,4-diol molecules. The novelty of the work lies in the application of quantum computing analysis, specifically employing density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) techniques with a variety of basis sets (3-21G, 6-31G and 6-311G) to study the structure and characteristics of title compounds. In the current investigation, the influence of an increasing concentration of Cl compound on the electronegativity, dipole moment, and ionization potential was investigated. The following quantum chemical properties were derived: Eh omo-Elumo energy band gap (BG), energy ground state, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, molecule electrostatic potential (MEP) on surfaces, density of states (DOS), reduced density gradient (RDG), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) including ground state energy E (B3LYP), thermodynamic parameters including thermal energy (E), entropy (S), molar heat capacity (Cv). Using a 6-31G basis set for DFT, the maximum amount of BG energy that can be transferred between HOMO and LUMO in a 2-chlorobenzene-1,4-diol molecule is 5.46 eV. Finally, based on our findings, the HF technique has a larger energy gap than the DFT approach. According to this, chlorohydroquinone compounds are less stable when using the DFT method, which suggests a higher degree of chemical reactivity.

Introduction: Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition triggered by the ingestion of and contact with gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Dyspeptic syndrome, on the other hand, is characterized by chronic upper digestive symptoms. The relationship between these two conditions is the main focus of this review. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of celiac disease in patients with dyspeptic syndrome based on the analysis of epidemiological characteristics, upper digestive endoscopy, duodenal histology and serology. Method: Narrative review carried out with information published on virtual platforms in Portuguese and English and analyzed during the period from January 2022 to August 2023. The material for reading and analysis was selected from the SciELO platforms – Scientific Electronic Library Online, Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus using the following terms: “dyspepsia, celiac disease, gluten, prevalence” with AND or OR search, considering the title and/or abstract. Afterwards, the full texts were read, including 18 articles. Results: In dyspeptic patients, the average age was 45.13 years and the female gender was predominant. Symptoms associated with gluten were reported in 6%. The antitransglutaminase antibody was positive, with an estimated prevalence of 1.5%. Considering the Brazilian sample of 100 patients, the diagnosis of celiac disease was made with a prevalence of 3%. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of celiac disease in dyspeptic patients may be higher than in the general population, results are variable and depend on several factors, including testing methodologies and regional characteristics. This review also highlights the importance of an individualized approach in the investigation of celiac disease in dyspeptic patients, considering aspects such as family history, gluten-related symptoms and autoimmune comorbidities.

Introdução: A doença celíaca é uma condição autoimune desencadeada pela ingestão e/ou contato com o glúten em indivíduos geneticamente predispostos. A síndrome dispéptica, por outro lado, é caracterizada por sintomas digestivos superiores crônicos. A relação entre estas duas condições é o foco principal deste estudo. Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência da doença celíaca em pacientes com síndrome dispéptica com base da análise de características epidemiológicas, endoscopia digestiva alta, histologia duodenal e sorologia. Método: Revisão narrativa feita com informações publicadas em plataformas virtuais em português e inglês, e analisada durante o período de janeiro de 2022 a novembro de 2023. O material para leitura e análise foi selecionado das plataformas SciELO – Scientific Electronic Library Online, Google Scholar, Pubmed e Scopus utilizando os seguintes termos: “dispepsia, doença celíaca, glúten, prevalência” com busca AND ou OR, considerando o título e/ou resumo. Após, foi realizada a leitura da íntegra dos textos incluindo 18 artigos. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes com dispepsia foi de 45,13 anos e o sexo feminino foi predominante. Os sintomas associados ao glúten foram relatados em 6%. O anticorpo antitransglutaminase foi positivo com prevalência estimada de 1,5%.  Considerando a amostra brasileira de 100 pacientes, o diagnóstico de doença celíaca foi prevalente em 3%. Conclusão: Embora a prevalência de doença celíaca em pacientes dispépticos possa ser maior do que na população em geral, os resultados são variáveis e dependem de vários fatores, incluindo metodologias de teste e características regionais. Esta revisão também ressalta a importância de abordagem individualizada na investigação da doença celíaca em pacientes dispépticos, considerando aspectos como história familiar, sintomas relacionados ao glúten e comorbidades autoimunes.

Abstract: This paper addresses the columns published under the title "Ecos de Europa" in La Tribuna Nacional between March 1881 and October 1883. On this occasion, we will analyze how Mansilla builds his figure as a correspondent and the temporalities that support his writing in relation to the modes of dissemination of the news. Firstly, we will study the modes of configuration of the "breaking news" required by the urgency of political events. Secondly, we will work on another central topic in Mansilla's columns that, while obeying the need to be up to date, synchronizes in another way with the current impulse: the need to spread the scientific and technical advances, particularly, those related to electricity. This work is carried out within the framework of a broader and collective investigation that produced as a result the "Lucio V. Mansilla Collection" available at the Mariano Moreno National Library's website, where scattered materials produced by Mansilla are collected to reexamine them and enable new readings of his work

Resumen: El presente trabajo se propone abordar "Ecos de Europa", columna publicada por Lucio V. Mansilla en La Tribuna Nacional, entre marzo de 1881 y octubre de 1883. Se analizará, en particular, cómo Mansilla construye su figura como corresponsal y las temporalidades sobre las que se sostiene su escritura en relación con los modos de transmisión de las noticias. En primer lugar, me ocuparé de los modos de configuración de la "noticia de última hora" que requiere la urgencia del acontecer político. En segundo lugar, trabajaré sobre otro tópico central en la columna que, a la vez que obedece a la necesidad de estar al tanto, sincroniza de otra manera con el impulso de actualidad: la necesidad de dar cuenta de los adelantos científicos y técnicos, particularmente, de los que giran en torno a la electricidad. Este trabajo se enmarca en un proyecto colectivo que ha tenido como resultado la elaboración de la "Colección Lucio V. Mansilla", alojada en la web de la Biblioteca Nacional "Mariano Moreno", en la cual se reúnen materiales dispersos producidos por Mansilla para redimensionarlos y habilitar nuevas lecturas de su obra

ABSTRACT Bernardo Bitti is one of the most important figures in the history of Peruvian viceregal painting. However, there are few studies focused on the technical characterization of his work. In the church of San Pedro de Lima, there are three canvas paintings attributed to Bitti, as well as a panel painting, with the title “El Señor de la Caída”, which could also belong to this author, and which is the object of this investigation. This study was focused on the chemical analysis of the pigments that were used in this painting through portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate if it could belong to Bitti’s time. Even though some modern pigments were detected, they seem to come from later interventions. The pigments that were identified as belonging to the painting during this investigation were lead white, azurite (in some blue tones), vermilion (reds and flesh tones), lead-tin yellow and gypsum (ground layer). Additionally, based on the obtained results, it is proposed that ochres and earths may have been used in the brown tones and a red lake in the pink ones, but this must be confirmed by further analyses. Since all these pigments are in agreement with what was used in Bitti’s time, we cannot rule out the possibility that “El Señor de la Caída” may have also been painted by this artist. With this investigation we seek to contribute to the dissemination of the material technique used in Peruvian viceregal painting, as well as to the construction of a database for studies related to Bitti and other artists of his time.

RESUMEN Bernardo Bitti es una de las figuras más resaltantes en la historia de la pintura virreinal peruana; sin embargo, se cuenta con escasos estudios centrados en la caracterización técnica de su obra. En la iglesia de San Pedro de Lima se encuentran tres lienzos atribuidos a Bitti, además de una tabla policromada titulada “El Señor de la Caída”, que podría pertenecer al mismo autor y que es el objeto de esta investigación. El estudio se centró en el análisis químico de los pigmentos que fueron utilizados en la policromía, mediante espectroscopía de fluorescencia de rayos X portátil, microscopía óptica, microespectroscopía Raman y microscopía electrónica de barrido, con el fin de evaluar si pudiera pertenecer a la época de Bitti. Si bien se detectaron algunos pigmentos modernos, estos parecen provenir de intervenciones posteriores. Los pigmentos identificados como propios de la pintura en el curso de esta investigación fueron blanco de plomo, azurita (en algunos tonos azules), bermellón (rojos y encarnaciones), amarillo de plomo y estaño, y yeso (capa de preparación). Además, sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos se postula el posible uso de ocres y tierras en los tonos marrones, así como de una laca orgánica en los tonos rosa, aunque esto debe ser confirmado mediante análisis adicionales. Dado que todos estos pigmentos concuerdan con la época de Bitti, no se descarta la posibilidad de que la obra sea también de este artista. Con esta investigación se busca contribuir a la difusión de la técnica material empleada en la pintura virreinal peruana, así como a la construcción de una base de datos para los estudios relacionados a Bitti y a otros artistas de la época.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Objectives are an important component to support and guide the implementation of a research proposal. Objective: To provide information about on the most important aspects to writing research objectives. Methods: A review of literature was done in the main database focused aspects related to writing research objectives. Results: Reference is made to definition, components, characteristics, types, and prioritization of research objectives, and the relationship between the research problem, objectives and title. Finally, it was pointed the frequent errors that are repeated in the writing of the objectives. Twenty-eight publications were located and 23 that were considered relevant to the review were selected. Publications made in the last five years and those that addressed the subject in depth were considered relevant. Conclusions: The objectives are decisive in an investigative study, their correct formulation avoids deviations from the process and facilitates the solution to the problem under investigation.

RESUMEN Introducción: Un objetivo, es la intención explícita de un investigador de alcanzar un resultado a lo largo de una investigación, son decisivos en un estudio investigativo pues constituyen el eje en torno al cual se diseña la estructura del estudio. Objetivo: Brindar información sobre la redacción de los objetivos en los trabajos de investigación. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos TESEO, PubMed, Scopus, Latindex, SciELO, Redalycs, Hinari y Dialnet, donde se encontraron documentos que trataron el tema relacionado con los objetivos. Resultados: Se hace referencia a la definición, características, tipos y estructura de los objetivos de investigación, la importancia del alcance de la investigación en su formulación, relación de los objetivos con el problema y el título. Por último, se señalan los errores frecuentes que se repiten en la redacción de los objetivos. Se localizaron 28 publicaciones y se seleccionaron 23 que se consideraron relevantes para la revisión. Se consideró relevante a las publicaciones efectuadas en los últimos cinco años y aquellas que abordaron el tema a profundidad. Conclusiones: Los objetivos son decisivos en un estudio investigativo, su correcta formulación evita desviaciones del proceso y facilita la solución al problema que se investiga.

The aim of this article is to provide comparative perspectives on the keeping of animals in sectional title schemes by analysing the conduct rule for the keeping of animals, reptiles, and birds in the provisions of the Sectional Titles Schemes Management Act. This investigation is prompted by the approval of new pet rules by the chief ombud and the provisions of the Community Schemes Ombud Service Act on adjudication orders available for nuisance caused by animals. The Act further allows the body corporate to record a new scheme governance rule or to declare a scheme rule invalid. The topics to be discussed are: the types of animal kept in sectional title schemes; the written approval of the trustees for the keeping of animals which may not be withheld unreasonably; whether the body corporate may adopt a scheme rule containing a blanket prohibition on the keeping of animals in a sectional title scheme; the reasonable conditions which may be attached to trustee approval; the withdrawal of approval if the conditions are breached; the requirements for a rule restricting the keeping of a kind of animals or animals with specific characteristics in a scheme; and the deemed approval for the keeping of guide, hearing, and assistance animals in a sectional title scheme.

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to present the handwritten notes of José Gabriel Ocampo in a copy of the Chilean Civil Code Project of 1853 that belonged to him, and which is currently part of the so-called ‘Ocampo Archive’ in the library of the Chilean Bar Association (Santiago). It is about giving light to a historical source that can contribute to the investigation of the formation of Title XXVIII ‘On partnership’ of the Civil Code, whose definitive configuration -with important consequences to this day- is still pending.

Resumen La finalidad principal de este artículo es presentar las notas manuscritas de José Gabriel Ocampo en un ejemplar del Proyecto de Código Civil chileno de 1853 que le perteneció, y que actualmente forma parte del denominado ‘Archivo Ocampo’ en la biblioteca del Colegio de Abogados de Chile (Santiago). Se trata de dar a la luz una fuente histórica que puede contribuir a la investigación de la formación del Título XXVIII ‘De la sociedad’ del Código Civil, cuya definitiva configuración -de importantes consecuencias hasta nuestros días- sigue pendiente de estudio.

In 2019, the South African media put a spotlight on the brutal killings of women by men in the months of August and September. This femicide sparked conversations around masculinity which in turn spurred this article. Herein, I seek to investigate the space that will enable pastoral care to dialogue between Jesus' masculinity and the masculinity of umXhosa men. This will be done through a comparison of Jesus' words to the woman in Mark 14:6, which is included in the title of this paper, and the umXhosa word for masculinity, "ndiyindoda" (I am a man). The story of Jesus' healthy masculinity as God will be linked to amaXhosa masculinity. The aim of this article is to ascertain whether pastoral care can serve as a channel between these two masculinities. The relational indigenous methodology will be employed through narrative pastoral care. In that, narrative enables one to hear people's stories and link them to God's story.

The South African Academy of Science and Arts recently commemorated its 110th year of existence and it is an appropriate time to reflect on the value of academic labour. Academic labour is an important aspect of human culture. Through academic labour, mankind's purest dreams and ideals are realised. Literacy, study, learning and research contribute to the highest and refined levels of civilisation that Western society can offer. It makes the world a better place, with humanity, prosperity, alleviation of poverty and human dignity. Through academic work, mankind has already reached unparalleled levels of development. This article examines the value of academic activities and the motivation of academia. The rewards of academic labour range from the utilitarian, solving problems and to gain useful knowledge, to the spiritual. The psychological remuneration of academic effort is also positive. Academia has the privilege each day serving a higher calling. This is a wonderful motivation, but also a very important responsibility. This article concludes emphasising that academic standards should never be compromised. The author is an economist and sees the world from that perspective. That is the reason why the title highlights value. This article emphasises that academia constitutes a valuable product and that knowledge has intrinsic value of its own, more valuable than gold and coral. People desire to learn more, and much is still hidden and wonderful and is essential for one's happiness. Knowledge and skills are useful, but universities should also promote basic research without a specific practical objective, just for the sake of enjoyment. A university is also a knowledge factory that generates new knowledge. Its objective is to discover new things. As it is an enterprise it should be managed in a financially sustainable fashion. Universities contribute to the National Development Plan. Their products and services lead to new technological, social, commercial and other innovations that benefit the whole society, but it should be better financed and marketed. Various studies in Britain found that university training and knowledge acquired lead to lower unemployment, higher skills, a more productive, innovative, flexible and entrepreneurial workforce, and also increase the productivity of co-workers. This leads to higher economic growth, more tax income to the state, a smaller burden on public finances, better health, more informed civic participation and less crime. Several studies elsewhere, such as in America and New Zealand, concur. Australian studies highlighted that universities enhance a country's prosperity, build human and social capital, and drive technological progress and economies. It builds society through community service, helps building a "knowledge economy" and promotes future economic prosperity through international exchange. Research reveals a direct relationship between education and productivity, competitiveness, profits and growing income and job creation. During the past decades, people's wellbeing has improved continually. Human development, income, production, life expectancy, adult literacy, and the number of children at school rose gradually. There is a direct link between economic development and education and research. People all over the world are developing and their living standards are improving. The main objective of the search for knowledge is to obtain wisdom. To know the correct steps beforehand is valuable and better than to act on intuition, feelings or beliefs. Most of academia have enquiring minds, are curious about the world and have the wonderful opportunity to search for knowledge, insight and wisdom. It provides a sense of security and psychological peace. It builds high self-esteem and motivates one to learn and use that knowledge. Socrates said that wonder is the beginning of wisdom. Academic effort leads to the discovery of wonder, complexity and beauty, which leads to curiosity about the world and a deeper meaning of it all. What makes the research investigation such an enjoyable experience is the wonder it reveals and the fascination about the discoveries it brings about. Science enables a researcher to enjoy the amassing discoveries that academic effort reveals. There is also an immense satisfaction when things come together and begin to make sense. There is that feeling of pure joy when something new is discovered, which leads to more wonder and more research. Academic effort and particularly research should, in the first instance, be conducted purely for the enjoyment it brings. Enjoyment enables people to become more innovative and leads to more discoveries. Academic freedom that allows academia to conduct research that interests them leads to better products. The authorities' current policies in guiding research by means of targeted financing do, however, restrict academic freedom. Research should generate knowledge that is generic in the sense that it can apply to many areas and could stand the test of time. It is never known where knowledge would be needed. To name a few examples: The ancient Greeks developed Euclidean geometry, which is still taught to high school and engineering students. Boole developed Boolean algebra in 1847 long before it was used to design digital electronics and computers. Carothers accepted an appointment on condition to focus only on academic research without practical value, but still discovered nylon. Feynman developed the mathematics behind a wobbling pizza and later used it in developing quantum electrodynamics, eventually winning the Nobel Prize. Science should still be thorough even if research is enjoyable. High academic and research principles should never be compromised. The aim is to discover the truth. Academic labour should follow strict logical order. Science must be derived and described logically and in a mathematically deductive way or derive reliable knowledge inductively, but methodically. The application of mathematics to science is the most powerful instrument in understanding the world. Even where mathematics is not directly applied, the scientific method should be. Academia strives towards lofty ideals in their labour. They laugh, sing, make poetry and dream, study plants, trees, animals and society, confront challenges, make new discoveries, develop technology and place humans on the moon and aim for Mars. Through it all, academic labour and literacy are utilised to fulfil man's cultural assignment to make the world a better place. The academy is truly a very special calling.

Die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns het sopas sy 110de bestaansjaar herdenk en dit is die aangewese tyd om te reflekteer op die waarde van akademiese arbeid. Die artikel ondersoek die hoë waarde van akademiese arbeid en die motiewe van akademici. Akademici ervaar geleerdheid, onderrig en navorsing as iets verhewe. Dis nie slegs hul dagtaak nie, maar dien as 'n besondere roeping. Vervolgens word die universiteit as 'n onderneming beskou waarna gelet word op die praktiese waarde van die akademie en die mate wat dit met die ontwikkeling van die mensdom, veral op ekonomiese gebied, saamhang. Dit doen ook 'n beroep op akademici om meer algemene, basiese en generiese navorsing, sonder noodwendig 'n besondere doel, te onderneem. Nuttelose navorsing, sonder 'n spesifieke praktiese doel, word as van die waardevolste voorgehou. Die artikel sluit af deur te beklemtoon dat navorsing eerstens ter wille van die intrinsieke waarde, genot en bevrediging wat dit bring moet plaasvind, maar daar word beklemtoon dat hoë akademiese standaarde steeds te alle tye moet geld.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo fue determinar los antecedentes y los aspectos procesales relevantes del proceso monitorio, igualmente analizar la importancia que tiene la implementación en Colombia de ésta figura procesal a través del Código General del Proceso. Este proceso surge como un instrumento para tutelar de manera eficaz el derecho de crédito cuando no existe un título ejecutivo que respalde la obligación en dinero de origen contractual, lo que permitirá que el ciudadano tenga mayor cercanía con la administración de justicia y su acceso a la misma bajo los pilares de tutela judicial efectiva y debido proceso de duración razonable. Es importante señalar como conclusión que el proceso monitorio es una figura procesal de origen europeo que surgió con la finalidad de materializar el cobro de una deuda u obligación pecuniaria bajo el precepto de los principios universales de la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva y el acceso a la justicia, aspectos que encuentran su sustento normativo en el artículo 2 del Código General del Proceso (C.G.P.). La investigación evidenció que la finalidad de éste instrumento está encaminado a crear o perfeccionar un título ejecutivo, puede terminar con auto si el deudor reconoce y paga la deuda o con sentencia si hay silencio por parte del demandado, siendo una garantía que ofrece a los derechos de defensa, contradicción y debido proceso, los cuales se amparan a través del requerimiento de pago que el juez de conocimiento le notifica personalmente al deudor, con la facultad aceptar, oponerse o guardar silencio.

Abstract The objective of this article was to determine the antecedents and relevant procedural aspects of the order for payment procedure, as well as to analyze the importance of the implementation in Colombia of this procedural figure through the General Process Code. This process emerges as an instrument to effectively protect the credit right when there is no executive title that supports the obligation in money of contractual origin, which will allow the citizen to be closer to the administration of justice and their access to same under the pillars of effective judicial protection and due process of reasonable duration. It is important to note as a conclusion that the order for payment procedure is a procedural figure of European origin that emerged with the purpose of materializing the collection of a debt or pecuniary obligation under the precept of the universal principles of effective judicial protection and access to justice, aspects that find their normative support in article 2 of the General Process Code (CGP). The investigation allowed to conclude that the purpose of this instrument is aimed at creating or perfecting an executive title, it can end with an auto if the debtor recognizes and pays the debt or with a sentence if there is silence on the part of the defendant, being a guarantee that offers the defense, contradiction and due process rights, which are protected through the payment request that the knowledge judge personally notifies the debtor, with the power to accept, oppose or remain silent.

Os possíveis efeitos adversos que ocorrem em transfusões incompatíveis ABO são um risco latente no uso de concentrados de plaquetas do grupo O, portanto a titulação de hemolisinas anti-A/B é uma das estratégias para sua prevenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de títulos de hemolisinas de isotipos IgG e IgM anti-A/B em doadores de sangue. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal aleatório simples, com tamanho de amostra de 308 amostras. A metodologia foi aplicada em tubo, gel salino e anti-imunoglobulina IgG e utilizando soluções em série, o título foi verificado. Além disso, foi realizada uma pesquisa sobre os possíveis fatores de risco para o aumento destes títulos. A estatística descritiva foi utilizada através da aplicação do software informático SPSS versão 22.0 e a relação entre variáveis independentes por meio da análise estatística do qui-quadrado e, para estabelecer a concordância com as leituras visuais dos cartões de gel, o índice kappa foi aplicado. Foi determinada a existência de hemolisinas de isotipo IgG e IgM anti-A/B de títulos maiores que 1/64. Existiu uma relação estatisticamente significante entre gestações e títulos de IgG anti-A/B>1/128; e o aumento de hemolisinas do isotipo IgM e a ingestão de probióticos. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de implementar a titulação da hemolisina antes da transfusão de concentrados de plaquetas não isogrupo, por isso, recomenda-se uma investigação de risco-benefício e acompanhamento de pacientes com transfusões de concentrados de plaquetas incompatíveis com ABO.

The possible adverse effects that occur in incompatible ABO transfusions are a latent risk in the use of group O platelet concentrates, so the titration of anti-A/B hemolysins is one of the strategies for its prevention. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of hemolysins titers IgG and IgM anti-A/B isotypes in blood donours. It was a simple randomized descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of 308 samples. The methodology was applied in tube, saline gel and anti-IgG anti-immunoglobulin and by means of serial solutions the title was verified. Additionally, a survey was conducted on the possible risk factors for the increase in securities. Descriptive statistics were used through the application of the SPSS version 22.0 software and the relationship between independent variables through the Chi-square statistical analysis and the kappa index was applied to match the visual readings of the gel cards. The existence of IgG and IgM anti-A/B isotype hemolysins of titers greater than 1/64 was determined. There was a statistically significant relationship between pregnancies and anti-A/B IgG titres>1/128; and the increase in IgM isotype hemolysins and probiotic intake. The results demonstrate the need to implement hemolysin titration prior to transfusion of non-isogroup platelet concentrates, so a risk-benefit investigation and follow-up of patients with transfusions of ABO incompatible platelet concentrates is recommended.

Los posibles efectos adversos que se producen en transfusiones incompatibles ABO son un riesgo latente en el uso de concentrados de plaquetas grupo O, por lo que la titulación de hemolisinas anti-A/B constituye una de las estrategias para su prevención. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de títulos de hemolisinas de isotipos IgG e IgM anti-A/B en donantes de sangre. Se trató de un estudio descriptivo, transversal y aleatorio simple con un tamaño muestral de 308 muestras. Se aplicó la metodología en tubo, gel salino y anti-inmunoglobulina IgG y, mediante soluciones seriadas, se evidenció el título. Adicionalmente, se realizó una encuesta sobre los posibles factores de riesgo para el aumento de estos títulos. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva mediante el uso del software informático SPSS versión 22.0 y la relación entre variables independientes a través del análisis estadístico de Chi-cuadrado y, para establecer la concordancia de las lecturas visuales de las tarjetas de gel, se aplicó el índice kappa. Se determinó la existencia de hemolisinas de isotipo IgG e IgM anti-A/B de títulos superiores a 1/64. Existió una relación estadísticamente significativa entre embarazos y títulos de IgG anti-A/B >1/128 y el aumento de hemolisinas de isotipo IgM y la ingesta de probióticos. Los resultados demostraron la necesidad de implementar la titulación de hemolisinas previo a la transfusión de concentrados plaquetarios no isogrupo, por lo que se recomienda una investigación de riesgo-beneficio y el seguimiento de pacientes con transfusiones de concentrados plaquetarios incompatibles ABO.