Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Abstract: The functioning of diverse ecosystems relies on the dispersal processes facilitated by animals, known as zoochory. This ecological process is the only way in which some aquatic species can move between aquatic systems through the terrestrial matrix. Despite its paramount importance, the dispersal mechanisms involving certain vectors, such as mammals, have remained relatively poorly understood. Based on observation of capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris emerging from a wetland with various aquatic plant species attached to their fur, we hypothesized that these mammals play a crucial role in dispersing aquatic plants. We conducted a controlled experiment and confirmed that capybaras disperse two species of duckweed, Lemna valdiviana and Wolffia columbiana, through both endozoochory and epizoochory. The discovery of entire plant dispersal is noteworthy because it is not dependent on the season and does not rely on the production of specific reproductive diaspores. This study presents pioneering documentation of capybaras capacity to disperse entire plants through their gastrointestinal passage and offers further evidence of their role in epizoochory within neotropical wetlands. Abstract animals zoochory matrix importance vectors understood fur duckweed columbiana diaspores wetlands

Resumo: O funcionamento de diversos ecossistemas depende de processos de dispersão facilitados pelos animais, conhecidos como zoocoria. Este processo ecológico é a única forma pela qual algumas espécies aquáticas podem se mover entre sistemas aquáticos, através da matriz terrestre. Apesar da sua importância, os mecanismos de dispersão envolvendo certos vetores, como os mamíferos, permanecem relativamente pouco compreendidos. Com base na observação de capivaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris emergindo de uma área úmida com diversas espécies de plantas aquáticas aderidas à sua pelagem, levantamos a hipótese de que esses mamíferos desempenham um papel crucial na dispersão de plantas aquáticas. Conduzimos um experimento controlado e confirmamos que capivaras dispersam duas espécies de lentilha-d’água Lemna valdiviana Fil. e Wolffia columbiana Karsten, ambas através de endozoocoria e epizoocoria. A descoberta da dispersão de plantas inteiras é notável porque não depende da estação do ano e da produção de diásporos reprodutivos específicos. Este estudo apresenta uma documentação pioneira da capacidade das capivaras de dispersar plantas inteiras através do seu trato gastrointestinal e oferece evidências adicionais de seu papel na epizoocoria em áreas úmidas Neotropicais. Resumo animais zoocoria aquáticos terrestre importância vetores compreendidos pelagem lentilhadágua lentilha d água Fil Karsten específicos Neotropicais

Abstract Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity and good quality of life, resulting from the translocation of species by human action. There are more than 500 alien species currently invading ecosystems in Brazil, particularly plants and fishes, while little is known about invasive microorganisms. Although invasive alien species are present in all ecosystems in the country, most have been recorded in habitats with greater human interference, such as urban and peri-urban areas, farmland, dams, reservoirs, ports, and canals. Historically, the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have had more invasive alien species, but there has been an increase in the number of invasive alien species in the central-western and northern regions in recent decades. The ornamental trade of plants and fishes as well as the illegal pet trade of wild mammals and reptiles are some of the main pathways for invasive species introduction and spread in Brazil. Breeding and cultivation systems that allow escape to natural areas are a relevant route of species introductions in freshwater ecosystems, while unintentional introductions from shipping and infrastructure are of extreme concern in marine ecosystems. The negative impacts of invasive alien species on the biota mainly include changes in community structure and local decrease in native species richness, mediated by predation, competition, and ecosystem changes. Most negative impacts are recorded for intentionally introduced species, such as fishes and plants, but unintentional introductions have led to impacts on good quality of life, with associated costs and impacts on human health. The management of biological invasions faces challenges that need to be overcome, such as the lack of public knowledge about the impact of invasive alien species, the popular appeal of charismatic invasive species or those used by humans, and the use of controversial control techniques. However, successful experiences of eradication and control in terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been recorded, some of them involving public engagement in management actions. Recognizing the issue as a cross-cutting public policy and developing ongoing governance experiences are fundamental goals for the management of invasive alien species in Brazil. life action 50 microorganisms country interference periurban peri farmland dams reservoirs ports canals Historically centralwestern central western decades richness predation competition health overcome humans techniques However actions crosscutting cross cutting 5

Resumo Invasões biológicas são uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade e à boa qualidade de vida, ocorrendo a partir da translocação de espécies por ação humana. Existem mais de 500 espécies exóticas invadindo ecossistemas atualmente no Brasil, com destaque para plantas e peixes. Pouco se sabe sobre microrganismos invasores. Apesar de existirem espécies exóticas invasoras em todos os ecossistemas no país, a maior parte dos registros foi feita em hábitats com maior interferência humana, como áreas urbanas, periurbanas, terras cultivadas, represas, reservatórios, portos e canais. Historicamente, as regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil apresentam mais espécies exóticas invasoras, mas nas últimas décadas se tem observado um aumento no número de espécies exóticas invasoras nas regiões centro-oeste e norte. O comércio de plantas e peixes ornamentais, assim como o comércio ilegal de mamíferos e répteis silvestres como animais de estimação são algumas das principais vias de introdução e disseminação de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. Sistemas de criação e cultivo que possibilitam o escape para áreas naturais são uma relevante via de introdução em ecossistemas de águas continentais, enquanto introduções não intencionais a partir de navegação e de infraestrutura são de extrema preocupação em ecossistemas marinhos. Os impactos negativos de espécies exóticas invasoras sobre a biota incluem principalmente alterações na estrutura de comunidades e diminuição local da riqueza de espécies nativas, mediados por predação, competição e modificações ecossistêmicas. A maior parte dos impactos negativos registrados ocorreram para espécies introduzidas intencionalmente, como peixes e plantas, mas introduções não intencionais têm levado a impactos na boa qualidade de vida, com custos associados e impactos sobre a saúde humana. A gestão de invasões biológicas esbarra em desafios a serem superados, tais como a falta de conhecimento do público sobre o impacto de espécies exóticas invasoras, o apelo popular de espécies invasoras carismáticas ou utilizadas por humanos e o emprego de técnicas controversas de controle. Entretanto, experiências bem-sucedidas de erradicação e controle em ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos têm sido registrados, alguns deles envolvendo engajamento público nas ações de manejo. Reconhecer o tema como uma política pública transversal e desenvolver experiências continuadas de governança são metas fundamentais para a gestão e o manejo de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. vida humana 50 invasores país urbanas periurbanas cultivadas represas reservatórios canais Historicamente centrooeste centro oeste norte ornamentais continentais nativas predação ecossistêmicas intencionalmente superados Entretanto bemsucedidas bem sucedidas 5

Abstract The Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) is the largest mountain range in Mexico (1,400 km long), and yet one of the least studied regions. Using records from museum specimens, direct observations, photographs, and literature data, we built a database with 4,659 unique mammal records. Our aims were to generate a species list, to examine general distribution patterns, to relate these patterns to ecoregions and vegetation, and to discuss the importance of the SMO as a center of endemism and high biological diversity. We recorded 171 species (34.3% of the Mexican terrestrial mammals). Forty-seven are endemic of Mexico, including ten endemics of the SMO. The highest species richness was recorded at the Tropical ecoregion (T, 125 species), followed by Madrean South (MS, 100), and Madrean Xerophylous (MX, 95). The highest number of endemics was recorded in T (37), followed by MS (24), and Madrean tropical (MT, 22). Nine of ten species endemic to the SMO occur in the temperate highlands. Sampling efforts have been scarce or nonexistent for over half the SMO. Species turnover reflects the complexity of the biomes that occur in the Sierra, and not the expected latitudinal patterns of species richness. Only 4.8% of the SMO is within a protected area, and the areas that are protected do not include vulnerable biomes like the cloud forest. Biological research is urgent in the SMO, an area under intensive mining, forestry, cattle ranching, and more recently, tourism and environmental services.

Resumen La Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) es la cadena montañosa más grande de México (1,400 km), y no obstante una de las regiones menos estudiadas del país. Utilizando registros de ejemplares examinados en colecciones científicas, observaciones directas, fotografías y datos bibliográficos, construimos una base de datos con 4,659 registros únicos de mamíferos. Nuestros objetivos fueron generar una lista de especies, examinar patrones generales de distribución, relacionar estos patrones con ecorregiones y vegetación, y discutir la importancia de la SMO como centro de endemismo y alta diversidad. Se documentaron 171 especies (34.3 % de los mamíferos terrestres mexicanos). Cuarenta y siete son endémicos de México, incluyendo diez endémicos de la SMO. La mayor riqueza de especies se registró en la ecorregión Tropical (125). El mayor número de endemismos se registró en esta misma ecorregión (37), seguida de Madrense Sur (24) y Madrense Tropical (22). Nueve de las diez especies endémicas de la SMO se distribuyen en áreas templadas. Poco o ningún esfuerzo de colecta ha sido llevado a cabo en más de la mitad de la SMO. El recambio de especies refleja la diversidad y complejidad de biomas, más que los gradientes latitudinales que podrían esperarse. Solo 4.8 % de la SMO se encuentra dentro de un área protegida, pero éstas no incluyen biomas vulnerables como el bosque mesófilo. Es urgente la investigación biológica en la SMO, un área donde se desarrollan extensas actividades mineras, forestales, ganaderas, y más recientemente, turísticas y provisión servicios ambientales.

Abstract Agricultural practices can have detrimental impacts on biodiversity, but some studies have shown the benefits of agroforestry practices like shade-grown coffee to bird communities and, to a lesser extent, to mammal communities. To better understand whether shade-grown coffee plantations can contribute to the conservation of mammal communities, we deployed camera traps in private reserves with a matrix of shade-grown coffee plantations and forest in the highlands of Guatemala. At each reserve we estimated species richness of terrestrial medium- and large-sized mammals. We also estimated mammal relative abundance and occupancy probabilities as proxies for mammalian habitat associations and evaluated how these were affected by key landscape features (e.g., land-use type, asphalt roads, and distance to protected areas). We used hierarchical multi-species Bayesian abundance models that account for imperfect detection to estimate our parameters of interest and model the influence of landscape features on site-level species richness and species relative abundance. We detected 14 species across all reserves and found a strong influence of land use and presence of asphalt roads on mammalian relative abundances and species richness. More species used areas around the camera traps in forest than in shade-grown coffee plantations and far from asphalt roads. Our study shows that reserves with shade-grown coffee plantations can harbor terrestrial mammalian communities of conservation interest. Our results also suggest that to maintain mammalian diversity and abundances in our study area, shade-grown coffee crops should be mixed in with natural forests and the presence of asphalt roads within these should be avoided or minimized.

Resumen Las prácticas agrícolas pueden tener impactos perjudiciales en la biodiversidad, pero algunos estudios han demostrado beneficios de prácticas agroforestales, como el café bajo sombra, para comunidades de aves y, en menor medida, comunidades de mamíferos. Para entender mejor si las plantaciones de café bajo sombra pueden contribuir a la conservación de comunidades de mamíferos, colocamos cámaras trampa en reservas privadas con plantaciones de café bajo sombra y bosque en el altiplano de Guatemala. En cada reserva estimamos la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y mayores. También estimamos la abundancia relativa y probabilidad de ocupación como aproximaciones a las asociaciones de hábitat de mamíferos y evaluamos cómo estas son afectadas por características clave de paisaje (p.ej. tipo de uso de suelo, carreteras y distancia a áreas protegidas). Utilizamos modelos jerárquicos bayesianos multiespecies de abundancia que consideran que la detección de especies es imperfecta para estimar nuestros parámetros de interés y modelar la influencia de características del paisaje en la riqueza y abundancia relativa de especies a nivel de sitio. Detectamos 14 especies en todas las reservas y encontramos una fuerte influencia del uso de la tierra en la abundancia relativa y la riqueza de especies de mamíferos. Más especies utilizaron áreas cercanas a las cámaras trampa en el bosque que a las plantaciones de café bajo sombra y lejos de carreteras. Nuestro estudio demuestra que las plantaciones de café bajo sombra pueden albergar comunidades de mamíferos terrestres de interés para la conservación. Nuestros resultados también sugieren que para mantener la diversidad y abundancia de mamíferos en el área de estudio, las plantaciones de café bajo sombra deben estar mezcladas con bosques nativos diversos, así como que la presencia de carreteras debe ser evitada o reducida.

Abstract Protected areas play a fundamental role in the preservation of species, environmental education, and ecosystem services maintenance. Most of the world population live in urban areas, which highlight the importance of preserved areas in urban centers. However, many urban protected areas in Brazil lack species surveys, which limits biodiversity conservation and implementation of management plans. In this study, we surveyed the species of medium and large mammals of Chico Mendes Municipal Natural Park (MNP) and Canal das Taxas corridor through camera traps, thus providing the first comprehensive in situ survey of terrestrial mammals for the area. We also verified whether there was mammalian fauna exchange between the Chico Mendes and Marapendi MNPs through the vegetation corridor formed by the Canal das Taxas. Between November 2020 and July 2021, with a sampling effort of 1,334 trap-days, we recorded five native and five exotic species in the studied areas, including one Vulnerable species in the Municipality and State of Rio de Janeiro (Cuniculus paca). We also confirmed that Canal das Taxas works as a wildlife corridor for native species. Finally, we highlight that species checklists based on secondary information for the region are of limited usefulness and recommend in situ surveys even in small, urban protected areas of Rio de Janeiro city. education maintenance centers However plans study MNP (MNP traps area 202 2021 1334 1 334 1,33 trapdays, trapdays trap days, days trap-days Cuniculus paca. paca . paca) Finally small city 20 133 33 1,3 2 13 3 1,

Resumo As áreas protegidas têm papel fundamental na preservação das espécies, na educação ambiental e na manutenção dos serviços ecossistêmicos. A maior parte da população mundial vive em áreas urbanas, o que evidencia a importância das áreas preservadas nos centros urbanos. No entanto, muitas áreas protegidas urbanas no Brasil carecem de levantamentos de espécies, o que limita a conservação da biodiversidade e a implementação de planos de manejo. Neste estudo, inventariamos as espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte do Parque Natural Municipal Chico Mendes e do corredor do Canal das Taxas por meio de armadilhas fotográficas, fornecendo assim o primeiro levantamento in situ abrangente de mamíferos terrestres para a área. Também verificamos se houve intercâmbio de fauna de mamíferos entre os parques Chico Mendes e Marapendi através do Canal das Taxas. Entre novembro de 2020 e julho de 2021, com um esforço amostral de 1.334 armadilhas-dia, registramos cinco espécies nativas e cinco espécies exóticas nas áreas de estudo, incluindo uma espécie Vulnerável no município e estado do Rio de Janeiro (Cuniculus paca). Confirmamos que o Canal das Taxas funciona como um corredor de fauna para espécies nativas. Por fim, ressaltamos que listas de espécies baseadas em informações secundárias para a região são de utilidade limitada e recomendamos levantamentos in situ, mesmo em pequenas Unidades de Conservação urbanas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. ecossistêmicos urbanos entanto manejo estudo fotográficas área 202 2021 1334 1 334 1.33 armadilhasdia, armadilhasdia dia, dia armadilhas-dia Cuniculus paca. paca . paca) fim 20 133 33 1.3 2 13 3 1.

ABSTRACT In México, terrestrial mastofauna is represented by 522 species, 146 of which are found in Tabasco state. It is worthwhile to contribute to the regional mastofauna knowledge in areas that have been scarcely studied, especially in conservation areas. This research aimed to create a wild mammal record present in the Sierra de Tabasco State Park (STSP), for which nine sampling sites were established in which direct and indirect methods were used to survey mammal species. Nine orders, 25 families, 60 genera, and 68 species were recorded, of which 20 are listed in some risk category according to NOM-059 and the IUCN. Bats (Order: Chiroptera) are the best-represented group with 31 species. Forty-seven percent of the mammal species in the state are found in the STSP, making it the most mammal-rich protected area in the state. The present study provides updated information on the biological knowledge of mastofauna in the STSP that could permit the designing of better conservation strategies, policies, and plans for the sustainable use of mammals in the region.

RESUMEN La mastofauna terrestre mexicana está representada por 522 especies, de las cuales 146 se encuentran en el Estado de Tabasco. Es relevante contribuir al conocimiento regional de la mastofauna en regiones que han sido poco estudiadas, sobre todo en las áreas naturales protegidas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar un inventario de los mamíferos presentes en el Parque Estatal de la Sierra de Tabasco, para ello se establecieron nueve sitios de muestreo en los cuales se utilizaron métodos directos e indirectos para el registro de las especies de mamíferos. Se registraron nueve órdenes, 25 familias, 60 géneros y 68 especies, de las cuales, 22 se encuentran enlistadas en alguna categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la NOM-059 y la UICN. Los murciélagos (Orden: Chiroptera) son el grupo mejor representado con 31 especies. El 47 % de las especies de mamíferos del Estado se encuentran presentes en el Parque Estatal de la Sierra de Tabasco lo que la sitúa como el área natural protegida con la mayor riqueza de mamíferos en la entidad. Este estudio proporciona información actual sobre el conocimiento biológico de la mastofauna en el Parque Estatal de la Sierra de Tabasco que permitirá elaborar estrategias de conservación y planes de aprovechamiento sustentable de los mamíferos en la región.

Abstract Aquatic mammals (marine and freshwater species) share significant and similar adaptations, enabling them to tolerate hypoxia during regular breath-hold diving. Despite the established importance of HIF1A, a master regulator in the molecular mechanism of hypoxia response, and other associated genes, their role in the evolutionary adaptation of aquatic mammals is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated this topic by employing a candidate gene approach to analyze 11 critical genes involved in the HIF1A signaling pathway in aquatic mammals. Our gene analyses included evaluating positive and negative selection, relaxation or constriction of selection, and molecular convergence compared to other terrestrial mammals, including subterranean mammals. Evidence of selection suggested a significant role of negative selection, as well as relaxation of the selective regime in cetaceans for most of these genes. We found that the glutamine 68 variant in the HIF3α protein is unique to cetaceans and initial evaluations indicated a destabilizing effect on protein structure. However, further analyses are necessary to evaluate its functional impact and adaptive relevance in this taxon. marine species adaptations breathhold breath hold diving HIFA HIF A response understood study 1 6 HIFα α structure However taxon

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta revisión es informar a los profesionales en salud animal, sobre la amiloidosis sistémica AA, un problema potencial de salud pública poco conocido en México, que puede derivarse del consumo de productos animales. Es difícil de diagnosticar, pues los signos clínicos dependen del tipo y localización del amiloide; y su fase terminal corresponde con un cuadro de insuficiencia renal. Consiste en la acumulación de un material proteico extracelular que puede originarse a partir de alrededor de 37 proteínas normales en los humanos y más de 15 en otros mamíferos acuáticos y terrestres, y en aves. Posee una estructura fibrilar característica en disposición β plegada que le confiere gran resistencia a agentes fisicoquímicos, que hace difícil su eliminación de los alimentos. Algunas amiloidosis, como el Alzheimer en humanos y el trastorno de disfunción cognitiva en los perros, son localizadas, pero la amiloidosis AA es sistémica y existe evidencia natural y experimental de que puede transmitirse intra e inter-especie cuando hay ingreso por vía oral, intravenosa o intraperitoneal de material amiloide en un individuo con una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica pre-existente u otros factores de riesgo, como la obesidad, lo que la convierte en un potencial problema de salud pública.

ABSTRACT The objective of this review is to inform animal health professionals about systemic AA amyloidosis, a little known potential public health problem in Mexico, which can result from the consumption of animal products. It is difficult to diagnose, since clinical signs depend on the type and location of the amyloid; and its terminal phase corresponds to renal failure. It consists of the accumulation of an extracellular protein material that can originate from about 37 normal proteins in humans and more than 15 in other aquatic and terrestrial mammals and in birds. It has a peculiar fibrillar structure in a β-folded arrangement that confers great resistance to physicochemical agents, which makes difficult its elimination from food. Some amyloidosis, such as Alzheimer's disease in humans and cognitive dysfunction disorder in dogs, are localized, but AA amyloidosis is systemic and there is natural and experimental evidence that it can be transmitted intra- and interspecies when there is oral, intravenous or intraperitoneal entry of amyloid material in an individual with pre-existing chronic inflammatory disease or other risk factors, such as obesity, making it a potential public health problem.

Resumen (Introducción): Los refugios de vida silvestre son cruciales para mejorar la conectividad en el contexto de corredores biológicos, ya que conservan fragmentos de bosque y consecuentemente poblaciones de mamíferos neotropicales, sin embargo, para poder idear estrategias de conservación y manejo es prioritario realizar estudios de campo que validen estos esfuerzos y midan su efectividad en el tiempo. (Objetivo): Generar información de línea base sobre el estado poblacional de mamíferos terrestres medianos y grandes y sus patrones de actividad, que contribuyan a realizar un adecuado manejo y protección de este grupo en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Lapa Verde. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología de foto-trampeo colocando 13 cámaras-trampa por bloque de muestreo, en dos bloques (1 855 ha) durante enero - febrero 2015 y entre diciembre 2015 - enero 2016. (Resultados): El esfuerzo de muestreo fue de 1 584 noches, registrando18 especies con presencia de grandes y medianos depredadores como Panthera onca, Canis latrans, Leopardus pardalis y Leopardus wiedii, así como especies que sirven de presas como Silvilagus sp., Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasyprocta punctata y Cuniculus paca. La especie con mayor IAR fue D. punctata, la riqueza fue similar entre bloques; sin embargo, los patrones de actividad circadiana sí presentaron diferencias entre algunas especies (L. pardalis y D. punctata). (Conclusiones): Especies como jaguares y tapires, que requieren grandes extensiones de tierra para asentarse, utilizan estos bloques de conservación, lo que indica la importancia de la conservación de estos bloques.

Abstract (Introduction): Wildlife refuges are crucial to improve connectivity in the context of biological corridors, as they conserve forest patches and consequently neotropical mammal populations. However, in order to devise conservation and management strategies, it is a priority to carry out field studies that validate these efforts and measure their effectiveness over time. (Objective): To generate baseline information on the population status of medium and large terrestrial mammals and their activity patterns to help the management and protection of the Lapa Verde Wildlife Refuge. (Methods): We analyzed the camera-trapping methodology by placing 13 camera traps per sampling block, divided into two blocks (1 855 ha) during January-February 2015 and December 2015-January 2016. (Results): The sampling effort was 1 584 nights, capturing 18 species with the presence of large and medium predators such as Panthera onca, Canis latrans, Leopardus pardalis, and Leopardus wiedii, as well as species of prey such as Silvilagus sp., Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasyprocta punctata, and Cuniculus paca. The species with the highest RAI was D. punctate. The richness was similar between blocks. However, the patterns of circadian activity differed between some species (L. pardalis and D. punctata). (Conclusions): Species such as jaguars and tapirs, which require large areas of land to settle, use these conservation blocks; this indicates the importance of the conservation of these blocks.

Resumen Por primera vez se registra la especie Cormohipparion quinniWoodburne 1996para el Barstoviano Tardío de América Central y Costa Rica. Este hallazgo aporta una nueva pista al patrón de distribución paleobiogeográfico de los mammíferos de América del Norte y su incursión en el Neotropico del sur de América Central durante el Mioceno Medio. El presente ejemplar representa el registro más austral de dicho taxón en el Mioceno Medio tardío en el Hemisferio Norte.

Abstract For the first time the species Cormohipparion quinniWoodburne 1996is recorded for the Late Barstovian of Central America and Costa Rica. This finding constitutes a new clue about the paleobiogeographical pattern of the Middle Miocene terrestrial mammals of North American and its incursion into the Neotropics of Southern Central America. This specimen represents the southernmost occurrence of this late Middle Miocene taxon at the North Hemisphere.

RESUMEN Mamíferos eocenos en depósitos volcanoclásticos de la meseta de Somun Cura: implicaciones bioestratigráficas para el Paleógeno del norte de la Patagonia. La sucesión faunística terrestre del Paleógeno y sus depósitos volcaniclásticos portadores asociados han sido exhaustivamente estudiados en la Patagonia central, pero aún no hay un ordenamiento litobiochronoestratigráfico aceptable para la región Norpatagónica extrandina. Las únicas referencias sobre depósitos portadores de mamíferos paleógenos al norte del río Chubut son imprecisas y contradictorias. Al oeste de Ingeniero Jacobacci (Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina), el paleontólogo y arqueólogo Rodolfo Casamiquela reportó una sucesión fosilífera con mamíferos casamayorenses o mustersenses (Eoceno) y deseadenses (Oligoceno) de rocas actualmente mapeadas como Formación Las Chacras. Esta unidad incluye tobas ácidas a intermedias, ignimbritas, paleosuelos, conglomerados y basaltos originados en un sistema fluvial perivolcánico, bajo un clima estacional subhúmedo de acuerdo con los caracteres pedogénicos predominantes. Como resultado de nuestros trabajos de campo y recolección de fósiles en el área de Ingeniero Jacobacci y de la revisión de los materiales colectados por Casamiquela en los años cuarenta y cincuenta (con procedencia estratigráfica bien conocida), identificamos una única asociación de mamíferos proveniente de la sección inferior de la Formación Las Chacras (aquí denominada “Lower Las Chacras fauna”) compuesta por Plesiofelis schlosseri Roth, 1903 (Sparassodonta); Trigonostylops Ameghino, 1897; Astraponotus Ameghino, 1901 (Astrapotheria); Propyrotherium Ameghino, 1901 (Pyrotheria); Pseudhyrax eutrachytheroides Ameghino, 1901; Eohegetotherium priscum Ameghino, 1901; Puelia sigma (Ameghino, 1901); Periphragnis Roth, 1899 (Notoungulata); Isutaetus depictus Ameghino, 1902 (Cingulata); y un nuevo miembro de Adianthidae (Litopterna) y probablemente de Pichipilidae (Paucituberculata). Esta asociación es más parecida a la proveniente del Miembro Rosado de la Formación Sarmiento en Gran Barranca, Patagonia central (localidad tipo de la Edad Mamífero Mustersense) datada en ca. 38 Ma (Eoceno medio tardío). Un flujo piroclástico asociado a los depósitos portadores de Ingeniero Jacobacci fue datado (K-Ar) en 39,2±2 Ma, valor compatible con la edad Mustersense inferida aquí para la “Lower Las Chacras fauna”. La supuesta presencia de mamíferos deseadenses en estos niveles estaba basada sobre restos de un notoungulado isotémnido incorrectamente identificado como un leontínido. La presencia del notoungulado tinguiririquense (Oligoceno temprano) Eohegetotherium priscum , con caracteres dentarios más apomórficos que sus aliados eocénicos, y de un astrapotérido más derivado que Astraponotus , sugiere que algunos elementos faunísticos más avanzados se habrían establecido en la Norpatagonia más temprano que en la Patagonia central.

ABSTRACT The Paleogene terrestrial faunal succession and its associated bearing volcaniclastic deposits has been exhaustively studied in central Patagonia, but there is still no acceptable litho-bio-chronostratigraphic ordering for the extra-Andean North Patagonia. The only references on Paleogene mammals bearing deposits north to Chubut River are imprecise and contradictory. West to Ingeniero Jacobacci (Río Negro Province, Argentina), the paleontologist and archaeologist Rodolfo Casamiquela reported a fossiliferous succession with Casamayoran or Mustersan (Eocene) and Deseadan (Oligocene) mammals from rocks currently mapped as the Las Chacras Formation. This unit includes acid to intermediate tuffs, ignimbrites, paleosols, conglomerates, and basalts originated in a perivolcanic fluvial system, under a seasonal subhumid-humid climate according to predominant pedogenic features. As a result of our fieldworks and fossil collection in the area of Ingeniero Jacobacci, and the revision of the materials collected by Casamiquela in the forties and fifties (with well-known stratigraphic origin), we identified a single mammal association from the lower section of the Las Chacras Formation (here named the Lower Las Chacras fauna) composed by: Plesiofelis schlosseri Roth, 1903 (Sparassodonta), Trigonostylops Ameghino, 1897, Astraponotus Ameghino, 1901 (Astrapotheria), Propyrotherium Ameghino, 1901 (Pyrotheria), Pseudhyrax eutrachytheroides Ameghino, 1901, Eohegetotherium priscum Ameghino, 1901, Puelia sigma (Ameghino, 1901), Periphragnis Roth, 1899 (Notoungulata), Isutaetus depictus Ameghino, 1902 (Cingulata), and a new member of Adianthidae (Litopterna) and probably of Pichipilidae (Paucituberculata). This assemblage is closer to that derived from the Rosado Member of the Sarmiento Formation at Gran Barranca, central Patagonia (type locality of the Mustersan Land Mammal Age) dated in ca . 38 Ma (late middle Eocene). A pyroclastic flow associated to the bearing deposits of Ingeniero Jacobacci was dated (K-Ar) in 39.2±2 Ma, value compatible with the Mustersan age here inferred for the Lower Las Chacras fauna. The alleged occurrence of Deseadan mammals in these levels was based on remains of an isotemnid notoungulate incorrectly identified as a leontinid. The presence of the Tinguirirican (early Oligocene) notoungulate Eohegetotherium priscum , with more apomorphic dental traits than in its Eocene allies, and of an astrapotheriid more derived than Astraponotus suggests that some advanced faunal elements would have been established in North Patagonia earlier than in central Patagonia.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: En un experimento de restauración iniciado en 2006 en un pastizal inducido, dentro de un paisaje dominado por selva tropical lluviosa en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, se establecieron 24 parcelas cercadas, con tres tratamientos de restauración. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar, mediante fototrampeo, cuáles especies de mamíferos terrestres medianos o grandes (≥1 kg de peso) y con qué frecuencia visitaban las parcelas, a 12 años de iniciado el experimento. Métodos: Se utilizaron cámaras-trampa, en 18 de las 24 parcelas. Se hicieron dos muestreos, uno en el periodo lluvioso de 2018 y otro en el seco de 2019. Se determinó el número de especies y de registros fotográficos independientes para cada una, en cada tratamiento (parcelas excluidas del forrajeo del ganado: a) sin adición de plantas -sucesión natural-; con plantación de árboles, b) dispersados por viento y c) dispersados por animales) y temporada de muestreo. Resultados clave: El esfuerzo total de muestreo fue de 290 días/cámara-trampa. En el periodo lluvioso se obtuvieron 12 fotografías y cuatro vídeos de tlacuache (Didelphis spp.), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) y guaqueque mexicano (Dasyprocta mexicana). En la época seca se registró al armadillo en 10 fotografías y cinco vídeos. Hubo pocos registros de mamíferos medianos, en comparación con fototrampeos en la selva conservada de la zona, y en solo siete de las 18 parcelas muestreadas. En general, hubo más registros en parcelas con cualquier tipo de plantación que en las de sucesión natural y esto fue más evidente en la época de lluvias. Conclusiones: La respuesta de los mamíferos medianos terrestres a la restauración parece ser más lenta que la registrada para otros grupos faunísticos (p. ej., murciélagos). Para evaluar la recuperación de la funcionalidad ecológica que incluye los roles ecológicos que desempeñan los mamíferos medianos en este experimento, se debe continuar y ampliar el esfuerzo de monitoreo.

Abstract: Background and Aims: In an experiment initiated in 2006 in an induced pasture, within a landscape dominated by tropical rainforest, in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, 24 fenced plots with three restoration treatments were established. Our objective was to determine with camera trapping, which species of medium or large terrestrial mammals (≥1 kg in weight), and with what frequency, visited the plots 12 years after the establishment of the experiment. Methods: Camera traps were used in 18 of the 24 plots. Two censuses were carried out, one in the rainy season of 2018 and the other in the dry season of 2019. The number of species and the independent photographic records of each one were determined for each treatment (plots excluded from cattle: a) with no addition of plants -natural succession-; with tree plantations, b) dispersed by wind, and c) dispersed by animals) and each sampling season. Key results: The total sampling effort was 290 camera trap days. For the rainy season, 12 photographs and four videos of opossum (Didelphis spp.), nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) and Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mexicana) were obtained. For the dry season, the armadillo was recorded in 10 photographs and five videos. There were few records of medium-sized mammals, compared to photo trapping in conserved forest in the area and only in seven of the 18 sampled plots. Overall, there were more records in plantations than in natural succession, and this was more evident in the rainy season. Conclusions: The response of medium-sized terrestrial mammals to restoration seems to be slower than recorded for other faunal groups (e.g., bats). To assess the recovery of ecological functionality that includes the ecological roles played by medium-sized mammals in this experiment, monitoring effort should be continued and expanded.

Resumo: A substituição das paisagens naturais por ambientes antropizados tem levado à perda de habitat e, consequentemente, ao declínio populacional e extinção de muitas espécies. Várias estratégias como a criação de Unidades de Conservação (UCs) e o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos têm sido adotadas para mitigar as consequências da crise de biodiversidade. Em Rio Verde, estado de Goiás, foi estabelecido um Programa Produtores de Água (PPA) que prevê o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos pela manutenção da vegetação ripária na região do ribeirão Abobora que abastece a cidade. Diante da ausência de estudos de diagnóstico ambiental da região, o presente estudo contribui para reduzir algumas lacunas de conhecimento, através da: i) caracterização da paisagem na área deste PPA, ii) caracterização das espécies da fauna (anfíbios, aves, peixes e mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte) e flora lenhosa que ocorrem neste local, iii) comparação da diversidade de espécies (fauna e flora) encontrada na área de estudo com aquela observada na rede de áreas protegidas do Cerrado. Nossos resultados revelam baixo índice de cobertura vegetal nativa (~21% da área total), mas por outro lado, registramos 300 espécies, sendo 20 de anfíbios anuros, 100 aves, 10 peixes, 16 mamíferos terrestres (médio e grande porte) e 154 plantas lenhosas. A nossa amostragem compreende espécies que são consideradas endêmicas do Cerrado (p.ex. Anfíbio - Barycholos terntezi e Mamífero - Callithrix penicillata), ameaçadas de extinção (p.ex. Mamíferos - Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Myrmecophaga tridactyla e Tapirus terrestris) ou exótica invasora (Mamífero - Sus scrofa). Os resultados apresentados no presente estudo são relevantes e podem auxiliar na proposição de ações de manejo no âmbito deste importante programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais.

Abstract: The replacement of natural landscapes by anthropic environments has led to habitat loss and consequently, to the decline and extinction of many species populations. Several strategies, such as the creation of protected areas (PAs) and payment for ecosystem services have been adopted to mitigate the consequences of this biodiversity crisis. In Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil, a Water Producer Program (WPP) was established, which provides payment for ecosystem services for the maintenance of riparian vegetation in the region of the Ribeirão Abóbora, a river which supplies the city and metropolitan area. In the absence of environmental diagnostic studies in the region, this present study contributes to reducing some knowledge gaps, through the: (i) characterization of the landscape in the WPP area, (ii) characterization of species of fauna (amphibians, birds, fish, and medium and large terrestrial mammals) and woody flora that occur in this area, and (iii) comparison of species diversity (fauna and flora) found in our study area with the diversity observed in the Cerrado protected area network. Our results reveal a low native vegetation cover (~21% of total area), but we recorded 300 total species: 20 species of anuran amphibians, 100 birds, 10 fish, 16 terrestrial mammals (medium and large), and 154 woody plants. Our sample comprises species considered endemic to the Cerrado (e.g., Anuran - Barycholos terntezi and Mammal - Callithrix penicillata), threatened species (e.g., Mammals - Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Tapirus terrestris), and exotic invasive species (Mammal - Sus scrofa). The results presented in this study are relevant and may help in the proposal of management actions within the scope of this important program of payment for environmental services.

Resumo: O Cerrado tem sido severamente impactado por distúrbios antrópicos e, especialmente na sua porção sul, poucos são os fragmentos remanescentes desse bioma. No estado de São Paulo, resta aproximadamente 7% da cobertura original de Cerrado e relativamente pouco se sabe sobre a biodiversidade desses remanescentes. Para preencher essa lacuna, inventariamos mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte de uma região pouco estudada que inclui uma Unidade de Conservação (UC) de uso sustentável (Floresta Estadual de Cajuru; CSF), áreas de vegetação nativa protegidos pela Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa e pertencentes a uma empresa de papel e celulose (Fazenda Dois Córregos; DCF), e seus entornos. Registramos 20 espécies de mamíferos nativos, cinco dos quais ameaçados de extinção, incluindo o tamanduá-bandeira, a onça parda e o lobo-guará. Não encontramos diferenças significativas na riqueza de espécies entre CSF e DCF, mas encontramos maior riqueza estimada de espécies para o entorno. Além de abranger uma área maior e mais heterogênea, essa área ainda apresenta uma proporção relativamente grande (> 30%) de vegetação nativa, fornecendo habitat e recursos para muitas espécies. A estimativa da riqueza de espécies para toda a nossa área de estudo foi semelhante à encontrada na maior UC de Cerrado no Estado de São Paulo, a Estação Ecológica de Jataí e entorno. Concluímos que a área de estudo abriga uma comunidade rica de grandes mamíferos, sendo importante para a conservação de várias espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Essa descoberta é particularmente oportuna, uma vez que o governo estadual está considerando transferir a exploração econômica da CSF para o setor privado. Endossamos, desta forma, uma proposta existente para elevar esta UC, que ainda carece de um plano de manejo, para uma categoria de manejo mais restritiva. Além disso, argumentamos que também é importante envolver a iniciativa privada em um plano de conservação para a região.

Abstract: The Cerrado has been severely impacted by anthropogenic disturbances, with a tiny proportion of its original extent remaining in its southern portions. In the state of São Paulo, only 7% of this vegetation remains and relatively little is known about the biodiversity of these fragments. To fill this knowledge gap, we inventoried medium and large-sized terrestrial mammals of a neglected region, including a sustainable use protected area, Cajuru State Forest (CSF), adjacent native vegetation remnants protected by the Native Vegetation Protection Law and owned by a paper and cellulose company (Dois Córregos Farm; DCF), and their surroundings. We recorded 20 native mammal species, five of which are endangered with extinction, including the giant anteater, puma, and maned wolf. We found no significant differences in species richness between CSF and DCF but we found higher estimated species richness for the surrounding areas. Besides encompassing a larger and more heterogeneous area, the surrounding area still has a relatively high proportion (>30%) of native vegetation, providing habitat and resources for many species. The estimated mammal species richness for the entire study area was similar to that found in the largest protected area of the Cerrado in São Paulo State, the Jataí Ecological Station and its surroundings. We conclude that our study area still harbors a relatively rich community of large mammals and is important for the conservation of endangered species. This finding is particularly timing since the current State administration is considering to transfer the economic exploitation of CSF to the private sector. We therefore endorse an existing proposal to uplist this protected area, which still lacks a management plan, to a more restricted management category. Besides actions regarding this governmental PA, we argue that it is also important to involve the private sector in a conservation plan for the region.