As ocean temperatures increase, so does the need for accurate, regular, and widespread temperature data. This is especially important for researchers studying corals, which can be pushed over their bleaching thresholds by small, sustained changes in water temperature. Satellite data products offer longitudinal estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) taken at regular intervals without the ongoing costs and geospatial limits associated with underwater temperature loggers. However, previous work indicates satellite data are sometimes characterized by significant temperature biases, particularly in stratified coastal waters. Here, we compared the foundation sea surface temperature (fSST) estimated from a highly processed, gridded satellite data set (GHRSST MUR L4 Global SST) to in situ temperature (IST) data collected from coral reef habitats in the top 20 m of the water column at 19 sites in Panama. Comparisons between Pacific and Caribbean coasts and between upwelling and non-upwelling seasons provide a robust test of the utility of this product to estimate subsurface temperatures. The mean differences between fSST and IST show that MUR fSST accurately reflects temperatures at shallow (<9 m) depths on the Caribbean coast (mean bias ≤0.55°C ± standard error (SE) 0.01°C) and during the non-upwelling season on the Pacific coast (mean bias ≤0.26°C ± SE 0.03°C). MUR fSST poorly reflects IST during the Pacific upwelling season, especially at sites 12 m and deeper. In such cases, 66% of satellite estimates deviated from ISTs by >1°C. Our findings underscore how highly processed SST data products should be ground-truthed before being used as a substitute for IST, especially in upwelling areas.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El nivel de carga calórica acumulada del ITH (CCA) durante los 6 meses previos al destete sobre el peso al destete (PD), fue evaluado en animales Charoláis como expresión de stress térmico (ST), así como su posible componente genético. Métodos: Se analizaron 19 466 registros de PD de la Empresa Manuel Fajardo, Jiguaní, Granma, nacidos entre 1988 y 2017 en 16 rebaños. Se utilizó un modelo de Norma de Reacción considerando efecto fijo cuatrimestres-años-rebaños (859 clases), sexo del ternero (2) y número de partos de la madre (11), una covariable fija mediante un polinomio de Legendre (L) de orden 3 para representar la curva de respuesta del PD en la trayectoria de CCA. Como aleatorios: residuo y la desviación del animal que produce el registro que se modeló por un L de orden 1. Con los valores genéticos estandarizados (VG) se hizo un análisis de componentes principales y con los coeficientes de los eigenvector se construyó un índice de los resultados. Resultados: El análisis de regresión arrojó que el PD se deprime en b=-0,807±0,04 kg por unidad de CCA (R2=90,2%). Se diferenciaron tres zonas: fría CCA<=439; neutra CCA>=440' a <=450 y caliente CCA >=451, con PD= 149,3; 140,5 y 134,1 kg respectivamente. La variación en VG es mayor en la zona fría, pero las correlaciones fueron muy bajas (0,33) evidenciando interacción genotipo ambiente (Ige). Conclusiones: Se demostró existencia de una base genética para tolerancia a ST con manifestaciones de Ige, y cambia el orden de mérito en condiciones extremas.

ABSTRACT Background: The level of accumulated caloric load of the ITH (CCA) during the 6 months prior to weaning on the weaning weight (PD) was evaluated in Charolais animals as an expression of thermal stress (ST), as well as its possible genetic component. Methods: 19,466 PD records from the Manuel Fajardo Enterprise, Jiguaní, Granma, born between 1988 and 2017 in 16 herds, were analyzed. A Reaction Norm model was used considering a fixed effect of quarters-years-herds (859 classes), sex of the calf (2) and number of calving of the mother (11), a fixed covariate using a Legendre polynomial (L) of order 3 to represent the PD response curve in the CCA trajectory. As random: residual and the deviation of the animal that produces the record that was modeled by an L of order 1. With the standardized genetic values (VG) a principal components analysis was done and with the eigenvector coefficients an index of the results. Results: The regression analysis showed that PD is depressed by b=-0,807±0,04 kg per unit of CCA (R2=90,2%). 3 zones were differentiated: cold CCA<=439; neutral CCA>=440 to <=450 and hot CCA>=451, with PD= 149,3; 140,5 and 134,1 kg respectively. The variation in VG is greater in the cold zone, but the correlations were very low (0,33), evidencing genotype-environment interaction (Ige). Conclusions: The existence of a genetic basis for tolerance to ST with Ige manifestations was demonstrated, and the order of merit changes in extreme conditions.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using particle film associated with two water regimes on the ecophysiological parameters of young plants of two species native to the Brazilian semiarid region (Tabebuia aurea and Ziziphus joazeiro). The experiments were conducted in randomized blocks in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with nine replications. The treatments used were the application of particle film (Surround® WP) at a concentration of 5% and without film or 0%, and two irrigation water regimes based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo), irrigated with 100% of ETo and not irrigated or 0% of ETo. Gas exchange determinations were performed at 0, 15, 30, and 45 days after treatments imposition, while the analyses of photosynthetic pigments were carried out only at the end of the experiment. The species Tabebuia aurea and Ziziphus joazeiro showed tolerance to water stress, demonstrated by their high water use efficiency. On the other hand, the application of particle film caused an increase in stomatal conductance, transpiration, and intrinsic water use efficiency and reductions in leaf temperature and instantaneous water use efficiency in plants of both species studied. The particle film was efficient in providing photoprotective properties verified by the increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments. However, the use of this film requires more in-depth investigations, which could allow a better understanding of its management in tree species in the Brazilian semiarid region. joazeiro. . joazeiro) design replications Surround® Surround (Surround WP 5 0 ETo, , (ETo) 100 15 30 4 imposition experiment stress hand conductance transpiration studied However indepth depth investigations (ETo 10 1 3

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do uso do filme de partículas associado a dois regimes hídricos sobre os parâmetros ecofisiológicos de plantas jovens de duas espécies nativas do semiárido brasileiro (Tabebuia aurea e Ziziphus joazeiro). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, com nove repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram aplicação de filme de partículas (Surround® WP) na concentração de 5% e sem filme ou 0%, e dois regimes hídricos de irrigação baseados na evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), irrigado com 100% da ETo e não irrigado ou 0% da ETo. As determinações das trocas gasosas foram realizadas aos 0, 15, 30 e 45 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, enquanto as análises dos pigmentos fotossintéticos foram realizadas apenas ao final do experimento. As espécies Tabebuia aurea e Ziziphus joazeiro apresentaram tolerância ao estresse hídrico, demonstrada pela elevada eficiência no uso da água. Por outro lado, a aplicação de filme de partícula causou aumento na condutância estomática, transpiração e na eficiência intrínseca do uso da água e reduções na temperatura foliar e na eficiência instantânea do uso da água pelas plantas de ambas as espécies estudas. O filme de partículas foi eficiente em conferir propriedades fotoprotetoras verificadas pelo aumento no teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos. No entanto, a utilização desse filme requer investigações mais aprofundadas, que possam permitir um melhor entendimento de seu manejo em espécies arbóreas do semiárido brasileiro. joazeiro. . joazeiro) repetições Surround® Surround (Surround WP 5 0 ETo, , (ETo) 100 15 3 4 experimento hídrico lado estomática estudas entanto aprofundadas (ETo 10 1

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effect of acclimation temperatures and eyestalk ablation (EA) on the thermal tolerance of juvenile Penaeus vannamei. In each case, the relative expression of genes involved in cell protection (hsp70 and hsp90), oxidative stress (cMnSOD and GPx), and anaerobic metabolism (hif1a) was assessed. For this purpose, shrimp were acclimated to 20, 26, and 32°C for 21 days. After acclimation, the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) was determined in non-eyestalk ablated, unilaterally, and bilaterally eyestalk ablated organisms. An effect of acclimation temperatures on CTmax values was observed, with shrimp acclimated at 32°C having the highest rates. Likewise, EA resulted in lower thermal tolerance to CTmax in organisms acclimated at 20 and 26°C. The shrimp's protective and cellular repair responses were evidenced by increased hsp70 and hsp90 gene expression after CTmax and were intensified by the EA. In contrast, the results showed that cMnSOD was very sensitive to CTmax, and its expression was intensified with EA, while for GPx, there was an increase in the relative gene expression, mainly in shrimp acclimated at 20°C. In the case of hif1a, overexpression was observed at the acclimation temperature of 26°C, showing the activation of compensatory mechanisms such as anaerobic metabolism. EA caused a significant molecular response during CTmax of molecular biomarkers involved in heat stress response, oxidative stress, and compensatory mechanisms.

Abstract Bacillus cereus is considered the most potent bacterial strain in terms of the increment in induced proteins during thermal treatment at 52 °C for 90 min. Protein production in food-born microorganism (Bacillus cereus) recovered from contaminated food was investigated in response to heat shock treatment. Bacterial tolerance towards pH, salinity, and temperature at various levels was also investigated. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) produced when exposed to 52 °C for up to 60 minutes led to significant differences (30%) above the untreated control (37 °C), and the maximum difference was recorded at 52°C at 90 minutes. ISSR detected a higher number of bands/primer than RAPD (13.7 vs. 12.7, respectively), and more polymorphic bands (10.7 vs. 8.4 bands/primer, respectively). The untreated bacterial strain did not grow at pH levels lower than 3, whereas the thermally treated strain grew significantly at pH two. A consistent increase in HSPs was observed, with a gradual increase in salinity of less than 16%. Surprisingly, the gradual increase in temperature did not induce tolerance against higher temperatures. However, a significant growth rate was noticed in response to heat-shocked treatments. The untreated Bacillus cereus demonstrated antibiotic resistance to gentamycin and clindamycin (1.54 and 1.65 cm, respectively), much lower than the corresponding inhibition areas with preheat-treated test pathogen which were recorded (2.37 and 2.49 cm, respectively). 5 C 9 min foodborn born Heatshock Heat (HSPs 6 30% 30 (30% 37 (3 °C, , °C) 52C bandsprimer primer 13.7 137 13 7 (13. vs 127 12 12.7 respectively, respectively respectively) 10.7 107 10 (10. 84 8 4 8. respectively. . 3 two observed 16 16% Surprisingly temperatures However heatshocked shocked treatments 1.54 154 1 54 (1.5 165 65 1.6 cm preheattreated preheat 2.37 237 2 (2.3 249 49 2.4 (30 ( 13. (13 12. 10. (10 1.5 15 (1. 1. 2.3 23 (2. 24 2. (1 (2

Resumo Bacillus cereus é considerada a cepa bacteriana mais potente em termos de incremento de proteínas induzidas durante o tratamento térmico a 52 °C por 90 min. A produção de proteínas em microorganismos de origem alimentar (Bacillus cereus) recuperados de alimentos contaminados foi investigada em resposta ao tratamento de choque térmico. A tolerância bacteriana ao pH, salinidade e temperatura em vários níveis também foram investigadas. Proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs) produzidas quando expostas a 52 °C por até 60 minutos levaram a diferenças significativas (30%) acima do controle não tratado (37 °C), e a diferença máxima foi registrada a 52 °C em 90 minutos . O ISSR detectou um maior número de bandas/iniciador do que o RAPD (13,7 vs. 12,7, respectivamente) e mais bandas polimórficas (10,7 vs. 8,4 bandas/iniciador, respectivamente). A cepa bacteriana não tratada não cresceu em níveis de pH abaixo de 3, enquanto a cepa tratada termicamente cresceu significativamente em pH dois. Observou-se aumento consistente de HSPs, com aumento gradual da salinidade inferior a 16%. Surpreendentemente, o aumento gradual da temperatura não induziu tolerância a temperaturas mais altas. No entanto, uma taxa de crescimento significativa foi observada em resposta aos tratamentos de choque térmico. O Bacillus cereus não tratado demonstrou resistência antibiótica à gentamicina e clindamicina (1,54 e 1,65 cm, respectivamente), muito menor do que as áreas de inibição correspondentes com patógeno de teste pré-tratado que foram registradas (2,37 e 2,49 cm, respectivamente). 5 C 9 min investigadas HSPs (HSPs 6 30% 30 (30% 37 (3 °C, , °C) bandasiniciador iniciador 13,7 137 13 7 (13, vs 127 12 12,7 respectivamente 10,7 107 10 (10, 84 8 4 8, respectivamente. 3 dois Observouse Observou se 16 16% Surpreendentemente altas entanto 1,54 154 1 54 (1,5 165 65 1,6 cm respectivamente, prétratado pré 2,37 237 2 (2,3 249 49 2,4 (30 ( 13, (13 12, 10, (10 1,5 15 (1, 1, 2,3 23 (2, 24 2, (1 (2

Abstract Goldfish or Kinguio is a widely marketed species worldwide due to the ornamental market. There is some lack of acknowledgment of the production of the species under specific climatic conditions. To evaluate the effect of temperature on embryonic development and the first exogenous feeding of goldfish, an experiment was proposed. Fifteen incubators, organized in five treatments (18, 22, 26, 30, and 34 °C) with three replications each, were used to keep the fertilized goldfish eggs until the first exogenous feeding of the larvae. The main development events were observed to understand the possible effects of these temperatures on embryos and larvae of the species. Temperature influences embryo development and the time of first exogenous feeding of goldfish. The temperature of 34 °C was lethal to the species causing 100% of anomalies in the embryos and larvae. The experiment data allow us to conclude that the species presents a maximum thermal limit during embryogenesis, and these data are important to the aquaculture industry and to understand the effect of climate changes on goldfish. The data obtained in this experiment will assist in the management of invasive species and production of the species (aquaculture). market conditions proposed incubators 18, 18 (18 22 26 30 3 C each 100 embryogenesis aquaculture. . (aquaculture) 1 (1 2 10 (aquaculture (

Resumo O peixe dourado ou Kinguio é uma espécie amplamente comercializada em todo o mundo devido ao mercado ornamental. Existe alguma falta de conhecimento da produção da espécie em condições climáticas específicas. Para avaliar o efeito da temperatura no desenvolvimento embrionário e na primeira alimentação exógena do Kinguio, um experimento foi proposto. Quinze incubadoras, organizadas em cinco tratamentos (18, 22, 26, 30 e 34 °C) com três repetições cada, foram utilizadas para manter os ovos fertilizados de Kinguio até a primeira alimentação exógena das larvas. Os principais eventos do desenvolvimento foram observados para entender os possíveis efeitos dessas temperaturas em embriões e larvas da espécie. A temperatura influencia o desenvolvimento do embrião e o tempo da primeira alimentação exógena do Kinguio. A temperatura de 34°C foi letal para a espécie causando 100% de anomalias nos embriões e larvas. Os dados do experimento permitem concluir que a espécie apresenta um limite térmico máximo durante a embriogênese, sendo esses dados importantes para a indústria da aquicultura e para entender o efeito das mudanças climáticas no Kinguio. Os dados obtidos neste experimento auxiliarão no manejo de espécies invasoras e na produção da espécie (aquicultura). ornamental específicas proposto incubadoras 18, 18 (18 22 26 3 °C C cada 34C 100 embriogênese aquicultura. . (aquicultura) 1 (1 2 10 (aquicultura (

Chromolaena odorata (L.) RM King and H Rob. (Asteraceae) has been subject to a biological control programme in South Africa for over three decades. A shoot-tip boring moth, Dichrorampha odorata Brown and Zachariades (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), originating from Jamaica, was released as a biological control agent in 2013 but despite the release of substantial numbers of the insect, it has not established a permanent field population. Because climate incompatibility is a major constraint for classical biological control of invasive plants, and based on the differences in climate between Jamaica and South Africa and field observations at release sites, aspects of the thermal physiology of D. odorata were investigated to elucidate reasons for its failure to establish. Developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 30 °C, with incomplete development for immature stages at 18 °C and 32 °C. The developmental threshold, t, was calculated as 8.45 °C with 872.4 degree-days required to complete development (K). A maximum of 6.5 generations per year was projected for D. odorata in South Africa, with the heavily infested eastern region of the country being the most eco-climatically suitable for establishment. The lower lethal temperature (LLT50) of larvae and adults was -4.5 and 1.8 °C, respectively. The upper lethal temperature (ULT50) for larvae was 39.6 °C whilst that of adults was 41.0 °C. Larvae thus had better cold tolerance compared to adults whereas adults had better heat tolerance compared to larvae. The critical thermal (CT) limits for adults were 3.4 ± 0.07 to 43.7 ± 0.12 °C. Acclimation at 20 °C for 7 days resulted in increased cold and heat tolerance with a CTmin. and CTmax of 1.9 ± 0.06 and 44.4 ± 0.07 °C respectively, compared to the relative control, acclimated at 25 °C. Acclimation at 30 °C improved neither cold (CTmin: 5.9 ± 0.08 °C) nor heat tolerance (CTmax: 42.9 ± 0.10 °C). These results suggest that thermal requirements fall within field temperatures and are thus not the main constraining factor leading to poor establishment of D. odorata in South Africa.

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta o procedimento para realizar a calibração de um modelo climático do ENVI-met, com suas etapas metodológicas, para a avaliação de espaços urbanos abertos de porções da cidade de São Paulo na condição deum dia quente e seco, marcado por altas temperaturas e incidência solar, baixa umidade e baixa nebulosidade. O processo de calibração foi realizado por meio de sucessivas simulações baseadas em dados microclimáticos de medições realizadas no local representado nas simulações, além de dados das estações meteorológicas do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas(IAG/USP) e do arquivo climático do Aeroporto de Congonhas, e seus resultados foram avaliados comparando-se as principais variáveis microclimáticas (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento, direção do vento e radiação) entre simulação e medições. O modelo calibrado apresentou aderência às medições realizadas, dentro dos limites de tolerância esperados, e no processo de calibração foi possível evidenciar as vantagens do uso do ENVI-met, sua adequação e adaptabilidade para modelos representativos de São Paulo, e as principais dificuldades do processo de simulação, sobretudo em função das grandes necessidades de capacidade e tempo de computação para o processamento das simulações.

Abstract This article presents the procedure to perform the calibration of an ENVI-met climate model, with its methodological steps, for the evaluation of open urban spaces in portions of the city of São Paulo in the condition of a hot and dry day, marked by high temperatures. and solar incidence, low humidity and low cloudiness. The calibration process was carried out through successive simulations based on microclimatic data from measurements performed at the location represented in the simulations, in addition to data from the Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG/USP) meteorological stations and from the Congonhas Airport climate file, and its results were evaluated by comparing the main microclimatic variables (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and radiation) between simulation and measurements. The calibrated model presentedadherence to the measurements, within the expected tolerance limits and, in the calibration process, it was possible to highlight the advantages of using the ENVI-met, its suitability and adaptability for representative models of São Paulo, and also the main difficulties of the simulation process, mainly due to the significant needs of computation capacity and time for the processing of the simulations.

Resumen La región de Tacna, Perú, caracterizada por su hiperaridez, se encuentra ubicada en la cabecera del desierto de Atacama, donde la agricultura es uno de los principales sectores económicos y el cambio climático causa grandes impactos, especialmente sobre la sostenibilidad del cultivo de olivo reflejada en la baja producción de aceituna. En este trabajo buscamos identificar la sostenibilidad del cultivo de olivo en la región de Tacna, basada en un enfoque climatológico, correlacionando la producción del cultivo con el fenómeno El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS). La sostenibilidad del cultivo está directamente relacionada con el clima, siendo la temperatura el factor principal, con amplitud de tolerancia térmica de -7 °C a 40 °C, amplitud óptima entre 15 °C y 25 °C y amplitud en la región de estudio entre 7 °C y 32 °C, lo que consideramos adecuado según los rangos establecidos, donde se obtienen rendimientos relativamente altos respecto a otras regiones del mundo. Por su lado, el fenómeno ENOS, identificado en los años de baja producción: 1980, 1983, 1992, 1998, 2009, 2015 y 2016, reportó volúmenes de producción que se reducen drásticamente. Un caso muy marcado ocurrió en el año 1998, en el cual la producción nacional (Perú) y regional (Tacna) se redujeron a 1,5 y 1,0 miles de toneladas (t), respectivamente, mientras que los valores máximos corresponden a 190,0 y 148,0 miles de t, respetivamente, para el periodo 1979-2020. Hacia el año 2025, convergen las producciones local y nacional, representando que la local sería el 100% de la nacional.

Abstract The Tacna region, Peru, characterized by its hyper-aridity, is located at the head of the Atacama Desert, where agriculture is one of the main economic sectors and climate change causes great impacts, especially on the sustainability of olive cultivation reflected in low olive production. In this work we seek to identify the sustainability of olive cultivation in the Tacna region, based on a climatological approach, correlating the production of the crop with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The sustainability of the crop is directly related to the climate, with temperature being the main factor, with thermal tolerance amplitude from -7 to 40 °C, optimal amplitude between 15 and 25 °C and amplitude in the study region between 7 and 32 °C, which we consider adequate according to the established ranges, obtaining relatively high yields, compared to other regions of the world. For its part, the ENSO phenomenon, identified in the years of low production 1980, 1983, 1992, 1998, 2009, 2015 and 2016, reported production volumes that are drastically reduced. A very marked case occurred in 1998, in which national (Peru) and regional (Tacna) production fell to 1.5 and 1.0 thousand tons (t), while the maximum values correspond to 190, 0 and 148.0 thousand tons, respectively, for the period 1979 – 2020, respectively. Towards the year 2025, local and national production converge, representing that the local would be 100 % of the national.

RESUMEN Se determinó la respuesta fisiológica y su relación con el índice de impacto (estrés) calórico en tres razas de bovinos criollos colombianos (Hartón del Valle, Blanco Orejinegro y Sanmartinero). Dichas razas son consideradas adaptadas a las condiciones de trópico bajo e importantes para la producción de carne y leche en Colombia. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar dos índices de tolerancia al calor y dos hormonas y su relación con la respuesta fisiológica al estrés calórico en tres razas criollas colombianas usando análisis de correlación y comparación de medias. Los índices de adaptabilidad ITH y HLI, las hormonas cortisol y T3 se estimaron y estos se correlacionaron con las hormonas y se compararon las medias. Se analizaron las variables fisiológicas: frecuencia cardíaca, respiratoria y ruminal y, temperatura rectal; igualmente se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de las hormonas cortisol y triyodotironina, en siete momentos en la época de lluvias en el Piedemonte Llanero. El índice de temperatura y humedad (ITH) y el índice de carga calórica (HLI) fueron empleados como indicadores de compensación térmica. El HLI mostró mejor relación con las condiciones ambientales al incluir el índice la velocidad del viento y la radiación solar. No se encontraron variaciones entre los grupos raciales (P≥0,05), mientras que los periodos de medición sí presentaron variaciones (P≤0,05). Se concluye que el HLI proporciona mejor información para el estudio de los parámetros fisiológicos y éstos reflejan la adaptación de los animales a las condiciones del medio.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to determine the physiological response and its relationship with the caloric impact (stress) index of three breeds of Colombian Creole cattle (Hartón del Valle, Blanco Orejinegro y Sanmartinero). These breeds have been considered adapted to low-tropical conditions and important to the sustainable meat and milk production in Colombia. To determine two heat tolerance indexes and two hormones and their relationship to the physiological response to heat stress in three Colombian Creole cattle breeds, Pearson's correlation methodology and mean comparison study were used. The adaptability indexes such as temperature-humidity index (ITH) and heat load index (HLI) and cortisol and T3 hormones were estimated and subsequently, the indexes were correlated with the hormones using the Pearson methodology, also the mean comparison study was used. Physiological variables were analyzed such as heart rate, respiratory rate, rumen patterns, and rectal temperature; during the study, serum concentrations of cortisol and triiodothyronine hormones were detected in seven different instances during the rainy season in the Piedemonte Llanero. ITH and HLI were used as indicators of thermal compensation. The HLI appeared to be a better indicator when the environmental conditions included wind speed and solar radiation. No variations were found between the breeds (P≥0.05), while the measurement periods did show variations (P≤0.05). It may conclude that the HLI provides better information to study physiological parameters and it may confirm that the animals are considered adapted to the conditions of the local environment.

ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out in a randomized blocks design, aiming at evaluation of the cultivation of coriander intercropped with rocket subjected to saline and thermal stresses in the root-zone. Six treatments were evaluated, as follows: four treatments consisted of the combinations of two levels of electrical conductivity of water (ECw 0.3 and 6.5 dS m-1) with two root-zone temperatures - RZT (ambient: < 25 °C and constant at 30 °C). The respective waters were used to prepare the nutrient solution and to replenish the water consumed. In the other two treatments the cultivation was performed at ambient RZT, one with 0.3 dS m-1 level used to prepare the solution and 6.5 dS m-1 level to replenish the consumption, and other with 6.5 dS m-1 level used to prepare the solution and 0.3 dS m-1 level to replenish the water consumed. Plant height, stem diameter, water content in shoot, fresh and dry matter of shoot, and tolerance index of saline and thermal stresses were evaluated. The coriander was more tolerant to combined stresses than the rocket. For the isolated stresses, there was a greater reduction in the production of both crops as a function of salinity than by thermal stress.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar como os diferentes tipos de andamento afetam as respostas fisiológicas e termográficas de cavalos Pantaneiro (Equus ferus caballus) submetidos a condições ambientais com alta temperatura. Dez cavalos foram avaliados em delineamento experimental de quadrado latino 5x5 duplo, com cinco andamentos: passo, trote, trote estendido, galope e galope estendido. As seguintes medidas fisiológicas foram determinadas logo após os exercícios: taxas cardíaca e respiratória, teor de lactato sanguíneo e temperatura retal. As imagens termográficas foram avaliadas por meio de câmera de infravermelho. O passo, o trote e o trote estendido foram os andamentos mais adequados para os cavalos Pantaneiros manterem a termorregulação dentro das normas fisiológicas em condições de alta temperatura do ar. As temperaturas obtidas nas regiões da área do olho e da axila mostram maior capacidade preditiva para os parâmetros fisiológicos.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine how different types of gait affect the physiological and thermographic responses of Pantaneiro horses (Equus ferus caballus) subjected to field conditions under high environmental temperatures. Ten horses were evaluated in a double 5x5 Latin square experimental design, with five gait types: walk, trot, extended trot, gallop, and extended gallop. The following physiological measures were determined immediately after exercise: heart and respiratory rates, blood lactate content, and rectal temperature. Body surface temperatures were evaluated using an infrared camera. The walk, trot, and extended trot were the most adequate gaits for Pantaneiro horses to maintain thermoregulation within the physiological norms under conditions with a high air temperature. The temperatures obtained in the eye and elbow regions show the best predictive capacity for physiological parameters.

Abstract This study analyzed the effect of thermal stress on erythrocytes of Notothenia rossii and Notothenia coriiceps, abundant notothenioids in Admiralty Bay, Antarctic Peninsula. In both species, the antioxidant defense system enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S transferase, glutathione reductase were punctually altered (8°C for 1, 3 and 6 days) in erythrocytes, indicating that these markers are not ideal for termal stress. However, under the influence of thermal stress, morphological changes in Notothenia coriiceps erythrocytes were observed at all exposure times (1, 3 and 6 days at 8°C), and in Notothenia rossii occurred in 6 days. These results suggest that Notothenia corriceps presents a lower tolerance to thermal stress at 8°C for up to 6 days, since the cellular and nuclear alterations recorded are pathological and may be deleterious to the cells. Among the morphological markers analyzed in this work, we believe that the shape change and nuclear bubble formation may be good stress biomarkers in erythrocytes of Notothenia rossii and Notothenia coriiceps.

RESUMO: A temperatura afeta o desenvolvimento das plantas, portanto o filocrono tem sido usado para prever eventos de desenvolvimento e estabelecer o momento adequado para práticas agrícolas. Esse estudo buscou avaliar mudanças em filocrono e soma térmica até o florescimento de genótipos de aveia desenvolvidos em diferentes décadas em três regimes térmicos; o efeito de altas temperaturas no desenvolvimento de fitômeros; e identificar o estágio de desenvolvimento em que ocorre a transição do meristema para a fase reprodutiva. Três ambientes foram estabelecidos pela semeadura no outono, na primavera e em temperatura constante (17oC), em fotoperíodo indutor. Apesar da alteração dos valores numéricos, houve pouca diferença entre os filocronos dos genótipos. A adição das temperaturas ótima e máxima específicas no cálculo de graus dias demonstrou a estabilidade de filocrono entre ambientes. O ciclo e a soma térmica correlacionaram-se com o número de fitômeros. UFRGS 078030-2 floresceu mais cedo, teve menos fitômeros e maior tolerância a altas temperaturas do que os demais genótipos. Os genótipos mais recentes transitam para a fase reprodutiva em estágios mais precoces da escala Haun, em comparação com os genótipos mais antigos.

ABSTRACT: Temperature affects plant development therefore phyllochron has been used as a predictor for developmental events to define the time for agricultural managing practices. This study aims to evaluate changes in phyllochron and thermal sum required for flowering by oat genotypes developed at different decades at three temperature regimes; the effect of high temperature on phytomere development; and identify the development stage at the moment of meristem transition to reproductive stage. Three environments were obtained by sowing in the fall, in the spring, and under constant temperature (17oC), always at inductive photoperiod. Despite changes in nominal values small differences were found among genotypes’ phyllochron. Adding specific optimal and maximum temperatures into the growing degree days’ calculation demonstrated phyllochron stability among environments. Plant cycle length and thermal sum correlated with the number of developed phytomeres. UFRGS 078030-2 plants flowered earlier, had a small number of phytomeres, and greater tolerance to elevated temperatures than the other genotypes. More recent genotypes transit to reproductive stage at an earlier Haun stage than older ones.

Abstract We evaluated the influence of a 32-day camping in Antarctica on physical performance and exercise-induced thermoregulatory responses. In Brazil, before and after the Antarctic camping, the volunteers performed an incremental exercise at temperate conditions and, two days later, an exercise heat stress protocol (45-min running at 60% of maximum aerobic speed, at 31°C and 60% of relative humidity). In Antarctica, core temperature was assessed on a day of fieldwork, and average values higher than 38.5°C were reported. At pre- and post-Antarctica, physiological (whole-body and local sweat rate, number of active sweat glands, sweat gland output, core and skin temperatures) and perceptual (thermal comfort and sensation) variables were measured. The Antarctic camping improved the participants’ performance and induced heat-related adaptations, as evidenced by sweat redistribution (lower in the chest but higher in grouped data from the forehead, forearm, and thigh) and reduced skin temperatures in the forehead and chest during the exercise heat stress protocol. Notwithstanding the acclimatization, the participants did not report differences of the thermal sensation and comfort. In conclusion, staying in an Antarctic camp for 32 days improved physical performance and elicited physiological adaptations to heat due to the physical exertion-induced hyperthermia in the field.