ABSTRACT "We are the trash, but the most important thing." The expression of a chambermaid sums up the fundamental tension of the so-called "care crisis", between the subordination of its protagonists due to the intersection of gender, class and foreign inequalities and the essential nature of this work for the sustain-ability of social life. This research adopts this perspective to offer proposals for improving the socio-legal methodology for analysing care-related rights. It does so based on the sector of chambermaids in tourist establishments in Spain and in particular through the experience of the Seville Union of Chambermaids (Kellys). Their experience allows us to reformulate the legal approach to their social rights. To this end, we present (1) the main violations of rights they identify; (2) the political-legal analysis these workers carry out on the inequalities that underlie these discriminations, as well as some reform proposals; and (3) the strategies for protection and self-protection of rights that they implement, both individually and collectively.

RESUMEN "Somos la basurilla, pero lo más importante." La expresión de una camarera de piso resume la tensión fundamental de la llamada "crisis de los cuidados", entre la subordinación de sus protagonistas por la intersección de las desigualdades de género, clase y extranjería y el carácter esencial de esa labor para la sostenibilidad de la vida social. Esta investigación adopta dicha perspectiva para ofrecer propuestas para mejorar la metodología socio-jurídica de análisis de los derechos relacionados con el cuidado. Lo hace a partir del sector de camareras de piso de establecimientos turísticos en España y en particular a través de la experiencia del Sindicato de Camareras de Piso (Kellys) de Sevilla. Su experiencia permite reformular el abordaje jurídico de sus derechos sociales. Para ello se exponen (1) las principales vulneraciones de derechos que identifican; (2) el análisis político-jurídico que las trabajadoras realizan sobre las desigualdades que subyacen a esas discriminaciones, así como algunas propuestas de reforma; y (3) las estrategias de tutela y autotutela de derechos que implementan, tanto individuales como colectivas.

Human health and well-being are directly and indirectly dependent on the life of river systems. Life in river systems is increasingly dependent on human actions that bring river health into being. Rather than describing river health as thing, problem or management challenge, this paper explores how river health is brought into being, through the citizen science practices of the Amanzi Ethu Nobuntu project in the upper uMngeni catchment in South Africa. The study draws on focal data produced by citizen science practitioners, as interpreted by them in collaboration with partners in the catchment, and their reflections on the meaning(s) of river health and how it came into being. Drawing on the concepts of citizen science as a co-learning process, integrative views of One Health, and commoning as activity the study offers a rich interpretation on how river health comes into being. The study shows the complex interrelated practices involved, including practices of resolving leaks and pollution challenges, social and community engagement, and the co-learning involved in citizen science practices itself. It offers insight into the social-ecological and ethical-political ontological dynamics of river health commoning activity thus offering alternatives to reductionist approaches to bringing river health into being, potentially also enriching tools for river health reporting. SIGNIFICANCE: The significance of the main findings of Sustainability Science Engagement and Engaged Sustainability Sciences includes how citizen science can be key for engaging local communities in sustainability research around sustainability challenges, such as river health, by linking to the health of the people and their everyday engagements with the river. Further contributions include conceptualising sustainability science engagement co-leaming processes of being in common around a shared matter of concern, such as bringing river health into being beyond technical specifications. Contributions are also made by highlighting how sustainability science engagement can result in richness in terms of knowing sustainability challenges.

In hierdie bydrae sal aangetoon word op welke wyse Hegel in die Phänomenologie des Geistes (1988; hierma FvdG (2013)) betoog dat subjek en objek nie afsonderlik van mekaar bedink kan word nie. Die antwoord op hierdie vraagstuk lê in 'n bepaalde toeëiening van die begrip van die absolute wat as dialektiese bemiddeling tussen subjek en objek dien, waaruit die begrip van selfbewussyn na vore tree. Selfbewussyn is nie alleen 'n hoër vorm van subjektiwiteit nie, maar vorm deel van die groter werklikheid van subjek en objek. Enersyds is die belangrikheid van hierdie vraagstuk van so 'n aard dat dit verdien om geïsoleerd binne Hegel se Phänomenologie bespreek te word, en andersyds moet die vraagstuk gekontekstualiseer word sodat die wyer debatte waarbinne Hegel se antwoord op hierdie aangeleentheid neerslag vind, ook die nodige aandag kry. Ten slotte moet daar ook gewys word op die posisie wat hierdie onderwerp binne Hegel se eie sisteem beklee, naamlik as oorgang tot die begrip van Anerkennung, bloot om die problematiek van denke oor die selfbewussyn as geïsoleerde onderwerp uit te wys. Die debat rondom die verhouding tussen subjek en objek sal vanaf Kant gerekonstrueer word, met die twee sleutelfigure van Fichte en Schelling as verteenwoordigers van uiteenlopende strominge waaruit Hegel geput het. Beide staan egter 'n bemiddelende, spekulatiewe toevoeging tot die subjek-objek-verhouding, die absolute, voor. By Fichte staan die absolute nader aan die subjek en by Schelling die objek, oftewel die natuur. Hegel neem elemente by beide oor maar behou die absolute as bemiddeling. In die eerste drie hoofstukke van Hegel se Fenomenologie van die Gees (FvdG) word die objektiewe aanspraak wat die wetenskap op die waarheid maak ondersoek en word dit as ontoereikend aangebied aan die hand van die inherent weersprekende begrippe (dat 'n ding tegelyk uit 'n eenheid en veelheid van kragte kan bestaan) waarvan dit noodwendig gebruik maak om wetenskap te kan wees. Hiermee wil Hegel nie die wetenskaplike metode as sodanig irrelevant verklaar nie, maar poog om die groter beweging wat die begrip van objektiewe eksterne werklikheid moontlik maak, te identifiseer en uiteindelik te inkorporeer by 'n meer omvangryke begrip van waarheid. Sodanige omvangryke begrip sal noodwendig rekening moet hou met die subjektiewe; die verstandsaktiwiteit waaruit begrippe gevorm word. Anders as by sy voorgangers (Descartes en Kant) beweer Hegel egter nie dat die subjektiwiteit die werklikheid omvat nie, vandaar sy gebruik van die begrip van die fenomenologie, wat op die gebeurtenis van die verskynsels fokus. Die ware is nie 'n afgesonderde noumenale sfeer wat nooit deur die subjek geken kan word nie, maar ontvou as dít wat ten dele deur die subjektiewe, die interpreterende selfbewus-syn, oopgemaak word. Ten slotte dra die besef van die wederkerigheid van subjek en objek by tot die totstandkoming van die selfbewussyn, 'n begrip wat wys op die verweefdheid van bestaan (syn) en self. Drie fases van die objektiewe opvatting van die werklikheid word in die proses van die totstandkoming van selfbewussyn uitgedaag: die aansprake van die sintuiglike sekerheid, die waarneming (gegrond op Hume se sogenaamde "secondary impressions") en ten laaste die begrip van krag as dit wat onderliggend aan alle liggame is. Hegel wys daarop dat die selfbewussyn nie die resultaat, of passiewe waarnemer is van die werklikheid soos dit in die wetenskap voorgestel word nie, maar dat dit 'n noodsaaklike bydrae lewer om die werklikheid van die wetenskap te postuleer sonder om die gewaarwording tot subjektiwiteit te reduseer. Die objektiewe en die subjektiewe is nie twee geskeide domeine van die werklikheid nie, maar gee gelyktydig aan mekaar oorsprong. Laastens sal daarop gewys word dat selfbewussyn nie eenduidig is nie, maar in verhouding staan tot ander selfbewussyne.

This article will explore in what sense subject and object are considered reciprocally in Hegel's first three chapters in the Phenomenology of Spirit. The third chapter, although notoriously difficult to read, is one of the most important epistemological documents in modern philosophy. Hegel's approach will be traced within the debate stemming from Kant's transcendental philosophy mainly through Fichte and Schelling. It will be shown that Hegel incorporated elements from all these figures to arrive at his unique position. Kant's transcendental philosophy established the idea that the thinking consciousness contributes fundamentally to knowledge to the extent that knowledge is fully produced by the subject, and the true nature of the object is unattainable to consciousness. The widely held conclusion was that Kant S thought amounted to a too strong divide between subject and object. Fichte and Schelling managed, thanks to the notion of the absolute, to mediate between subject and object, thereby opening the door to Hegel's dialectics as a philosophy of mediation. Both Fichte and Schelling, as was the case, broadly speaking, with German Idealism taken as a whole, still considered thinking as an activity of being that contributes to the fulfilment of being, linking objects to consciousness. Fichte's "absolute I", a consciousness that precedes the consciousness of the self, standing over the self and the object, was deemed to resemble the Kantian subject too closely. Schelling's natural philosophy, on the other hand, situates the absolute within nature and consciousness as developing from within nature towards the deployment of the self. This approach was considered potentially falling back into a dogmatic mode of thinking. Even if these positions remain caught in problems they seek to overcome, they did make notable progress in addressing the question of the relation of the subject to the object in a modern context. Hegel develops his initial answer to this question in the Phenomenology of Spirit first as an inheritor of the Enlightenment, notably empiricism, but stands critical of its basic suppositions. He does not accept that complete knowledge is immediately accessible, and resorts to the notion of the Absolute to indicate that mediated knowledge leads to truth. Unlike Fichte, Reinhold and Schelling, he does not immediately introduce the absolute as a mediator of knowledge but arrives at it through counterarguments for the positions put forward by the assumption of immediate objective knowledge. This dialectic approach leads to the unfolding of consciousness, self-consciousness and Spirit. Our subjective contribution to knowledge production is also not assumed beforehand, like in Kant, but is the result of the confrontation with the assumptions made by experiential knowledge. Without subjectivity, knowledge of the unity of reality is impossible, as is knowledge of the difference between objects. Knowing objects according to their nature requires subjectivity from which order is established, but the subject experiences itself as standing in relation to objects. Consciousness is confronted by an outside world that must be made sense of. Not only is the establishment of the relation between subject and object important but according to Hegel, the subject's relation to the object is reflected in his self-understanding and self-consciousness. The notion of self-consciousness is revealed precisely by the relation between subject and object, but not before this relation. Hegel therefore starts his journey to the absolute through natural consciousness, a consciousness that takes immediate knowledge of objects around us as authoritative. One can call this immediate knowledge objective in the sense that it takes no queues from subjectivity. Hegel proceeds to critique objective knowledge, claiming that immediate knowledge doesn't reckon with the factor of time, and therefore cannot be the ultimate source of truth. This critique is ambivalent, as it does recognise the world of objects as a source for knowledge, however, this must be supplemented by our own consciousness in order to arrive at a deeper understanding of this knowledge. Consciousness becomes an essential ingredient necessary for understanding. The second chapter introduces perception as the measure of reality. Perception brings a multitude of things under a general principle, thereby creating an understanding between things and their general substance. This second approach to truth cannot explain how generality and particularity exist in the first place. Hegel moves to the notoriously difficult third chapter in which he describes the dynamic relation between force and understanding. Force is identified as the underlying dimension of external reality, but it has in turn to be postulated, making necessary the involvement of the understanding as hypothesising activity. At first, force is merely described in terms of its expressions, but acknowledgement of its fundamental trait as underlying the whole of physical reality without being a tangible thing, leads to the realisation of the role of the understanding. This realisation is self-consciousness. Self-consciousness becomes aware of its participative role in its determination of the underlying structures of reality, structures that are postulated, and not apparent. In the last section, it is pointed out that self-consciousness is not to be understood as standing alone concerning objects - self-consciousness also stands in relation to other-selves. Self-consciousness is not an object and cannot be fully determined as is the case with things. This does not form the primary concern of the article and will merely be described to point to the position of self-consciousness within the larger scheme of Hegel's thinking. This does not take away the importance that the topic under discussion here has for the development of Hegel's system, which is the reason for the focus given here.

Abstract: The notion of natura took on a transcendental meaning in medieval times. Essentially, human beings did not belong to a natural order, but rather a supernatural one. Hence, the important thing was not the search for an orientation toward nature above all, but the subsequent adaptation to the supernatural. Mortals experienced freedom in the realm of nature, but natura did not guarantee them the measure of morality. Human nature thus received its ultimate identification beyond its natural being; that is, on the transcendental plane. Judeo-Christianity assigned the main role of creation to humanity and the more it participated in the divine likeness, the less it differed from the Creator, thus taking the path to redemption. This article will address the relationship between medieval conceptions of nature and the belief that human beings were the only species created “in the image and likeness of God.” Having discussed this link, it will examine from a philosophical perspective how this belief has resulted in what I have called “theo-narcissism” before indicating possible ways to overcome this problem.

Resumen: En la Época Medieval la noción de natura adquirió un sentido trascendente. El ser humano, en esencia, no pertenecía a un orden natural, sino a uno sobrenatural; de ahí que lo relevante no fuese ante todo la búsqueda de la orientación hacia la naturaleza, sino la adecuación ulterior a lo sobrenatural. En el ámbito de la naturaleza los mortales experimentaban libertad, pero la natura no les garantizaba la medida de la moralidad. La naturaleza humana recibió así su identificación última fuera de su ser natural, es decir, en el plano trascendente. El judeocristianismo le atribuyó al ser humano el rol principal de la creación y mientras más partícipe era de la semejanza divina menos se diferenciaba del Creador, encaminándose de esta manera a la redención. En este artículo se abordará la relación entre las concepciones medievales de la naturaleza y la creencia de que el ser humano fue la única especie creada ‘a imagen y semejanza de Dios’. Develado este vínculo, se sondeará, desde una perspectiva filosófica, cómo ha redundado esta creencia en lo que he denominado “teonarcisismo” con el objetivo de señalar, finalmente, posibles formas de superación de esta problemática.

Abstract The new economic actors are part of the transforming process pursued by the Cuban nation in the search for greater economic-social development and are born under the protection of new legislation that bets on the participation of all sectors of the country. The preparation and education of its representatives are in the hands of the University, which establishes links with companies and the population in order to promote the necessary professional training throughout life, which should not be framed in age groups, in a specific space or time, where the most important thing is the desire to better oneself. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the need for the creation of a diploma course for the training of economic actors. Different materials and methods were used, starting from a dialectical-materialist approach in a mixed approach; among the theoretical methods used are: analysis-synthesis, abstract-concrete, historical-logical, induction-deduction and as empirical methods and techniques: scientific, simple, systematic and non-participant observation. An initial diagnosis was also carried out on the systematization of research results. The experience provided made it possible to affirm that the new postgraduate program provides a group of training actions and offers the necessary management tools for the new economic actors, which can be seen in the main impacts obtained.

Resumo Os novos atores econômicos fazem parte do processo de transformação da nação cubana na busca de um maior desenvolvimento econômico e social e nascem sob a proteção de uma nova legislação comprometida com a participação de todos os setores do país. A preparação e a educação de seus representantes estão nas mãos da Universidade, que estabelece vínculos com as empresas e a população para promover a formação profissional necessária ao longo da vida, que não deve ser enquadrada em faixas etárias, em um espaço ou tempo específico, onde o mais importante é o desejo de se aperfeiçoar. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar a necessidade da criação de um curso de diploma para a formação de agentes econômicos. Foram utilizados diferentes materiais e métodos, partindo de uma abordagem dialético-materialista em uma abordagem mista; entre os métodos teóricos utilizados estavam: análise-síntese, abstrato-concreto, histórico-lógico, indução-dedução, e como métodos e técnicas empíricas: observação científica, simples, sistemática e não-participante. Também foi realizado um diagnóstico inicial sobre a sistematização dos resultados da pesquisa. A experiência proporcionada permitiu afirmar que o novo curso de pós-graduação proporciona um conjunto de ações de formação e oferece as ferramentas de gestão necessárias para os novos atores econômicos, o que pode ser observado nos principais impactos obtidos.

Resumen Los nuevos actores económicos forman parte del proceso transformador que persigue la nación cubana en la búsqueda de un mayor desarrollo económico-social y nacen bajo el amparo de nuevas legislaciones que apuestan por la participación de todos los sectores del país. La preparación y educación de sus representantes están en manos de la Universidad, la cual establece vínculos con las empresas y la población en aras de propiciar la formación profesional necesaria a lo largo de toda la vida, que no se debe enmarcar en grupos etarios, en un espacio ni un tiempo determinado, donde lo más importante es el deseo de superarse. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar la necesidad de la creación de un diplomado para la formación de los actores económicos. Se emplearon diferentes materiales y métodos que partieron de un enfoque dialéctico materialista en un enfoque mixto; dentro de los métodos teóricos utilizados se encuentran: el análisis-síntesis, el abstracto-concreto, el histórico-lógico, la inducción-deducción y como métodos y técnicas empíricos: la observación científica, simple, sistemática y no participante. También se llevó a cabo un diagnóstico inicial sobre la sistematización de resultados investigativos. La experiencia aportada permitió afirmar que el nuevo posgrado aporta un grupo de acciones de formación y ofrece las herramientas de gestión necesarias para los nuevos actores económicos, lo cual se aprecia en los principales impactos obtenidos.

Abstract. This paper seeks to describe F. H. Jacobi’s critique of transcendental philosophy concerning the problem of affection and the thing in itself. This critique attributes to Kant’s thought an idealism incompatible with any notion of realism. Jacobi’s interpretation, however, rests on an ignorance of the methodological-transcendental nature not only of the terminology involved in the problem of affection, but of the whole Kantian reflection about knowledge. The exegetical model of the two aspects view has provided instruments that allowed for a hermeneutical reconstruction of the problem of affection and put in evidence the methodological mistake present in Jacobi’s critique.

Resumen. El presente artículo busca describir la crítica de F. H. Jacobi a la filosofía trascendental en torno al problema de la afección y la cosa en sí. Esta crítica atribuye al pensamiento de Kant un idealismo incompatible con toda noción de realismo. La interpretación de Jacobi, sin embargo, se apoya sobre un desconocimiento de la naturaleza metodológico-trascendental no solo de la terminología involucrada en el problema de la afección, sino de toda la reflexión kantiana acerca del conocimiento. El modelo exegético de la two aspects view ha proporcionado instrumentos que nos permiten una reconstrucción hermenéutica del problema de la afección y ponen en evidencia el extravío metodológico en la crítica de Jacobi.

Abstract The presence of the rabies virus and antibodyes in bats from the Americas is mainly associated with hematophagous species; however, this virus has also been detected with low frequency in bats with other feeding habits. The same thing happens in Mexico, although there is no updated information on the species that have been infected by this virus. Due to the public health implications of the subject, in this study we explore how the presence of the rabies virus is related to eating habits, the family to which they belong, the size of the distribution area and the type of refuge used by bats. Based on a review of the scientific literature published from 1954 to 2015, seven families, 24 genera, and 40 species of non-hematophagous bats that have been detected with rabies virus in Mexico. Most are insectivorous (63%) and belong to the Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae families (68%). The presence of rabies is positively and significantly related to the number of species per family (r = 0.9, p < 0.005) and type of feeding habit (r = 0.97, p < 0.002) but is not related to the size of its distribution area (r = 0.2, p = 0.2). Cases of rabies in non-hematophagous species in Mexico are rare, and do not represent a risk of transmission to humans.

Resumen La presencia de anticuerpos del virus de la rabia en murciélagos de América se asocia principalmente con especies hematófagas, sin embargo, este virus también se ha detectado con baja frecuencia en murciélagos con otros hábitos alimenticios. En México sucede lo mismo, aunque no se cuenta con información actualizada de las especies que han sido contagiadas por este virus. Debido a las implicaciones de salud pública que involucra el tema, en este estudio exploramos cómo se relaciona la presencia de la rabia detectada con base en anticuerpos específicos y por la presencia del virus de la rabia en murciélagos no hematófagos, con el hábito alimenticio, la familia a la que pertenecen, el tamaño del área de distribución y el tipo de refugio. Con base en una revisión de la literatura científica publicada de 1954 a 2015, se registraron siete familias, 24 géneros y 40 especies de murciélagos no hematófagos con el virus de la rabia en México. La mayoría son de hábitos insectívoros (63%) y pertenecen a las familias Phyllostomidae y Vespertilionidae (68%). La presencia de rabia se relaciona positiva y significativamente con el número de especies por familia (r = 0.9, p < 0.005) y el tipo de hábito alimenticio (r = 0.97, p < 0.002) pero no se relaciona con el tamaño de su área de distribución (r = 0.2, p = 0.2). Los casos de rabia en especies no hematófagas en México son escasos, y no representan un riesgo de transmisión al humano.

Abstract This article aims to discuss the expectations of Homosexual Men, Bisexual Men and a Transgender Woman, who use or want to use an oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about PrEP modalities. Sixteen PrEP users, who are followed up in the BCN Checkpoint, were interviewed,. The interviews were audio-recorded, subjected to thematic categorical analysis within the theoretical framework from the praxiographic perspective. They are all adapted to the use of daily oral and event-based PrEP. In relation to the new PrEP modalities (monthly pill; intramuscular injection every two months; subcutaneous injection every six months), they are all very receptive to these possibilities, but they lack information on the specificities of each and specific assessment of their needs. Comments about the use of oral PrEP are positive, and expectations regarding the new PrEP modalities are visibly high. However, the most important thing for the interviewees is the guarantee that they will have follow-up appointments to continue taking care of their affective-sexual health, which is not dependent on the type of PrEP modalities. Woman preexposure pre exposure (PrEP HIV (HIV users Checkpoint interviewed interviewed, audiorecorded, audiorecorded audio recorded, recorded audio-recorded perspective eventbased event based monthly pill months months, , months) possibilities needs positive high However followup follow affectivesexual affective sexual health

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las concepciones de los Hombres Gay, Hombres Bisexuales y una Mujer Transgénero que usan o quieren usar profilaxis previa a la exposición por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana oral (PrEP) sobre nuevas vías de administración. Fueron entrevistados 17 usuarios del BCN Checkpoint. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, sometidas a análisis categorial temático teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva praxeográfica. Todos están adaptados al uso de la PrEP diaria y a demanda. En relación con las nuevas vías de administración (PrEP inyección intramuscular cada dos meses; pastilla mensual; inyección subcutánea cada seis meses) todos son muy receptivos a esas posibilidades, pero les falta información sobre las especificidades de cada una de ellas y una evaluación específica de sus necesidades. Tanto la satisfacción con el uso de PrEP oral, como las expectativas sobre las nuevas vías de administración son positivas. Sin embargo, lo más importante para los/a entrevistados/a es la garantía de que tendrán seguimiento para continuar cuidando de la salud afectivo-sexual, lo que no depende del tipo de vía de administración. Gay 1 Checkpoint audio praxeográfica demanda meses mensual posibilidades necesidades positivas embargo losa entrevistadosa afectivosexual, afectivosexual afectivo sexual, sexual afectivo-sexual

Abstract This article aims to discuss the expectations of Homosexual Men, Bisexual Men and a Transgender Woman, who use or want to use an oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about PrEP modalities. Sixteen PrEP users, who are followed up in the BCN Checkpoint, were interviewed,. The interviews were audio-recorded, subjected to thematic categorical analysis within the theoretical framework from the praxiographic perspective. They are all adapted to the use of daily oral and event-based PrEP. In relation to the new PrEP modalities (monthly pill; intramuscular injection every two months; subcutaneous injection every six months), they are all very receptive to these possibilities, but they lack information on the specificities of each and specific assessment of their needs. Comments about the use of oral PrEP are positive, and expectations regarding the new PrEP modalities are visibly high. However, the most important thing for the interviewees is the guarantee that they will have follow-up appointments to continue taking care of their affective-sexual health, which is not dependent on the type of PrEP modalities.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las concepciones de los Hombres Gay, Hombres Bisexuales y una Mujer Transgénero que usan o quieren usar profilaxis previa a la exposición por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana oral (PrEP) sobre nuevas vías de administración. Fueron entrevistados 17 usuarios del BCN Checkpoint. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, sometidas a análisis categorial temático teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva praxeográfica. Todos están adaptados al uso de la PrEP diaria y a demanda. En relación con las nuevas vías de administración (PrEP inyección intramuscular cada dos meses; pastilla mensual; inyección subcutánea cada seis meses) todos son muy receptivos a esas posibilidades, pero les falta información sobre las especificidades de cada una de ellas y una evaluación específica de sus necesidades. Tanto la satisfacción con el uso de PrEP oral, como las expectativas sobre las nuevas vías de administración son positivas. Sin embargo, lo más importante para los/a entrevistados/a es la garantía de que tendrán seguimiento para continuar cuidando de la salud afectivo-sexual, lo que no depende del tipo de vía de administración.

Abstract “The rancher of Irapuato/ [as stated on the cover of the typed copy in prose, the only one preserved to this day from an original titled Natural and figure] Comedy of manners. Written in magnificent verses in / two acts by the Mexican poet / Don José T. de Cuéllar /. -1868-.” The comedy, according to the transcription made ad litterae pedem of that prose, does not lead to considering, as someone who was able to read it in its original said, that it was "written in magnificent verses", because it is one thing to think and write in verse and another. very different, thinking and writing in prose what was in verse. Therefore, this prose copy, based on the verses of the original comedy, did not have to respect the rhythm or the numerical form or the rhyme of the verse. And thus, the said verses rescued from that prose, which will now be published in a faithful version, will irremediably alter these factors and in a large part of them there will be neither the syllabic rhythm nor the rhymes appropriate to the versatile modalities developed by the author of the comedy, who wrote in eight-syllable verses, in the form of romances and redondillas.

Resumen “El ranchero de Irapuato/ [como lo consigna la portada de la copia mecanográfica en prosa, única que hasta hoy se conserva de un original titulado Natural y figura] Comedia de costumbres. Escrita en magníficos versos en/ dos actos por el poeta mexicano/ Don José T. de Cuéllar/. -1868-.” La comedia, acorde a la transcripción hecha ad litterae pedem de esa prosa, no lleva a considerar, como dijera quien acaso pudo leerla en su original, que estaba “escrita en magníficos versos”, porque una cosa es pensar y escribir en verso y otra muy diferente, pensar y escribir en prosa lo que estaba en verso. Por tanto, esa copia en prosa, basada en los versos de la comedia original no tenía por qué respetar el ritmo ni la forma numérica ni la rima del verso. Y así, los dichos versos rescatados de esa prosa, que ahora se editará en una versión fiel, van a alterar sin remedio esos factores y no habrá en una gran parte de ellos ni el ritmo silábico ni las rimas apropiadas a las modalidades versátiles desarrolladas por el autor de la comedia, que escribió en versos octosílabos, en la modalidad de romances y redondillas.

Introduction: Burns are the fourth most common trauma. Microsurgery has evolved as a valuable tool in the acute setting allowing early closure of complex wounds in order to avoid infection, maintain function or even for limb salvage in one stage reconstruction. We present our experience at our burn center in Chile. Method: We performed a retrospective analysis of all major burn patients admitted in the National Burn Center in Chile who received a microsurgical flap in the period between April 2019 to December 2020. Results: A total of 21 patients had 25 free flaps. All patients but one were male (96%), mean age 40 years (range 20-69 years). Total body surface area means 16% (range 1-64%). Most of the injuries were caused by high voltage electricity (64%) and fire (32%). 64% were performed in lower limbs and 36% in upper limbs. In 80% of the cases, anterolateral thing flap was chosen. Mean time to reconstruction was 40 days. We didn't experience a total flap lost in this series. Discussion: In the acute phase microsurgery proved to be safe and feasible albeit a small surgical indication. We performed a flap in 5.6% of our admissions, mostly during late primary interval with no flaps lost. Our results acknowledge the consolidation of the technique for its use in the acutely burned setting, allowing complex coverage while maintaining the surgical risk and an internationally acceptable rate of losses and complications.

Resumen Introducción: Las quemaduras son un trauma frecuente de ocurrencia en todo el mundo, que ha experimentado importantes aumentos de sobrevida. Su manejo requiere la reposición de la barrera cutánea, lo que se logra en la mayoría de los casos con el uso de injertos dermo-epidérmicos. Sin embargo, existen algunas veces lesiones complejas que no logran sanar mediante injertos, arriesgando la funcionalidad o vitalidad del área comprometida, que requerirán reparaciones complejas con el uso de colgajos microqui- rúrgicos (CM). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en que incluimos todos los pacientes gran quemados agudos admitidos en Hospital de Urgencia de la Asistencia Pública, Servicio de Quemados y Rehabilitación, desde abril de 2019 hasta diciembre de 2020 los que fueron manejados con colgajo micro- quirúrgico. Revisión de ficha clínica para obtención de variables demográficas y del procedimiento con análisis de frecuencia de ocurrencia. Resultados: En nuestro período de estudio hubo 376 ingresos y 21 pacientes recibieron 25 CM. La mayoría hombres (96%), edad promedio 40 años, superficie comprometida promedio 16%, mecanismo más frecuente electricidad (64%) y fuego (32%). La ubicación más frecuente del colgajo fue en extremidades inferiores (64%) y el colgajo más utilizado fue el anterolateral de muslo (80%). Tiempo medio a reconstrucción fueron 40 días, no hubo pérdida total del colgajo. Discusión: se realizó un CM en 5,6% de nuestros ingresos, la mayoría durante el intervalo primario tardío, sin pérdidas totales. Estos resultados representan la consolidación de la técnica que permite su uso en el paciente gran quemado durante su etapa aguda, permitiendo coberturas complejas y manteniendo riesgo quirúrgico y tasa de complicaciones adecuada con enfoque en rehabilitación precoz.

Résumé Diva (1864) est peut-être l´un des romans les plus mal aimés de José de Alencar, traité très tôt comme quelque chose de mineur: d’une “sentimentalité condamnable” (Machado de Assis), marqué par des “éléphances de style” (Franklin Távora) ou, encore, “une œuvre de peu ou pas de valeur” (Antonio Candido). Il introduit cependant une innovation importante pour la littérature brésilienne de l´époque, à savoir la figure discursive du narrateur médecin à la première personne, systématiquement rejetée par l´héroïne dans une atitude considérée comme extrême. Une relecture à la lumière des études pionnières sur l´hystérie, développées par Charcot, Breuer et Freud et plus tard par les théoriciennes féministes (Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert et Susan Gubar), peut aider à comprendre ce refus. La somatisation des symptômes d´ordre psychique dans le corps de la femme, qui caractérisera la première approche de l´hystérie, represente un refus systématique de la part de l´héroïne d´accepter le pouvoir sans précédent dont la figure du médecin a été investie tout au long du XIXe siècle, dans une tentative de préserver sa voix particulière au sein d´une société pour laquelle la femme doit renoncer à son autonomie et à son identité. À cela s´ajoute le plan narratif, puisque le narrateur médecin de Diva détient non seulement le droit d´envahir et de clinicaliser le corps de sa “patiente”, mais aussi de l´exposer au lecteur de son point de vue exclusif. Anticipant les études sur l´hystérie, le roman-feuilleton représentait en effet déjà l´héroïne, chez Alexandre Dumas et Eugène Sue, comme une menace au pouvoir masculin en tant que personnage et narrateur (Queffelec). Se rattachant à cette tradition littéraire singulière, Alencar fait de Diva l´un des livres les plus convaincants jamais écrits sur la situation des femmes dans la société brésilienne de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, culminant à un niveau de tension rarement atteint jusqu´alors. 1864 (1864 peutêtre être lun l mineur dune d sentimentalité condamnable Machado Assis, Assis , Assis) éléphances style Franklin Távora encore valeur Antonio Candido. Candido . Candido) lépoque époque l´époque personne lhéroïne héroïne extrême lhystérie hystérie l´hystérie Charcot Elaine Showalter Gubar, Gubar Gubar) dordre ordre daccepter accepter siècle identité sajoute s ajoute narratif denvahir envahir patiente, patiente “patiente” lexposer exposer exclusif romanfeuilleton roman feuilleton Sue Queffelec. Queffelec (Queffelec) singulière jusqualors jusqu alors jusqu´alors 186 (186 “patiente (Queffelec 18 (18 1 (1 (

Abstract Diva (1864) is perhaps one of José de Alencar´s most disliked novels, treated early on as a minor thing: of “a condemnable sentimentality” (Machado de Assis), marked by “elephances of style” (Franklin Távora) or, still, “work that is worth little or nothing” (Antonio Candido). However, it introduced an important innovation for the Brazilian literature at the time, which is the discursive figure of the medical narrator in the first person, who is systematically rejected by the heroine in attitudes considered as extreme. A rereading made in the light of the pioneering studies on hysteria, developed by Charcot, Breuer and Freud, and later by feminist theorists (Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar) may help to understand this rejection. The somatization of psychic symptoms in the woman´s body, which would characterize the first approach to hysteria in the 19th century, represents a systematic refusal on the part of the heroine to accept the unprecedent power that the figure of the doctor was invested with throughout that time, in an attempt to preserve her private voice in the midst of a society for which women must give up their autonomy and identity. One should add to this the narrative level, since the medical narrator in Diva not only has the right to invade and clinicalize the body of his “patient” but also to expose her to the reader from his exclusive point of view. Anticipating the studies on hysteria, the serial novel in fact already represented the heroine, in Alexandre Dumas and Eugène Sue, as a threat to male power as a character and narrator (Queffelec). Binding himself to this singular literary tradition, Alencar makes Diva one of the most striking books ever written about the situation of women in the Brazilian society of the second half of the 19th century, culminating in a level of tension rarely seen until then. 1864 (1864 Alencars s novels thing sentimentality Machado Assis, Assis , Assis) elephances style Franklin Távora still work nothing Antonio Candido. Candido . Candido) However time person extreme Charcot Freud Elaine Showalter Gubar rejection womans woman th century identity patient “patient view Sue Queffelec. Queffelec (Queffelec) tradition then 186 (186 (Queffelec 18 (18 1 (1 (

Resumo Diva (1864) talvez seja um dos romances mais mal-afamados de José de Alencar, tratado desde cedo como coisa menor: de “uma pieguice condenável” (Machado de Assis), marcado por “elefâncias do estilo” (Franklin Távora) ou, ainda, “obra que pouco ou nada vale” (Antonio Candido). No entanto, apresenta importante inovação para a literatura brasileira da época, que é a figura discursiva do narrador médico em primeira pessoa - o qual é sistematicamente rejeitado pela heroína em atitudes tidas como extremadas. Uma releitura feita à luz dos estudos pioneiros sobre a histeria, desenvolvidos por Charcot, Breuer e Freud e, posteriormente, por teóricas do feminismo (Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert e Susan Gubar), pode ajudar a compreender tal recusa. A somatização de sintomas de ordem psíquica no corpo da mulher, que caracterizaria a primeira abordagem sobre a histeria, representa uma recusa sistemática da parte da heroína em aceitar o poder inédito de que foi investido a figura do médico ao longo do século 19, numa tentativa de preservar sua voz particular em meio a uma sociedade para a qual a mulher deve abdicar de sua autonomia e identidade. Junte a isso o plano narrativo, visto que o narrador médico em Diva detém não apenas o direito de invadir e clinicalizar o corpo de sua “paciente” como também de expô-la ao leitor sob seu exclusivo ponto de vista. Antecipando-se aos estudos sobre a histeria, o romance de folhetim de fato já representava a heroína, em Alexandre Dumas e Eugène Sue, como ameaça ao poder masculino enquanto personagem e narrador (Queffelec). Vinculando-se a essa singular tradição literária, Alencar faz de Diva um dos livros mais contundentes já escritos sobre a situação da mulher na sociedade brasileira da segunda metade do século XIX, culminando em um nível de tensão poucas vezes visto até então. 1864 (1864 malafamados mal afamados menor condenável Machado Assis, Assis , Assis) elefâncias estilo Franklin Távora ainda obra vale Antonio Candido. Candido . Candido) entanto época extremadas histeria Charcot posteriormente Elaine Showalter Gubar, Gubar Gubar) 19 identidade narrativo paciente “paciente expôla expô la vista Antecipandose Antecipando se Sue Queffelec. Queffelec (Queffelec) Vinculandose Vinculando literária XIX então 186 (186 1 (Queffelec 18 (18 (1 (

ABSTRACT Investment projects in Cuban industry present problems because they are not developed with the required quality. This paper aims to propose a methodology for carrying out investment projects as a process of technology transfer and assimilation. A compendium of various ways of carrying out investment projects is made, the current state of Cuban investments and their main difficulties are analyzed, and foreign investment, which is the main current form of investment in Cuba. A methodological proposal is developed for carrying out investment projects that includes a series of detailed steps on how investments should be made in Cuba. The main variables of an investment project are analyzed: feasibility, risk analysis and commissioning, in addition to the need to prioritize maintenance as the main thing within the investment project.

RESUMEN Los proyectos de inversión en la industria cubana presentan problemas porque no se desarrollan con la calidad requerida. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer una metodología para la realización de proyectos de inversión como proceso de transferencia y asimilación tecnológica. Se realiza un compendio de varias formas de realización de proyectos de inversión, se analiza el estado actual de las inversiones cubanas y sus principales dificultades y la inversión extranjera que, en la actualidad de Cuba, es la principal forma de inversión. Se desarrolla una propuesta metodológica para la realización de proyectos de inversión que comprende una serie de pasos detallados de cómo se deben realizar las inversiones en Cuba. Se analizan las variables principales de un proyecto de inversión como la factibilidad, el análisis de riesgos y la Puesta en Marcha siendo estos imprescindibles para el desarrollo del proceso inversionista, además de la necesidad de priorizar el mantenimiento como principal dentro de un proyecto de inversión.

RESUMEN Los jóvenes club de computación son lo más próximo en aprendizaje de tecnologías informáticas a los adultos mayores de 65 años en Cuba. Estas instituciones han prestado por años su servicio mediante cursos cortos y asesorías para el uso de los sistemas informáticos. Una problemática que afrontan es la adecuación de los métodos de aprendizaje según las personas que atienden algunas relacionadas con afecciones visuales y de concentración otras dificultades en salud general mismas que en su vida diaria dificultan para lograr conocimientos afines a la informática y en particular del Sistema operativo Windows. De esta manera se precisa contar con un diagnóstico apoyado en instrumentos de obtención de información personalizado. Una perspectiva, es contar con técnicas y herramientas propias de la metodología de la investigación para proponer instrumentos diagnósticos que puedan ser aplicados al adulto mayor y así obtener información fiable para el aprendizaje lo cual fue asumido como objetivo en el presente escrito. La metodología aplicada se sustenta precisamente en múltiples estudios desarrollados en la metodología de la investigación en cómo construir instrumentos de investigación. Finalmente se logran probar instrumentos diagnósticos y validarlos por los especialistas, destacando su validez para mejorar los procesos de aprendizajes del adulto mayor.

ABSTRACT The Young Computer Clubs are the closest thing to learning computer technologies for adults over 65 years of age in Cuba. These institutions have been providing their services for years by means of short courses and counseling for the use of computer systems. One of the problems they face is the adaptation of learning methods according to the people they serve, some of whom have visual and concentration disorders and other general health difficulties, which in their daily life make it difficult for them to achieve knowledge related to computers and in particular to the Windows operating system. In this way, it is necessary to have a diagnosis supported by instruments to obtain personalized information. One perspective is to have the techniques and tools of research methodology to propose diagnostic instruments that can be applied to the elderly and thus obtain reliable information for learning, which was assumed as an objective in this paper. The methodology applied is based precisely on multiple studies developed in research methodology on how to construct research instruments. Finally, diagnostic instruments are tested and validated by specialists, highlighting their validity to improve the learning processes of the elderly.

ABSTRACT The distribution and geographic range of Cynomys mexicanus was studied through geographic databases (GDB) and walking tours in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and San Luis Potosí, where active colonies (AC) of the species were located. An information search was conducted in the period 1985-2022 to identify AC GDB that were projected in Google Earth® to eliminate geographic inconsistencies. The records were checked in the field and another GDB was generated which was called current distribution (CD), fragmentation index was estimated of: interaction between AC (li), isolation (ri) and connectivity (ai). It was possible to obtain eight GDB, six of them free of geographical inconsistencies, the common thing was to lack the Datum. The CD area of AC was 231.20 km2, decreased 28.20% from 2004 (322 km2) and 11.73% compared to 2012 (284.22 km2). Through a principal components analysis (PCA) and multivariate discriminant analysis (MANOVA), the statistical relationships of the AC fragmentation index were evaluated, which showed that isolation (ri) and connectivity (ai) explained the relationship of AC in the three states where they are distributed.

RESUMEN La distribución y rango geográfico de Cynomys mexicanus se estudió a través de bases de datos geográficas (BDG) y recorridos a pie en los estados de Coahuila, Nuevo León y San Luis Potosí, donde se ubicaron colonias activas (CA) de la especie. Se realizó una búsqueda de información en el período 1985-2022 para identificar BDG de CA que se proyectaron en Google Earth® para eliminar inconsistencias geográficas. Se comprobaron los registros en campo y se generó otra BDG a la que se le llamó distribución actual (DA), se estimaron índices de fragmentación de: interacción entre CA (li), aislamiento (ri) y conectividad (ai). Fue posible obtener ocho BDG, seis de ellas libres de inconsistencias geográficas, lo común fue carecer del Datum. La superficie de DA de CA estimada fue de 231.20 km2, disminuyó 28.20% con respecto al 2004 (322 km2) y 11.70% comparada con 2012 (284.22 km2). A través de un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y análisis multivariado discriminante (MANOVA) se evaluaron las relaciones estadísticas de los índices de fragmentación de las CA, las cuales mostraron que el aislamiento (ri) y conectividad (ai) explicaron la relación de las CA en los tres estados donde se distribuyen.