The present work focused on the screening process of different inorganic oxides and different temperatures for the epoxidation reaction of macaw palm vegetable oil without using solvent, a promising Brazilian biomass that can substitute other vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) in technological applications. This oil has an iodine value of 108.48 g of I2 per 100 g being categorized as a semi-dry oil. The epoxidized vegetable oil can be applied in manifold areas in polymer science. The epoxidation reaction here presented avoided organic solvents and organic acids and aimed to produce a greener route using metal oxides or niobium phosphate as a peroxide-activating catalyst. The experimental parameters were maintained as 10 mol% of catalyst loading and a time of 24 h; however, the temperature for some catalysts was changed to improve the epoxide conversion. Experiments were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Experiments using titanium oxide (TiO2) as a catalyst reached a conversion greater than 84.7%, while experiments using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or lanthanum oxide (La2O3) achieved conversions of 22.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that both niobium compounds instantly react with hydrogen peroxide to form peroxy derivatives. solvent e.g., eg e (e.g. applications 10848 108 48 108.4 I semidry semi dry science peroxideactivating activating 1 mol 2 h however 1H H NMR. NMR . NMR) TiO2 TiO (TiO2 847 84 7 84.7% Al2O3 AlO Al O (Al2O3 La2O3 LaO La (La2O3 226 22 6 22. 301 30 30.1% respectively Furthermore derivatives e.g. (e.g 1084 4 108. (TiO 8 84.7 Al2O (Al2O La2O (La2O 3 30.1 e.g 84. 30.

We report a facile hydrothermal method for the synthesis of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) under two different temperatures, 120 °C (Nb2O5-120) and 150 °C (Nb2O5-150). The obtained materials were characterized by structural, optical and morphological techniques. Also, the photocatalytic properties of the Nb2O5 samples were evaluated in two reactions under ultraviolet (UVC) irradiation: degradation of methylene blue (MB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes; and esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) present in waste cooking oil (WCO). The Nb2O5 was formed at different temperatures of synthesis, and the increase in temperature did not cause significant changes in the structural and optical characteristics, but resulted in an increased surface area of the synthesized materials. Both synthesized materials showed excellent efficiency for dye photodegradation. The sample Nb2O5-150 presented the best performance for the MB photodegradation, with almost 85% of the removal efficiency. In this case, the adsorption of MB molecules on the surface of the material was high due to the favorable electrostatic interaction and also because of its high surface area. For the IC photodegradation, the adsorption was insignificant, and both samples presented approximately 100% of the removal efficiency. These materials were also promising for the reduction of free fat acids in waste oil by photoesterification. NbO Nb O (Nb2O5 12 C Nb2O5120 (Nb2O5-120 15 Nb2O5150. Nb2O5150 . (Nb2O5-150) techniques Also Nb2O UVC (UVC irradiation (MB (IC dyes FFA (FFA WCO. WCO (WCO) characteristics photodegradation Nb2O5-15 85 case insignificant 100 photoesterification (Nb2O 1 Nb2O512 (Nb2O5-12 Nb2O515 (Nb2O5-150 (WCO Nb2O5-1 8 10 Nb2O51 (Nb2O5-1 (Nb2O5-15 Nb2O5- (Nb2O5-

In the Amazon, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), is part of the identity of traditional communities, and the fruit is integrated into their everyday sociocultural dynamics. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis of residual biomass can be alternatives to yield sugars, ethanol, biochar and bio-oil. The açaí seeds subjected to oxidative pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis increased cellulose to fermentable sugars (reaching 23.5%) and second-generation ethanol production (17.441 L t−1). Açaí oil (ca. 30%) was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus (using hexane as solvent) and detected through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where acids accounted for 82.43% of the total composition, while alcohols comprised only 13.15%. For pyrolysis, temperatures (500 and 550 °C), time (20 and 30 min), and activation temperature (750 and 800 °C) were evaluated, resulting in yields of ca. 22% for biochar and 30% for bio-oil. For the bio-oil, the main compounds detected by GC-MS were acids (16.3%), aldehydes (13.08%), amides (12.19%), alcohols (6.72%), and phenols (4.64%). The obtained biochar displayed surface area values of 553.7 m2 g−1 and 10% crystallinity, indicating its more amorphous nature. Amazon Mart açaí, , (açaí) communities dynamics biooil. biooil bio oil. bio-oil reaching 23.5% 235 23 5 secondgeneration second generation 17.441 17441 17 441 (17.44 t−1. t1 t t−1 . 1 t−1) ca (ca solvent GCMS, GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 8243 82 43 82.43 composition 1315 13 15 13.15% 500 (50 55 °C, C °C 20 (2 3 min, min min) 750 (75 80 evaluated 22 biooil, oil, 16.3%, 163 16.3% 16 (16.3%) 13.08%, 1308 13.08% 08 (13.08%) 12.19%, 1219 12.19% 12 19 (12.19%) 6.72%, 672 6.72% 6 72 (6.72%) 4.64%. 464 4.64% 4 64 (4.64%) 5537 553 7 553. m g1 g g− 10 crystallinity nature (açaí 23.5 2 17.44 1744 44 (17.4 t− (GC-MS 824 8 82.4 131 13.15 50 (5 ( 75 (7 16.3 (16.3% 130 13.08 0 (13.08% 121 12.19 (12.19% 67 6.72 (6.72% 46 4.64 (4.64% 23. 17.4 174 (17. 82. 13.1 16. (16.3 13.0 (13.08 12.1 (12.19 6.7 (6.72 4.6 (4.64 17. (17 13. (16. (13.0 12. (12.1 6. (6.7 4. (4.6 (1 (16 (13. (12. (6. (4. (13 (12 (6 (4

The Schröeder-van Laar equation to predict the theoretical eutectic melting temperature values was applied to a set of fourteen binary mixtures (UR1 to UR14). The fourteen binary mixtures belong to a structurally diverse group of organic molecules. They are represented by the 5-membered heterocycles containing N-S and N-O rings, flexible methylene chains (RH), semi-rigid semi-fluorinated chains (RF), and hydrogen bonds (HB). A virtual screening totalizing ninety-one possible theoretical combinations was planned. The UR1 to UR14 were prepared by mixing individual components using the calculated mole fractions. The experimental (Te) and theoretical (Tt) temperatures for the eutectic melting points were determined using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Heterogeneous mixtures were formed for components with large structural diversity as seen by POM. During the melting of the mixtures, irregular behavior through the segregation of the components was recorded. The study showed that the similarities in structural diversities favor the formation of homogeneous mixtures, with Te values approaching Tt, as predicted by the Schröeder-van Laar equation and by the theory of eutectic mixtures. Liquid crystal properties were affected in homogeneous binary mixtures containing one of the individual liquid crystal components. Schröedervan Schröeder van UR (UR UR14. . UR14) molecules 5membered membered 5 NS N S NO O rings RH, RH , (RH) semirigid semi rigid semifluorinated fluorinated RF, RF (RF) HB. HB (HB) ninetyone ninety planned fractions (Te Tt (Tt POM (POM DSC (DSC techniques recorded (RH (RF (HB

Poly(amidoamine)-type dendrimers (PAMAM) were synthesized by divergent routes, and generations (G0.5, G1.0, G1.5, G2.0 and G2.5) along with hydroxylated half-generation polymers (G0.5-OH, G1.5-OH and G2.5-OH) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture tests were performed using thermogravimetric analysis. Among the absorption temperatures tested, 60 °C was the most promising: 0.77, 1.08, and 1.14 mol CO2 L 1 for G0.5-OH, G1.5-OH and G2.5-OH, respectively, of CO2 and partial pressure of 45 kPa. This showed that dendrimers with larger molecular structures have more hydroxyl groups and consequently capture more CO2. However, at low partial pressures (< 2 kPa), CO2 solubility in PAMAM increased with temperature reduction, confirmed by Henry’s solubility constant (398.4 mol m3 kPa 1, in G2.5-OH at 40 °C). According to the thermodynamic properties of CO2 solubilization, the process was spontaneous (∆Gsol < 0) and exothermic (∆Hsol < 0). Polyamidoaminetype Poly amidoamine type (PAMAM routes G0.5, G05 G G0 5 (G0.5 G10 G1 0 G1.0 G15 G1.5 G20 G2 G2. G2.5 G25 halfgeneration half generation G0.5OH, G05OH GOH G0.5 OH, OH (G0.5-OH G1.5OH G15OH G2.5OH G25OH Fouriertransform Fourier transform spectroscopy calorimetry CO (CO2 tested 6 C promising 077 77 0.77 108 08 1.08 114 14 1.1 G0.5-OH G2.5OH, respectively 4 However ( kPa, , kPa) reduction Henrys Henry s 398.4 3984 398 (398. m °C. . °C) solubilization ∆Gsol Gsol ∆Hsol Hsol 0. (G0. G1. 5OH G0.5OH G0. (CO 07 7 0.7 10 1.0 11 1. 398. 39 (398 (G0 3 (39 (G (3

The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO-66-NH2, UiO-66-2,5-(OH)2, UiO-66-NO2, UiO-66-NDC, and UiO-66-BPDC were synthesized under solvothermal conditions using different functionalized organic linkers. The structures and properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The crystal structures of these functionalized UiO-66(Zr) forms were similar. A series of functionalized UiO-66(Zr) samples were used in the adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2). UiO-66-NH2 had the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (about 3.35 mmol g-1) due to its small polar -NH2 group. The performance of UiO-66-NH2 in CO2 adsorption at different temperatures was also determined. The amino-functionalized material possessed better adsorption properties at 273 K than at 303 K, while the CO2 working capacity of UiO-66-NH2 was fully recovered after cyclic regeneration. metalorganic metal MOFs (MOFs UiO66NH2, UiO66NH2 UiONH UiO 66 NH2, NH2 NH UiO662,5OH2, UiO6625OH2 UiOOH 2,5 OH 2, 2 5 UiO-66-2,5-(OH)2 UiO66NO2, UiO66NO2 UiONO NO2, NO2 NO UiO-66-NO2 UiO66NDC, UiO66NDC UiONDC NDC, NDC UiO-66-NDC UiO66BPDC UiOBPDC BPDC linkers Xray X ray diffraction spectroscopy analysis microscopy adsorptiondesorption desorption isotherms UiO66Zr UiOZr Zr UiO-66(Zr similar CO2. CO . (CO2) UiO-66-NH about 335 3 35 3.3 g1 g 1 g-1 -NH group determined aminofunctionalized amino 27 30 regeneration UiO66NH 6 UiO662 5OH2 UiO662,5OH2 UiO6625OH 25 UiO-66-2,5-(OH) UiO66NO UiO-66-NO (CO2 33 3. g- UiO66 5OH UiO662,5OH UiO-66-2,5-(OH (CO UiO6

ABSTRACT: This study identified and monitored the population fluctuations of insect vectors of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in experimental orchards in the North and Northwest Regions of the State of Paraná. The experiments were conducted in the cities of Londrina and Paranavaí at the Experimental Research Stations of the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná-IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), Brazil. The study period was from September 2019 to March 2021. In the experiments conducted in Londrina and in Paranavaí, yellow passion fruit plants were grown in trellis systems. Moericke traps were used to capture insects, and collections were performed weekly. Aphids were identified using a taxonomic identification key. The numbers of aphids present in each region were compared, and the populations were correlated with the climate and local precipitation. A total of 1522 and 1340 winged aphids were observed in the experiments in Londrina and Paranavaí, respectively. In Londrina, moderate positive correlations were observed between the number of insects and the maximum and average temperatures, while negative correlations were observed between the number of insects and the minimum temperature and precipitation. In contrast, in Paranavaí, the correlation between aphids and abiotic factors was negative, where maximum temperature was strongly correlated. In both regions, the following seven species of aphid vectors of CABMV were detected: Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Uroleucon ambrosiae. The population fluctuations of these species were influenced by variations in temperature and precipitation. ABSTRACT aphidborne borne (CABMV Paraná ParanáIAPAREMATER IAPAR EMATER IDRParaná, IDRParaná IDR , (IDR-Paraná) Brazil 201 2021 systems weekly key compared precipitation 152 134 respectively temperatures contrast regions detected fabae gossypii citricida pisum brassicae ambrosiae (IDR-Paraná 20 202 15 13 2 1

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e monitorar as flutuações populacionais de insetos vetores do Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) em pomares experimentais nas Regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Paraná. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas cidades de Londrina e Paranavaí nas Estações de Pesquisa Experimental do Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná-IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), Brasil. O período de estudo foi de setembro de 2019 a março de 2021. Nos experimentos realizados em Londrina e em Paranavaí, plantas de maracujá amarelo foram cultivadas em sistema de latada. Foram utilizadas armadilhas Moericke para captura dos insetos e as coletas foram realizadas semanalmente. Os pulgões foram identificados por meio de uma chave de identificação taxonômica. Os números de pulgões presentes em cada região foram comparados e as populações correlacionadas com o clima e a precipitação local. Foram observados 1.522 e 1.340 pulgões alados nos experimentos de Londrina e Paranavaí, respectivamente. Em Londrina, foram observadas correlações positivas moderadas entre o número de insetos e as temperaturas máxima e média, enquanto correlações negativas foram observadas entre o número de insetos e a temperatura mínima e precipitação. Em contrapartida, em Paranavaí, a correlação entre pulgões e fatores abióticos foi negativa, onde a temperatura máxima estava fortemente correlacionada. Em ambas as regiões foram detectadas as seguintes sete espécies de pulgões vetores do CABMV: Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae e Uroleucon ambrosiae. As flutuações populacionais dessas espécies foram influenciadas pelas variações de temperatura e precipitação. RESUMO aphidborne aphid borne CABMV (CABMV Paraná ParanáIAPAREMATER IAPAR EMATER IDRParaná, IDRParaná IDR , (IDR-Paraná) Brasil 201 2021 latada semanalmente taxonômica local 1522 1 522 1.52 1340 340 1.34 respectivamente média contrapartida negativa correlacionada fabae gossypii citricida pisum brassicae ambrosiae (IDR-Paraná 20 202 152 52 1.5 134 34 1.3 2 15 5 1. 13 3

ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera Lam. is an arboreal forest species of great economic potential, adapted to the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semi-arid region, whose multiplication is mainly by seeds. Rapid viability and vigor tests help in the choice of lots. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of the pH of exudate and primary root protrusion tests in the evaluation of viability and vigor, respectively. Two seed lots were initially evaluated for moisture content, germination, first count, germination speed index, seedling length, seedling dry mass and electrical conductivity. For the pH of exudate test, phenolphthalein (1%) and sodium carbonate (2 and 4 g L-1) solutions were prepared, with three soaking periods (1, 3 and 5 h) and three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). Exudate solution in strong to light pink color indicated viable seeds, whereas very light pink color to colorless indicated non-viable seeds. The primary root protrusion test was performed under 25, 30 and 35 °C, evaluating the primary root protrusion of at least 2 mm, every 12 h until 196 h. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates. pH of exudate test with 1 h of soaking at 25 or 30 °C with 2 g L-1 sodium carbonate solution was promising, but further studies are needed before it is indicated as routine use for the species. Primary root protrusion test is efficient and can be conducted at 35 °C with evaluation after 48 h. Lam potential semiarid semi arid region seeds Thus respectively content count index length conductivity 1% (1% ( L1 L prepared 1, (1 (25 °C. C . °C) nonviable non mm 19 randomized replicates L- promising

In this work, using the PM3 semi-empirical method, the oxidation of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was studied by sulfuric and nitric acid for the incorporation of carbonyl (C=O), phenol (OH) and carboxylic (COOH) groups in the C=C bonds present on the surface of the nanotube. Subsequently, the crosslinking of the oxidized SWCNT (SWCNTox) and chitosan (Q) was observed through hydrogen bonds of the C=O and OH bonds with 2.34 Å, the process was endothermic and soluble in polar solvents due to the presence of OH and NH groups in the structure of SWCNTox/Q. The Monte Carlo modeling allowed to study the adsorption of pesticides in the SWCNTox/Q at different temperatures, where the QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) properties allowed predicting the behavior of the pesticides, that is, the degree of hydrophobicity (log P) and accessible surface area (ASA) were important parameters in the evaluation of SWCNTox/Q as an adsorbent and surface interacting with pesticides respectively. Finally, the adsorption was a physisorption process due to the electronegativity of the CO, OH, NH2, NH and C=O bonds. work PM semiempirical semi empirical method singlewalled single walled (SWCNT C=O, CO , C O (C=O) (OH COOH (COOH CC Subsequently SWCNTox (SWCNTox Q (Q 234 2 34 2.3 Å SWCNToxQ temperatures quantitative relationship is log P ASA (ASA respectively Finally NH2 (C=O 23 3 2.

ABSTRACT Agribusiness workers are regularly exposed to high temperatures, even in covered environments such as packing houses. This study aimed to assess the effect of evaporative coolers on reducing occupational heat exposure for workers and consequently improving the thermal comfort of the selection and packaging areas in a table grape packing house. The evaluation was conducted as per the criteria of the Brazilian legislation, based on the Regulatory Norms (NR’s) 15 and 17 of the Department of Labor. The study was conducted during two climatic production periods, dry and rainy, with the evaporative coolers on and off. With the coolers on, the workers’ occupational exposure to heat was reduced without exceeding the wet bulb globe temperature index tolerance limit for the activities carried out according to the NR 15. However, it did not provide adequate thermal comfort indices according to NR 17. Under semiarid conditions, coolers rendered the environment thermally comfortable for local workers. To reduce the risks to workers’ health, it is suggested that they take breaks in case of discomfort from the heat and provide workers with water and mineral salts to replenish sweat loss. temperatures houses house legislation NRs s (NR’s 1 Labor periods rainy off However conditions health loss

RESUMO Os trabalhadores do agronegócio são expostos a condições de trabalho com altas temperaturas regularmente, mesmo em ambientes cobertos, como os packing houses. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de resfriadores evaporativos na redução da exposição ocupacional de trabalhadores ao calor e na melhoria do conforto térmico da área de seleção e embalagem de um packing house de uvas de mesa. A avaliação ocorreu de acordo com os critérios da legislação brasileira, aplicando-se as Normas Regulamentadoras (NR’s) 15 e 17, do Ministério do Trabalho. O estudo ocorreu durante dois períodos climáticos de produção: seco e chuvoso, com os resfriadores evaporativos ligados e desligados. Com os resfriadores evaporativos ligados, houve redução da exposição ocupacional dos trabalhadores ao calor, sem ultrapassar o limite de tolerância da temperatura de bulbo úmido para as atividades desenvolvidas, de acordo com a NR 15. Contudo, não apresentou índices adequados de conforto térmico, segundo a NR 17. Para as condições de semiárido, os resfriadores tornaram o ambiente termicamente confortável para os trabalhadores locais. Para reduzir os riscos à saúde do trabalhador, sugere-se adotar pausas quando houver desconforto por calor e fornecer água e sais minerais aos trabalhadores para reposição das perdas por suor. regularmente cobertos houses mesa brasileira aplicandose aplicando se NRs s (NR’s 1 17 Trabalho produção chuvoso desligados desenvolvidas Contudo semiárido locais trabalhador sugerese sugere suor

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Salt production, especially using artisanal methods, does not exist in all countries, given the climatic and logistical requirements. Portugal has some tradition in this sector, but even so, most professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety have no experience in the area. The aim of this review was to summarize the most relevant and recent publications, to improve their performance capacity and enhance the productivity, satisfaction and well-being of the workers involved. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Salt pans can be inland (far from the sea, using groundwater with a high salt content) or coastal. The former are scarcer in Portugal and only exist between Lisbon and Coimbra. Over time, in our country, evaporation was carried out by fire and sun. The latter is believed to have been developed by the Romans who created the first version of salt flats. At national level there is evidence of salt production since the end of the Neolithic, but here more frequently with the use of fire. Throughout Europe there has been a decline in artisanal versus industrial salt production, even in sea salt pans (especially on the northwest coast of France and, in Portugal, on the western coasts). Artisanal production in our country is more prevalent in the Figueira da Foz area. The product obtained via artisanal production has better quality, particularly in terms of flavor and nutritionally (via industrial production the taste is more metallic). Portugal is a large producer and consumer of traditional salt. The climatic characteristics suit production, due to summers with frequent high temperatures and strong, hot winds. National salt was and is consumed in other European countries; for presenting superior quality, even though it is more expensive. Production depends on the climate, namely insolation (number of hours in the sun), precipitation, temperature, cloudiness and winds (which affect evaporation). In other words, this is more intense and faster if the air temperature is higher, such as with more dry winds (which are generally more frequent in summer); low precipitation is also favorable. Salt production has been increasing, due to growing industrial needs. To be used in this last situation, it must be at 100% purity. Discussion and Conclusions No bibliography was found that referred the dimension of occupational health and safety in this professional sector. Based on the authors' theoretical and practical experience, the most relevant risk factors and risks in the sector are described: ultraviolet radiation and possible skin cancer, cataracts and other associated injuries; thermal discomfort and eventual higher accident rates associated with motor incoordination, worse cardiovascular adjustment, as well as disorientation and ability to make decisions; forced/maintained loads and/or postures and possible musculoskeletal injuries, emergence/worsening of hernia pathology and falling objects at the same level and possible bruises, skin lacerations and/or fractures. It would be interesting to learn more about the national panorama of this sector, through studies that hierarchically stratify the risk, also accurately describing occupational illnesses and associated accidents, as well as more effective measures to mitigate these issues.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos A produção de sal, sobretudo com métodos artesanais, não existe em todos os países, dadas as exigências climáticas e logísticas. Portugal apresenta alguma tradição nesse setor mas, ainda assim, a maioria dos profissionais a exercer na Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais não tem experiência na área. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir o que mais relevante e recente se publicou, de forma a melhorar a capacidade de atuação destes e a potenciar a produtividade, satisfação e bem-estar dos trabalhadores afetos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo As salinas podem ser interiores (afastadas do mar, usando água subterrânea com elevado conteúdo em sal) ou litorais. As primeiras são mais escassas em Portugal e apenas existem entre Lisboa e Coimbra. Ao longo do tempo, no nosso país, a evaporação era realizada pelo fogo e sol. Esta última acredita-se que foi desenvolvida pelos romanos que, de certa forma, criaram a primeira versão das salinas. A nível nacional há evidência de produção de sal desde o final do Neolítico, mas aqui mais frequente com a utilização do fogo. Por toda a Europa tem existido um declínio da produção artesanal de sal, versus industrial, mesmo em salinas marítimas (sobretudo na costa noroeste de França e, em Portugal, na costa ocidental). A produção artesanal no nosso país é mais prevalente na zona da Figueira da Foz. O produto obtido via artesanal tem mais qualidade, nomeadamente a nível de sabor e nutricionalmente (via industrial o paladar é um pouco mais metálico). Portugal é um grande produtor e consumidor de sal tradicional. As caraterísticas climáticas adequam-se à produção, devido aos verões com temperaturas elevadas frequentes e ventos fortes e quentes. O sal nacional era e é consumido noutros países europeus, por apresentar qualidade superior, mesmo tendo um preço mais elevado. A produção depende do clima, nomeadamente a insolação (número de horas ao sol), precipitação, temperatura, nebulosidade e ventos (que condicionam a evaporação). Ou seja, esta é mais intensa e rápida se a temperatura do ar for mais elevada, tal como com mais ventos secos (que geralmente são mais frequentes no Verão); a baixa precipitação também é favorável. A produção de sal tem vindo a aumentar, até pelas crescentes necessidades industriais. Para ser usado nesta última situação, deverá estar no patamar de 100% de pureza. Discussão e Conclusões Não se encontrou bibliografia que fizesse referência à dimensão da saúde e segurança ocupacionais neste setor profissional. Em função de experiência teórica e prática dos autores, descrevem-se os fatores de riscos e riscos mais relevantes do setor: radiação ultravioleta e eventual cancro de pele, cataratas e outras lesões associadas; desconforto térmico e eventual maior sinistralidade associada a descoordenação motora, pior ajuste cardiovascular, bem como desorientação e capacidade de tomar decisões; cargas e/ou posturas forçadas/mantidas e eventuais lesões músculo-esqueléticas, surgimento/agravamento de patologia herniária e queda de objetos e ao mesmo nível e eventuais equimoses, lacerações cutâneas e/ou fraturas. Seria interessante conhecer melhor o panorama nacional deste setor, através de estudos que estratificassem hierarquicamente o risco, descrevendo ainda com rigor as doenças profissionais e acidentes associados, bem como medidas mais eficazes para atenuar essas questões.

Abstract This study investigated the effects caused by the thermal shock phenomenon on the temperature distribution in Adhered Ceramic Tiling Systems (ACTS). Cyclic thermal and hygroscopic loads are periodic events resulting from successive and sequential processes of heating by solar irradiation and sudden cooling by heavy rains. Through an experimental program carried out in a ceramic tile prototype composed of porcelain tiles settle with adhesive mortar directly on a concrete wall, monitored the surface temperatures and temperatures at the adhesive mortar-concrete interface were measured during its exposure to heating and cooling cycles according to NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021) procedures. The confinement of thermal energy (heat) inside the structure, after the beginning of cooling, demonstrates that part of the thermal stresses is maintained internally to the structure even after the drop-in surface temperature of the ceramic tile (non-homogeneous distribution), indicating that the movements structural elements of thermal origin will tend to different directions (non-uniform) and, consequently, will cause opposite stresses between layers. This results in a possible increase and concentration of stresses in certain regions that, if critical, will lead to the appearance of damage in the ceramic coating. ACTS. ACTS . (ACTS) rains wall mortarconcrete 155754 15575 4 15575- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2021 procedures heat (heat dropin drop nonhomogeneous non homogeneous distribution, , distribution) nonuniform uniform (non-uniform consequently layers critical coating (ACTS 1557 202 155 20 15 2 1

Resumo O estudo investigou os efeitos causados pelo fenômeno do choque térmico sobre a distribuição de temperatura em sistemas de revestimento cerâmico aderido (SRCA). Carregamentos cíclicos térmicos e higroscópicos são eventos periódicos resultado de processos sucessivos e sequenciais de aquecimento por irradiação solar e resfriamentos bruscos por chuvas. Por meio de um programa experimental realizado em um protótipo de revestimento cerâmico composto de placas de porcelanato assentadas com argamassa colante diretamente sobre uma parede de concreto, monitoraram-se as temperaturas superficiais e na interface argamassa colante-concreto durante sua exposição a ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento, conforme procedimentos da NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021). O confinamento de energia térmica (calor) no interior da estrutura, após o início do resfriamento, demonstra que parte dos esforços térmicos é mantida internamente à estrutura mesmo após a queda de temperatura superficial da placa cerâmica (distribuição não homogênea), indicando que as movimentações estruturais de origem térmica tenderão a ir em direções diferentes (não uniformes) e, consequentemente, ocasionarão solicitações opostas entre camadas. Isso resulta em possível acréscimo e concentração de tensões em determinadas regiões, que, se críticas, levarão ao surgimento do dano no revestimento cerâmico. SRCA. SRCA . (SRCA) chuvas concreto monitoraramse monitoraram colanteconcreto resfriamento 155754 15575 4 15575- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2021. 2021 2021) calor (calor homogênea, homogênea , homogênea) uniformes consequentemente camadas regiões críticas (SRCA 1557 202 155 20 15 2 1

Abstract The influence of occupant behaviour in buildings is widely discussed as one of the causes for the gap between energy use estimated via computer simulation and during building operation. Knowing the main drivers for adjustments in building systems is essential to guide the development of mathematical models for such behaviours. The aim of this study is to evaluate the main motivating agents for adjusting windows, luminaires, and air-conditioning in offices. Two offices were monitored using sensors that collected data from the internal environment and user interaction with such systems. Rainfall and external and internal air temperatures were considered influential for the interaction with window systems. The increase in internal and external temperatures had even more influence on interactions with air-conditioners. The main conclusions were: there is influence of the layout of the offices in the sharing and control of windows and efficiency of passive strategies, such as the use of natural and cross ventilation; and there is an influence of the increase in internal temperature compared to external temperature in the predictability of opening windows and turning air-conditioning devices on. operation behaviours luminaires airconditioning conditioning airconditioners. airconditioners conditioners. conditioners air-conditioners strategies ventilation

Resumo Ainfluência do comportamento dos usuários em edificações é amplamente discutida como uma das causas para discrepâncias entre consumos energéticos esperados, durante a fase de projeto, e consumos durante a operação. Conhecer os principais motivadores para ajustes nos sistemas de edificações é imprescindível para aprimorar a modelagem desses comportamentos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os principais agentes motivadores para o ajuste das janelas, luminárias e aparelhos de ar-condicionado em escritórios. Dois escritórios foram monitorados por meio de sensores que coletaram dados de qualidade do ambiente interno e comportamento de usuário. Foram consideradas influentes para a interação com sistemas de janelas a pluviometria e as temperaturas do ar externo e interno. O aumento das temperaturas interna e externa apresentou ainda mais influência na interaçãocom aparelhos de ar-condicionado. Duas foram as principais conclusões: há influência do layout dos escritórios no compartilhamento e controle das janelas e eficiência de estratégias passivas, como o uso de ventilação natural e cruzada; e há influência do aumento da temperatura interna em comparação à externa na previsibilidade de abertura de janelas e acionamento de aparelhos de ar-condicionado. esperados projeto operação comportamentos arcondicionado condicionado usuário arcondicionado. condicionado. conclusões passivas cruzada

Abstract The way residents occupy and operate houses influences the energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to findpatterns of occupant behaviour in actual data for thermal performance simulation.Data on occupancy of rooms and operation of doors and windows were obtained through a database created by means of application of questionnaires in low-income houses located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. The reference profiles were obtained using cluster analysis, hierarchical and non-hierarchical techniques combined. Such profiles were submitted to computer simulations. The results showed significant variability within the clusters regarding the occupancy and operation of doors and windows. It was possible to verify the impact that different profiles have on the performance of the house, either due to occupancy or heat losses and gains from air changes through doors and windows. The combination of these effects resulted in some profiles that were highly vulnerable to external temperature conditions, while others were able to maintain the internal temperatures more constant. It was possible to verify that the use of reference profiles based on actual data lead to more reliable performance indicators. consumption simulationData simulation Data lowincome low income Florianópolis Brazil analysis nonhierarchical non combined simulations house conditions constant indicators

Resumo A forma como os moradores ocupam e operam as casas influencia o consumo de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho é encontrar padrões de comportamento dos moradores em dados reais para fins de simulação do desempenho térmico. Dados sobre ocupação de cômodos e funcionamento de portas e janelas foram obtidos por meio de um banco de dados criado por meio da aplicação de questionários em habitações de interesse social localizadas em Florianópolis. Os perfis de referência foram obtidos por meio de análise de agrupamento, com técnicas hierárquicas e não hierárquicas combinadas. Tais perfis foram submetidos a simulações computacionais. Os resultados mostraram variabilidade significativa entre os grupos quanto à ocupação e operação de portas e janelas. Foi possível verificar o impacto que diferentes perfis têm no desempenho da casa, seja pela ocupação ou pelas perdas de calor e ganhos com as trocas de ar através de portas e janelas. A combinação desses efeitos resultou em alguns perfis altamente vulneráveis às condições de temperatura externa, enquanto outros foram capazes de manter as temperaturas internas mais constantes. Foi possível verificar que a utilização de perfis de referência baseados em dados reais leva a indicadores de desempenho mais confiáveis. energia térmico Florianópolis agrupamento combinadas computacionais casa externa constantes confiáveis

Abstract Cracking can be investigated by infrared thermography, as defects on a surface have different temperatures compared to regions without defects. The temperature of the crack depends on its dimensions, opening and depth, which can be identified by thermography. The possibility of classifying crack damage according to different depths by thermography in heating and cooling regimes and indicating which conditions are most suitable for identifying cracks is evaluated. It is proposed to observe the temperature evolution during the heating and cooling of a mortar slab that has cracks with different depths. The temperature variation of the plate during heating and cooling is monitored by thermograms and thermocouples present on the surface and interior of the plate in regions close to the cracks. It is identified, through the application of Delta-T thermographic contrast, that cracks of greater depth have a greater Delta-T, in modulus, during heating, while cracks of shallower depth have a greater Delta-T during cooling. Cracks are best identified during the cooling phase, as shallower cracks are not identified at the end of heating. dimensions evaluated DeltaT Delta T contrast DeltaT, T, modulus phase

Resumo A fissuração pode ser investigada por termografia de infravermelho, pois defeitos em uma superfície apresentam temperaturas diferentes em relação as regiões sem defeito. A temperatura da fissura é dependente das suas dimensões, abertura e profundidade, nas quais podem ser identificadas pela termografia. Avalia-se o comportamento das temperaturas em regime controlado de aquecimento e resfriamento de fissuras em função de diferentes profundidades e quais as condições mais adequadas para identificar as fissuras. Propõe-se a observação da evolução de temperatura no aquecimento e resfriamento de uma placa de argamassa que possui fissuras com diferentes profundidades. A variação de temperatura da placa no aquecimento e resfriamento é monitorada por termogramas e termopares presentes na superfície e interior da placa em regiões próximas às fissuras. Identifica-se, pela aplicação de contraste termográfico Delta-T, que fissuras de maior profundidade possuem maior Delta-T, em módulo, durante o aquecimento, enquanto fissuras de menor profundidade possuem maior Delta-T no resfriamento. As fissuras são melhor identificadas na fase de resfriamento, pois no fim do aquecimento as fissuras de menor profundidade não são identificadas. infravermelho defeito dimensões Avaliase Avalia se Propõese Propõe Identificase, Identificase Identifica se, Identifica-se DeltaT, DeltaT Delta T, T módulo