Resumo A cultura do milho é utilizada na alimentação humana, pecuária e avícola, bem como na panificação, flocos de milho, xarope de milho, amido de milho e óleos de milho. O estudo de campo consistiu em um ensaio experimental sobre a incidência desse complexo de insetos-praga na cultivar de milho Azam durante a temporada de Kharif 2020 na Estação de Pesquisa Agrícola, Baffa, Mansehra. O ensaio foi estabelecido no Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) e, em seguida, dividido em três repetições. O resultado obtido no ensaio mostrou que várias espécies de pragas foram registradas durante o período experimental; no entanto, foi observado um baixo nível da população. As espécies de insetos obtidas foram pulgão-da-folha-do-milho (6,90 ± 5,5) – por polegada quadrada –, cigarrinha-do-milho (1,32 ± 0,63), broca-do-caule-do-milho (0,63 ± 0,29), besouro-da-pulga-do-milho (0,43 ± 0,28), tripses (0,38 ± 0,22), lagarta-cabeluda (0,21 ± 0,22), gafanhoto (0,17 ± 0,11) e mosca (0,11 ± 0,08) ao longo da temporada

Abstract The maize crop is used as food for humans, livestock and poultries forms, it is also used in bread making, corn flakes, corn syrup, corn starch and corn oils. The field study consisted of one experimental trial, about the incidence of that insect pest complex on maize cultivar Azam during the Kharif season 2020 at the Agricultural, Research Station, Baffa, Mansehra. The trial was laid out in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and then it was divided into three replications. The result obtained from the trial showed that a number of the pest species were recorded during the experimental period; however, the population was noticed at a low level. The obtained insect species were corn leaf aphid (6.90 ± 5.5) per square inch, corn leafhopper (1.32 ± 0.63), maize stem borer (0.63 ± 0.29), corn flea beetle (0.43 ± 0.28), Thrips (0.38 ± 0.22), Hairy caterpillar (0.21 ± 0.22), Grasshopper (0.17 ± 0.11) and shoot fly (0.11 ± 0.08) throughout the season

Resumo O estudo de pesquisa de campo foi realizado na temporada (2017). A soja e as ervas daninhas foram amostradas semanalmente de forma aleatória. Tripes adultos foram identificados e contados. A detecção do vírus isolado e a incidência natural foram determinadas usando transmissão mecânica, gama de hospedeiros, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR. A incidência natural de tripes em indivíduos foi detectada dependendo da % de SVNV em tripes e hospedeiros infestantes. Dez espécies de tripes foram associadas a plantas de soja no campo. A espécie mais abundante foi T. tabaci, com média de 256,5 número médio de indivíduos, seguida por F. occidentalis (142,5) e N. variabilis (86,6 / número médio de indivíduos). Catorze espécies de tripes ocorreram em 5 culturas de leguminosas e 41 espécies de plantas daninhas dentro de campos de soja. O maior número médio de 40,6 indivíduos foi registrado em Ammi majus. Enquanto o mais baixo, 3,3 número médio de indivíduos, foi no Urtica urens. Apenas 21 espécies de plantas diagnosticadas foram suscetíveis à infecção com SVNV. G. max e Vigna radiate foram os maiores percentuais de infecção, 80%, seguidos por V. unguilata e N. benthamiana, 75%. O isolado egípcio neste estudo mostrou um alto grau de similaridade e está intimamente relacionado ao TSWV do Egito (DQ479968) e ao TCSV dos EUA (KY820965), com identidade de sequência de nucleotídeos de 78%. Quatro espécies de tripes transmitiram SVNV (F. fusca 4,0%, F. schultzei 4,3%, F. tritici 3,3% e N. variabilis 68,0% de transmissão). Tanto C. phaseoli quanto M. sjostedti podem adquirir o vírus, mas não podem transmiti-lo. As seguintes espécies, T. tabaci, F. occidentalis, S. dorsallis e T. palmi não podem adquirir ou transmitir SVNV. A incidência de SVNV no campo, iniciada no final de julho, aumentou gradativamente de 12,7 para 71,3% no final da temporada. Em conclusão, poucos indivíduos de tripes invadiram a cultura da soja e são suficientes para transmitir alta taxa de SVNV dentro da cultura. Além disso, várias espécies de vetores também abundam em ervas daninhas, que são as principais fontes dos vírus da soja transmitidos às lavouras. Essas informações podem ser importantes para controlar e reduzir a incidência de infecção por SVNV.

Abstract Field survey study was conducted season (2017). Soybeans and weeds were weekly sampled randomly. Thrips adults were identified and counted. Detection of the virus isolate and the natural incidence was determined using; Mechanical transmission, host range, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR. The natural incidence thrips individuals was detected depending on the SVNV% in thrips individuals and weeds hosts. Ten thrips species were associated with soybean plants in the field. The most abundant species was T. tabaci, average 256.5 average no.of individuals, followed by F. occidentalis (142.5 average no. of individuals), then N. variabilis (86.6/ average no. of individuals). Fourteen thrips species occurred on 5 legumes field crops and 41 weed plant species within soybean field. The highest average number 40.6.of individuals were recorded on Ammi majus. While the lowest one 3.3 average no. of individuals were on Urtica urens. Only 21diagnostic plant species were susceptible to infection with SVNV. G. max and Vigna radiate, were the highest percentage of infection 80% followed by V. unguilata & N. benthamiana, 75%. Egyptian isolate of Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) in this study showed a high degree of similarity and it is closely related to TSWV from Egypt (DQ479968) and TCSV from USA (KY820965) with nucleotide sequence identity of 78%. Four thrips species transmitted SVNV (F. fusca 4.0%, F. schultzei 4.3%, F. tritici 3.3% and N. variabilis 68.0% transmission). Both C. phaseoli and M. sjostedti can acquire the virus but unable to transmit it. The following species; T. tabaci, F. occidentalis, S. dorsallis and T. palmi cannot acquire or transmit SVNV. The incidence of SVNV in the field started by the end of July then increased gradualy from 12.7 to 71.3% by the end of the season. In conclusion, few thrips individuals invaded soybean crops are enough to transmit high rate of SVNV within the crop. Furthermore, several vector species are also abundant on weeds, which are the major sources of soybean viruses transmitted to the crops. This information might be important for control and reduce the incidence of SVNV infection.

Resumo As respostas funcionais de larvas de Chrysoperla carnea foram avaliadas em sete diferentes densidades de ninfas de 3º instar de Aphis craccivora e Gynaikothrips ficorum, a fim de descobrir a relação entre as densidades de predadores e suas presas, e sua capacidade de controle biológico de pulgões e tripes. Os resultados revelaram que todos os instares larvais testados de Ch. carnea apresentaram resposta de tipo II em relação à presa. Além disso, os coeficientes de taxa de ataque (a) e tempo de manejo (Th) diferiram entre os vários instares de crescimento do predador e para a espécie de presa. As larvas de 3º instar de Ch. carnea manifestaram a maior taxa de ataque (1,23 e 1,22) nas ninfas de 3º instar de A. craccivora e G. ficorum, respectivamente. Além disso, a maior taxa de predação máxima (Na máx.) (50,00 e 52,63) apresentou-se em ninfas de A. craccivora e G. ficorum, respectivamente, em comparação aos demais tratamentos. Assim, é possível concluir que o Ch. carnea pode ser considerado um agente de biocontrole promissor para o manejo de A. craccivora e G. ficorum.

Abstract The functional responses of Chrysoperla carnea larvae were evaluated at different seven densities of the 3rd instar nymphs of Aphis craccivora and Gynaikothrips ficorum in order to find out the relationship between predator densities and its prey by the, and also to find out their capability for biological control of aphids and thrips. Results revealed that all tested larval instars of Ch. carnea exhibited a type II response in relation to the prey. Moreover, the coefficients of attack rate (a) and handling time (Th) was differed among various growing instars of predator and for the prey species. The 3rd instar larvae of Ch. carnea manifested the highest attacking rate (1.23 and 1.22) on the 3rd instar nymphs of A. craccivora and G. ficorum, respectively. In addition it exhibited the highest maximum predation (Na max) (50.00 and 52.63) on A. craccivora and G. ficorum nymphs, respectively as compared with the other treatments. Accordingly, Ch. carnea could be considered as a promising bio-control agent for A. craccivora and G. ficorum management.

The use of protective netting is becoming an increasingly popular practice in the citrus industry in South Africa. However, data on its effects on biotic factors, particularly insect pests, are limited. This study focused on the effect nets have on key citrus pests in the Eastern Cape province. Orchards under nets and open orchards, of similar cultivars, ages and management practices, were monitored at several sites over two seasons for pest infestation and damage. Weekly monitoring was conducted for Thaumatotibia leucotreta infestation. Other pests were monitored either monthly or once a season. During the first season, T. leucotreta infestation was higher in orchards under nets, probably because, unlike the open orchards, the nets provided protection for the existing high levels of T. leucotreta. No T. leucotreta infestation was recorded in both orchard types in 2019. This was due to generally lower than usual pest abundance and dramatically improved area-wide management of T. leucotreta. Pheromone traps were used to monitor T. leucotreta males, including sterile moths used in a sterile insect technique programme. Although higher catches of wild T. leucotreta moths were recorded in orchards under nets, so too were there higher numbers of sterile moths and a higher ratio of sterile to wild moths, indicating the potential for better pest suppression for orchards under nets. Various other key pests were monitored during this time, with variable results for each species. Pests that were elevated under nets include Planococcus citri and Aonidiella aurantii. Pests that seemed to be lower under nets were Ceratitis capitata and Scirtothrips aurantii. Nets had no effect on Empoasca distinguenda, Penthimiola bella and Eriophyes sheldoni. These differences in pest levels in netted and open orchards trigger an important debate on whether nets are beneficial for or detrimental to the successful implementation of an integrated pest management programme.

Resumo As pragas sugadoras perfurantes do pimentão causam perdas significativas em sua produção. Considerando os efeitos indesejáveis dos pesticidas sintéticos, foram realizados estudos de campo para avaliar o impacto de novos pesticidas contra pragas de insetos sugadores perfurantes do pimentão, bem como os seus efeitos sobre alguns predadores e a produção de pimentão durante as épocas 2021 e 2022. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que todos os pesticidas testados suprimiram efetivamente as populações de insetos sugadores após 1,7,14 e 21 dias de tratamento ao longo de duas pulverizações durante duas temporadas. O Imidaclopride mostrou-se superior a todos os outros tratamentos quando registrou-se redução média (%) (98,91 e 97,27%) & (94,8 e 95,19%), (86,23 e 76,64%) & (80,92 e 88,55%) e (77,68 e 78,44%) & (90,70 e 68,57%) em mosca branca, pulgões e tripes, respectivamente, nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após a temporada de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Quanto ao efeito colateral dos inseticidas testados sobre os inimigos naturais, o Dimetoato induziu a maior diminuição (60,85 e 69,33%) & (54,02 e 63,41%), (65,52 e 64,74%) & (59,23 e 58,38%) e (64,24 e 59,48%) & (61,66 e 60,8%) em Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii e Coccinella spp. nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após as temporadas de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Pelo contrário, Spintoram induziu o menor efeito em Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii e Coccinella spp., registrando porcentagem de diminuição (25,41 e 19,84%) e (15,02 e 12,50%), (11,94 e 11,24%) & (16,99 e 18,02%) e (18,73 e 15,07%) e (18,35 e 18,38%) nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após as temporadas de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Com relação ao efeito dos inseticidas testados na produção de pimenta, todos os inseticidas testados aumentaram a produção de frutos de pimenta verde em comparação com o controle. O Imidaclopride alcançou os maiores rendimentos de frutos ao longo de duas temporadas (6,43 e 6,52 toneladas/alimentado) com aumento percentual no rendimento de 34,53 e 36,04% em relação ao controle após duas temporadas 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. sintéticos 202 2022 1714 1 7 14 1,7,1 2 mostrouse mostrou se registrouse registrou % (% 98,91 9891 98 91 (98,9 97,27% 9727 97 27 94,8 948 94 8 (94, 95,19%, 9519 95,19% , 95 19 95,19%) 86,23 8623 86 23 (86,2 76,64% 7664 76 64 80,92 8092 80 92 (80,9 88,55% 8855 88 55 77,68 7768 77 68 (77,6 78,44% 7844 78 44 90,70 9070 90 70 (90,7 68,57% 6857 57 branca tripes respectivamente naturais 60,85 6085 60 85 (60,8 69,33% 6933 69 33 54,02 5402 54 02 (54,0 63,41%, 6341 63,41% 63 41 63,41%) 65,52 6552 65 52 (65,5 64,74% 6474 74 59,23 5923 59 (59,2 58,38% 5838 58 38 64,24 6424 24 (64,2 59,48% 5948 48 61,66 6166 61 66 (61,6 60,8% 608 carnea spp contrário 25,41 2541 25 (25,4 19,84% 1984 84 15,02 1502 15 (15,0 12,50%, 1250 12,50% 12 50 12,50%) 11,94 1194 11 (11,9 11,24% 1124 16,99 1699 16 99 (16,9 18,02% 1802 18 18,73 1873 73 (18,7 15,07% 1507 07 18,35 1835 35 (18,3 18,38% 1838 6,43 643 6 43 (6,4 652 6,5 toneladas/alimentado toneladasalimentado toneladas alimentado 3453 34 53 34,5 3604 36 04 36,04 20 171 1,7, ( 98,9 989 9 (98, 97,27 972 94, (94 951 95,19 86,2 862 (86, 76,64 766 80,9 809 (80, 88,55 885 5 77,6 776 (77, 78,44 784 4 90,7 907 (90, 68,57 685 60,8 (60, 69,33 693 3 54,0 540 0 (54, 634 63,41 65,5 655 (65, 64,74 647 59,2 592 (59, 58,38 583 64,2 642 (64, 59,48 594 61,6 616 (61, 25,4 254 (25, 19,84 198 15,0 150 (15, 125 12,50 11,9 119 (11, 11,24 112 16,9 169 (16, 18,02 180 18,7 187 (18, 15,07 18,3 183 18,38 6,4 (6, 6, 345 34, 360 36,0 17 1,7 98, (98 97,2 (9 95,1 86, (86 76,6 80, (80 88,5 77, (77 78,4 90, (90 68,5 60, (60 69,3 54, (54 63,4 65, (65 64,7 59, (59 58,3 64, (64 59,4 61, (61 25, (25 19,8 15, (15 12,5 11, (11 11,2 16, (16 18,0 18, (18 (6 36, 1, 97, 95, (8 76, 88, (7 78, 68, 69, (5 63, 58, (2 19, (1 12,

Abstract Piercing sucking pests attacking sweet pepper plants cause significant losses to its yield. Considering the undesirable effects of synthetic pesticides, field studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of new pesticides against piercing sucking insect pests of sweet pepper, as well as, their effects on some predators and pepper yield along two seasons of 2021-2022. The obtained results indicated that all tested pesticides effectively suppressed the sucking insect populations (aphids, white fly, thrips) 1,7,14 and 21 days after treatment along two sprays during two seasons. Imidacloprid proved to be the superior one over all other treatments where it recorded mean reduction% (98.91 and 97.27%) & (94.8 and 95.19%), (86.23 and 76.64%) & (80.92 and 88.55%) and (77.68 and 78.44%) & (90.70 and 68.57%) in white fly, aphids and thrips, respectively at 1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. As for side effects of tested insecticides on natural enemies, Dimethoate induced the highest decrease (60.85 and 69.33%) & (54.02 and 63.41%), (65.52 and 64.74%) & (59.23 and 58.38%) and (64.24 and 59.48%) & (61.66 and 60.8%) on Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii and Coccinella spp at 1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. On contrary, Spintoram induced the lowest effects on Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii and Coccinella spp, recording decrease percent (25.41 and 19.84%) & (15.02 and 12.50%), (11.94 and 11.24%) (16.99 and 18.02%) and (18.73 and15.07%) & (18.35 and18.38%) at1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. With respect to the effect of tested insecticides on pepper yield, all tested insecticides increased the yield of green pepper fruits compared with control. Imidacloprid achieved the highest fruit yields along two seasons 6.43 and 6.52 (ton / fed.4200 m2) with increase percent 34.53 and 36.04% in yield over control at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. 20212022. 20212022 2022. 2021-2022 aphids, (aphids fly thrips 1714 1 7 14 1,7,1 2 reduction 98.91 9891 98 91 (98.9 97.27% 9727 97 27 94.8 948 94 8 (94. 95.19%, 9519 95.19% , 95 19 95.19%) 86.23 8623 86 23 (86.2 76.64% 7664 76 64 80.92 8092 80 92 (80.9 88.55% 8855 88 55 77.68 7768 77 68 (77.6 78.44% 7844 78 44 90.70 9070 90 70 (90.7 68.57% 6857 57 st nd 202 enemies 60.85 6085 60 85 (60.8 69.33% 6933 69 33 54.02 5402 54 02 (54.0 63.41%, 6341 63.41% 63 41 63.41%) 65.52 6552 65 52 (65.5 64.74% 6474 74 59.23 5923 59 (59.2 58.38% 5838 58 38 64.24 6424 24 (64.2 59.48% 5948 48 61.66 6166 61 66 (61.6 60.8% 608 carnea contrary 25.41 2541 25 (25.4 19.84% 1984 84 15.02 1502 15 (15.0 12.50%, 1250 12.50% 12 50 12.50%) 11.94 1194 11 (11.9 11.24% 1124 16.99 1699 16 99 (16.9 18.02% 1802 18 18.73 1873 73 (18.7 and15.07% and1507 and15 07 18.35 1835 35 (18.3 and18.38% and1838 and18 atst 643 6 43 6.4 652 6.5 ton fed4200 fed 4200 fed.420 m2 m 3453 34 53 34.5 3604 36 04 36.04 2021202 2021-202 171 1,7, 98.9 989 9 (98. 97.27 972 94. (94 951 95.19 86.2 862 (86. 76.64 766 80.9 809 (80. 88.55 885 5 77.6 776 (77. 78.44 784 4 90.7 907 (90. 68.57 685 20 60.8 (60. 69.33 693 3 54.0 540 0 (54. 634 63.41 65.5 655 (65. 64.74 647 59.2 592 (59. 58.38 583 64.2 642 (64. 59.48 594 61.6 616 (61. 25.4 254 (25. 19.84 198 15.0 150 (15. 125 12.50 11.9 119 (11. 11.24 112 16.9 169 (16. 18.02 180 18.7 187 (18. and15.07 and150 and1 18.3 183 and18.38 and183 6. fed420 420 fed.42 345 34. 360 36.0 202120 2021-20 17 1,7 98. (98 97.2 (9 95.1 86. (86 76.6 80. (80 88.5 77. (77 78.4 90. (90 68.5 60. (60 69.3 54. (54 63.4 65. (65 64.7 59. (59 58.3 64. (64 59.4 61. (61 25. (25 19.8 15. (15 12.5 11. (11 11.2 16. (16 18.0 18. (18 and15.0 and18.3 fed42 42 fed.4 36. 20212 2021-2 1, 97. ( 95. (8 76. 88. (7 78. 68. (6 69. (5 63. 58. (2 19. (1 12. and15. and18. fed4 fed. 2021-

ABSTRACT The mangaba Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) is more commercially viable than other native Cerrado fruit trees due to its nutritional properties and high production of fruit used in food products. Although thrips have been reported injuring mangaba, the identification of possible species of economic importance is not yet available. Thus, identifying species that may threaten mangaba plant health is a vital step in implementing management strategies. The aim of this present study was to survey thrips species during the reproductive stage of H. speciosa, determine the variety most susceptible to damage caused by these insects and to check whether the damage is economically important to this fruit tree. Thrips were collected from the ex-situ germplasm of the Agronomy School of the Federal University of Goiás, in Goiás state, Brazil. Twelve plants of three H. speciosa varieties (gardneri, cuyabensis and pubescens) were selected, from which 20 flowers and 20 fruits were assessed for the presence of thrips in September 2018 and 2019. A total of 1,306 thrips representing 13 species were collected from flowers. Of these, Frankliniella gemina was the most abundant. On the fruits, circular lesions were observed, initially as white spots that subsequently turned silver, possibly caused by Heliothrips longisensibilis. These injuries are superficial, rarely compromising large portions of the fruit, and do not cause economic damage. Therefore, thrips are not a primary threat to fruit production for fresh consumption or processing. Apocynaceae (Apocynaceae products available Thus strategies H tree exsitu ex situ state Brazil gardneri, gardneri (gardneri pubescens selected 2 201 2019 1306 1 306 1,30 abundant observed silver longisensibilis superficial Therefore processing 130 30 1,3 3 1,

Resumen Introducción. Los trips (Thysanoptera) incluyen una diversidad de especies fitófagas que tienen un impacto sobre el desarrollo de plantas de interés agrícola. Objetivo. Identificar la especie y daños del trips asociado al cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) en la región del Arco Seco de Panamá. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó durante el periodo de diciembre de 2020 hasta abril de 2021, en dos localidades con producción de cebolla en el Arco Seco de Panamá. Se realizaron cincuenta muestreos de plantas de cebolla por localidad. Se identificó la especie de trips presente, el número de especímenes de trips por estadio capturados, porcentaje de plantas con daños y características de los daños encontrados. Resultados. La especie Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Panchaeothripinae) causó laceraciones, manchas y secado de hojas de cebolla en el 80 % de las muestras de las plantas provenientes de la localidad de El Ejido. De los especímenes capturados, el 47,69 % eran hembras, 46,30 % inmaduros y 6,02 % machos. Conclusión. Se registró por primera vez daños en cebolla causados por C. phaseoli en la república de Panamá. El conocimiento que se generó constituye el paso inicial para la vigilancia fitosanitaria de dicha plaga en el cultivo de cebolla.

Abstract Introduction. Thrips (Thysanoptera) encompass a variety of phytophagous species that have an impact on the development of agriculturally important plants. Objective. To identify the species and damage caused by thrips associated with onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivation in the Arco Seco region of Panama. Materials and methods. The study was carried out from December 2020 to April 2021 in two onion-producing locations in the Arco Seco region of Panama. Fifty onion plant samples were taken per location. The species of thrips present, the number of thrips specimens captured in each life stage, the percentage of plants with damage and the characteristics of the damage were identified. Results. The species Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Panchaeothripinae) caused lacerations, spots, and leaf drying in 80 % of the onion plant samples from El Ejido locality. Among the captured specimens, 47.69 % were female, 46.30 % were immature, and 6.02 % were male. Conclusions. Damage to onions caused by C. phaseoli was recorded for the first time in the Republic of Panama. The knowledge generated represents the initial step for phytosanitary surveillance of this pest in onion cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. Algunas especies de trips del género Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) son de importancia cuarentenaria en diversos cultivos en la región Centroamericana, sin embargo, diversas especies de dicho género han sido reportadas como parte de la fauna visitadora de la floración, no solo en plantas con producción agrícola. Objetivo. Registrar las especies de Frankliniella asociadas a los árboles de aguacate y sus arvenses, en la región central de Costa Rica y presentar una clave para la identificación de dichos trips. Materiales y métodos. Los muestreos se realizaron cada dos meses en tres diferentes zonas en la región central de Costa Rica, durante los años 2019 y 2021. Los trips del aguacate y de las plantas arvenses se recolectaron mediante el golpe de ramas, estos fueron preparados para su visualización en un microscopio convencional de luz e identificados por medio de su morfología. Resultados. Se identificaron veintidós especies de Frankliniella, dieciocho de ellas se asociaron a arvenses que crecen en los mismos cultivares, mientras que cinco especies se asociaron directamente al follaje y flor del árbol de aguacate. Conclusión. En la región central de Costa Rica, del género Frankliniella se encontraron tres especies: F. alonso, F. doris y F. nita sobre el árbol de aguacate durante la etapa de floración, una sola especie del follaje: F. sandovalensis y una sola especie tanto en el follaje como en la floración: F. cephalica.

Abstract Introduction. Some species of thrips in the genus Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are of quarantine importance in various crops in the Central American region. Meanwhile, several species of this genus have been reported as part of the visitor fauna and flowering plants, not only in plants with agricultural production. Objective. To record the species of Frankliniella associated with avocado trees and their cultivars weeds in the central region of Costa Rica and to present a key for the identification of these thrips. Materials and methods. Sampling was carried out every two months in three different zones in the central region of Costa Rica during the years 2019 to 2021. Thrips from avocado and weeds were collected by tapping branches and were prepared for viewing under a conventional light microscope and identified by their morphology. Results. Twenty-two species of Frankliniella were identified, eighteen of which were associated with weeds growing in the same cultivars, while five species were directly associated with the foliage and flowers of the avocado tree. Conclusion. In the central region of Costa Rica, three species of the genus Frankliniella were found on the avocado tree during flowering stage: F. alonso, F. doris and F. nita, one species on the foliage: F. sandovalensis, and one species on both foliage and flowering: F. cephalica.

Resumen Introducción. La sandía (Citrullus lanatus L.) es un cultivo importante en la zona de Puerto la Boca, que requiere del desarrollo de nuevas alternativas tecnológicas como los injertos para contrarrestar los problemas de plagas (áfidos, trips y mosca blanca) y enfermedades como el mildiu velloso (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de injertos de sandía y su rentabilidad. Materiales y métodos. Los ensayos fueron implementados en campo en un diseño experimental de bloques completamente aleatorios, donde se realizaron 10 tratamientos y 10 repeticiones. Los tratamientos resultaron de la combinación de 4 patrones de zapallo, 2 injertos de sandía y 2 testigos. Los patrones fueron: P1: alamama, P2: zapallo manabita, P3: zapallo verde y P4: zapallo guitarrilla grande. Los injertos fueron: I1: sandía quetzalí e I2: sandía charleston gray y los testigos fueron los 2 últimos materiales. Las variables de respuestas fueron, altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas, número de guías, número de entrenudos, porcentaje de severidad del mildiu polvoso, número de flores, número de cuaje, número de frutos, volumen de fruto y peso de frutos. En poscosecha se evaluó el índice de refacción en núcleo, porcentaje de sólidos totales y temperatura. Se hizo un análisis de beneficio/costo de los tratamientos a través de presupuestos parciales. Resultados. Hubo un 91,06% de germinación de la semilla de las variedades de zapallo y sandía. Para transplantar, se colectaron 798 plantas injertadas (83,13%). La rentabilidad máxima (Beneficio/costo) de los frutos fue de US $3,80 por la venta en supermercado y de US $1,90 por la venta en el mercado de abasto de Jipijapa. Conclusión. Hubo una alta germinación de semilla de las variedades de zapallo y sandía, obteniéndose suficientes plantas para el trasplante a campo. Los injertos entre quetzalí y zapallo verde, mostraron vigor y sanidad parecida al testigo quetzalí.

Abstract Introduction. Water melon (Citrullus lanatus L.) is an important crop in Puerto la Boca area, this area requires the development of new technological alternatives such as grafts to counteract pest problems (aphids, thrips and whitefly) and diseases such as mildew velloso (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). Objective. Evaluate the agronomic behavior of grafted watermelon plants and their profitability. Materials and methods. The tests were implemented in the field in an experimental design of completely random blocks, where 10 treatments and 10 repetitions were applied. The treatments resulted from the combination of 4 patrons of zapallo, 2 grafted watermelon and the control. The patrons were: P1: alamama, P2: zapallo manabita, P3: zapallo verde and P4: zapallo guitarrilla grande. The injections were: I1: sandia quetzali and I2: sandia charleston gray and the control were the last materials. The response variables where plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of guides, number of internodes, percentage of severity of mildiu octopus, number of flowers, number of fruit sets, number of fruits, volume of fruit and weight of fruits. Afterwards, the core refactoring index, percentage of total solids and temperature were evaluated. A benefit/cost analysis of the treatments was carried out through partial assumptions. Results. There was a 91.06% germination of seed of zapallo and watermelon varieties. 798 grafted plants were transplanted 83.13%. The highest profitability (benefit/cost) of the fruits was US $3.80 at the supermarket and US $1.90 at the Jipijapa supply market. Conclusion. There was a high germination of seeds of the varieties of zapallo and watermelon, obtaining enough plants for field transplantation. The grafting between quetzali and zapallo verde, showed vigor and sanity similar to the control quetzali.

SUMMARY Thrips and aphids are among the important sanitary limitations to lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa L.) production in the Green Belt of Córdoba (CVC) (Córdoba, Argentina). The objectives of this work were: a) to evaluate the attraction efficiency of blue, white and yellow sticky traps for thrips and aphids in lettuce crops, b) to characterize the correlation between the catches of aphids and thrips in the traps and the density of these insects in lettuce plants, and c) to determine the utility of chromatic adhesive traps for the evaluation of different pest management treatments. After two years of field tests (20182019 and 2019-2020) in conventional and agroecological farms in the CVC, it was determined that blue and white traps were the most effective against thrips, and yellow traps were the most effective against aphids. As for thrips, traps proved to be a useful tool for monitoring these pests since a positive correlation was observed between captures in traps and their density in the crop. The response of aphid populations for garlic extract and chemical control treatments did not differ statistically, suggesting the potential of this bioinput as a lettuce management tool in conventional crops.

RESUMEN Trips y pulgones se encuentran entre las principales limitaciones sanitarias para la producción de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) en el Cinturón Verde de Córdoba (CVC) (Córdoba, Argentina). Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: a) evaluar la eficacia de atracción de trampas adhesivas de color azul, blanco y amarillo para trips y pulgones en el cultivo de lechuga, b) caracterizar la correlación entre las capturas de pulgones y trips en las trampas y la densidad de estos insectos en plantas de lechuga y c) determinar la utilidad de las trampas adhesivas cromáticas para la evaluación de distintos tratamientos sanitarios. Por medio de ensayos realizados durante dos campañas (20182019 y 2019-2020) en establecimientos productivos con manejo convencional y agroecológico, se determinó que las trampas azules y blancas fueron las más eficientes para trips, y las trampas amarillas para pulgones. En el caso de trips, pueden ser una herramienta útil para su monitoreo en el cultivo, en tanto se observó una correlación positiva entre capturas en trampas y su densidad en plantas. La respuesta observada en pulgones para ajo y control químico no difiere estadísticamente, lo que sugiere el potencial de este bioinsumo como alternativa para lechuga en planteos de manejo convencional.

Abstract New host wasps attacked by Mirothrips arbiter (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) are recorded and their possible feeding on fungi and mites in colonies of Polistes melanosoma and Polistes ferreri is evaluated. No predation events on mites or fungal ingestion were observed, indicating that these thrips only use wasp eggs as food. Thrips do not parasitize wasps' bodies, they only live at the expense of their colonies, where they find food and shelter. However, as these insects feed on the immature stages of the wasps, it is possible that they cause or accelerate colony decline. Given this, we can say that the ecological relationship between thrips and social wasps is that of social parasitism, that is, thrips are parasites of wasps colonies, they depend directly on them for their survival and cause damage to them. From our findings, the number of host wasp species of this thrips rose to five, all belonging to the Polistinae subfamily.

Resumen Se registran nuevas avispas hospedantes atacadas por Mirothrips arbiter (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) y se evalúa su posible alimentación de hongos y ácaros en colonias de Polistes melanosoma y Polistes ferreri. No se observó ningún evento de depredación sobre ácaros o ingesta de hongos, lo que indica que estos trips sólo usan los huevos de las avispas como alimento. Los trips no parasitan el cuerpo de las avispas, solamente viven a expensas de sus colonias, donde encuentran alimento y refugio. Sin embargo, como estos insectos se alimentan de las etapas inmaduras de las avispas, es posible que provoquen o aceleren el declive de las colonias. Ante esto, podemos decir que la relación ecológica entre los trips y las avispas sociales es de parasitismo social, o sea, los trips son parásitos de las colonias de avispas, dependen directamente de ellas para su supervivencia y les causan daños. A partir de nuestros hallazgos, el número de especies de avispas hospedantes de este trips se elevó a cinco, todas pertenecientes a la subfamilia Polistinae.

Abstract The first record of the chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis in Peru is reported, based on specimens collected during July and April 2022-2023 on blueberry plants. The specific identification was based on the morphological characters of the adult and molecular evidence.

Resumen Se informa el primer registro del trips del chile Scirtothrips dorsalis en Perú, con base en ejemplares recolectados durante julio y abril 2022-2023 sobre plantas de arándano. La identificación específica se fundamentó en los caracteres morfológicos del adulto y de evidencia molecular.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar uma escala logarítmica diagramática para avaliar os danos causados pelo tripes do feijoeiro, Caliothrips phaseoli, em amendoim (Arachis hypogaea). Folíolos de plantas de amendoim infectadas artificialmente foram coletados, e a área foliar danificada (DLA) foi calculada com uso do programa SisCob. Foram desenvolvidas escalas com seis, sete, oito e nove classes, e a amplitude de cada classe foi obtida com o programa 2-LOG. Os folíolos foram analisados por 12 avaliadores com uso das quatro escalas propostas. As escalas foram validadas quanto à: precisão e acurácia, por meio da regressão linear entre a DLA e a área estimada; e reprodutibilidade, pela regressão linear entre as estimativas dos avaliadores combinadas em pares. A escala de oito classes apresenta os melhores resultados em termos de acurácia e precisão, bem como alta reprodutibilidade. feijoeiro phaseoli Arachis hypogaea. hypogaea . hypogaea) coletados (DLA SisCob seis sete 2LOG. 2LOG LOG 2 LOG. 2-LOG 1 propostas à estimada reprodutibilidade pares

Abstract The objective of this work was to develop and validate a diagrammatic logarithmic scale to evaluate the damage caused by the Caliothrips phaseoli bean thrips to peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Leaflets of artificially infected peanut plants were collected, and the damaged leaf area (DLA) was calculated using the SisCob software. Six-, seven-, eight-, and nine-class scales were developed, and the range of each class was obtained with the 2-LOG software. The leaflets were analyzed by 12 raters using the four proposed scales. The scales were validated as to: precision and accuracy, using the linear regression between the DLA and estimated area; and reproducibility, by the linear regression between the estimations of the raters combined in pairs. The eight-class scale shows the best results in terms of accuracy and precision, as well as a high reproducibility. Arachis hypogaea. hypogaea . hypogaea) collected (DLA software Six, Six , Six- seven, seven seven- eight, eight eight- nineclass nine developed 2LOG LOG 2 1 reproducibility pairs eightclass

ABSTRACT Frankliniella occidentalis is a pest persistent that attacks the Mexican lemon fruit. Given this, the effect of biorational insecticides on thrips pest management and the impact on natural enemies for the cultivation of Mexican lemon in Michoacán, Mexico, was evaluated, in a completely randomized design, with twelve treatments and ten repetitions; the experimental unit was a tree. The variance data homogeneity test, ANOVA, and Tukey’s comparison of means (p ≤ 0.05) were applied. In the data collection, a previous sampling was done as the starting point of the study and comparison. After treatments, samples were taken at 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35, and 41 days later. The study variables were: 1) the number of Frankliniella occidentalis thrips; 2) The number of Olla v-nigrum lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); 3) The number of lacewings Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); 4) The number of phytoseiids [predatory mites] Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Garlic extract + chamomile and rue extract reduced the thrips population by 58.47; 9.30; 71.43; 40.20; 50.17; 90.37 and 99.67 % at 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35, and 41 days after application, respectively. Tolfenpyrad reached its greatest effect by reducing the coccinellid population by 100 % at 3, 6, 12, 26, and 41 days after application. Garlic oil proved to be a good option for thrips control by reducing its population by an average of 60 % and increasing phytoseiid mites by 800 %.

RESUMEN Frankinella occidentalis es una plaga muy persistente que ataca al limón mexicano. Ante ello, se evaluó el efecto de insecticidas biorracionales para el manejo de trips plaga y el impacto sobre los enemigos naturales para el cultivo de limón mexicano en Michoacán, México, en un diseño completamente al azar, con doce tratamientos y diez repeticiones; la unidad experimental fue un árbol. Se aplicó la prueba de homogeneidad de datos de las varianzas, ANOVA y comparación de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). En la recolección de datos, se hizo un muestreo previo como punto de inicio del estudio y comparación. Posterior a los tratamientos, se realizaron muestreos a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días después. Las variables de estudio fueron: 1) Número de trips Frankinella occidentalis; 2) Número de catarinas Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); 3) Número de crisopas Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); 4) Número de fitoseidos [ácaros depredadores] Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). El Extracto de ajo + extracto de manzanilla y ruda redujo la población de trips en un 58,47; 9,30; 71,43; 40,20; 50,17; 90,37 y 99,67 % a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días después de la aplicación respectivamente. El Tolfenpyrad alcanzó su mayor efecto de al disminuir en un 100 % la población de coccinélidos a los 3, 6, 12, 26 y 41 días después de la aplicación. El Aceite de ajo mostró ser una buena opción para el control de trips al disminuir la su población en un promedio de 60 %, e incrementó en un 800 % los ácaros fitoseidos.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to morphologically identify the thrips associated with blueberry cultivation in the municipalities of Xalisco and Tepic, Nayarit; Also, biorational insecticides were evaluated for their management. During 2022, thrips were captured directly in the crop with the knockdown technique. Insecticides were applied with 5 L manual sprayers, 8-lb pressure, and a full cone nozzle extension. Five applications were made at 15 days intervals. In Xalisco, eight species of thrips were recorded, while in Tepic only Scirtothrips dorsalis was registered, which predominated in both properties. Formulated products based on cinnamon extract, garlic, azadirachtin, mustard, a regional control Spintor® (Spinosad), and an absolute control (water) were evaluated individually. The cinnamon extract was the most effective biorational with 73.5 % control, while the mustard extract obtained 32.44 % being the least effective. The previous results show that the thrips fauna in the blueberry crop is diverse and is mostly represented by S. dorsalis, which is a pest species of this crop in other producing states, in addition, biorational products were found with the potential to be incorporated in an integrated thrips management program.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar morfológicamente los trips asociados al cultivo de arándanos en los municipios de Xalisco y Tepic, Nayarit; además de evaluar insecticidas biorracionales para su manejo. Durante el año 2022, se capturaron trips con la técnica de derribo directamente en el cultivo. Los insecticidas se aplicaron con aspersores manuales de 5 L, de 8 lb de presión y extensión con boquilla de cono lleno. Se realizaron cinco aplicaciones con intervalos de 15 días. En Xalisco se registraron ocho especies de trips, mientras que en Tepic se registró a Scirtothrips dorsalis, misma que predominó en ambos municipios. Se evaluaron individualmente productos formulados a base de extracto de canela, ajo, azadiractina, mostaza, un testigo regional Spintor® (Spinosad) y un testigo absoluto (agua). El extracto de canela fue el biorracional más efectivo con 73.5 % de control, mientras que el extracto de mostaza obtuvo un 32.44 % siendo el menos efectivo. Los resultados demuestran que la fauna de trips en el cultivo de arándano es diversa, mayormente representada por S. dorsalis la cual es una especie plaga de este cultivo en otros estados productores, además, se encontraron productos biorracionales con potencial para ser incorporados en un programa de manejo integrado de trips. Estos resultados sientan las bases para tener más herramientas para el manejo de estas especies plaga en el cultivo de arándano.