ABSTRACT The present study determined the prevalence of Ehrlichia sp morulae and Hepatozoon sp gamonts in dogs treated at a veterinary medical centre in the city of Trujillo. Blood samples were taken from dogs infested with ticks or exposed in the three months prior to the study. Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from the cephalic vein of 95 dogs in EDTA tubes. The samples were centrifuged. A drop of the phlogistic layer of each sample was placed on a slide, which was extended with a coverslip and subjected to Wright staining. The smears were observed under an optical microscope at 40X and 100X. A prevalence of Ehrlichia sp of 31.6 ± 9.4% was found. No presence of Hepatozoon sp gamonts was observed.

RESUMEN El presente estudio determinó la prevalencia de mórulas de Ehrlichia sp y gamontes de Hepatozoon sp en perros atendidos en un centro médico veterinario de la ciudad de Trujillo. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas de perros infestados con garrapatas o con exposición en los tres meses previos al estudio. Se colectó 3 mL de sangre de la vena cefálica de 95 perros en tubos EDTA. Las muestras fueron centrifugadas. Se colocó una gota de la capa flogística de cada muestra sobre una lámina portaobjetos la que se extendió con una laminilla cubreobjetos y fue sometida a la tinción Wright. Los frotis se observaron en microscopio óptico a 40X y 100X. Se halló una prevalencia a Ehrlichia sp de 31.6 ± 9.4%. No se observó presencia de gamontes de Hepatozoon sp.

RESUMO Amostras de sangue e fezes de perdiz chukar (Alectoris chukar), faisão-albino (Phasianus colchicus), faisão-prateado (Lophura nycthemera), periquito-de-rosa (Psittacula krameri) e perus (Meleagris gallopavo) foram analisadas para verificar a prevalência de parasitas. Para registrar os parasitas, essas cinco espécies de aves foram colocadas em gaiolas separadas no Centro de Conservação e Pesquisa de Aves, Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Ecologia, Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, Lahore, Paquistão. Cem amostras fecais e 100 amostras de sangue para cada espécie de ave foram inspecionadas para analisar os parasitas internos. Durante o presente estudo, foram examinadas 17 espécies de endoparasitas, 14 de amostras fecais e 3 de sangue. Foram estudadas duas espécies de ectoparasitas, ou seja, o ácaro Dermanyssus gallinae 42% e o carrapato aviário Args persicus 41%. Os parasitas sanguíneos incluíram Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond com prevalência parasitária de 40% e Aegyptinella pullorum com prevalência parasitária de 40%. As espécies parasitas registradas em amostras fecais incluíram 6 espécies de nematoides viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%, Syngamus traqueia com prevalência parasitária de 60%, Capillaria annulata 37,5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% e Heterakis gallinarum 28,3%. Da mesma forma, duas espécies de trematódeos viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus com prevalência parasitária de 50% e Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% também foram documentados em amostras fecais de aves. Espécies de cestoide único Raillietina echinobothrida com prevalência parasitária de 72% e 3 espécies de protozoários, isto é, Eimeria maxima com prevalência parasitária de 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% e Histomonas meleagridis 18% foram documentadas durante a análise corpológica. Em nossa recomendação, o saneamento adequado, medicação e vacinação de invólucros de pássaros são sugeridos para evitar parasitas.

Abstract Blood and fecal samples of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), albino pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were analyzed to check parasitic prevalence. To record parasites these five avian species were placed kept in separate cages at Avian Conservation and Research Center, Department of Wildlife an Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. 100 fecal and 100 blood samples for each bird species were inspected to analyze internal parasites. During present study, 17 species of endoparasites 14 from fecal samples and three from blood were examined. Two species of ectoparasites i.e. mite Dermanyssus gallinae 42% and fowl ticks Args persicus 41%were studied. Blood parasites included Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond having parasitic prevalence 40%, and Aegyptinella pullorum having parasitic prevalence of 40%. Parasitic species recorded from fecal samples included 6 species of nematodes viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%. Syngamus trachea with parasitic prevalence of 60%, Capillaria annulata 37.5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% and Heterakis gallinarum 28.3%. Similarly, two species of trematodes viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus having parasitic prevalence of 50% and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% were also documented from fecal avian samples . Single cestode species Raillietina echinobothrida having parasitic prevalence of 72% and 3 protozoan species i.e. Eimeria maxima having parasitic prevalence of 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% and Histomonas meleagridis 18% were documented during corpological analysis. In our recommendation, proper sanitation, medication and vaccination of bird’s enclousres are suggested to avoid parasites.

Resumo Boophilus microplus é uma das principais espécies de carrapatos bovinos, causando grandes perdas econômicas para a indústria de laticínios em todo o mundo, incluindo o Paquistão. Triclorfon e deltametrina são usados no controle de carrapatos bovinos, e seus sprays também são usados em outros programas de controle de pragas que exercem pressão sobre os carrapatos para ganhar resistência. Este estudo tem como objetivo examinar o nível de resistência de Rhipicephalus microplus contra triclorfon e deltametrina. Os carrapatos ingurgitados foram coletados de duas regiões ecológicas de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KPK Paquistão, ou seja, Swat & Dir (Zona 1) e Charsadda & Nowshera (Zona 2). Quatro concentrações de acaricidas em duas e dez vezes ppm com três repetições para cada foram usadas em ambos os bioensaios. O ensaio de eclosão de ovos e testes de imersão em adultos foram usados para avaliar o status de resistência. A análise probit do ensaio de eclosão de ovos mostrou a maior porcentagem de eclosão na zona 1 em ambas as diluições (67% na diluição de duas vezes e 68,33% na diluição de dez vezes), enquanto a concentração letal (CL95) foi de 2,187 ppm e dose discriminante (DD) como 4,374 ppm para triclorfon. Na zona 2, a porcentagem de eclosão foi de 73 em duas vezes e 72% em dez vezes, enquanto LC95 foi registrado como 0,599 ppm e DD como 1,198 ppm. Os mesmos parâmetros foram estudados para a deltametrina, e na zona 1 a porcentagem de eclosão foi de 38% na diluição de duas vezes e 37% na diluição de dez vezes, enquanto CL95 foi registrado como 0,001 ppm e DD como 0,002 ppm. Na zona 2, a eclodibilidade foi registrada como 42% na diluição de duas vezes e 43% na diluição de dez vezes. Os valores para LC95 foram registrados como 0,001 ppm e DD como 0,002 ppm. Além disso, a análise do teste de imersão de adulto contra triclorfon revelou os valores de LC50 como 2,85 ppm e LC95 como 4,71 ppm na zona 1 e na zona 2 como 3,14 ppm e 5,28 ppm, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, LC50 e LC95 contra deltametrina foram registrados como 0,79 ppm e 1,71 ppm na zona 1 e 0,45 ppm e 4,325 ppm na zona 2, respectivamente. Com base nos achados deste estudo, o isolado Rhipicephalus microplus mostrou-se mais resistente ao acaricida amplamente utilizado, ou seja, triclorfon do que deltametrina. Para manter a eficácia dos acaricidas em nível nacional, o estudo recomenda o monitoramento contínuo da resistência.

Abstract Boophilus microplus is a major cattle tick specie causing great economic loss to the dairy industry throughout the globe including Pakistan. Trichlorfon and Deltamethrin are used to control bovine ticks, and their sprays are also used in other pest control programs that exert pressure on ticks to gain resistance. This study is aimed to examine the resistance level of Rhipiciphalus microplus against trichlorfon and deltamethrin. The engorged ticks were collected from two ecological regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KPK Pakistan i.e., Swat & Dir (zone-1), and Charsadda & Nowshera (zone-2). Four concentrations of acaricides in two-fold and ten-fold ppm with three replicates for each were used in both bioassays. Egg hatch assay and adult immersion tests were used to assess the resistance status. The probit analysis of egg hatch assay showed the highest hatching percentage in zone 1 on both dilutions (67-76% on two-fold and 68-88% on ten-fold dilution) while lethal concentration (LC95) was found to be 2.187 ppm and discriminating dose (DD) as 4.374 ppm for trichlorfon. In zone 2, hatching percentage was 73-84 on two-fold and 72-91% on ten-fold dilution while LC95 was recorded as 0.599 ppm and DD as 1.198 ppm. The same parameters were studied for deltamethrin and in zone 1 the hatching percentage was found as 38-56% on two-fold dilution and 37-80% on ten-fold dilution while LC95 was recorded as 0.001 ppm and DD as 0.002 ppm. In zone 2, the hatchability was recorded as 42-58% on two-fold and 43-85% on ten-fold dilution. The values for LC95 was recorded as 0.001 ppm and DD as 0.002 ppm. Further, analysis of adult immersion test against trichlorfon revealed the values of LC50 as 2.85 ppm and LC95 as 4.71 ppm in zone 1 and in zone 2 as 3.14 ppm and 5.28 ppm, respectively. Similarly, LC50 and LC95 against deltamethrin was recorded as 0.79 ppm & 1.71 ppm in zone 1 and 0.45 ppm & 4.325 ppm in zone 2, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the isolated Rhipicephalus microplus was found to be more resistant to the widely used acaricides i.e., trichlorfon than deltamethrin. In order to maintain the efficacy of acaricides at country level, the study recommends continuous monitoring of resistance.

Resumo Um macho de Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) foi encontrado morto às margens do Rio Negro, no Pantanal do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, município de Aquidauana. Dois carrapatos encontrados aderidos à sua pele foram identificados, morfologicamente, como uma ninfa de segundo ínstar de Ornithodoros rostratus (Argasidae) e um macho de Amblyomma sculptum (Ixodidae). Para complementar a identificação morfológica, esses espécimes de carrapatos foram submetidos à extração de DNA e testados por meio de ensaios de PCR, para confirmar a identidade molecular dos espécimes. Além disso, os extraídos dos carrapatos foram testados e revelaram-se negativos nos ensaios de PCR para todos os patógenos testados. Também foram examinados 30 lotes, compostos por 174 indivíduos de O. rostratus, depositados na Coleção Acari do Instituto Butantan, e encontramos material de quatro estados brasileiros, incluindo-se um lote contendo 2 machos e 2 fêmeas de Aquidauana, estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), coletado do solo. Este foi, portanto, o primeiro registro de O. rostratus parasitando P. brasiliensis e o primeiro registro de localidade (Aquidauana). Da mesma forma, A. sculptum é comumente encontrado no Pantanal e relatado aqui, pela segunda vez, parasitando a ariranha, hospedeiro pouco estudado em relação a ectoparasitas.

Abstract A male of Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) was found dead on the banks of the Rio Negro, in the Pantanal wetlands of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Aquidauana municipality. Two ticks found attached to its skin were morphologically identified as a second-instar nymph of Ornithodoros rostratus (Argasidae) and a male of Amblyomma sculptum (Ixodidae). In order to complement the morphological identification, these tick specimens were subjected to DNA extraction, and tested using PCR assays to confirm the molecular identity the specimens. Also, the tick DNA samples were tested and were negative in the PCR assays for all the pathogens tested. We also examined 30 batches, consisting of 174 individuals of O. rostratus deposited in the Acari Collection of the Butantan Institute, and we found material from four Brazilian states, including one batch containing 2 males and 2 females from Aquidauana, of Mato Grosso do Sul state, collected from the soil. This was therefore the first record of O. rostratus parasitizing P. brasiliensis and the first locality record (Aquidauana). Likewise, A. sculptum is commonly found in the Pantanal and is reported here for the second time parasitizing the giant otter, which is a host little studied regarding the ectoparasites.

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is an entomopathogenic fungus, and it has anti-biological activity against arthropods. Ticks are blood sucking arthropods which are responsible for transmitting different diseases in humans and animals. The use of chemical insecticides against ticks is not eco-friendly option and results in the development of acaricide resistance. Previously, we had cultured a local isolate of Fusarium oxysporum from soil samples which were identified through microscopy and confirmed through molecular technique. In our previous experiments, we have prepared Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) at pH 7 and they had been characterized through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-visible and zeta-potential. In our current study, the AgNP were prepared at different pH conditions and characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The protein molecules of F. oxysporum were charged with Ag ions. F. oxysporum NP were observed to enhance anti-biological activity by killing Rhipicephalus microplus and they caused 100% mortality at pH 4 and pH 5 in 24 h in anti-tick biological assay. Our study is the first report to do biological assay against Rhipicehalus ticks by using Fusarium AgNP at acidic pH. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi can be the best alternative of the chemical method to control the tick population.

Resumo Fusarium oxysporum é um fungo entomopatogênico com atividade antibiológica contra artrópodes. Os carrapatos são artrópodes sugadores de sangue responsáveis pela transmissão de diversas doenças em humanos e animais. O uso de inseticidas químicos contra carrapatos não é uma opção ecologicamente correta e resulta no desenvolvimento de resistência acaricida. Anteriormente, havíamos cultivado um isolado local de Fusarium oxysporum a partir de amostras de solo que foram identificadas por microscopia e confirmadas por técnica molecular. Em nossos experimentos anteriores, preparamos nanopartículas de Prata (AgNP) em pH 7 e elas foram caracterizadas por Difração de Raios X (XRD), UV-visível e potencial zeta. No presente estudo, os AgNP foram preparados em diferentes condições de pH e caracterizados através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM). As moléculas de proteína de F. oxysporum foram carregadas com íons Ag. Assim, observou-se que F. oxysporum NP aumenta a atividade antibiológica matando Rhipicephalus microplus e causando 100% de mortalidade em pH 4 e pH 5 em 24h no ensaio biológico anticarrapato. Este estudo é o primeiro relato de caso a realizar um ensaio biológico contra carrapatos Rhipicehalus usando Fusarium AgNP em pH ácido. Nesse sentido, é possível concluir que o controle biológico utilizando fungos entomopatogênicos pode ser a melhor alternativa do método químico para controlar a população de carrapatos.

ABSTRACT: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hard tick endemic in livestock-growing regions and causes economic losses in the largest beef-producing countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Australia and Uruguay. The use of chemical acaricides is still the main strategy to control R. microplusinfestations. Nevertheless, immunological control of R. microplus with an anti-tick vaccine is a suitable alternative and has manifold advantages because it can avoid drug-resistance and the presence of acaricide residues in milk, beef and in the environment. Indeed, vaccines based on the Bm86 antigen have had relative commercial and technical success to control R. microplus in some regions. Although, the efficacy of such vaccines varies among tick populations and is insufficient to provide an acceptable level of protection. Therefore, the need to search for better antigens is impelling. This review focused on the restrictions imposed on the use of acaricides in Brazil and in the European Union, as well as on the impacts of Bm86-based vaccines on R. microplus control. The efficacy of experimental anti-tick vaccines (based on subolesin, glutathione S-transferase, ferritin 2; voltage-dependent anion channel; aquaporin, 60 S acidic ribosomal protein, metalloprotease and trypsin) that can elicit an immune response against the physiological functions of various ticks is discussed.

RESUMO: O Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é um carrapato duro que é endêmico de regiões de pecuária e causa perdas econômicas nos maiores países produtores de carne bovina, incluindo Brasil, México, Argentina, Austrália e Uruguai. O uso de acaricidas ainda é a principal estratégia para controlar infestações por R. microplus. No entanto, o controle imunológico do R. microplus com uma vacina contra carrapatos é uma alternativa adequada e possui diversas vantagens, por evitar a seleção de populações de carrapato resistentes a drogas, evitar a presença de resíduos de acaricidas no leite, na carne e no ambiente. As vacinas baseadas no antígeno Bm86 tiveram relativo sucesso comercial e técnico no controle do R. microplus em diversas regiões. No entanto, a eficácia dessas vacinas varia entre as populações de carrapatos e é insuficiente para fornecer um nível aceitável de proteção. Portanto, há uma necessidade de procurar novos antígenos. Esta revisão foca nas restrições impostas ao uso de acaricidas no Brasil e na União Europeia, bem como nos impactos das vacinas baseadas em Bm86 no controle do R. microplus. Também é discutida a eficácia de vacinas anti-carrapatos experimentais (baseadas em subolesina, glutationa S-transferase, ferritina 2; canal aniônico dependente de voltagem; aquaporina, proteína ribossômica ácida 60S, metaloprotease, tripsina) que podem elicitar uma resposta imune contra as funções fisiológicas de vários carrapatos.

As resistance to chemical acaricides increases amongst tick populations, investigations of natural remedies that have acaricidal or tick-repellent effects have become essential in the search for alternatives for sustainable tick control. Garlium GEM HC (Garlium), a natural concentrated garlic product, was supplemented in-feed to beef cattle to determine if it could assist in reducing the number of attached ticks on cattle. Two grams of Garlium was supplemented daily to eight Bonsmara steers over 43 days. A second group of eight steers served as controls. All animals were infested with a similar number of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults and Rhipicephalus microplus larvae. Subsequently, the number of attached engorged ticks and the hatchability of the tick eggs were determined. Blood samples were collected from the steers for whole blood analyses. The results were analysed using a two-sample t-test procedure. Due to large standard deviations observed, most of the tick parameters were only numerically improved. Although not significant, the number of larvae produced by female R. appendiculatus ticks per host was reduced by 23%. Estimated number of R. microplus larvae produced from ticks harvested from Garlium supplemented cattle were reduced by 42.3% (p = 0.10). No adverse effect was observed on haematocrits or haemoglobin concentrations. Garlium reduced segmented neutrophil count in the treatment group, suggesting that the immune system was less challenged. Although not statistically significant, the effect of reducing the number of larvae produced per host for the two tick species by approximately 20% and 40% respectively, may be of economic benefit to commercial cattle farmers.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia del azufre como un mineral esencial en la gestión agroecológica de los sistemas agropecuarios. Materiales y Métodos: Para desarrollar esta investigación se consultaron más de 80 publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre el azufre y el caldo sulfocálcico en los sistemas agropecuarios. Se documentó la función fundamental que desempeñan estos elementos en el suelo, su uso por las plantas para la prevención de las plagas, así como su efecto en ácaros y garrapatas que se hospedan en animales; además de su valor en la nutrición de rumiantes. También se estudiaron artículos que abordan en el contexto actual, los efectos del cambio climático, la condición del suelo como base de todos los sistemas y la importancia de la gestión agroecológica en la agricultura y la ganadería. Resultados: El azufre se puede utilizar de diversas maneras, como reductor del pH del suelo, fertilizante, pesticida y medicamento para plantas y animales. También se contempla su uso en la fabricación del ácido sulfúrico y en la nutrición de rumiantes. Además, cuando se combina con calcio como caldo sulfocálcico, el azufre es efectivo como insecticida, fungicida, y medicamento contra ácaros y garrapatas. También es necesario su uso debido a que el 33 % de los suelos en Cuba presentan un estado de degradación que va desde moderada hasta alta. Esto se debe a diversos factores como la erosión, la salinización, la compactación, la acidificación y la contaminación química, lo cual también provoca la pérdida de biodiversidad. Conclusiones: La utilización de azufre o caldo sulfocálcico es esencial en el manejo agroecológico del suelo, debido al elevado porcentaje de áreas con diversas afectaciones, a lo que se adicionan sus múltiples aplicaciones en plantas y animales. En Cuba la utilización de esta sustancia es un desafío por las cantidades disponibles y las pequeñas dosis que se utilizan. No obstante, con su aplicación se facilita la producción de alimentos sanos y abundantes a costo bajo, sin causar daños al medioambiente, y contribuir significativamente al bienestar humano.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the importance of sulfur as an essential mineral in the agroecological management of agricultural systems. Materials and Methods: To develop this research, more than 80 scientific publications dealing with sulfur and sulfocalcic broth in agricultural systems were consulted. The fundamental role of these elements in the soil, their use by plants for pest prevention, as well as their effect on mites and ticks hosted by animals, and their value in ruminant nutrition were documented. Papers were also studied that address in the current context, the effects of climate change, the condition of the soil as the basis of all systems and the importance of agroecological management in agriculture and animal husbandry. Results: Sulfur can be used in a variety of ways, as a soil pH reducer, fertilizer, pesticide and medicine for plants and animals. Its use in the manufacture of sulfuric acid and in ruminant nutrition is also contemplated. In addition, when combined with calcium as a sulfocalcic broth, sulfur is effective as an insecticide, fungicide, and medicine against mites and ticks. Its use is also necessary because 33 % of the soils in Cuba show a state of degradation ranging from moderate to high. This is due to various factors such as erosion, salinization, compaction, acidification and chemical contamination, which also causes the loss of biodiversity. Conclusions: The use of sulfur or sulfocalcic broth is essential in agroecological soil management, due to the high percentage of areas with diverse affectations, to which its multiple applications in plants and animals are added. In Cuba, the use of this substance is a challenge due to the available quantities and the small doses that are used. However, their application facilitates the production of healthy and abundant food at low cost, without causing damage to the environment, and contributes significantly to human welfare.

Abstract One of the main problems in cattle farming is infestations caused by Rhipicephalus microplus ticks, the most important parasitic species in the cattle industry. Its control is based mainly on the application of ixodicides. However, the excessive and inappropriate use of these products has generated resistant strains. As an alternative, biological control has been proposed as a promising method, as it prevents environmental contamination, promotes the safety of animal products, and contributes to sustainability. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to perform an in vitro evaluation of the ixodicidal effect of two plant extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Tagetes erecta on R. microplus ticks. The analysis was carried out using the larval immersion technique (LIT) and the adult female immersion technique (AIT), and the morphological damage to the cuticular structure of the ticks was then determined by stereo microscopy. The most significant result was 100 % larval mortality (P<0.05) for the C. zeylanicum extract at a concentration of 6%, presenting evident morphological damage in the cuticular structure. In contrast, T. erecta extract showed no ixodicidal activity. Finally, it is concluded that the plant extract of C. zeylanicum shows efficacy in in vitro tests against R. microplus larvae and may prove useful as an economical and sustainable alternative for tick control.

Resumen Uno de los principales problemas de la ganadería bovina son las infestaciones ocasionadas por garrapatas, siendo Rhipicephalus microplus la especie más importante en la industria ganadera. Su control se basa principalmente en la aplicación de ixodicidas. Sin embargo, el uso excesivo e inadecuado de estos productos ha generado cepas resistentes. Como alternativa se ha propuesto al control biológico como un método promisorio, ya que evita la contaminación del medio ambiente, favorece la inocuidad de los productos derivados de los animales y contribuye a la sustentabilidad. Por esta razón, el objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una evaluación in vitro del efecto ixodicida de dos extractos vegetales de Cinnamomum zeylanicum y Tagetes erecta sobre garrapatas R. microplus. El análisis se llevó a cabo mediante las técnicas de inmersión de larvas “LIT” e inmersión de hembras adultas “AIT” y posteriormente se determinó el daño morfológico en la estructura cuticular de las garrapatas mediante microscopía estereoscópica. El resultado más significativo fue de 100 % de mortalidad larval (P<0.05) para el extracto de C. zeylanicum a una concentración de 6 %, presentando daños morfológicos evidentes en la estructura cuticular. En contraste, el extracto de T. erecta no mostró actividad ixodicida. Finalmente, se concluye que el extracto vegetal de C. zeylanicum presenta eficacia en pruebas in vitro contra larvas de R. microplus y podría ser de utilidad como una alternativa de control económica y sustentable de garrapatas.

Abstract In Ecuador, Rhipicephalus microplus is the primary tick species affecting cattle, and its control requires an understanding of its behavior. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of infestation by R. microplus, examining the anatomical location of ticks and their potential association with intrinsic factors of animals, such as overall health, body condition, and coat color. Four samplings were conducted every three months on a total of 15 farms in the Northwest of Pichincha (location1) and 15 farms in the Valle de los Quijos (location2). Ticks larger than 0.5 cm were counted on 5 randomly selected animals. The results from four samplings in both locations revealed an average of 99.39 ± SD156.28 (0-1426) ticks per animal, with averages of 108.8 ± SD179.43 (0-1426) and 88.2 ± SD122.80 (0-824) for locations 1 and 2, respectively. Only the variable "apparent skin and coat health" showed a statistically significant positive association, with a P-value <0.05 and odds ratios of 5.13 (95% CI: 2.04-13.65) and 25.83 (95% CI: 7.63-109.39) in the "fair" and "poor" categories compared to the considered good condition. Additionally, the category "old" in the Age variable had a P-value of 0.05 and an odds ratio of 2.88 (95% CI: 1.04-8.80). Anatomically, more ticks were found in the anatomical areas corresponding to thighs, rear udder, legs, and hock, with an average of 38.52±SD70.17 (0-448) ticks. In conclusion, tick infestation poses a serious problem affecting cattle in tropical regions of the country. This study contributes to better directing methods and control practices for cattle.

Resumen En Ecuador, Rhipicephalus microplus es la principal garrapata que afecta al ganado bovino, cuyo control exige conocer su comportamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de infestación de R. microplus, examinando la ubicación anatómica de las garrapatas y su posible asociación con factores intrínsecos de los animales como son el estado general de salud, condición corporal, color del pelaje. Se llevaron a cabo cuatro muestreos cada tres meses en un total de 15 fincas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha (localidad1) y 15 fincas en el Valle de los Quijos (localidad2). Las garrapatas mayores a 0,5 cm fueron contadas en 5 animales escogidos al azar. Como resultados, en cuatro muestreos realizados en las dos localidades, se encontró un promedio de 99,39 ± SD156,28 (0-1.426) garrapatas por animal, y un promedio de 108,8±SD179,43 (0-1.426) y 88,2 ± SD122,80 (0-824) para la localidad 1 y 2, respectivamente. Solo la variable "salud aparente de piel y pelaje" mostró una asociación estadística positiva, con un valor p < 0,05 y odds ratios de 5,13 (IC 95 %: 2,04-13,65) y 25,83(IC 95%: 7,63-109,39) en las categorías "regular" y "malo" respecto del estado considerado como bueno. Además, la categoría animal denominado "viejo" en la variable Edad tuvo un valor p = 0.05 y un odds ratio de 2,88 (IC 95 %: 1,04-8,80). Anatómicamente se encontraron más garrapatas en la zona anatómica correspondiente a muslos, ubre posterior, pierna y corvejón, con un promedio de 38,52±SD70, 17 (0-448) garrapatas. En conclusión, la infestación con garrapatas representa un problema grave que afecta a las ganaderías de regiones tropicales del país, este estudio ayuda a direccionar de mejor manera las formas y prácticas de control sobre los bovinos.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated by molecular methods the presence of major canine tick-borne agents in ticks infesting domestic dogs of a hospital population in a neglected area of the southern zone of the São Paulo Metropolitan region, which is characterized by an extensive urban area surrounded and interspersed by forest remnants of the original Atlantic rainforest. During 2017, 106 tick specimens - 71 adults and 33 nymphs of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), and two adults of Amblyomma aureolatum - were collected from 41 dogs that were attended in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in São Paulo City, Brazil. By molecular analyses, 4.2% (3/71) of the R. sanguineus s.l. adult ticks contained the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, 2.8% (2/71) contained the bacterium Ehrlichia canis, and 4.2% (3/71) contained the protozoan Rangelia vitalii. These results indicate that domestic dogs of the southern zone of the São Paulo metropolitan region might be exposed to three of the major tick-borne agents affecting dogs in Brazil, R. rickettsii, E. canis and R. vitalii. In addition, the findings reinforce the circulation of the human pathogen R. rickettsii in the study area in a likely enzootic cycle involving dogs and R. sanguineus ticks.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou, por métodos moleculares, a presença dos principais agentes etiológicos de doenças caninas transmitidas por carrapatos que infestam cães domésticos de uma população hospitalar, em uma área negligenciada da zona sul da região metropolitana de São Paulo, caracterizada por uma extensa área urbana circundada e intercalada por remanescentes florestais de Mata Atlântica. Durante o ano de 2017, 106 espécimes de carrapatos - 71 adultos e 33 ninfas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), e dois adultos de Amblyomma aureolatum - foram coletados de 41 cães atendidos em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Por análises moleculares, 4,2% (3/71) de R. sanguineus s.l. adultos continham a bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii, 2,8% (2/71) continham a bactéria Ehrlichia canis e 4,2% (3/71) continham o protozoário Rangelia vitalii. Esses resultados indicam que cães domésticos da zona sul da região metropolitana de São Paulo podem estar expostos a três dos principais agentes carrapatos que afetam cães no Brasil, R. rickettsii, E. canis e R. vitalii. Além disso, os achados reforçam a circulação do patógeno humano R. rickettsii na área de estudo, em um provável ciclo enzoótico envolvendo cães e carrapatos R. sanguineus.

Resumen Las infestaciones de garrapatas representan una gran dificultad para la producción de ganado bovino en países tropicales y subtropicales alrededor del mundo. Las formas tradicionales de combate a esta plaga son químicos (acaricidas) y manejo integral de pastizales. Sin embargo, estos métodos no han logrado controlar de manera contundente la presencia de este ectoparásito. Lo anterior ha llevado a la búsqueda de vacunas que permitan el control de estos parásitos. Actualmente, se cuenta con inmunógenos que contienen el antígeno intestinal Bm86 de Rhipicephalus microplus, los cuales han demostrado ser una alternativa efectiva, al reducir las poblaciones de garrapatas y el uso de acaricidas sintéticos. No obstante, el polimorfismo de este locus en garrapatas de distintas zonas geográficas representa una limitante en su efectividad. Se han realizado un número importante de investigaciones acerca del gen Bm86 como antígeno vacunal, por lo que, en este documento, se presenta una actualización de las investigaciones realizadas con este antígeno y su potencial uso como control inmunológico para reducir las infestaciones de garrapatas en el ganado bovino.

Abstract Tick infestations represent a major difficulty for cattle production in tropical and subtropical countries around the world. The traditional ways to combat this pest are chemicals (acaricides) and integrated management of grasslands. Nevertheless, these methods have not been able to conclusively control the presence of this ectoparasite. This has led to the search for vaccines that allow the control of these parasites. Currently, there are immunogens containing the gut antigen Bm86 of Rhipicephalus microplus, which have proven to be an effective alternative, as they have reduced tick populations and the use of synthetic acaricides. However, the polymorphism of this locus in ticks from different geographical areas represents a limitation in its effectiveness. A significant number of studies have been conducted on the Bm86 gene as a vaccine antigen, so this paper presents an update on studies conducted with this antigen and its potential use as an immunological control to reduce tick infestations in cattle.

Resumen Se determinó el efecto acaricida de 18 plantas mexicanas contra Rhipicephalus microplus. Los resultados del ensayo larvicida revelaron que 5 extractos metanólicos produjeron una actividad alta (86-100 % de mortalidad), 3 extractos mostraron una actividad relativamente alta (71-85 % de mortalidad), 2 extractos mostraron una actividad moderada (56-70 % de mortalidad), 2 extractos presentaron baja actividad (31-55 % mortalidad) y 6 extractos mostraron actividad acaricida no significativa (0-30 % mortalidad). Los extractos que inducían >56 % de mortalidad se analizaron posteriormente contra garrapatas ingurgitadas de R. microplus mediante una prueba de inmersión de adultos a una concentración de 5.0% p/v. En términos generales, los resultados en larvas y garrapatas adultas indicaron que los extractos metanólicos de Annona globiflora, Annona scleroderma, Litchi chinensis y Azadirachta indica mostraron las mayores actividades. El extracto crudo de A. indica fue sometido a una purificación cromatográfica, lo que llevó al aislamiento de 3-O-butil-(-)-epigalocatequina (1), 3-O-butil-(-)-epicatequina (2), (-)-epigalocatequina (3), (+)-galocatequina (4), (-)-epicatequina (5), β-sitosterol (6), estigmasterol (7), glucósido de estigmasterol (8), trilinoleína (9), azadiractina A (10) y el éster de ácido octadecanoico-tetrahidrofurano-3,4-diílico (11). Las estructuras químicas de los compuestos aislados fueron identificadas mediante la interpretación de los datos espectroscópicos de RMN y HRESI-MS. Los compuestos aislados se ensayaron frente a garrapatas ingurgitadas de R. microplus a una concentración de 6 mM. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se concluyó que el 3-O-butil-(-)-epigalocatequina (1), el 3-O-butil-(-)-epicatequina (2), la azadiractina A (10) y el ácido octadecanoico-tetrahidrofurano-3,4-diil éster (11) muestran la mayor eficacia.

Abstract This work determined the acaricidal effect of 18 Mexican plants against Rhipicephalus microplus. The results of the larvicidal assay revealed that 5 methanolic extracts produced high activity (86-100 % mortality), 3 extracts exhibited relatively high activity (71-85 % mortality), 2 extracts displayed moderate activity (56-70 % mortality), 2 extracts presented low activity (31-55 % mortality) and 6 extracts showed non-significant acaricidal activity (0-30 % mortality). Extracts inducing >56 % mortality were subsequently assayed against engorged ticks of R. microplus by adult immersion test at a concentration of 5.0% w/v. In general terms, the results on larvae and adult ticks indicated that the methanolic extracts of Annona globiflora, Annona scleroderma, Litchi chinensis and Azadirachta indica showed the greatest activities. The crude extract of A. indica was subjected to chromatographic purification, which has led to the isolation of 3-O-butyl-(-)-epigallocatechin (1), 3-O-butyl-(-)-epicatechin (2), (-)-epigallocatechin (3), (+)-gallocatechin (4), (-)-epicatechin (5), β-sitosterol (6), stigmasterol (7), stigmasterol glucoside (8), triolein (9), azadirachtin A (10), and the octadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-vinyl ester (11). The isolated compounds' chemical structures were identified by the interpretation of NMR and HRESI-MS spectroscopic data. The isolated compounds were assayed against engorged ticks of R. microplus at a concentration of 6 mM. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that 3-O-butyl-(-)-epigallocatechin (1), 3-O-butyl-(-)-epicatechin (2), azadirachtin A (10), and octadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-vinyl ester (11) show the highest effectiveness.

ABSTRACT: Ticks primarily affect livestock and have the potential to transmit disease. The objective of the research was to record the georeferencing, distribution and identification of the species present in three Protected Natural Areas (ANP) that are part of the Biosphere Reserve of Northwest Peru (RBNO). The collection was carried out in five representative places of each ANP, due to the difficulty of finding fauna within the ANP, a convenience sampling was used for animals, and a random sampling was used for plants, using transects through the places where domestic animals’ transit. and wild and ranchers. The collected specimens were labeled to have distribution and identification in each of the sampled places. Dale's keys were used for genus level identification and Álvarez's keys were used for preliminary identification of species. Four specimens were collected in the Cerros de Amotape National Park, 55 in the Angolo Hunting Reserve and 271 in the Tumbes National Reserve. Seven species were recorded: Amblyoma cajennense, A. dissimile, A. maculatum and A. testudinis; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and R. sanguineus and an unidentified species of the genus Haemaphysalis.

RESUMEN: Las garrapatas afectan principalmente al ganado y tienen el potencial de transmitir enfermedades. El objetivo de la investigación fue registrar la georreferenciación, distribución e identificación de las especies presentes en tres Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) que son parte de la Reserva de Biosfera del Noroeste del Perú (RBNO). La recolecta se realizó en cinco lugares representativos de cada ANP, por la dificultad de encontrar fauna dentro de las ANP, para animales se utilizó un muestreo a conveniencia, en plantas se utilizó un muestreo aleatorio, empleando transeptos por los lugares donde transitan los animales domésticos y silvestres y ganaderos. Los ejemplares recolectados se etiquetaron con la finalidad de contar con la distribución e identificación en cada uno de los lugares muestreados. Para la identificación a nivel de género se utilizaron las claves de Dale y para la identificación preliminar de especies se utilizaron las de Álvarez. En el Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape se recolectaron cuatro ejemplares, en el Coto de Caza el Angolo 55 y en la Reserva Nacional de Tumbes, 271. Se registraron siete especies: Amblyoma cajennense, A. dissimile, A. maculatum y A. testudinis; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus y R. sanguineus y una especie no identificada del género Haemaphysalis.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para estimar a prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em pombos-das-rochas em diferentes regiões de Punjab, Paquistão. Um total de 120 aves foram capturadas de março de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019. Os ectoparasitas foram coletados por procedimentos padrão e preservados em etanol 70% contendo uma gota de glicerina. Os dados relativos à idade, estado de saúde, sexo, tipo de área, local de amostragem e época do ano foram coletados em formulário padronizado. Os ectoparasitas foram identificados com base nas características morfológicas por meio de chaves de identificação. Noventa e seis (80%) aves estavam infestadas com ectoparasitas. Um total de sete famílias e treze espécies de diferentes ectoparasitas foram observados. Principalmente, sete espécies de piolhos, duas espécies de moscas, uma espécie de carrapato e três espécies de ácaros foram recuperadas de aves infestadas. Os pombos fêmeas foram infestados mais frequentemente (89,02%) do que os pombos machos (60,52%). A prevalência encontrada foi maior no verão (100%) em comparação com as outras estações. A taxa de infestação foi maior na área Industrial (97,50%) em relação às demais regiões. A maior prevalência de ectoparasitas (100%) foi registrada no distrito de Sargodha. Houve variação significativa (P <0,05) entre o número de ectoparasitas na asa, tórax, cauda e pescoço dentro das faixas etárias, estações do ano e zonas ecológicas. A ocorrência de parasitas em relação à área, idade, estado de saúde, sexo e estação do ano foi significativa. A taxa de infestação de parasitas em pombo-correio é alta em diferentes distritos de Punjab. Recomenda-se que essas aves selvagens infestadas com várias espécies de ectoparasitas possam ser a fonte potencial de infestações em aves domesticadas se entrarem em contato com elas. O contato de aves domesticadas deve ser evitado com aves selvagens para minimizar a chance de transmissão cruzada de ectoparasitas.

Abstract The current study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in rock pigeons in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 birds were captured from March 2017 to February 2019. The ectoparasites were collected by standard procedures and preserved in 70% ethanol containing one drop of glycerin. Data related to age, health status, sex, type of area, sampling location and season were collected using a standardized form. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological characteristics by using identification keys. Ninety-six (80%) birds were infested with ectoparasites. A total of seven families and thirteen species of different ectoparasites were observed. Mainly, seven species of lice, two species of flies, one species of tick and three species of mites were recovered from infested birds. The female pigeons were more often infested (89.02%) than male pigeons (60.52%). The prevalence was found higher during summer (100%) as compared to other seasons. The infestation rate was higher in Industrial area (97.50%) as compared to other regions. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites (100%) was recorded from Sargodha district. There was significant (P < 0.05) variation among number of ectoparasites on wing, chest, tail and neck within age groups, seasons and ecological zones. The occurrence of parasites in relation to area, age, health status, sex and season were significant. The infestation rate of parasites in rock pigeon is high in different districts of Punjab. It is recommended that these wild birds infested with multiple species of ectoparasites could be the potential source of infestations in domesticated birds if they come in contact with them. The contact of domesticated birds should be prevented from wild birds to minimize the chance of cross species transmission of ectoparasites.