In the water/triethanolamine/ethanol system, TiCl4 aqueous solution is used as the precursor to regulate the conversion rate of TiCl4 by changing the reaction temperature, water volume, pH value, and ethanol amount. The experiment uses a single-factor method to investigate the dynamic relationship between Ti4+ concentration and time under various factors, thereby achieving controllable TiO2 production. The experimental results showed that under a single factor, the conversion rate showed a trend of first steep and then slow growth within 180 min. After 180 min, the conversion rate tended to stabilize. Considering various factors, it was found that VTiCl4:VC6H15NO3:VH2O:VC2H5OH = 1:6:15:30, pH = 7, reaction time at room temperature was 4 h, and the hydrolysis effect was good. The final conversion rate was 90.46%, and the hydrolysis reaction conforms to the first-order reaction equation. Kinetic parameters: pre-factor (A) = 0.107, activation energy (Ea) = 4488.65 J mol-1. watertriethanolamineethanol triethanolamine system TiCl volume value amount singlefactor factor Ti4 Ti factors TiO production 18 min stabilize VTiCl4VC6H15NO3VH2OVC2H5OH VTiClVCHNOVHOVCHOH VTiCl4 VC6H15NO3 VH2O VC2H5OH VTiCl VC H NO VH O OH 161530, 161530 1 6 15 30, 30 1:6:15:30 7 h good 9046 90 46 90.46% firstorder order equation parameters prefactor pre A (A 0107 0 107 0.107 Ea (Ea 448865 4488 65 4488.6 mol1. mol1 mol 1. mol-1 OVC VCHNO VC6H15NO VHO VCHOH 16153 3 1:6:15:3 904 9 90.46 010 10 0.10 44886 448 4488. mol- 1615 1:6:15: 90.4 01 0.1 44 161 1:6:15 90. 0. 16 1:6:1 1:6: 1:6 1:

Resumen La corrosión es un problema recurrente en la industria del gas natural, debido a la presencia de gases corrosivos como el CO2 y el H2S que en presencia de agua pueden atacar el acero y producir daños y fugas que generen accidentes y contaminación, es por ello que la predicción de la tendencia del gas natural hacia la corrosión es fundamental para desarrollar estrategias de inhibición y mitigación de este proceso. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar una Red Neuronal Artificial (RNA) entrenada con datos de composición de muestras de gas natural para predecir la tendencia corrosiva, como método alternativo que pueda ser utilizado como una herramienta predictiva eficiente. La RNA se entrenó con una muestra de 46 gases naturales y 11 componentes por cada una, además de la presión y la temperatura como condiciones operacionales, lo que representa un total de 598 datos de entrenamiento de la RNA, además se utilizaron 8 muestras adicionales para la validación externa del modelo. La RNA que desarrolló fue dentro de los principios de la estadística Bayesiana, con una arquitectura de Perceptrón Multicapa. Se obtuvo que la RNA es capaz de clasificar correctamente el 95,65% de la tendencia corrosiva de las muestras, siendo aquellas con tendencia no corrosiva las que presentaron el menor porcentaje de predicción (75%). La predicción de las muestras externas siguió la tendencia esperada, con menor capacidad para clasificar a las no corrosivas, y las muestras con posible corrosión y corrosivas fueron predichas en 80%. Se concluye que la RNA es una herramienta eficiente para la predicción de la tendencia corrosiva del gas natural en presencia de CO2 y su efectividad depende de que se utilicen muestras con todos los componentes necesarios para entrenar la misma, además puede ser mejorada al introducir otros parámetros como la cantidad de agua presente.

Abstract Corrosion is a recurrent problem in the natural gas industry, due to the presence of corrosive gases such as CO2 and H2S that in the presence of water can attack steel and produce damages and leaks that generate accidents and contamination, that is why the prediction of the tendency of natural gas towards corrosion is essential to develop strategies to inhibit and mitigate this process. The objective of the study was to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with composition data of natural gas samples to predict the corrosive tendency, as an alternative method that can be used as an efficient predictive tool. The ANN was trained with a sample of 46 natural gases and 11 components for each one, in addition to pressure and temperature as operational conditions, representing a total of 598 training data of the ANN, also 8 additional samples were used for external validation of the model. The ANN that developed was within the principles of Bayesian statistics, with a Multilayer Perceptron architecture. It was obtained that the ANN is able to correctly classify 95.65% of the corrosive tendency of the samples, being those with non-corrosive tendency the ones that presented the lowest prediction percentage (75%). The prediction of the external samples followed the expected trend, with lower capacity to classify the non-corrosive ones, and the samples with possible corrosion and corrosive were predicted in 80%. It is concluded that ANN is an efficient tool for predicting the corrosive tendency of natural gas in the presence of CO2 and its effectiveness depends on using samples with all the necessary components to train it, and it can be improved by introducing other parameters such as the amount of water present.

Abstract Introduction: Coryphaena hippurus is a species of commercial interest with a high migratory capacity, a characteristic that places it in tropical and subtropical environments, preferring areas with a temperature range between 21 and 30 °C and salinity close to 31 ppt. Although the population trend of C. hippurus is stable, the fishing of this resource is increasing and occupies important positions in the economy of the Eastern Tropical Pacific coastal countries, which demonstrates the need to design and strengthen conservation strategies for the adequate use of this resource. Given its location in tropical and subtropical environments, its availability and distribution could be affected by climate change. Objective: To analyze the current and future potential distribution of C. hippurus under climate change scenarios. Methods: Ten algorithms were used to model the potential distribution and current habitat suitability index of C. hippurus as a function of sea surface temperature, current salinity and velocity, and these results were then projected under the most extreme climate change scenario. Results: There were good performances with all the algorithms used, but the model generated with BIOCLIM (AUC: 0.89) was chosen because it also solves the problem of spatial and temporal bias found in the records of the species. The region of greatest habitat suitability for C. hippurus matches the oceanic fronts of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Under future conditions of extreme climate change, the species distribution pattern indicates a contraction, relocation, and expansion of habitat south of the equator. Conclusions: Under conditions of extreme climate change, the distribution model for C. hippurus suggests a process of topicalization of marine ecosystems in the Eastern Tropical Pacific by 2100.

Resumen Introducción: Coryphaena hippurus es una especie migratoria de interés comercial, que se encuentra en ambientes tropicales y subtropicales, prefiriendo zonas con un rango de temperatura entre 21 y 30 °C y salinidad cercana a 31 ppt. Aunque la tendencia poblacional del dorado es estable, la pesquería de este recurso está aumentando y ocupa importantes posiciones en la economía de países costeros del Pacífico Oriental Tropical, evidenciándose la necesidad de diseñar y fortalecer estrategias de conservación y mejorar el aprovechamiento de este recurso. Dada su ubicación en ambientes tropicales y subtropicales, la disponibilidad y distribución de este recurso podría verse afectado a futuro por el cambio climático. Objetivo: Analizar la distribución potencial actual y futura de C. hippurus bajo condiciones de cambio climático. Métodos: Se emplearon 10 algoritmos para modelar la distribución potencial e idoneidad de hábitat actual para C. hippurus a partir de la temperatura superficial del mar, la salinidad y velocidad de las corrientes, posteriormente se proyectaron estos resultados según el escenario de cambio climático más extremo. Resultados: Hubo buenos desempeños con todos los algoritmos empleados, pero se escogió el modelo generado con BIOCLIM (AUC: 0.89) pues además resuelve el inconveniente del sesgo espacial y temporal hallado en los registros de la especie. La región de mayor idoneidad de hábitat para C. hippurus coincide con los frentes oceánicos del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. En condiciones futuras de cambio climático extremo, el modelo de distribución de la especie indica una contracción, reubicación y expansión de hábitat hacia el sur de la línea ecuatorial. Conclusiones: En condiciones de cambio climático extremo, el modelo de distribución para C. hippurus sugiere un proceso de tropicalización de los ecosistemas marinos en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical para el año 2100.

Abstract This study uses a Bayesian Structural Poisson model to address the increasing frequency of wildfires in Brazilian biomes. Long-term trends, seasonal behavior, and the impact of certain meteorological variables on the occurrence of forest fires were identified in the following biomes: Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and Pantanal. Nonlinear temporal trends were observed in all biomes, with varying annual increments between 1999-2020: 5.5 % in Pampa, 4.9 % in Pantanal, 3.0 % in Caatinga, 2.3 % in Amazon, 2.2 % in Atlantic Forest, and 2.2 % in Cerrado. Seasonal patterns were present in all biomes, with similarities among the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest, while the Pampa and Pantanal displayed a bimodal pattern. Environmental factors such as evapotranspiration, precipitation, and temperature had significant effects on fire occurrence in different biomes. The findings of this study contribute valuable insights into fire patterns and their relationships with environmental factors in Brazilian biomes, helping to inform fire management and prevention strategies.

Resumen Este estudio aborda la creciente frecuencia de los incendios forestales en los biomas brasileños; para ello, se utilizó un modelo Bayesiano Estructural de Poisson. Se identificaron las tendencias a largo plazo, el comportamiento estacional y el impacto de determinadas variables meteorológicas en la ocurrencia de incendios forestales en los siguientes biomas: Amazonía, Caatinga, Cerrado, Bosque Atlántico, Pampa y Pantanal. Se observaron tendencias temporales no lineales en todos los biomas, con incrementos anuales variables entre 1999-2020: 5.5 % en Pampa, Pantanal 4.9 %, Catinga 3.0 %, Amazonía 2.3 %, Bosque Atlántico y Cerrado 2.2%. Los patrones estacionales estuvieron presentes en todos los biomas, con similitudes entre Amazonía, Catinga, Cerrado y Bosque Atlántico, mientras que la Pampa y el Pantanal mostraron un patrón bimodal. Factores ambientales como la evapotranspiración, las precipitaciones y la temperatura influyeron significativamente en el surgimiento de incendios en distintos biomas. Los resultados de este estudio aportan información valiosa sobre los patrones de incendios y su relación con los factores ambientales en los biomas brasileños, lo cual ayudará en el desarrollo de las estrategias de gestión y prevención de incendios.

The increased frequency of extreme weather events associated with climate change is a growing concern for road authorities, consultants, contractors and end users. Climate change adaptation is not yet incorporated into South Africa's transport design and planning. Current design methods for asphalt pavements include recently introduced performance-graded (PG) specifications for bitumen. Although the need exists to use future-projected temperature maps in the road industry, the hindrance to this adoption has been extracting the appropriate rising air temperatures from climate model projections. This study focuses on the integration of bias-adjusted historical and projected climate model temperature outputs between 1980 and 2060 to estimate changes in pavement temperatures throughout South Africa to inform a strategy for adaptive material selection. Differences in bitumen selection are observed for the PG 58 and PG 52 maximum temperature grade, and an introduction of PG 70 regions, as derived from climate model data in comparison with the SATS 3208 technical standard. The general trend is a gradual increase in maximum pavement design temperatures, mostly affecting the country's northern and central regions and corresponding road networks. This paper concludes that adjustments are required regarding climate projections for use in bituminous binder selection based on the current specification.

Abstract This paper presents a study on kinetic and thermodynamic compensation to evaluate the kinetics of non-enzymatic browning of clarified lemon juices. In a previous work, the kinetic constants of browning were presented using the evolution of the absorbance at 420 nm (A 420) and luminosity (L*) for different soluble solids contents (64.6; 50; 35; 20 and 10 ºBrix) and different working temperatures (70, 80, 90 and 95 ºC). The parameters of the Arrhenius equation were obtained by fitting the kinetic constants and temperatures. The variation of lnK 0 with Ea follows a linear trend, so there is kinetic compensation, with isokinetic temperature values being 126.6 ºC and 149.7 ºC for A 420 and L*, respectively. The transition state equilibrium constants were determined using the Eyring equation for each soluble solids content and each temperature. The equilibrium constants were adjusted to the Van't Hoff equation and the set of pairs of estimated values for the activation enthalpy and the activation entropy also followed a straight line, which causes thermodynamic compensation, with isoequilibrium temperatures of 112.8 ºC and 136.3 ºC for A 420 and L*, respectively. It was concluded that the browning mechanism is the same for the ranges of soluble solids content and temperature studied. Since all isokinetic and isoequilibrium temperatures were higher than the working temperature values, it was also concluded that the control was enthalpic for all cases. To avoid the deterioration of these juices, it is advisable to intervene in the working temperature, trying to ensure that the heat treatment is carried out at the lowest possible temperature.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta un estudio sobre la compensación cinética y termodinámica para evaluar las cinéticas de pardeamiento no enzimático de zumos clarificados de limón. En un trabajo anterior se presentaron las constantes cinéticas de pardeamiento utilizando la evolución de la absorbancia a 420 nm (A 420) y luminosidad (L*) para distintos contenidos en sólidos solubles (64,6; 50; 35; 20 y 10 ºBrix) y diferentes temperaturas de trabajo (70, 80, 90 y 95 ºC). Los parámetros de la ecuación de Arrhenius se obtuvieron al ajustar la variación de las constantes cinéticas con la temperatura. La variación de lnK 0 con E a sigue una tendencia lineal, por lo que existe una compensación cinética, con valores de la temperatura isocinética de 126,6ºC y 149,7ºC para A 420 y L*, respectivamente. Las constantes de equilibrio del estado de transición se determinaron utilizando la ecuación de Eyring para cada contenido en sólidos solubles y cada temperatura. Las constantes de equilibrio se ajustaron a la ecuación de Van't Hoff y el conjunto de los pares de valores estimados para la entalpía de activación y la entropía de activación siguieron una línea recta lo que da lugar a la compensación termodinámica, con unas temperaturas de isoequilibrio de 112,8 ºC y 136,3 ºC para la absorbancia a A 420 y L*, respectivamente. Se concluyó que el mecanismo de pardeamiento es el mismo para los intervalos de contenido en sólidos solubles y temperatura estudiados. Dado que todas las temperaturas isocinéticas y de isoequilibrio fueron superiores a los valores de las temperaturas de trabajo, también se concluyó que el control fue entálpico para todos los casos. Para evitar el deterioro de estos zumos se aconseja intervenir en la temperatura de trabajo, intentando que el tratamiento térmico se lleve a cabo a la menor temperatura posible.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe the constant drying flux stage, as well as obtaining the critical moisture content during the convective drying of jambu leaf paste crushed under different conditions and characterizing the physical properties of the material after drying. Drying was carried out in an air circulation oven at a speed of 1.0 m s-1 and temperatures of 60, 70 and 80 ºC and layer thicknesses of 0.005 and 0.01 m. To determine the constant rate stage, the mass fluxes and the drying rate were calculated. Segmented polynomials were used to estimate the critical moisture content. Under the analyzed conditions, a typical drying behavior was found, demonstrating the existence of a significant period of constant drying rate for the mass of ground jambu leaves. Critical moisture content as a function of thickness and temperature did not show a trend. The material showed favorable physical characteristics, such as high solubility and cohesiveness, free flow, and good wettability, characteristics that add value to the raw material and for the availability of a new product to the market in the condition of packaging. stage 10 1 0 1. s1 s s- 60 7 8 0005 005 0.00 001 01 0.0 calculated found leaves trend cohesiveness flow wettability packaging 6 000 00 0.

RESUMO Neste estudo objetivou-se descrever o estágio de fluxo de secagem constante, bem como obter o teor de água crítico durante a secagem convectiva da pasta de folhas de jambu trituradas em diferentes condições e caracterizar as propriedades físicas do material após a secagem. A secagem foi realizada em estufa de circulação de ar com velocidade de 1,0 m s-1 nas temperaturas de 60, 70 e 80 ºC e espessuras da camada de 0,005 e 0,01 m. Para a determinação do estágio de taxa constante, foram calculados os fluxos de massa e a taxa de secagem. Os polinômios segmentados foram utilizados para estimar o teor de água crítico. Nas condições analisadas houve um comportamento típico de secagem, demonstrando a existência de um expressivo período de taxa constante de secagem para a pasta de folhas de jambu trituradas. Os teores de água críticos em função da espessura e temperatura não apresentaram uma tendência. O material apresentou características físicas favoráveis, como alta solubilidade e coesividade, escoamento livre e boa molhabilidade, características que agregam valor à matéria-prima e para a disponibilização de um novo produto ao mercado em condição de acondicionamento. objetivouse objetivou se 10 1 0 1, s1 s s- 60 7 8 0005 005 0,00 001 01 0,0 tendência favoráveis coesividade molhabilidade matériaprima matéria prima acondicionamento 6 000 00 0,

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mordants on the variation of mean fibre diameter (MFD), spinning fineness (SF), and colour tone in alpaca fibre threads dyed with colli flowers (Buddleja coriacea). The dye was extracted using boiling water, followed by immersion of the thread in 160 ml of extract and post-mordanting with collpa, alum, and lemon salt at boiling temperature. MFD was measured using S-Fiber Med equipment. Colorimetry parameters were obtained using a spectrometer, and FT-IR spectrophotometer was used for identification of functional groups. MFD in colli-dyed and post-mordanted threads significantly increased with the addition of mordants, with the highest change observed with lemon salt (30.09 µm). The same trend was observed for SF Dyeing with colli flower extract and subsequent mordant application produced different shades and hues of yellow colour in alpaca thread with significant variations in colorimetry parameters and FT-IR spectrum intensity. The reflectance spectrum R (%) showed a typical yellow colour curve with small differences in intensity due to the mordants used. In conclusion, MFD in colli-dyed thread increased by 0.44 µm; collpa mordanted by 2.78 µm; alum by 3.31 µm, and lemon salt by 3.51 µm compared to white thread, also producing different shades and hues of yellow colour with significant variations in colorimetry parameters and K/S. The sample dyed with colli without mordant presented the highest intensity, and lower intensity was observed in post-mordanted samples in FT-IR.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de mordientes en la variación de diámetro medio de fibra (DMF), finura al hilado (FH) y el tono de color en hilos de fibra de alpaca teñidos con flores de colli (Buddleja coriacea). El colorante fue extraído usando agua a temperatura de ebullición, seguido del teñido mediante la inmersión del hilo en 160 ml de extracto y finalizando se hizo el pos-mordentado con ccollpa, alumbre y sal de limón a temperatura de ebullición. El DMF se midió utilizando el equipo S-Fiber Med. Los parámetros de colorimetría se obtuvieron utilizando un espectrómetro y para la identificación de los grupos funcionales se utilizó el espectrofotómetro FT-IR. El DMF en hilos teñidos con colli y pos-mordentados incrementaron significativamente con la adición de mordientes, observándose el mayor cambio con sal de limón (30.09 µm). Esta misma tendencia, se presentó para la finura al hilado. El teñido y la posterior aplicación del mordiente produjo diferentes tonos y matices de color amarillo en el hilo de alpaca con variaciones significativas en los parámetros de colorimetría y la intensidad del espectro FT-IR. El espectro de reflectancia R (%) mostró una curva típica del color amarillo con pequeñas diferencias en la intensidad según los mordientes utilizados. En conclusión, el DMF en hilo teñido con colli incrementó en 0.44 µm; mordentado con ccollpa en 2.78 µm; alumbre en 3.31 µm y con sal de limón en 3.51 µm comparado con el hilo blanco; además produjo diferentes tonos y matices de color amarillo con variaciones significativas en los parámetros de colorimetría y K/S. La muestra teñida con colli sin mordiente presentó la intensidad más alta y menor intensidad en muestras posmordentadas en FT-IR.

Abstract The green areas in urban areas have provided a variety of ecosystem services which influence the quality of life of the inhabitants. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of green areas on the Land Surface Temperature (LST) recorded by remote sensors in the city of Durango, Durango. The existing public and private green areas in the city were differentiated and the area in square meters per inhabitant was calculated. A classification by land use (urban, body of water, bare soil and green area) was carried out in order to analyze the ST derived from Landsat 8 satellite images and geographic information systems (QGIS), in addition a comparison of ST in three types of green areas (parks, squares and gardens, and ridges). The behavior of the ST was analyzed in two seasons of the year, in winter 2021 and spring 2022, identifying the areas with the highest incidence of temperature in two periods. The results indicate a lower ST in green areas compared to urban areas (concrete, construction and asphalt areas), as well as a regulatory trend in larger green areas (parks). The ST satellite product allowed to evaluate the temperature in spaces with vegetation within an urban area and it is shown that the larger the green area, the more thermal regulation exists in urban areas.

Resumen Las áreas verdes de las zonas urbanas contribuyen a la regulación térmica y por lo tanto al confort de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el efecto de las áreas verdes en la temperatura superficial (TS) registrada mediante sensores remotos en la ciudad de Durango, Durango. Se diferenciaron las áreas verdes públicas y privadas existentes en la ciudad y se calculó la superficie en metros cuadrados por habitante. Se realizó una clasificación por uso de suelo (urbano, cuerpo de agua, suelo desnudo y área verde) con el fin de analizar la TS derivada de imágenes del satélite Landsat 8 y sistemas de información geográfica (QGIS); además, se hizo una comparación de TS en tres tipos de áreas verdes (parques, plazas, jardines y camellones). Se analizó el comportamiento de la TS en dos estaciones del año, en invierno de 2021 y primavera de 2022; a partir de lo cual se identificaron las zonas con mayor incidencia de temperatura en dos periodos. Los resultados indicaron una TS menor en las áreas verdes comparada con el uso de suelo urbano (zonas de concreto, construcción y asfalto), así como una tendencia regulatoria en las áreas verdes de mayor extensión (parques). El producto satelital TS permitió evaluar la temperatura en espacios con vegetación dentro de una zona urbana, y se demuestra que entre mayor es el área verde, más regulación térmica existe en las zonas urbanas.

Abstract Human activities are altering the existing patterns of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) on a global scale. However, long-term trends of LULC and LST are largely unknown in many remote mountain areas such as the Karakorum. . The objective of our study therefore was to evaluate the historical changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in an alpine environment located in Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan. We used Landsat satellite pictures (namely Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI) from the years 1988, 2002, and 2016 and applied the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) approach to categorize land use classes. Land Surface Temperatures (LST) were calculated using the thermal bands (6, 10, and 11) of Landsat series data. The correlation between the Human Modification Index (HMI) and LULC as well as LST was evaluated by utilizing data from Google Earth Engine (GEE). Over the study period, the urbanized area increased by 9.94%, whilst the agricultural and bare soil areas decreased by 3.81% and 3.94%, respectively. The findings revealed a significant change in the LULC with a decrease of 1.99% in vegetation. The highest LST class exhibited a progressive trend, with an increase from 12.27% to 48.48%. Based on the LST analysis, the built-up area shows the highest temperature, followed by the barren, agricultural, and vegetation categories. Similarly, the HMI for different LST categories indicates that higher LST categories have higher levels of human alteration compared to lower LST categories, with a strong correlation (R-value = 0.61) between HMI and LST. The findings can be utilized to promote sustainable urban management and for biodiversity conservation efforts. The work also has the potential of utilizing it to protect delicate ecosystems from human interference and to formulate strategies and regulations for sustainable urban growth, including aspects of land utilization and zoning, reduction of urban heat stress, and urban infrastructure. (LULC (LST scale However longterm long term Karakorum Territory Pakistan namely OLI 1988 2002 201 MLC (MLC classes 6, 6 (6 10 11 (HMI GEE. GEE (GEE) period 994 9 94 9.94% 381 3 81 3.81 394 3.94% respectively 199 1 99 1.99 trend 1227 12 27 12.27 4848 48 48.48% analysis builtup built up temperature barren Similarly Rvalue R value 0.61 061 0 61 efforts growth zoning stress infrastructure 198 200 20 ( (GEE 9.94 38 3.8 39 3.94 19 1.9 122 2 12.2 484 4 48.48 0.6 06 9.9 3. 3.9 1. 12. 48.4 0. 9. 48.

Resumo As atividades humanas estão alterando os padrões existentes de uso e cobertura do solo (LULC) e temperatura da superfície terrestre (TST) em escala global. No entanto, as tendências a longo prazo de LULC e LST são, em grande parte, desconhecidas em muitas áreas montanhosas remotas, como em Karakorum. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi, portanto, avaliar as mudanças históricas no uso e cobertura da terra (LULC) em um ambiente alpino localizado no Território da Capital Islamabad, Paquistão. Utilizamos imagens de satélite Landsat (nomeadamente Landsat 5 TM e Landsat 8 OLI) dos anos de 1988, 2002 e 2016 e aplicamos a abordagem de Classificação de Máxima Verossimilhança (MLC) para categorizar as classes de uso da terra. As temperaturas da superfície terrestre (TST) foram calculadas usando as bandas térmicas (6, 10 e 11) dos dados da série Landsat. A correlação entre o Índice de Modificação Humana (HMI) e o LULC, bem como o LST, foi avaliada utilizando dados do Google Earth Engine (GEE). Durante o período de estudo, a área urbanizada aumentou 9,94%, enquanto as áreas agrícolas e de solo descoberto diminuíram 3,81% e 3,94%, respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram uma mudança significativa no LULC, com uma diminuição de 1,99% na vegetação. A classe LST mais alta apresentou tendência progressiva, com aumento de 12,27% para 48,48%. Com base na análise do LST, a área construída apresentou a temperatura mais elevada, seguida pelas categorias árida, agrícola e vegetação. Da mesma forma, o HMI para diferentes categorias de LST indicou que as categorias mais altas de LST apresentaram níveis mais elevados de alteração humana em comparação com as categorias mais baixas de LST, com uma forte correlação (valor R = 0,61) entre HMI e LST. As conclusões podem ser tomadas como base para promover a gestão urbana sustentável e para esforços de conservação da biodiversidade. O trabalho também tem o potencial de ser utilizado para proteger ecossistemas delicados da interferência humana e para formular estratégias e regulamentos para o crescimento urbano sustentável, incluindo aspectos de utilização e zoneamento da terra, redução do estresse térmico urbano e infraestrutura urbana. (LULC TST (TST global entanto são parte remotas Karakorum portanto Islamabad Paquistão nomeadamente OLI 1988 200 201 MLC (MLC 6, 6 (6 1 11 (HMI GEE. GEE . (GEE) 994 9 94 9,94% 381 3 81 3,81 394 3,94% respectivamente 199 99 1,99 vegetação progressiva 1227 12 27 12,27 4848 48 48,48% elevada árida forma valor 0,61 061 0 61 biodiversidade 198 20 ( (GEE 9,94 38 3,8 39 3,94 19 1,9 122 2 12,2 484 4 48,48 0,6 06 9,9 3, 3,9 1, 12, 48,4 0, 9, 48,

Resumo A tendência de produção de biocombustíveis a partir de triacilgliceróis de microalgas está aumentando, porque esse substrato é uma boa alternativa sustentável e vantajosa ao combustível de petróleo e gás. No presente estudo, isolados de microalgas indígenas foram selecionados de amostras de água (n = 30) e solo (n = 30) coletadas em três distritos de Punjab, Paquistão, para avaliar seu potencial de produção de biocombustíveis. As amostras foram inoculadas em placas de meio BG – 11 agar por incubação em temperatura ambiente de 25°C proporcionando 1000 lux por 16h de ciclo claro seguido de 8h de escuro por 15 dias. As amostras de água foram ricas em microalgas e 65.33% de microalgas (49 isolados) foram isolados do distrito de Faisalabad. Com base na morfologia microscópica, isolados de microalgas (n = 180) foram selecionados e submetidos à detecção de lipídios por ensaio de coloração com vermelho do Nilo. Isolados positivos para vermelho do Nilo (n = 23) foram processados para caracterização bioquímica (lipídica, proteica e de carboidratos). O isolado AIN63 apresentou maior teor de lipídios (17.4%) conforme detectado pelo ensaio de microvanilina. O isolado de alga AIN128 apresentou os melhores teores de proteína (42.91%) detectados pelo ensaio de Bradford, e o isolado AIN172 apresentou maiores teores de carboidratos (73.83%), conforme detectado pelo ensaio de anthrone. Os isolados de algas selecionados também foram analisados por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para confirmação da análise de carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios. Essas algas nativas têm potencial para a produção de biocombustíveis in vitro a partir de resíduos agrícolas.

Abstract Trend of biofuel production from microalgal triacylglycerols is enhancing, because this substrate is a good sustainable and advantageous alternative to oil and gas fuel. In the present study, indigenous micro algal isolates were screened from water (n=30) and soil (n=30) samples collected from three districts of Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate their biofuel production potential. The samples were inoculated on BG – 11 agar medium plates by incubating at room temperature of 25°C providing 1000 lux for 16h light cycle followed by 8h of dark cycle for 15 d. Water samples were found to be rich in microalgae and 65.33% microalgae (49 isolates) were isolated from Faisalabad district. On the basis of microscopic morphology microalgal isolates (n=180) were selected and subjected to lipid detection by Nile red staining assay. Nile red positive isolates (n=23) were processed for biochemical (lipid, protein and carbohydrates) characterization. AIN63 isolate showed higher lipids (17.4%) content as detected by micro vanillin assay. Algal isolate AIN128 showed best protein contents (42.91%) detected by Bradford assay and AIN172 isolate showed higher carbohydrate contents (73.83%) as detected by anthrone assay. The selected algal isolates were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for confirmation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid analysis. These indigenous algae have the potential for in-vitro biofuel production from agricultural waste.

Resumo O estudo se esforça para analisar as variações potenciais da renda dos agricultores sob a mudança climática usando a abordagem Ricardiana. O estudo de caso foi a província de Mazandaran do Irã e três culturas de outono, ou seja, trigo, cevada e canola foram consideradas como as culturas investigadas. O modelo Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) foi selecionado para reduzir a escala dos dados climáticos. Três variáveis climáticas foram reduzidas para os anos 2020-2080 em três cenários climáticos: otimista (RCP2.6), médio (RCP4.5) e pessimista (RCP8.5). A abordagem ricardiana também foi empregada para prever a economia das mudanças climáticas. Assim, projeta-se que a temperatura média mensal da província tenha uma tendência ascendente em todos os cenários climáticos, no entanto, o padrão de chuvas seria variado. Os resultados dos impactos econômicos das mudanças climáticas também aprovaram que a renda líquida das lavouras investigadas seria de tendências diferentes em cenários de mudanças climáticas. Nesse sentido, as variações da temperatura do ar e da pluviosidade fariam com que a renda líquida aumentasse para o trigo e a cevada, enquanto diminuía para a canola.

Abstract The study strives to analyze the potential variations of farmers' income under climate change by using Ricardian approach. The case study was Mazandaran province of Iran and three autumn crops, i.e. wheat, barley and canola were considered as the investigated crops. The Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model was selected to downscale the climate data. Three climate variables were downscaled for the years 2020-2080 under three climate scenarios: optimistic (RCP2.6), medium (RCP4.5), and pessimistic (RCP8.5). The Ricardian approach was also employed to predict the economics of climate change. Accordingly, the mean monthly temperature of the province is projected to have an upward trend under all climate scenarios, however, the rainfall pattern would be varied. The results of economic impacts of climate change also approved that the net income of investigated crops would be different trends under climate change scenarios. Accordingly, the variations of air temperature and rainfall would lead that the net income increases for wheat and barley, while it decreases for canola.

Abstract This work investigated the annual variations in dry snow (DSRZ) and wet snow radar zones (WSRZ) in the north of the Antarctic Peninsula between 2015-2023. A specific code for snow zone detection on Sentinel-1 images was created on Google Earth Engine by combining the CryoSat-2 digital elevation model and air temperature data from ERA5. Regions with backscatter coefficients (σ⁰) values exceeding -6.5 dB were considered the extent of surface melt occurrence, and the dry snow line was considered to coincide with the -11 °C isotherm of the average annual air temperature. The annual variation in WSRZ exhibited moderate correlations with annual average air temperature, total precipitation, and the sum of annual degree-days. However, statistical tests indicated low determination coefficients and no significant trend values in DSRZ behavior with atmospheric variables. The results of reducing DSRZ area for 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 compared to 2018/2018 indicated the upward in dry zone line in this AP region. The methodology demonstrated its efficacy for both quantitative and qualitative analyses of data obtained in digital processing environments, allowing for the large-scale spatial and temporal variations monitoring and for the understanding changes in glacier mass loss. (DSRZ (WSRZ 20152023. 20152023 2015 2023. 2023 2015-2023 Sentinel1 Sentinel 1 Sentinel- CryoSat2 CryoSat 2 CryoSat- ERA5 ERA σ⁰ σ (σ⁰ 6.5 65 6 5 -6. occurrence 11 -1 C precipitation degreedays. degreedays degree days. days degree-days However variables 20192020 2019 2020 2019/202 20202021 2021 2020/202 20182018 2018 2018/201 region environments largescale large scale loss 2015202 201 202 2015-202 (σ 6. -6 - 2019202 2019/20 2020202 2020/20 2018201 2018/20 201520 20 2015-20 201920 2019/2 202020 2020/2 201820 2018/2 20152 2015-2 20192 2019/ 20202 2020/ 20182 2018/ 2015-

ABSTRACT This study evaluates drought in different climate zones (Rasht, Shiraz, and Birjand) in Iran, using meteorological, agricultural, and remote sensing drought indices. For this purpose, NDVI, SAVI, and SR were extracted from Landsat images for 2002 and 2014-2020. Then, these indices were compared with the SPI, SPEI, and PDSI. The results indicate an increase in drought and a decrease in vegetation cover in the study area. In Rasht, where the vegetation cover is high, NDVI and SAVI were equal. In Shiraz and Birjand, where the soil effect is more significant, the distance between these two indices increased, which shows that SAVI performs better than NDVI for Shiraz and Birjand. The results also show that the drought severity could grow with decreasing rainfall and more water demand due to temperature increases, according to SPI, SPEI, and PDSI criteria. The comparison of drought indices showed that the highest correlations were between NDVI plus SAVI and SPI in Rasht, SR and SPEI in Shiraz, and NDVI and SPEI in Birjand. Based on the results of the Mann-Kendall test, the increasing trend of drought in the studied area is confirmed based on the SPI, SPEI, and PDSI. Therefore, it is suggested that remote sensing techniques combined with drought indices can be considered a suitable tool for optimal management of water resources, land use planning, and reduction of costs due to drought.

RESUMEN El presente estudio evalúa la sequía en diferentes zonas climáticas (Rasht, Shiraz y Birjand) de Irán utilizando índices de sequía meteorológicos, agrícolas y de teledetección. Para ello, se extrajeron los índices NDVI, SAVI y SR de imágenes Landsat correspondientes a 2002 y 2014-2020. Luego se compararon con el SPI, SPEI y PDSI. Los resultados indican un aumento en la cantidad de sequía y una disminución de la cobertura vegetal en el área de estudio. En Rasht, donde la cubierta vegetal es alta, el NDVI y el SAVI fueron iguales. En Shiraz y Birjand, donde el efecto del suelo es mayor, la distancia entre estos dos índices aumentó, lo que demuestra que el índice SAVI tiene un mejor desempeño que el NDVI para Shiraz y Birjand. Los resultados también muestran que la severidad de la sequía crecería con la disminución de las precipitaciones y una mayor demanda de agua, debido al aumento de la temperatura, según los criterios de los índices SPI, SPEI y PDSI. La comparación entre índices de sequía mostró la correlación más alta ocurrió en Rasht entre NDVI más SAVI y SPI, en Shiraz entre los índices SR y SPEI, y en Birjand entre NDVI y SPEI. Con base en los resultados de la prueba de Mann-Kendall se confirmó la tendencia creciente de sequía en el área de estudio con base en los índices SPI, SPEI y PDSI. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que el uso de técnicas de teledetección combinadas con índices de sequía puede considerarse una herramienta adecuada para la gestión óptima de los recursos hídricos, la planificación del uso del suelo y la reducción de costos por sequía.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to examine the current trend of annual precipitation and temperature series referred to the Eastern Mediterranean basin on a national basis, including the annual variability of sea surface temperature anomalies and the connection effect with the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Mediterranean Oscillation indices (NAOI and MOI, respectively). The period under consideration is mainly the last 32 years, from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, the prediction of monthly and yearly temperature and precipitation series, based on the autoregressive integrated moving average model on a national base, for the next four or eight years, is another interesting feature of the present study. Results indicate rising trends in the annual precipitation during 1990-2021, mostly non-significant and significant warming trends in the annual temperature, including sea surface temperature. The NAOI is highly correlated mostly with annual temperature, whereas the MOI does not affect the variation of annual precipitation and temperature. The results of the present study are in general agreement with the results of available studies in the literature, and they could be of high interest to national authorities and environmental unions/organizations, to help decision-makers face climate change.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar a nivel nacional la tendencia actual de las series anuales de precipitación y temperatura referidas a la cuenca del Mediterráneo Oriental, incluyendo la variabilidad anual de las anomalías de la temperatura superficial del mar y el efecto de conexión con los índices de la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte y la Oscilación del Mediterráneo (NAOI y MOI por sus siglas en inglés, respectivamente). El periodo considerado abarca principalmente los últimos 32 años, desde 1990 hasta 2021. Adicionalmente, la predicción de las series de temperatura y precipitación mensuales y anuales, basadas en el Modelo Autorregresivo Integrado de Media Móvil sobre una base nacional, para los próximos cuatro u ocho años, es otra característica interesante del presente estudio. Los resultados indican tendencias crecientes en la precipitación anual de 1990 a 2021, en su mayoría tendencias de calentamiento significativas y no significativas en la temperatura anual, incluida la temperatura superficial del mar. El índice NAOI está altamente correlacionado principalmente con la temperatura anual, mientras que el índice MOI no afecta la variación de la precipitación y temperatura anuales. Los resultados del presente estudio coincidieron en general con aquellos de los estudios disponibles en la literatura, y podrían suponer un alto interés para autoridades nacionales y gremios u organizaciones ambientalistas, como instrumento para ayudar a los encargados de la toma de decisiones a enfrentar el cambio climático.