ABSTRACT: This essay analyzes the film Ratas, Ratones, Rateros (1999), by Ecuadorian director Sebastián Cordero, as a reflection of the social problems that affect contemporary Ecuador. Through a textual analysis of the work, it is examined how the main characters, two cousins who are dedicated to theft and crime, represent the Creole liveliness, social resentment and corruption that are some of the characteristic features of Ecuadorian society. Likewise, the film is contextualized with the political and economic scenario of the country at the end of the nineties, marked by the banking crisis, dollarization and government instability. The conclusion to be reached is that Ecuadorian cinema, more than a nationalist art, functions as a mirror of daily reality; as a reflection of the identity and social problems of Ecuadorians.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se analiza la película Ratas, Ratones, Rateros (1999), del director ecuatoriano Sebastián Cordero, como un reflejo de las problemáticas sociales que afectan al Ecuador contemporáneo. A través de un análisis textual de la obra, se examina cómo los personajes principales, dos primos que se dedican al robo y la delincuencia, representan la viveza criolla, el resentimiento social y la corrupción, que son algunos de los rasgos característicos de la sociedad ecuatoriana. Asimismo, se contextualiza la película con el escenario político y económico del país a finales de los noventa, marcado por la crisis bancaria, la dolarización y la inestabilidad gubernamental. La conclusión a la se llegará es que el cine ecuatoriano, más que un arte nacionalista, funciona como un espejo de la realidad cotidiana; como un reflejo de la identidad y de los problemas sociales de los ecuatorianos.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the arguments mobilized by judges to justify the issuance of preventive detention orders and to observe the existence of a relationship between these arguments and class and race factors. The methodology used was the documentary analysis of interlocutory decisions converting flagrant arrests into preventive detentions, referring to charges of theft and robbery that occurred between 2015 and 2018 in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Brazil. A total of 322 interlocutory decisions to decree preventive detention were analyzed, retrieved from the case files of Salvador Prison/BA, a unit for temporary detainees. At the end of the research, it was concluded that, among the justifications in force in Article 312 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 100% of the decisions analyzed were based on the category of guaranteeing public order, understood as social harmony offended by the dangerousness of the prisoner. This dangerousness is expressed by the concepts of criminal recidivism and modus operandi. It was also concluded that these arguments reproduce class and race stereotypes, since they use mechanisms to naturalize the group most affected by the net of the criminal justice system (young black men), depriving them of the enjoyment of citizenship and protection of fundamental rights. factors detentions 201 Brazil 32 PrisonBA Prison BA Prison/BA detainees research 31 Procedure 100 order prisoner operandi stereotypes young men, men , men) rights 20 3 10 2 1

Resumo Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar os argumentos mobilizados por juízes para justificar a decretação de prisão preventiva, além de observar a existência de relação entre esses argumentos e os fatores de classe e raça. Utilizamos como metodologia a análise documental de decisões interlocutórias que convertem prisões em flagrante em prisões preventivas, referentes a imputações de roubos e furtos ocorridos entre os anos 2015 e 2018 na região metropolitana de Salvador. Foram analisadas 322 decisões interlocutórias de decretação de prisão preventiva, retiradas do arquivo de prontuários do Presídio de Salvador/BA, unidade destinada a presos provisórios. Ao final da pesquisa pode-se concluir que, entre as justificativas vigentes no artigo 312 do Código de Processo Penal, 100% das decisões analisadas se baseavam na categoria de garantia da ordem pública, entendida como harmonia social ofendida pela periculosidade do preso. Essa periculosidade é expressa pelos conceitos de contumácia criminal e modus operandi. Também se chegou à conclusão de que esses argumentos reproduzem estereótipos de classe e raça, tendo em vista que utilizam mecanismos de naturalização do grupo mais atingido pela malha do sistema de justiça penal (jovens negros), retirando-os do gozo da cidadania e proteção de direitos fundamentais. preventiva raça preventivas 201 Salvador 32 SalvadorBA BA Salvador/BA provisórios podese pode 31 Penal 100 pública preso operandi jovens negros, negros , negros) retirandoos retirando fundamentais 20 3 10 2 1

Abstract: This study aims to identify and analyze the main research streams on digital safety and online privacy related to higher education students. Students are at risk of cybercrime, including online harassment, identity theft, and exposure to inappropriate content. A systematic literature review is conducted on digital security, cybersecurity, Internet security, online safety, and use of digital technologies. The results show that publications on digital security for higher education students have increased consistently during the last two decades. The main research streams are: digital risk and student perspectives, digital children, digital teenagers, online harassment, and digital behavior. In conclusion, this study provides a wide assessment on digital security for university students and highlights the importance of future research on improving awareness and safety on digital environments for teenagers.

Resumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar las principales corrientes de investigación en seguridad digital y privacidad en línea para estudiantes de educación superior. Los estudiantes están en riesgo de ser víctimas de ciberdelitos, como el acoso en línea, el robo de identidad y la exposición a contenido inapropiado. Se realiza una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre seguridad digital, ciberseguridad, seguridad en Internet y uso de tecnologías digitales. Los resultados muestran que la producción científica sobre seguridad digital en estudiantes de educación superior ha experimentado un crecimiento sostenido durante las últimas dos décadas. Las corrientes de investigación más destacadas son: riesgo digital y perspectivas estudiantiles, digital children, jóvenes digitales, ciberacoso y comportamiento digital. En conclusión, se proporciona una visión amplia sobre la seguridad digital en estudiantes universitarios y se destaca la importancia de futuras investigaciones para mejorar la conciencia y protección de los jóvenes en el entorno digital.

Abstract Background: Floral microstructure, with multiple functions, is very important in pollination biology. Questions: Are the expected general characteristics of corolla micromorphology fulfilled in the selected species with different pollination systems? Studied species: Agave americana, Arbutus unedo, Aristolochia paucinervis, Cestrum nocturnum, Cytinus hypocistis subsp. macranthus, C. ruber, Dianthus lusitanus, Grevillea robusta, Musa x paradisiaca, Nicotiana glauca, Stellaria media and Teucrium fruticans. Study site and dates: Southern Spain, 2017-2019. Methods: Floral micromorphological characters were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy and analyzed using different statistical tests. Results: The adaxial side of the corolla lobes in melittophilous, myrmecophilous, psychophilous and sapromyophilous species showed papillose cells, and the same was true of the sphingophilous species Cestrum nocturnum and hummingbird-pollinated Nicotiana glauca. In contrast, tabular cells were observed in the perching-pollinator ornithophilous species Grevillea robusta, the two studied chiropterophilous species, and autogamous Stellaria media. In addition, corolla mesophyll was thicker in chiropterophilous species. Furthermore, differences were detected in cell turgidity (in protogynous Aristolochia paucinervis) and in mesophyll thickness between male and female flowers (Cytinus). Conclusions: Papillose cells were present in corollas in physical contact with pollinators, as expected, but also appeared in corollas of some other species without such contact. We recommend that studies of dichogamous and unisexual species include comparisons of corolla micromorphology between sexual states, as differences may exist in cell turgidity or mesophyll thickness. We also caution against the widespread view that certain types of pollinators do not mechanically interact with the epidermal surface of the corolla.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La microestructura floral posee gran importancia en biología de la polinización, con múltiples funciones. Preguntas: ¿Se cumplen los patrones esperados de micromorfología de la corola en las especies seleccionadas? Especies de estudio: Agave americana, Arbutus unedo, Aristolochia paucinervis, Cestrum nocturnum, Cytinus hypocistis subsp. macranthus, C. ruber, Dianthus lusitanus, Grevillea robusta, Musa x paradisiaca, Nicotiana glauca, Stellaria media y Teucrium fruticans. Sitio y años de estudio: Sur de España, 2017-2019. Métodos: Micromorfología floral estudiada a MO y MEB y analizada mediante pruebas estadísticas. Resultados: La cara adaxial de los lóbulos corolinos en las especies melitófilas, mirmecófilas, psicófilas y sapromófilas mostró células papilosas, pero también en la esfingófila Cestrum nocturnum y en la ornitófila por colibríes Nicotiana glauca. Presentaron células tabulares la ornitófila perchera Grevillea robusta, las dos especies quiropterófilas y la autógama Stellaria media. Además, el mesofilo de las quiropterófilas fue más grueso. Finalmente, hubo diferencias en la turgencia celular (A. paucinervis, protógina) y en el grosor del mesofilo entre las flores masculinas y femeninas (Cytinus). Conclusiones: Se cumplió el patrón esperado de existencia de células papilosas en corolas que contactan físicamente con los polinizadores, pero también aparecieron en corolas sin tal contacto. En especies con dicogamia y unisexualidad es aconsejable estudiar la microestructura corolina diferenciando entre los dos estados sexuales, ya que la turgencia celular o el grosor del mesofilo podrían diferenciarlos. También advertimos contra la amplia opinión de que ciertos tipos de polinizadores no interaccionan mecánicamente con la superficie epidérmica de la corola.

Abstract: Following the economic complexity methodology introduced by Hausmann et al. (2013), this study establishes an order of crime evolution in Mexico. This ordering is based on the complexity of crimes, as determined by the capabilities required to commit them. According to the study, the least complex crimes in Mexico include robbery in collective public transport, robbery in individual transport, counterfeiting, and auto parts theft. On the other hand, the crimes characterized by the highest complexity involve organized crime, intentional and unintentional homicide, and the trafficking of minors. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that femicide and rape exhibit the most significant centrality or influence within the criminal network. According to the model, crimes associated with violence against women are those that most increase the probability of committing another crime. Therefore, targeted prevention efforts aimed at reducing femicide and rape may substantially impact overall levels of criminality in Mexico. This study also highlights the importance of addressing violence against women in designing crime prevention policies in Mexico. Moreover, the methodology adopted in this study can be reinterpreted as a spectral clustering algorithm and thus also contributes to the literature on machine learning applications in public policy design.

Resumen: Bajo la metodología de complejidad económica propuesta por Hausmann et al. (2013), esta investigación estableció un ordenamiento de la evolución del crimen en México. Este ordenamiento se basa en la complejidad de los delitos, determinada por las capacidades requeridas para cometerlos. De acuerdo con esta investigación, los delitos con menor complejidad en México incluyen el robo en transporte público colectivo, robo en transporte individual, falsificación y robo de autopartes. Por otro lado, los delitos con mayor complejidad están relacionados con el crimen organizado, el homicidio intencional e involuntario y el tráfico de menores. Además, el análisis reveló que el feminicidio y la violación exhiben la centralidad o influencia más significativa dentro de la red criminal. Según el modelo, los delitos asociados con la violencia contra las mujeres son los que más aumentan la probabilidad de cometer otro delito. Por lo tanto, los esfuerzos de prevención dirigidos a reducir el feminicidio y la violación pueden tener un impacto sustancial en los niveles generales de criminalidad en México. Este estudio también destaca la importancia de abordar la violencia contra las mujeres en el diseño de políticas de prevención del delito en México. Además, la metodología adoptada en este estudio puede ser reinterpretada como un algoritmo de agrupamiento espectral y, por lo tanto, también contribuye a la literatura sobre aplicaciones de aprendizaje automático en el diseño de políticas públicas.

Abstract Based on the analysis of all the lawsuits available in the General Archive of the Nation, this article analyzes the phenomenon of theft in Santa Fe (Bogotá since 1819) and its jurisdiction between 1740 and 1836, in order to present a panorama that includes changes that occurred after Independence. It is argued that, during the viceroyalty, violent thefts did not occur nor were there criminals professionally dedicated to such crimes, but rather that they were accessory acts with respect to the ways of life of the popular sectors, despite their regularity. This crime was framed in a network of clandestine circulation of meat and animals, as well as stolen things. It is also shown that, after Independence, urban thefts increased in the capital and violent cases began to occur, as well as a greater organization among those who committed thefts, without this implying that they had socio political connotations in general.

Resumen A partir del análisis de todos los juicios disponibles en el Archivo General de la Nación, este artículo estudia el fenómeno de los hurtos en Santa Fe, Bogotá, desde 1819, y su jurisdicción entre 1740 y 1836, con el fin presentar un panorama que incluya los cambios ocurridos después de la Independencia. Se argumenta que, durante el virreinato, no ocurrieron hurtos violentos ni había delincuentes dedicados profesionalmente a tales delitos, sino que se trataba de actos accesorios con respecto a las formas de vida de los sectores populares, a pesar de su regularidad. Esta delincuencia estaba enmarcada en una red de circulación clandestina de carne y animales, así como también de cosas hurtadas. Además, se muestra que, después de la Independencia, aumentaron los hurtos urbanos en la capital y comenzaron a ocurrir casos violentos, así como una mayor organización entre quienes cometían los hurtos, sin que esto implicara que tuvieran connotaciones sociopolíticas en general.

Resumo Com base na análise de todos os processos disponíveis no Arquivo Geral da Nação, este artigo analisa o fenômeno do furto em Santa Fé (Bogotá desde 1819) e sua jurisdição entre 1740 e 1836, a fim de apresentar um panorama que inclua mudanças que ocorreram após a independência. Argumenta-se que, durante o vice-reinado, não ocorreram furtos violentos nem criminosos dedicados profissionalmente a tais crimes, mas que foram atos acessórios aos modos de vida dos setores populares, apesar de sua regularidade. Este crime foi enquadrado numa rede de circulação clandestina de carnes e animais, bem como de coisas roubadas. Mostra-se também que, após a Independência, os furtos urbanos aumentaram na capital e começaram a ocorrer casos de violência, bem como uma maior organização entre os que cometeram furtos, sem que isso implique que tivessem conotações sociopolíticas em geral.

Abstract This qualitative research analyzes the interpersonal experiences of women working in contexts associated with science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in the region of Antofagasta, Chile, and the processes of professional agency that impacts on their experiences. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 professional women belonging to a mentoring program for university students in STEM careers. The autobiographical milestones associated with their professional trajectories were investigated and a content analysis was carried out. Participants reported experiences such as questioning of their abilities; intellectual theft; gender-based violence; and sexual harassment. As favorable experiences they mentioned technical or socioemotional support and recognition of professional competencies. The interviewees demonstrated professional agency in these scenarios, which has allowed them to remain in and cope with highly masculinized environments, such as setting limits, persevering around goals, validating their knowledge and challenging prejudices. The implications of these results are discussed in order to make visible the inequalities that persist for women in highly masculinized STEM work environments, and to reflect on how to strengthen agency and also generate more inclusive professional environments.

Resumen Esta investigación cualitativa analiza las experiencias interpersonales de mujeres que se desempeñan en contextos laborales asociados a ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (STEM) en la región de Antofagasta, Chile, y los procesos de agencia profesional que inciden en sus experiencias. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 12 mujeres profesionales pertenecientes a un programa de mentorías para estudiantes universitarias de carreras STEM. Se indagó en los hitos autobiográficos asociados a sus trayectorias profesionales y se realizó un análisis de contenido. Las participantes reportaron experiencias tales como cuestionamiento de sus capacidades; robo intelectual; violencia de género y acoso sexual. Como experiencias favorables mencionaron apoyo técnico o socioemocional y reconocimiento de las competencias profesionales. Las entrevistadas demostraron agencia profesional en estos escenarios, que les ha permitido permanecer y enfrentar ambientes altamente masculinizados, tales como poner límites, perseverar en torno a metas, validar su conocimiento y desafiar prejuicios. Se discuten las implicancias de estos resultados para visibilizar las desigualdades que persisten hacia las mujeres en entornos laborales STEM altamente masculinizados, y reflexionar sobre cómo fortalecer agencia y también generar entornos profesionales más inclusivos.

RESUMEN La literatura teórica indica que el gasto en seguridad pública es importante para disuadir el comportamiento delictivo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios empíricos destinados a cuantificar la influencia del gasto en seguridad pública sobre la delincuencia no han podido establecer una relación estadísticamente significativa entre estas variables. En respuesta a esto, introdujimos un indicador novedoso que mide la asignación de los gastos de seguridad pública en cada región. Al probarlo para delitos de homicidio, robo y hurto de vehículos a través del estimador gmm-sys, encontramos evidencia estadística de que su ocurrencia influye en la conducta delictiva. Creemos que su inclusión aporta evidencia valiosa a la literatura económica, arrojando luz sobre el debate en torno a la eficiencia en la asignación de recursos del gasto en seguridad.

ABSTRACT Theoretical literature indicates that public security spending matters to deter criminal behavior. Nevertheless, most empirical studies aiming to quantify the influence of public security spending on crime have largely been unable to establish a statistically significant relationship between these variables. In response to this, we introduced a novel proxy that measures the rationing of public security expenditures in each region. When testing it for crimes of homicide, robbery, and theft of vehicles through the gmm-sys estimator, we found statistical evidence that its occurrence influences criminal behavior. We believe its inception contributes valuable evidence to the economic literature, shedding light on the debate surrounding the allocative efficiency of security spending resources.

Abstract The State of Mexico is a Mexican entity facing socio-environmental problems: destruction of forest resources, water and air pollution, and poor quality of basic services. This paper analyzes its socio-urban metabolism between 2010 and 2020, considering it as a thermodynamic machine. Using Material Flow and Energy Flow Analysis (MFAE), indicators of consumption and emissions of electricity, fuel, water and social aspects (schooling, social security, economically active population and PBT) were obtained. Metabolic Indexes (MI) were calculated to indicate consumption by municipality. The results showed increases in: fuel consumption (275%), water (130%) and decrease in electricity consumption (-65.7%) due to costs, overcrowding and theft, indicating a governmental inability to provide services. On the social issue, the quality of education declined despite the decrease in the illiterate population. Access to social security rose (27%) in 2020, but public entities are bankrupt and 47.9% of the population is poor. The MI showed that the most consuming municipalities are those in the Toluca Valley and those in the suburbs of Mexico City. Despite the alignment of urban planning to the SDGs, they are not achieved due to methodologies that do not contemplate thermodynamic laws, socio-environmental complexity and, therefore, long-term sustainability.

Resumen El Estado de México es una entidad mexicana que enfrenta problemas socioambientales: destrucción de recursos forestales, contaminación del agua y del aire, y mala calidad en los servicios básicos. Este trabajo analiza su metabolismo socio-urbano entre 2010 y 2020, considerándolo como una máquina termodinámica. Con el uso del Análisis de Flujo de Materiales y Energía (MFAE) se obtuvieron indicadores de consumo y emisiones de electricidad, combustible, agua y aspectos sociales (escolaridad, seguridad social, población económicamente activa y el PBT). Se calcularon Índices Metabólicos (IM) para indicar su consumo por municipio. Los resultados mostraron incrementos en consumos de combustible (275%); agua (130%); disminución en el consumo de electricidad (-65,7%), debido a costos; hacinamiento y robo; lo que indica una incapacidad gubernamental en la provisión de servicios. En la cuestión social, la calidad educativa desciende a pesar de la disminución de la población analfabeta. El acceso a la seguridad social ascendió (27%) en 2020, pero las entidades públicas están en quiebra y el 47,9% de la población es pobre. Los IM mostraron que los municipios más consumidores son los del Valle de Toluca y los conurbados a la Ciudad de México. A pesar de la alineación de los planes de urbanismo a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), estos no se alcanzan debido a metodologías que no contemplan las leyes termodinámicas, la complejidad socioambiental y, por tanto, una sustentabilidad a largo plazo.

Résumé Le langage cinématographique est une ressource importante pour l’enseignement et l’apprentissage dans le domaine de la santé. Les discussions sur le cancer et sont processus de maladie ont utilisés plusieurs films pour déclencher les réflexions nécessaires à une performance professionnelle plus empathique, sensible et humanisée. Cherchant à contribuer à ce scénario, cette étude examine les significations au tour du cancer mobilisées par le film Aquarius. Le récit dépeint le cancer comme une invasion du corps sain et comme le vol de la vie. La sexualité et le protagonisme féminin sont entrelacés dans ce film qui métaphorise le cancer dans ses multiples représentations sociales, ouvrant un espace pour un sentiment de pouvoir et rompant avec les stéréotypes négatifs prévalant dans d’autres langues. lenseignement l enseignement lapprentissage apprentissage santé empathique humanisée scénario Aquarius vie sociales dautres d autres langues

Resumen El lenguaje cinematográfico es un recurso importante para la enseñanza-aprendizaje en el campo de la salud. Para trabajar sobre el tema del cáncer, se han utilizado de películas como desencadenantes de reflexiones necesarias para la formación de profesionales de la salud capaces de un desempeño más sensible y humanizado. Para contribuir a este escenario, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir los significados sobre el cáncer con base en el análisis de la película Aquarius. Los significados predominantes en esta película se refieren al cáncer como una invasión del cuerpo y como el robo de algo importante para el sujeto. Los temas de la sexualidad y el protagonismo femenino se entrelazan en la creación de una película que metaforiza el cáncer en sus múltiples representaciones sociales, abriendo espacio para la sensación de poder, rompiendo con los estereotipos negativos que prevalecen en otros idiomas. enseñanzaaprendizaje enseñanza aprendizaje humanizado escenario Aquarius sujeto sociales poder idiomas

Abstract Film language is an important resource for health teaching-learning. Discussions on cancer and its illness process have used several movies to trigger reflections necessary for a more empathic, sensitive and humanized health care performance. Seeking to contribute to this scenario, this study investigates the meanings around cancer mobilized by the movie Aquarius. The narrative portrays cancer as an invasion against the healthy body and as theft of one’s life. Sexuality and female empowerment are intertwined in this film that metaphorizes cancer in its multiple social representations, opening up space for a sense of power and breaking with negative stereotypes prevalent in other languages. teachinglearning. teachinglearning teaching learning. learning teaching-learning empathic performance scenario Aquarius ones one s life representations languages

Resumo A linguagem fílmica constitui um importante recurso para o ensino-aprendizagem no campo da saúde. Para trabalhar a temática do adoecimento por câncer, diversos filmes têm sido empregados como disparadores de reflexões necessárias à formação de profissionais de saúde capazes de uma atuação mais empática, sensível e humanizada. Para contribuir com esse cenário, o presente estudo teve por objetivo discutir os sentidos sobre o adoecimento pelo câncer a partir da análise do filme Aquarius. Os sentidos predominantes neste filme referem-se ao câncer como uma invasão do corpo sadio e como roubo de algo importante ao sujeito. As temáticas da sexualidade e do protagonismo feminino entrelaçam-se na costura de um filme que metaforiza o câncer em suas múltiplas representações sociais, abrindo espaço para o sentido de potência, rompendo com estereótipos negativos predominantes nas demais linguagens. ensinoaprendizagem ensino aprendizagem empática humanizada cenário Aquarius referemse referem se sujeito entrelaçamse entrelaçam sociais potência linguagens

Resumo: Este artigo descreve a analisa o surgimento do ativismo de um grupo de mulheres em busca de seus filhos e filhas roubadas ao nascer na Argentina. Com base em observações e entrevistas com essas mães que buscam, são analisadas, por um lado, as noções às quais elas recorrem para dar legitimidade às suas reivindicações ao se oporem à suspeita de que são "más mães" que entregaram ou abandonaram seus filhos. Por outro lado, as condições para emergência desse ativismo e suas particularidades da configuração local dos direitos humanos e dos direitos das mulheres. Postula-se como hipótese que as práticas de roubo de crianças denunciadas por essas mulheres constituem formas específicas de violência inscritas no tecido social da desigualdade de gênero, classe e etária. Resumo Argentina buscam analisadas lado más Postulase Postula gênero etária

Abstract: This article describes and analyzes the emergence of the activism of a group of women who denounce the theft of their children at birth in Argentina and are searching for them. Based on observations and interviews with these searching mothers, we analyze, on the one hand, the notions to which they appeal to give legitimacy to their claims and to oppose the suspicion that they are taken as bad mothers who gave up and/or abandoned their children. And, on the other hand, the conditions of possibility for the emergence of this activism and the particularities that the local configuration of human rights and women's rights imprints on it. It is postulated as a hypothesis that the practices of child stealing denounced by these women constitute specific forms of violence inscribed in the social fabric of gender, class, and age inequality. Abstract them analyze hand andor or And womens s it gender class inequality

Resumen: Este artículo describe y analiza el surgimiento del activismo de un grupo de mujeres que denuncian el robo de sus hijos/as al nacer en Argentina y los/as están buscando. A partir de observaciones y entrevistas con estas madres buscadoras se analizan, por un lado, las nociones a las que apelan para dotar de legitimidad a sus reclamos y oponerse a la sospecha que se erige sobre ellas como malas madres que entregaron y/o abandonaron a sus hijos/as. Y, por otro lado, las condiciones de posibilidad para la emergencia de este activismo y las particularidades que le imprime la configuración local de los derechos humanos y de los derechos de las mujeres. Se postula como hipótesis que las prácticas de robo de niños/as que denuncian estas mujeres constituyen formas específicas de violencia inscriptas en tramas sociales de desigualdad de género, clase y edad. Resumen hijosas hijos as losas buscando analizan lado yo o Y niñosas niños género edad

BACKGROUND: Small, medium and micro retail enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa are regarded as having a high failure rate. The reason behind the failure can be ascribed to a wide variety of issues. Stock shrinkage is one of the challenges contributing towards the failure of businesses particularly if not safeguarded. AIM: The study aimed to investigate the effects of stock shrinkage as a cause of physical stock loss on the financial performance of retail SMMEs in the City of Tshwane. SETTING: The sample of the study was drawn from retail SMME owners, managers and owner-managers. METHOD: A quantitative research approach in the form of a questionnaire was adopted and a non-probability, convenience sampling method was employed. Regression analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS (version 27) to test the hypotheses. RESULTS: Stock spoilage and internal theft are the strongest predictors of profitability and sales volume loss. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that stock shrinkage as a cause of physical stock loss relates to the financial performance of retail SMMEs. However, not all physical stock loss variables carry the same weight in terms of their contribution to retail financial losses. CONTRIBUTION: The study contributes to retail SMMEs and stock shrinkage literature by identifying the causes of stock shrinkage as a result of physical stock loss. It further sheds light on high predictor variables of physical stock loss which can threaten the financial sustainability of businesses.

BACKGROUND: Despite the efforts of Namibia's Ministry of Health and Social Services to build maternity waiting homes (MWHs), few pregnant women make use of them. Long distances among the general population in Namibia limit the utilisation of MWHs. Little research has investigated what factors are limiting the use of these facilities despite the urgent need for them. The aim of this study thus was to explore and describe the perspectives of pregnant women on the utilisation of the MWHs near Onandjokwe Lutheran Hospital in Oshikoto Region METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was employed. The accessible population in this study comprised 18 participants who were selected for the study using a purposive sampling technique RESULTS: Participants reported numerous barriers to visiting MWHs in Namibia, including an inadequate number of rooms, theft, food scarcity and the effects of poverty on the living conditions of the MWH users. Enablers visiting MWHs included the safe delivery of babies by skilled staff, reduced transport costs, access to timely management of labour complications and affordable accommodation CONCLUSION: The study revealed that a number of barriers must be overcome before the desired number of women take advantage of MWHs. Multiple factors act as constraints to their use, including inadequate number of rooms, theft, food scarcity and the long distance between patients' homes and MWH services CONTRIBUTION: The study's findings can be used to develop targeted interventions and strategies that can be used by MWH providers to address the identified barriers

BACKGROUND: Globally, crime is highly masculinised and research into female criminality is scarce. In South Africa, no research specifically investigating the characteristics of female observandi referred for non-violent crimes has been published. AIMS: The study aimed to describe the socio-demographic, clinical, and forensic correlates in women referred to Sterkfontein Hospital for forensic psychiatric observation following a non-violent criminal charge between 2010 and 2019. It also sought to establish the relationship between the correlates and fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility, as well as the relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics and the different non-violent criminal charges. SETTING: Sterkfontein Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective record review of all cases referred to Sterkfontein Hospital for a single observation over 10 years was conducted. RESULTS: Sixty-five cases were included in the study. Most observandi referred for non-violent crimes were found to be single (84.6%), unemployed (67.7%), reported abuse (55.4%), and had a high prevalence of mental illness (90.8%). Non-adherence to treatment was identified in 59.1% and substance use was identified in 72.2% of the study sample. The most common charge was theft (64.6%). The majority of the sample was found fit and responsible (57%). Bipolar (21%) and Primary Psychotic Disorders (35.7%) were associated with statistically significant outcomes of trial incompetence (p = 0.005) and lack of responsibility (p = 0.028 CONCLUSION: It is recommended that prospective studies are conducted which include comparisons with male counterparts and females referred for violent crimes. CONTRIBUTION: The study identified correlates that should be included in the standard of care in forensic assessments of female observandi.

Abstract: The article analyzes slave criminality in the Minas Gerais city of Juiz de Fora during the second half of the 19th century. Twenty four criminal cases were analyzed in which enslaved people are victims, defendants and/or witnesses. From the analysis of this documentation, it was possible to point out the motivations for carrying out certain crimes, such as robbery and theft, and the treatment given by justice to criminal slaves. In addition to this aspect, the analysis of criminal cases made it possible to demonstrate the intervention of the State in the relations between masters and slaves that occurred from 1850 onwards and to reconstruct part of the daily life of enslaved people involved in criminal actions. Abstract th century victims andor or witnesses documentation crimes theft aspect 185 actions 18 1

Resumo: O artigo analisa a criminalidade escrava na cidade mineira de Juiz de Fora durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Foram analisados 24 processos criminais nos quais os escravizados encontram-se como vítimas, réus e/ou testemunhas. A partir da análise dessa documentação foi possível apontar as motivações das realizações de determinados crimes, como, por exemplo, o roubo e o furto, e o tratamento dado pela justiça a escravos e escravas criminosos. Além desse aspecto, a análise dos processos criminais permitiu demonstrar a intervenção do Estado nas relações entre senhores e escravos ocorrida a partir de 1850 e reconstruir parte do cotidiano dos escravizados envolvidos nas ações criminais. Resumo XIX 2 encontramse encontram se vítimas eou ou testemunhas crimes exemplo furto criminosos aspecto 185 18 1