SUMMARY: Studies have shown an association between homocysteine (Hcy) and several pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between Hcy and testicular disorders is still unclear. The present study investigated the effects of Hcy on testicular structure. Thirteen adult Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups. The control group and the methionine group received an oral solution of L-methionine 200 mg /kg per day for six months. Blood samples and testes were collected for subsequent experiments. Serum levels of Hcy and testosterone were analyzed. We examined the histopathological and immunohistochemical localization of GATA-4, vimentin (VIM), connexin-43 (Cx-43), occludin (OCLN), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) in the rat testis. Results showed that rats receiving methionine showed a reduction in body and testicular weights. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the testicular tissues of methionine group showed altered structure of seminiferous tubules with decreased immunoexpression of Cx-43, GATA-4, OCLN, VIM, AR, ESR1 and ESR2 compared to control. The results suggest that Hcy has a negative effect on the testes with a probable disruption of spermatogenesis.

RESUMEN: Estudios han demostrado una asociación entre la homocisteína (Hcy) y varias afecciones patológicas, incluidas las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Sin embargo, la relación entre Hcy y los trastornos testiculares aún no está clara. El presente estudio investigó los efectos de la Hcy sobre la estructura testicular. En este trabajo se dividieron trece ratas albinas Wistar adultas en dos grupos. El grupo de control y el grupo de metionina recibieron una solución oral de L-metionina 200 mg/kg por día durante seis meses. Se recogieron muestras de sangre y testículos para experimentos posteriores. Se analizaron los niveles séricos de Hcy y testosterona. Examinamos la localización histopatológica e inmunohistoquímica de GATA-4, vimentina (VIM), conexina-43 (Cx-43), ocludina (OCLN), receptor de andrógenos (AR), receptor de estrógeno 1 (ESR1) y receptor de estrógeno 2 (ESR2) en el testículo de la rata. Los resultados mostraron que las ratas que recibieron metionina presentaron una reducción en el peso corporal y testicular. El examen histológico e inmunohistoquímico de los tejidos testiculares del grupo de metionina mostró una estructura alterada de los túbulos seminíferos con una inmunoexpresión disminuida de Cx-43, GATA-4, OCLN, VIM, AR, ESR1 y ESR2 en comparación con el control. Los resultados sugieren que la Hcy tiene un efecto negativo sobre los testículos con una probable alteración de la espermatogénesis.

RESUMEN: La epilepsia es una enfermedad crónica no transmisible que afecta al sistema nervioso más prevalente en el mundo. Dentro de los tratamientos, uno de los fármacos más utilizados es el ácido valproico (AVP), el que ocasiona diversos efectos secundarios. Entre los órganos que se pueden ver afectados se encuentra la gónada masculina, en donde se ha visto que hombres en tratamiento con AVP reducen sus tasas de fecundidad, además de causar trastornos endocrinos disminuyendo andrógenos y gonadotrofinas. En modelos animales, se ha visto que disminuye los pesos de las glándulas anexas al tracto reproductor masculino, como también a nivel testicular, disminuyendo la concentración espermática y aumentando el recuento de células apoptóticas. Estos efectos se deberían a que el AVP aumenta las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), ocasionando daño en macromoléculas, afectando todos los procesos celulares sensibles a óxido reducción. A lo largo del desarrollo testicular, in utero se ha visto que la expresión de enzimas antioxidantes como superóxido dismutasa, catalasa y glutatión peroxidasa, son más bajos durante el desarrollo embrionario temprano, como también la vitamina E (VE) se encuentra disminuida. Por tanto, no resultan suficientes para revertir los efectos tóxicos de las ROS. El objetivo de esta revisión fue asociar el uso de AVP durante la gestación y sus efectos a nivel del desarrollo testicular y describir el potencial rol protector de la VE.

ABSTRACT: Epilepsy is the chronic non-communicable disease of the nervous system most prevalent in the world. Valproic acid (VPA) is one of the most used drugs in the treatment of epilepsy but with various side effects. One of the organs that can be affected is the testis, where it has been seen that men treated with VPA reduce their fertility rates, in addition to causing endocrine disorders by decreasing androgens and gonadotropins. In animal models, it has been shown to reduce the weights of the glands attached to the male reproductive tract, as well as at the testicular level, decreasing sperm concentration and increasing apoptotic cell count. These effects are because VPA increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing damage to macromolecules and affecting all cellular processes sensitive to oxide reduction. Throughout testicular development, in utero, it has been seen that the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, are lower during early embryonic development, as well as vitamin E (VE) is decreased. Therefore, they are not sufficient to reverse the toxic effects of ROS. The objective of this study was to review the use of VPA during pregnancy, its effect on testicular development, and to explore the potential protective role of vitamin E.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the morphological and stereological parameters of the testicles in mice exposed to bisphenol S and/or high-fat diet-induced obesity. Material and Methods Forty adult male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard diet (SC) or high-fat diet (HF) for a total of 12 weeks. The sample was randomly divided into 4 experimental groups with 10 mices as follows: a) SC - animals fed a standard diet; b) SC-B - animals fed a standard diet and administration of BPS (25 μg/kg of body mass/day) in drinking water; c) HF: animals fed a high-fat diet; d) HF-B - animals fed a high-fat diet and administration of BPS (25 μg/Kg of body mass/day) in drinking water. BPS administration lasted 12 weeks, following exposure to the SC and HF diets. BPS was diluted in absolute ethanol (0.1%) and added to drinking water (concentration of 25 μg/kg body weight/day). The animals were euthanized, and the testes were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for morphometric and stereological parameters, including density of seminiferous tubules per area, length density and total length of seminiferous tubules, height of the tunica albuginea and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. The images were captured with an Olympus BX51 microscope and Olympus DP70 camera. The stereological analysis was done with the Image Pro and Image J programs. Means were statistically compared using ANOVA and the Holm-Sidak post-test (p<0.05). Results The seminiferous tubule density per area reduced in all groups when compared with SC samples (p<0.001): HF (40%), SC-B 3(2%), and HF-B (36%). Length density was reduced significantly (p<0.001) in all groups when compared with SC group: HF (40%), SC-B (32%), and HF-B (36%). The seminiferous tubule total length was reduced (p<0.001) when compared to f HF (28%) and SC-B (26%) groups. The tubule diameter increased significantly (p<0.001) only when we compared the SC group with SC (54%) an SC-B (25%) groups and the tunica thickness increased significantly only in HF group (117%) when compared with SC-B (20%) and HF-B 31%. Conclusion Animals exposed to bisphenol S and/or high-fat diet-induced obesity presented important structural alterations in testicular morphology. andor highfat high fat dietinduced induced C57BL6 CBL C57BL 6 C BL C57BL/ (SC (HF 1 weeks follows b SCB B (2 μgkg μg kg mass/day massday mass day c d HFB μgKg Kg diets 0.1% 01 0 (0.1% concentration 2 weight/day. weightday weight/day . weight weight/day) euthanized H&E HE H E (H&E BX BX5 DP DP7 camera programs HolmSidak Holm Sidak posttest post test p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) p<0.001 p0001 001 40%, 40 40% , (40%) 32%, 32 3 2% 3(2%) 36%. 36 36% (36%) (p<0.001 32% (32%) 28% 28 (28% 26% 26 (26% 54% 54 (54% 25% (25% 117% 117 (117% 20% 20 (20% 31 31% morphology ( 0.1 (0.1 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p<0.00 p000 00 (40% 3(2% (36% (p<0.00 (32% (28 (26 5 (54 11 (117 (20 0. (0. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (40 3(2 (36 (32 (5 (11 (0 p<0 (p<0. (4 3( (3 (1 p< (p<0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT Purpose Varicocele is a condition known to cause damage to seminal parameters and sperm function. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that the varicocele effect on fertility is time-dependent; however, little is known about the consequences of its establishment time on reproductive organs and/or sperm function. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the duration of experimental varicocele on reproductive organs, sperm parameters, and sperm function. Materials and Methods Varicocele induction surgeries were performed in Wistar rats aged 40 or 100 days old. At 160-day-old, analyses were performed, including biometry of reproductive organs (prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and testis), sperm parameters (vitality, morphology, and motility), and sperm function tests (nuclear DNA integrity, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial activity). Results The analysis of the biometry of reproductive organs showed no differences between distinct ages in which varicocele was induced. The total abnormal sperm morphology was bigger in animals with varicocele induced to 100 days old than in animals with varicocele induced to 40 days old. Regarding nuclear DNA integrity, animals of varicocele induced to 100 days old showed worse results compared to animals of varicocele induced to 40 days old. Other parameters analyzed showed no differences between varicocele groups. Conclusion In this study conducted on rats, we conclude that varicocele adversely affects sperm, particularly its function. However, we did not observe a negative progressive effect on sperm. Furthermore timedependent dependent time-dependent however andor 4 10 160dayold, 160dayold dayold 160 day old, 160-day-old prostate, prostate (prostate vesicles epididymis testis, testis , testis) vitality, vitality (vitality motility, motility motility) integrity activity. activity . activity) groups However 1 16

ABSTRACT Purpose: This video aims to present an in-depth, step-by-step tutorial on microsurgical reconstruction for obstructive azoospermia, featuring a distinctive case involving anastomosis from vas deferens to rete testis. The primary aim of this endeavor is to offer thorough and practical insights for healthcare professionals and researchers within the realm of reproductive medicine. The video endeavors to disseminate expertise, methodologies, and perspectives that can be advantageous to individuals grappling with obstructive azoospermia, providing a significant contribution to the progress of reproductive medicine and the augmentation of existing treatment alternatives. Materials and Methods: Surgical footage was recorded using the ORBEYE 4K 3D Orbital Camera System by Olympus America, with patient consent acquired for research purposes. Additionally, a retrospective examination of patient records was undertaken to compile relevant medical histories. Results: This video furnishes an exhaustive guide to microsurgical reconstruction for obstructive azoospermia, encompassing a distinctive instance of anastomosis from vas deferens to rete testis. State-of-the-art technology, such as the ORBEYE 4K 3D Orbital Camera, heightens procedural transparency, accentuating the significance of advanced instrumentation. The ethical underpinning is emphasized by obtaining patient consent for footage utilization, and a retrospective chart review augments the repository of valuable patient data. This comprehensive approach serves as an invaluable reservoir of knowledge for medical professionals and underscores excellence in clinical and ethical healthcare research. Conclusions: Anastomosis from vas deferens to rete testis emerges as a viable surgical reconstruction alternative for obstructive azoospermia, particularly when confronted with non-dilated tubules within the epididymis. Purpose indepth, indepth depth, depth in-depth stepbystep step azoospermia expertise methodologies alternatives Methods K D America purposes Additionally histories Results Stateoftheart State art technology transparency instrumentation utilization data Conclusions nondilated non dilated epididymis

ABSTRACT In 2007 the Nordic group came to the following unanimous conclusions: In general, hormonal treatment is not recommended, considering the poor immediate results and the possible long-term adverse effects on spermatogenesis. Thus, surgery is to be preferred. However, defective mini puberty inducing insufficient gonadotropin secretion is one of the most common causes of nonobstructive azoospermia in men suffering from congenital isolated unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism. The extent of alteration in the unilateral undescended testis correlate with the contralateral descended testis, indicating that unilateral cryptorchidism is a bilateral disease. Idiopathic central hypogonadism explains the phenomenon of defective mini puberty in otherwise healthy cryptorchid boys. We therefore recommend hormonal treatment for cryptorchid boys with defective mini puberty. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment following surgery to correct cryptorchidism restores mini puberty via endocrinological and transcriptional effects and prevents adult infertility in most cases. Several genes are important for central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mammals, including many that are transcribed in both the brain and testis. At the molecular level, there is no convincing evidence that heat shock is responsible for the observed pathological testicular changes. Thus, impaired transformation of gonocytes is not the result of temperature stress but rather a hormonal imbalance. Cryptorchidism should therefore be considered a serious andrological problem that cannot be successfully treated by early orchidopexy alone. 200 conclusions general recommended longterm long term spermatogenesis Thus preferred However disease GnRHa (GnRHa cases mammals level changes imbalance alone 20 2

Resumo Como o extrato aquoso da flor de Dolichandrone serrulata (DSF) demonstrou ter algumas propriedades farmacológicas, sua toxicidade sistêmica ainda não foi avaliada. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da toxicidade subcrônica do extrato de DSF em parâmetros bioquímicos e estruturas histológicas do fígado, rim, testículo e epidídimo mais os vasos deferentes. Ratos machos adultos foram administrados com DSF em 100, 300 e 600 mg / kg de peso corporal por meio de gavagem oral por 48 dias consecutivos, enquanto os ratos controle receberam água destilada. No final do experimento, amostras de sangue, fígado, rim, testículo e epidídimo mais canais deferentes foram coletados para determinar as alterações dos componentes bioquímicos séricos, incluindo ALT, ALP e níveis de creatinina e estruturas histológicas. Os resultados revelaram que o peso corporal e o consumo de comida ou água do controle e de todos os grupos tratados com DSF não foram significativamente diferentes. Verificou-se que o DSF aumentou significativamente o peso do epidídimo mais os canais deferentes, mas o rim e o fígado diminuíram no grupo de alta dose (P valor < 0,05). As alterações histológicas, incluindo fibrose de tais tecidos vitais e reprodutivos, não foram encontradas após a administração, mas os níveis de ALT, ALP e creatinina foram significativamente alterados nos grupos tratados (valor P < 0,05). No entanto, seus níveis alterados ainda estavam em intervalos normais. Em conclusão, esses achados demonstraram que o extrato da flor de D. serrulata não apresentou toxicidade subcrônica nas estruturas vitais e reprodutivas, mas alterou ligeiramente algumas funções hepáticas e renais.

Abstract Although Dolichandrone serrulata flower (DSF) aqueous extract has been shown to possess pharmacological properties, its systemic toxicity has still to be evaluated. The present study aimed to investigate the sub-chronic toxicity effect of DSF extract on biochemical parameters and histological structures of liver, kidney, testis, and epididymis plus vas deferens. Adult male rats were administered DSF at 100, 300, and 600 mg/kgBW via oral gavage for 48 consecutive days while control rats received distilled water. At the end of the experiment, blood, liver, kidney, testis, and epididymis plus vas deferens samples were collected to determine any changes to serum biochemical components including ALT, ALP, and creatinine levels and histological structures. The results revealed no significant difference in body weight and food or water consumption between control and the DSF-treated groups. It was found that DSF significantly increases the weight of epididymis plus vas deferens, while the kidney and liver showed a decrease in the high dose group (P value < 0.05). Histological changes in these vital and reproductive tissues including fibrosis were not observed after administration but ALT, ALP, and creatinine levels were significantly altered in the treated groups (P value < 0.05). These altered levels, however, were still within normal ranges. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that D. serrulata flower extract had no sub-chronic toxicity on vital and reproductive structures but slightly altered some liver and kidney functions.

Resumo O status elementar do gado é um dos fatores importantes que determinam seu crescimento, fertilidade, desenvolvimento fetal, produção de carne e laticínios, etc. Portanto, o estudo do conteúdo de diferentes elementos nos órgãos e tecidos do gado e sua correlação com as características do gado e dieta é tarefa urgente. Também é importante desenvolver métodos intravitais e pouco invasivos para analisar o conteúdo de elementos em bovinos para regular sua dieta durante a vida. No presente trabalho, estudamos o conteúdo e a distribuição de manganês em gado Hereford de uma zona ecologicamente limpa da Sibéria Ocidental (Rússia). Foram coletadas 252 amostras de 31 touros com idade entre 15 e 18 meses. Eles foram coletados em diversas fazendas pecuárias da região e analisados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (órgãos e tecido muscular) e espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (cabelo). Os valores medianos da concentração de manganês obtidos na umidade natural para cabelo, coração, rins, fígado, pulmões, músculos, baço, testículos e cérebro foram 25, 0,37, 1,0, 2,6, 0,4, 0,2, 0,4, 0,5 e 0,5 ppm. Assim, a concentração de manganês difere significativamente nos órgãos e tecidos dos animais (H = 188,6, df = 8, p <0,0001). Associações estatisticamente significativas de manganês foram reveladas em pares: fígado-testículo, cabelo-testículo, baço-testículo e coração-cérebro. É realizada a classificação dos órgãos e tecidos dos animais de acordo com o nível de conteúdo e variabilidade do manganês. A concentração de manganês no corpo não é uniforme, sendo principalmente depositada nos cabelos e nos órgãos excretores do fígado e dos rins. Em outros órgãos e tecidos musculares, a distribuição do manganês é mais uniforme e fica na faixa de 0,2-0,5 ppm. As faixas resultantes podem ser usadas como orientação para o gado Hereford criado na Sibéria Ocidental.

Abstract The elemental status of cattle is one of the important factors, which determine its growth, fertility, fetal development, meat and dairy production, etc. Therefore, the study of content of different elements in cattle organs and tissues and its correlation with cattle characteristics and diet is urgent task. It is also important to develop intravital and low-invasive methods to analyze element content in cattle to regulate its diet during lifetime. In the present work, we have studied the content and distribution of manganese in Hereford cattle from an ecologically clean zone of Western Siberia (Russia). 252 samples were taken from 31 bulls aged 15-18 months. They were collected from various livestock farms in the region and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (organs and muscle tissue) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (hair). The median values of manganese concentration obtained in natural moisture for hair, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, spleen, testes, and brain were 25, 0.37, 1.0, 2.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.5 ppm. Accordingly, the concentration of manganese differs significantly in the organs and tissues of animals (H = 188.6, df = 8, p <0.0001). Statistically significant associations of manganese were revealed in pairs: liver-testis, hair-testis, spleen-testis, and heart-brain. The classification of organs and tissues of animals according to the level of content and variability of manganese is carried out. The concentration of manganese in the body is not uniform, most of all it is deposited in the hair and excretory organs of the liver and kidneys. In other organs and muscle tissues, the distribution of manganese is more even and is in the range of 0.2-0.5 ppm. The resulting ranges can be used as a guideline for Hereford cattle bred in Western Siberia.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of intratesticular injection (ITI) of sodium chloride (NaCl) at two different concentrations for supressing reproductive development in goat kids at two months of age. The experiment was carried out at the experimental unit of Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Çine Vocational School, located in Çine, Aydın, Turkey. The experimental groups were control (C, n = 9), a single ITI of 20% NaCl (T1, n = 8) or 40% NaCl (T2, n = 8). The growth, reproductive characteristics, and histological appearance of the testis in the kids were examined up to nine months of age in different periods. The live weights, scrotal circumference, semen and sexual behavior characteristics were not different among groups. The histogical findings were observed in both testes at nine months of age. Greater intensity of destruction was observed in the testes of T1 and T2 kids than that of C kids. High levels of tubular degeneration were detected in testicular tissue samples in T1 and T2 groups. Based on the results, however, it was concluded that neither 20 nor 40% concentrations of NaCl did ensure the castration effect in the goat kids. ABSTRACT (ITI (NaCl University School Turkey C, (C 9, 9 , 9) T1, T (T1 8 40 T2, (T2 8. . growth periods weights circumference results however 2 (T 4

Abstract Tadalafil, a potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor 5 (PDE-5), is commonly used for the management of erectile dysfunction. However, its therapeutic potential extends beyond this indication. This study aimed to investigate the impact of tadalafil on the recovery of testicular parenchyma in male Wistar rats exposed to testicular thermal stress. Fifty-four Wistar rats were subjected to testicular thermal stress and randomly assigned to receive either tadalafil treatment (TAD) or no treatment (control). TAD was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of either 0.9 mg/kg or 1.8 mg/kg. Biometric parameters, histopathological assessment of the testis, serum testosterone levels, oxidative stress, and interleukin levels were evaluated on days 7, 15, and 30 after thermal shock. The animals were euthanized at the end of each experimental period, and samples were collected. TAD treatment maintained testicular weight and reduced the testicular degenerative process up to day 7 post-injury. However, despite TAD therapy, serum testosterone levels were decreased in the treated groups at days 7 and 15 post-thermal stress. TAD also decreased TNF-α and NO levels at different doses but had no effect on IL-6. The treatment with TAD after heat shock demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties but did not prevent the aggravation of testicular lesions in subsequent periods, even with the systematic reduction in TNF-α and NO levels. Therefore, this selective PDE-5 inhibitor, at the dosages used, did not have a positive impact on testosterone levels during the post-thermal stress period, which could compromise the resumption of the spermatogenic process. Tadalafil PDE5, PDE5 PDE , (PDE-5) dysfunction However indication Fiftyfour Fifty four (TAD control. control . (control) 09 0 9 0. mgkg mg kg 18 1 8 1. parameters testis 3 period collected postinjury. postinjury post injury. injury post-injury therapy postthermal TNFα TNF α IL6. IL6 IL 6. 6 IL-6 antiinflammatory anti inflammatory periods Therefore PDE- (PDE-5 (control IL- (PDE- (PDE

Abstract In 2015-2016, the Zika virus (ZIKV) caused a major epidemic in the Americas, increasing cases of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. During this period, the discovery of ZIKV sexual transmission intensified studies on the impact of this virus on the reproductive organs. For this study, 2-month-old male BALB/c mice were infected with 1.26 x 106 PFU/mL of ZIKV in solution via the intravenous route. After three, seven, and fourteen days post-infection (DPI), blood and testicle samples were obtained to detect ZIKV RNA. The authors observed that the infected animals had slower weight gain than the control group. Viremia occurred only at 3DPI, and the ZIKV RNA was detected in one testis sample at 7DPI. The histopathological analysis of this organ revealed intense disorganization of the seminiferous tubules' structure, inflammatory infiltrate, necrosis, hemorrhage, fluid accumulation, congestion of blood vessels, and reduced sperm count. Ultrastructural analysis showed nuclear changes in tubule cells, activation of interstitial cells, and morphological changes in spermatozoa, in addition to fragmentation and decreased electron density of the genetic material of these cells. Thus, despite causing predominantly asymptomatic infections, ZIKV can cause significant subclinical and transient damage, including to male reproductive organs. 20152016, 20152016 2015 2016, 2016 2015-2016 (ZIKV Americas GuillainBarré Guillain Barré syndrome period organs study 2monthold monthold 2 month old BALBc BALB c 126 1 26 1.2 10 PFUmL PFU mL route three seven postinfection post infection DPI, DPI , (DPI) group 3DPI 7DPI tubules structure infiltrate necrosis hemorrhage accumulation vessels count cells spermatozoa Thus infections damage 2015201 201 2015-201 12 1. (DPI 201520 20 2015-20 20152 2015-2 2015-

ABSTRACT Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant affecting various tissues and organs, including the testis. Many studies demonstrated that Cd toxicity causes testicular impairment through oxidative stress and inflammatory action. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate Cd's testicular toxicity and the protective action of zeolite against cadmium's deleterious effects. Adult male rats were given Cd at a dose of 30mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days with or without zeolite, which was given at a dose of 100mg/kg/day for 28 days. Testis weight, sperm (count, motility, and abnormalities), serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH), testicular enzymes Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) , interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) , and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) and oxidative stress were evaluated. Herein, we found that cadmium caused alterations in sperm characteristics, sex hormone disturbance, decline in testicular enzymes, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, decreased glutathione (GSH), increased Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels in testis homogenate. In contrast, zeolite significantly amended these deleterious effects, and the potential mechanism involved the downregulation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), restoring glutathione (GSH) and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA). Also, zeolite was associated with an increased rate of pregnancy. Our data suggested that oxidative stress and inflammation are responsible for Cd-induced testicular injury and co-administration of zeolite exerts a protective effect via NF-κB /TNF-α/IL-1β pathway. (Cd organs Therefore Cds s cadmiums effects 30mgkgday mgkgday 30mg kg day mg 2 100mgkgday 100mg weight count, count (count motility abnormalities, abnormalities abnormalities) LH, LH (LH) ACP (ACP phosphataseALP, phosphataseALP ALP phosphatase(ALP) TNFα TNF α (TNF-α interleukin1beta interleukinbeta interleukin 1beta beta IL1β ILβ IL 1β β (IL-1β NFκB NF κB (NF-κB evaluated Herein characteristics disturbance MDA (MDA contents GSH, GSH proinflammatory pro homogenate contrast NFκB, IL1β, (GSH MDA. . Also pregnancy Cdinduced induced coadministration co administration /TNFα/IL1β TNFαIL1β TNFαILβ /TNF α/IL pathway (LH phosphatase(ALP TNFαIL αIL

RESUMO O cádmio (Cd) é um poluente ambiental que afeta vários tecidos e órgãos, inclusive o testículo. Muitos estudos demonstraram que a toxicidade do Cd causa comprometimento testicular por meio de estresse oxidativo e ação inflamatória. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo demonstrar a toxicidade testicular do Cd e a ação protetora da zeólita contra os efeitos deletérios do cádmio. Ratos machos adultos receberam Cd em uma dose de 30mg/kg/dia por 28 dias consecutivos com ou sem zeólita, que foi administrada em uma dose de 100mg/kg/dia por 28 dias. Foram avaliados o peso dos testículos, os espermatozoides (contagem, motilidade e anormalidades), a testosterona sérica e o hormônio luteinizante (LH), as enzimas testiculares fosfatase ácida (ACP) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), as citocinas inflamatórias fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), interleucina-1beta (IL-1β) e fator nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB) e estresse oxidativo. Aqui, descobrimos que o cádmio causou alterações nas características dos espermatozoides, distúrbios nos hormônios sexuais, declínio nas enzimas testiculares, conteúdo elevado de malondialdeído (MDA), diminuição da glutationa (GSH), aumento do fator nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB) e níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e interleucina-1beta (IL-1β) no homogenato do testículo. Em contraste, a zeólita alterou significativamente esses efeitos deletérios, e o mecanismo em potencial envolveu a regulação negativa do Fator Nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB), do Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa (TNF-α) e da interleucina-1beta (IL-1β), restaurando a glutationa (GSH) e reduzindo o malondialdeído (MDA). Além disso, a zeólita foi associada a uma maior taxa de gravidez. Nossos dados sugerem que o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação são responsáveis pela lesão testicular induzida por Cd e que a administração conjunta de zeólita exerce um efeito protetor por meio da via NF-κB /TNF-α/IL-1β. (Cd órgãos testículo inflamatória Portanto 30mgkgdia mgkgdia 30mg kg dia mg 2 100mgkgdia 100mg testículos contagem, contagem (contagem anormalidades, anormalidades , anormalidades) LH, LH (LH) ACP (ACP ALP, ALP (ALP) TNFα, TNFα TNF α interleucina1beta interleucinabeta interleucina 1beta beta IL1β ILβ IL 1β β (IL-1β NFκB NF κB (NF-κB Aqui sexuais MDA, MDA (MDA) GSH, GSH próinflamatórias pró (TNF-α contraste NFκB, IL1β, (GSH MDA. . disso gravidez /TNFα/IL1β. TNFαIL1β TNFαILβ /TNF α/IL 1β. /TNF-α/IL-1β (LH (ALP (MDA /TNFα/IL1β TNFαIL αIL

ABSTRACT. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the production of oxidant precursors and the capacity of antioxidant defense. Oxygen free radicals play an important role in causing diseases. In this study, the protective effect of ethanolic avocado on apoptosis caused by oxidative damage in the tissue of albino rats was investigated. 24 male albino rats of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Mosul, Iraq, which were kept in standard conditions for at least 10 days before and through the experimental work, were examined. Four groups of rats include the control group (healthy group), the group of male rats with ethanolic avocado consumption; The third group of male rats that were treated with 0.5% of hydrogen peroxide H2O2; and the fourth group of male rats that were treated with both 0.5% H2O2 and avocado ethanolic extract (50 mg kg-1 BW) for four weeks. After fixing the tissues of the liver, kidney, lung, spleen and testis in 10% buffered formalin, they were stained with hematoxylin. TUNEL assay was performed using the TUNEL cell death assay kit to detect apoptotic cells. In this investigation, the histology results in four groups of rats showed that in the rats that were treated with avocado, there were minor tissue changes in their liver, kidney, and intestine, and the tissues of these organs were healthy. In TUNEL staining, it was also shown that there are no apoptotic cells in the liver, kidney and testis cells in avocado-treated rats. The results showed that ethanolic Avocado is useful against oxidative stress damage and it may be used to protect tissues against oxidative stress. ABSTRACT defense diseases study investigated 2 Mosul Iraq 1 work examined healthy group, , group) consumption 05 0 5 0.5 HO H O H2O 50 (5 kg1 kg kg- BW weeks liver lung formalin hematoxylin investigation intestine staining avocadotreated 0. (

ABSTRACT Purpose: The gubernaculum seems to be the most important anatomical structure in the testicular migration process. The objective of this paper is to review current literature regarding the role of gubernaculum testis nerves in testicular migration. We conducted a comprehensive literature review about the gubernaculum testis innervation. A PubMed database search was performed in April 2024, focusing on gubernaculum testis and cryptorchidism and genitofemoral nerve (GFN) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene. The gubernaculum has its own nerve supply, the GFN, descending on the anteromedial surface of the psoas muscle from L1-L2 segments. The second phase of testicular descent is regulated by androgens and CGRP, released from the sensory nucleus of the GFN. The GFN doesn't directly play a role in testicular migration but there is a theory that shows a regulatory function of this nerve in hormonal action during this process. The gubernaculum testis has important structural alterations during the testicular migration and the genitofemoral nerve and CGRP gene are of great importance in this process. The genitofemoral nerve provides motor innervation to the cremaster muscle and gubernaculum, which helps regulate the position of the testes within the scrotum. Purpose process 2024 (GFN generelated related (CGRP supply L1L2 LL L1 L2 L L1-L segments doesnt doesn t scrotum 202 L1L 20 2