RESUMO: Este trabalho avaliou diferentes genótipos de arroz quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos e instrumentais de qualidade do grão e associou os dados à análise sensorial para subsidiar a criação de regras de classificação da qualidade culinária do arroz (textura), com base em parâmetros isolados ou combinados. A combinação do teor de amilose e temperatura de gelatinização foi capaz de predizer a qualidade do arroz. De acordo com o painel sensorial, a pegajosidade instrumental foi capaz de segregar arroz com baixo teor de amilose ou ceroso dos demais. Em relação às propriedades de pasta, o arroz que apresentou alta viscosidade final (310-480RVU), retrogradação (165-245RVU) e temperatura de pasta (78-88 °C) e baixos valores de quebra pasta (15-120RVU), associados a uma alta pegajosidade (> -5N) será desejável pelos consumidores brasileiros. As regras de classificação criadas por meio da relação entre os parâmetros físico-químicos e o perfil de textura avaliado pelo painel sensorial ajudarão a verificar o perfil culinário das amostras de arroz (por meio de um software livre), o que torna mais fácil prever a probabilidade de o arroz atender aos padrões de qualidade desejados.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated different rice genotypes regarding physicochemical and instrumental parameters of grain quality and associated the data with sensory analysis to support the creation of rules for classification of the culinary quality of rice (texture), based on isolated or combined parameters. The combination of amylose content and gelatinization temperature was able to predict the rice quality. According to the sensorial panel, the instrumental stickiness was able to segregate rice with very low amylose content or waxy to the other ones. Regarding pasting properties, rice that presented high final viscosity (310-480 RVU), setback (165-245 RVU), and pasting temperature (78 - 88 °C), and low values for breakdown (15-120 RVU), associated with a high stickiness (>-5N) was desirable by the Brazilian consumers. The classification rules created through the relationship between the physicochemical parameters and the texture profile evaluated by the sensory panel will help to verify the culinary profile of the rice samples (through free software), which makes it easier to predict the probability of rice meeting the desired quality standards.

Abstract In the last decade, the pharmaceutical industry has shown great interest in the cultivation of aloe vera [Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.]. In Mexico, it is grown in different states and agroecological conditions. This study aimed to characterize in situ the agro-morphological characteristics of aloe vera at two sites in the states of Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. In the 2019 agricultural cycle, two-year-old aloe vera plants were collected in both agroecological regions during both the dry and rainy seasons. The agro-morphological variables recorded were: leaf length, width, contour, thickness and weight, useful leaf weight, residue weight, gel weight, and skin weight. The edaphic variables analyzed were: pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, texture, bulk density, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, the altitude and average temperature and precipitation of each site were recorded. The variables were analyzed through an analysis of variance, principal components and Pearson’s correlation using the Rstudio program and the Statistical Analysis System. Significantly higher values (p≤ 0.05) were found in 60% of the agro-morphological variables of materials 1P, 2P, and 2V compared to 1V. According to the principal component analysis, the first two principal components accounted for 98.22% of the total morphological variability in the materials evaluated by site. There was a correlation between one geophysical variable, two climatic variables, two edaphic variables and morphological variables, except for leaf width. It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the agro-morphological characteristics of aloe vera and the agroecological conditions of the site.

Resumen En la última década, la industria farmacéutica ha mostrado gran interés en el cultivo de sábila (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.). En México, se cultiva en diferentes estados y condiciones agroecológicas. El objetivo fue caracterizar in situ las características agro-morfológicas de sábila, en dos sitios en los estados de Puebla y Veracruz, México. En el ciclo agrícola 2019, se colectaron plantas de sábila, de dos años, en ambas regiones agroecológicas tanto en época de sequía y de lluvia. Las variables agro-morfológicas registradas fueron: largo, ancho, contorno, espesor, peso de hoja, peso de hoja útil, peso de residuos, peso del gel y peso de piel. Las variables edáficas analizadas fueron: pH, conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica, textura, densidad aparente, nitrógeno total, fósforo y potasio. Además, se registró la altitud, la temperatura y precipitación medias de cada sitio. Las variables fueron analizadas a través de análisis de varianza, componentes principales y correlación de Pearson empleando el programa Rstudio y Statistical Analysis System. Se encontraron valores significativamente (p≤ 0.05) mayores en el 60% de las variables agro-morfológicas de los materiales 1P, 2P y 2V con respecto al 1V. De acuerdo con el análisis de componentes principales, los dos primeros componentes principales, explicaron el 98. 22% de la variabilidad morfológica total en los materiales evaluados por sitio. Existió correlación entre una variable geofísica, dos climáticas, dos edáficas y morfológicas, excepto ancho de hoja. Se concluye que existe una relación significativa entre las características agro-morfológicas de la sábila y las condiciones agroecológicas del sitio.

Abstract Developing decision support systems to help farmers and technicians achieve greater efficiency in weed management is one of the pillars of integrated weed management programs. Greater efficiency is achieved by applying a control measure when most seedlings have already emerged. Having a tool that indicates when this moment is would be of great help to the technician or farmer. In this paper we present an application for mobile and desktop that predicts the field emergence of various winter and summer species based on daily precipitation and temperature data collected from weather stations. Based on these data the program calculates for the selected species the onset of emergencies and elaborates the curve of emergencies, indicating the percentage of seedlings with respect to the expected total for the year. When 90% or a given value set by the user is reached, the system generates a warning for quick action. For the calculations, a hydrothermal model that considers air temperature and water content of the soil is applied. Soil moisture is estimated daily from a water balance based on precipitation, evapotranspiration and water storage capacity of the soil according to its texture. The emergence pattern is fitted with a Gompertz model.

Resumen Desarrollar sistemas de soporte a la decisión que sirvan de ayuda a los agricultores y técnicos para conseguir una mayor eficacia en la gestión de la flora arvense es uno de los pilares de los programas de gestión integrada de malas hierbas. Una mayor eficacia se consigue aplicando una medida de control cuando la mayoría de plantas ya hayan emergido. Tener una herramienta que advierta de cuál es este momento sería de gran ayuda para el técnico o agricultor. En esta comunicación presentamos una aplicación para móvil y escritorio que predice la emergencia en campo de diversas especies de invierno y verano a partir de datos de precipitación y temperatura diarios recogidos de estaciones meteorológicas o introducidos por el propio usuario. En función de estos datos y para la especie seleccionada, el programa calcula el inicio de las emergencias y elabora la curva de emergencias, indicando el porcentaje existente en el campo respecto al total esperable para el año. Cuando se alcanza el 90% o un valor fijado por el usuario el sistema genera un aviso que permite una rápida actuación. Para los cálculos se aplica un modelo hidrotermal que tiene en cuenta la temperatura del aire y el contenido de agua del suelo, el cual se estima diariamente a partir de un balance hídrico en función de la precipitación, evapotranspiración y capacidad de almacenamiento de agua del suelo de acuerdo con su textura. El patrón de emergencia se ajusta a un modelo de Gompertz.

Resumo Cinnamomum sintoc é uma planta que possui alto teor de óleo essencial. Os óleos essenciais podem apresentar muitos benefícios para a saúde. O Parque Nacional Monte Ciremai é uma área que possui vegetação abundante, principalmente C. sintoc. O objetivo deste estudo foi prever o volume de óleo contido nas folhas de C. sintoc com base em sua localização de crescimento no Parque Nacional Monte Ciremai (TNGC), Java Ocidental. A amostragem foi realizada em duas etapas, nomeadamente amostras de campo e amostras de laboratório. Amostras de campo foram coletadas em área com parcela única medindo 20 × 20 metros. Para a extração de amostras laboratoriais, utilizou-se o método de destilação a vapor. Análise de dados foi realizada utilizando o método ANFIS para previsão do volume de óleo essencial. Os resultados mostraram que o volume de óleo essencial nas folhas foi maior na encosta oeste (1,45 mL), sendo na encosta norte (1,37 mL), na encosta leste (1,09 mL) e na encosta sul (0,88 mL), enquanto o volume de óleo extraído nas folhas são encontradas na encosta oeste (1,45 mL), encosta norte (1,37 mL), encosta leste (1,09 mL) e encosta sul (0,88 mL). Na encosta oeste (1,82 mL), encosta norte (1,73 mL), encosta leste (1,24 mL) e encosta sul (1,22 mL). Os resultados da análise ANFIS mostraram uma precisão de previsão de 90,99%, apontando a maior produtividade de árvores quando C. sintoc BL cresce a uma altitude de 650-700 m acima do nível do mar, com diâmetro da árvore de 42 cm e altura de 12 m, crescendo em textura de areia terra, a uma umidade de 75% e a uma faixa de temperatura crescente de 25-27°C. O valor do volume de produção de óleo essencial é influenciado por cada variável, como diâmetro da árvore, altura da árvore, textura do solo, altitude, temperatura e umidade,

Abstract C. sintoc is a plant that has a high essential oil content. Essential oils have many health benefits. Mount Ciremai National Park is an area that has abundant vegetation, especially C. sintoc. The purpose of this study was to predict the volume of oil contained in the leaves of C. sintoc based on its growing location in Mount Ciremai National Park (TNGC), West Java. Sampling was carried out in two stages, namely field samples and laboratory samples. Field samples with a single plot measuring 20 x 20 meters. Extraction of laboratory samples by steam distillation method. Data analysis using ANFIS method to predict the volume of essential oil. The results showed that the volume of essential oil in the leaves was largest on the western slope (1,96 ml), northern slope (2,01 ml), eastern slope (1,55 ml) and southern slope (1,37 ml) while the essential oil yield of extract oil in the leaves is found on the western slope (0,08%), northern slope (0,07 %), eastern slope (0,06 %) and southern slope (0,04), On the western slope (1,82 ml), northern slope (1,73 ml). The ANFIS analysis results showed a prediction accuracy of 90,99% with the highest tree productivity when C. sintoc BL grows at an altitude of 650-700 meters above sea level, tree diameter of 42 cm, height of 12 m, growing on sand-textured land and at a humidity of 75 and at a growing temperature range of 25-270C. The value of essential oil production volume is influenced by each variable such as tree diameter, tree height, soil texture, altitude, temperature and humidity.

ABSTRACT Carbon flows into and out of the soil are important processes that contribute to controlling the global climate. The relationship between soil organisms and the climate is interdependent since the organisms that contribute to carbon and greenhouse gas fluxes are simultaneously affected by climate change and soil management. Temperature, soil moisture, pH, nutrient level, redox potential and organic matter quality are key elements affecting the microorganisms involved in organic carbon flows in the soil. Climate, topography (slope and position in the landscape), soil texture, soil mineralogy and land-use regulate those key elements and, thus, the C fluxes in the pedosphere. Soil microbes can increase carbon influx and storage by promoting plant growth, mycorrhizal establishment, and particle aggregation. Conversely, microorganisms contribute to carbon efflux from the soil via methanogenesis, rhizospheric activity, and organic carbon mineralization. Nevertheless, strategies and management practices could be used to balance out carbon emissions to the atmosphere. For example, carbon influx and storage in the soil can be stimulated by plant growth promoting microorganisms, greater plant diversity via crop rotation and cover crops, cultivating mycotrophic plants, avoiding or reducing the use of fungicides and adopting organic farming, no-tillage crop systems and conservative soil management strategies. Therefore, this review aimed to shed light on how soil microorganisms can contribute to increase C influxes to the soil, and its significance for climate change. Then, we also seek to gather the practical actions proposed in the scientific literature to improve carbon sequestration and storage in the soil. In summary, the review provides a comprehensive basis on soil microorganisms as key to carbon fluxes and helpers to lessen climate change by increasing carbon fixation and storage in agroecosystems via stimulation or application of beneficial microorganisms.

Manganese (Mn) mining produces a large amount of Mn-rich solid waste contributing to soil and groundwater pollution. Adding Mn-rich waste to soils could reduce mining pollution by allowing specialised plants to take up this mineral for growth, that is, phytoremediation. However, Mn interacts with other soil major and trace minerals. The interaction with phosphorus (P), a key element for plant nutrition and growth, has received less attention. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of P sources (i.e. rock phosphate and monopotassium [KH2PO4]) and application rates on the P and Mn relationships in clay and sandy soils mixed with Mn-rich waste. Soils differing in texture were incubated for 60 days at room temperature (±20 °C), and changes in available P Mn and soil pH were determined at 0, 30 and 60 days. The addition of Mn-rich solid waste significantly decreased available soil P in both soils with the greatest reduction of 62% and 52% from the sandy soil subjected to KH2PO4 and rock phosphate, respectively. In the clayey soil, the reduction was higher for the rock phosphate source implying more P was released from the rock phosphate in Mn-rich soils. This explanation was supported by the significant positive correlation between P and Mn for both soils when P is added in the form of rock phosphate. Our results suggest that Mn-rich waste is better in clay soils subjected to rock phosphate addition. Further research is needed to control Mn solid waste pollution levels in soils using specific crops with known phytoremediation properties. SIGNIFICANCE: South African mining and smelting processes produce a lot of Mn-rich waste as a by-product that harms the environment if not appropriately managed. The efficient use of Mn-rich solid waste in agricultural soils is poorly studied; hence, this study focused on the role of soil type and Mn-rich waste addition on phosphorus release and availability.

ABSTRACT. There have been determined the features of m. longissimus lumborum steaks from young cattle-for-fattening of Holstein-Friesian breed, Polish black-and-white variety. There were measured pH values, basic chemical composition and colour parameters. The meat was subjected to moist-ageing for 12 days and, next, stored in modified atmosphere for the following 10 days. The amount of heat loss in relation to the temperature of thermal processing was determined. Texture parameters were studied instrumentally and organoleptically. The studied muscles from young cattle-for-fattening characterised with proper and similar pH values. The average fat content was 4.37%. The surface colour of the studied dorsal muscle was relatively bright, the average value L*=37.97, and on the cross-section L*=32.97. The average value of the muscle surface's ‘redness’ was a*=18.98, whereas cross-section's a*=20.27. The amounts of heat leakages were rising along with the increase of temperature from 11.24 to 37.14%. Ageing and storing in MAP led to a significant decrease in the amounts of heat leakages. Ageing and storing in MAP had a significant influence on decreasing shear force and on increasing the organoleptic evaluation marks of the m. longissimus lumborum after thermal processing, which shows that the muscle may become culinary meat with features accepted by consumers.

Abstract This study aimed to explore the influences of cobalt-sourced irradiation on the meat quality and storage stability of Procambarus clarkii. Pieces of tail meat of P. clarkii were processed, boiled, and packed in transparentretort pouchs and then exposed to 60Co-γ-ray (0, 1.25, 3.32, 5.30, and 7.24 kGy). Changes in meat indices such as pH, total plate count, and total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N), texture properties, were investigated. After irradiation at the optimum irradiation dose, crayfish meats was stored at 0, 4 and 8 °C respectively, samples were collected for determinations at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. With increased irradiation dose, the total plate count in meat significantly decreased, whereas TVB-N greatly increased (P < 0.05). The irradiation dose of 3.32 kGy can realize both sterilization effect and maintain the quality of crayfish meat to the maximum extent. Total plate count and TVB-N in crayfish meat slowly grew at a storage temperature of 0 °C, their contents reached or approached the edible threshold by 9th day of storage, thereby prolonging the shelf life to 9d. Research demonstrates that 3.32 kGy cobalt-sourced irradiation and 0 °C storage can provide some bacteriostasis to some extent and prolong the shelf life of boiled crayfish.

Resumen El yacimiento de Zn-Pb de Castellanos, situado al noroeste de la isla de Cuba, encaja en un paquete de pizarras negras intercalado en la parte superior de una potente secuencia siliciclástica (>4km), constituida principalmente por areniscas y limolitas de edad Jurásico Inferior y Medio (Formación San Cayetano). El yacimiento es estratiforme, se orienta en dirección NE-SO concordantemente con la estratificación de las pizarras encajantes y está constituido por dos bloques (el bloque Farallones al NE y el bloque Susana al SO) separados por una zona de falla con rumbo N120ºE; una zona de falla con la misma dirección limita también el bloque Farallones en su contacto NE. Este bloque se superpone a un complejo filoniano constituido por filones de pirita±calcopirita y cuarzo, de <10cm de espesor, y orientados también en dirección N120ºE. El cuerpo estratiforme principal está constituido por pirita, esfalerita y galena, con ganga de carbonatos (principalmente dolomita-ankerita y calcita), cuarzo, barita y, y menores proporciones de sericita, biotita parcialmente alterada a clorita y apatito criptocristalino. Muestra una estructura zonal con una zona basal discontinua rica en pirita y una zona superior heterogénea en la que varían tanto las proporciones modales de sulfuros+carbonatos (localmente con cuarzo), como la abundancia relativa de esfalerita+galena respecto a pirita. En conjunto, presenta una textura groseramente bandeada en la que alternan irregularmente bandas ricas en pirita, bandas con esfalerita y galena, y bandas de dolomita-ankerita (±sericita, biotita-clorita y apatito criptocristalino), mejor definida hacia el SO del cuerpo mineral. En este sentido, y hacia el techo de la mineralización., tiende a aumentar la proporción modal de cuarzo y local mente de barita. De NE a SO también se observa una variación en la composición química de la esfalerita, la cual se hace progresivamente más rica en Zn, a la vez que cristaliza una generación más tardía de esfalerita extremadamente pobre en Fe (<1% en peso). En los límites de bloques, la mineralización está afectada por varios episodios de fracturación y brechificación durante los cuales precipitaron y/o se movilizaron diversas generaciones de calcita, barita, cuarzo y galena. En los episodios más tardíos de esta etapa precipita también calcopirita rellenando fracturas y huecos intersticiales entre los fragmentos de sulfuros previos. La interpretación genética de la mineralización de Castellanos que se propone está basada en la precipitación repetitiva (multifásica) de los sulfuros+carbonatos como consecuencia de la interacción de fluidos/salmueras mineralizantes ascendentes a lo largo de las fracturas que dieron lugar al complejo filoniano con los sedimentos ricos en materia orgánica depositados en el fondo de una subcuenca anóxica desarrollada en la cuenca de margen pasivo donde se depositó la Formación San Cayetano. Las salmueras fueron oxidantes, saturadas en sulfato, y se habrían generado en la plataforma carbonatada con evaporitas desarrollada en los márgenes de la cuenca durante el Jurásico Superior-Cretácico Inferior. La infiltración de estas salmueras a través de la potente secuencia de areniscas y limolitas aumentó su temperatura hasta 100-200ºC favoreciendo la disolución y movilización del Zn y Pb necesarios para formar la mineralización principal. La etapa de fracturación/brechificación facilitó también el ascenso de fluidos reductores equilibrados con los niveles de pizarras negras intercalados en la secuencia siliciclástica, que aportaron Au y Ba a la mineralización. En los últimos estadios, la fracturación permitió el ascenso de fluidos más profundos y calientes (~350ºC) que dieron lugar a la precipitación tardía de calcopirita.

Abstract The Castellanos Zn-Pb deposit in northwest Cuba is hosted by black shales intercalated in the upper part of a thick siliciclastic sequence (>4km) mainly made up of sandstones and siltstones of Lower to Middle Jurassic age (San Cayetano Formation). The ore deposit is tabular to wedge-shaped and stratiform, oriented NE-SW conformably with the stratification of the host black shales and appears splitted into two blocks (the Farallones block to the NE and the Susana block to the SW) by a N120ºE-oriented fault zone; a similarly oriented fault zone marks the NE contact of the Farallones block. This block overlies a stockwork zone made up of <10cm-thick, pyrite-chalcopyrite-quartz veins striking N120 ºE too. The orebody consists of pyrite, sphalerite and galena, with carbonates (mainly dolomite-ankerite and calcite), quartz, and barite, as well as minor percentages of sericite, partly altered biotite and cryptocrystalline apatite. The internal structure is zoned and consist of a discontinuous, lower pyriterich level overlayed by a heterogeneous ore level with variable sulfide+carbonate (locally with quartz) modal proportions, as well as variable amounts of sphalerite+galena relative to pyrite. The upper level shows a broad banded texture defined by alternating pyriterich, sphalerite+galena and dolomite-ankerite (±sericite, partly altered biotite and cryptocrystalline apatite) bands, which becomes better defined towards the SW part of the orebody. Modal proportions of quartz and to a lesser extent barite increase too from NE to SW and from bottom to top, especially within the Susana block. An additional NE-SW trend is observed in the chemical composition of sphalerite, whose Fe content decreases southwestwards; this Fe-poor sphalerite coexists with a second generation of sphalerite containing even lower Fe (<1wt.%). Different events of fracturing and brecciation affected the sulfide ore near the N120ºE oriented fault zones, which promoted precipitation and remobilization of several generations of calcite, barite, quartz and galena. The late events also allowed precipitation of chalcopyrite filling fractures and interstitial spaces among fragments of the previous sulfide ore. The proposed genetic interpretation of the Castellanos orebody is based on the repeated (multiphase) precipitation of sulfides+carbonates due to the interaction between ore-forming brines migrating upwards through the stockwork fractures and organic matter-rich sediments deposited in an anoxic sub-basin developed in the major passive-margin basin where the sandstones and siltstones of the San Cayetano Formation accumulated. The ore-forming brines were oxidizing, saturated in sulfate, and generated in the evaporite-bearing carbonate platform developed at the margins of the passive-margin basin from Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous times. The infiltration of these brines through the thick siliciclastic sequence gave rise to a significant increase in temperature (up to 100-200ºC), thus promoting dissolution and remobilization of the Zn and Pb quantities necessary to form the main sulfide ore. The fracturing and brecciation stages enabled upward migration of reduced fluids equilibrated with black shales intercalated at different levels of the siciliclastic sequence, which, in turn, supplied Au and Ba to the ore. Late fracturing also allowed ascent of deep, hot fluids (~350ºC) capable of precipitating chalcopyrite.

Abstract Apple (Malus Demestica cv. Cortland) is a perishable fruit due to its high moisture content. In this study, apple sticks were dried to increase their shelf life. Osmotic dehydration was used as pretreatment followed by microwave-assisted hot air drying (MAHD) at different temperatures (45 ºC, 55 ºC, 65 ºC) and microwave power densities (0, 0.5, 1 W/g). Optimum process parameters were estimated by the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the temperature and power density had a significant effect on response variables. Optimum conditions of moisture content (9.54%), time (100 minutes) and change in color (7.54) were found at 65 ºC and 1 W/g microwave power density (MWPD). Then the samples dried at optimum conditions were stored at ambient temperature and analyzed for color, moisture content, texture and total fungal count at regular intervals for 75 days. The results showed a non-significant change in color and fungal counts from 10.45 to 10.73 and from 0.45 to 0.69 log cfu/g respectively, and a significant decrease in moisture content from 10.11% to 5.69% was observed from 0 to 75 days. While increasing firmness resulted in increased force and energy to the breaking point and micrographs of electron microscope showed shrinkage in cell structure along with storage. The brittleness of apple sticks increased significantly during storage but remained acceptable till the end of 75 storage days.

Abstract: The main objective of this research study was to optimize vacuum frying of sausages with added chickpea flour. Pork fat was partial substituted with chickpea flour. A central orthogonal compound design is applied at different frying temperatures and frying times. The variables moisture loss and oil absorption were measured. The results showed that frying temperature was the factor that most affected moisture loss. Chickpea flour (9%) decreased fat absorption by ~15% at 152.34°C when compared to the control. Optimized values for frying temperature and time were 108.74°C and 5.08s respectively, with a desirability value of 0.64. It is concluded that vacuum fried sausages with added chickpea is a promising application for the industry since the optimized process significantly reduces oil absorption while maintaining favorable textural parameters.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue optimizar la fritura a vacío de salchichas con adición de harina de garbanzo. Se realizó una sustitución parcial de grasa de cerdo por harina de garbanzo. Se utilizó un diseño central compuesto ortogonal, variando las temperaturas y los tiempos de fritura. Se evaluaron la pérdida de humedad y la absorción de aceite. Los resultados mostraron que la temperatura fue el factor que más influyó en la pérdida de humedad. Incorporación de harina de garbanzo al 9 % disminuyó la absorción de grasa en un ~15 % a 152.34 °C con respecto al tratamiento control. Los valores optimizados para la temperatura y tiempo fueron 108.74 °C y 5.08 s respectivamente, con un valor de deseabilidad de 0.64. Se concluye que las salchichas con incorporación de harina de garbanzos fritados a vacío son una aplicación promisoria para la industria, ya que se disminuyó la absorción de aceite y los parámetros texturales fueron favorables.

RESUMEN La fluorescencia de la clorofila a es empleada para caracterizar la respuesta de los vegetales a ambientes naturales o bajo condiciones de estrés. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar correlaciones entre la máxima eficiencia cuántica de PSII (Qy) con variables climáticas y edáficas asociadas al peso del racimo. Se empleo un diseño experimental de tipo observacional y longitudinal, donde se seleccionaron al azar 72 unidades productivas en etapa vegetativa independiente, 36 en un lote de baja producción y 36 en un lote de alta producción, a cada una de las cuales se le midió el rendimiento cuántico (Qy: Fv/Fm) del fotosistema II, y se correlacionó con variables climáticas y edáficas, con el contenido de nutrientes en las hojas y con el peso promedio del racimo en cada uno de los lotes muestreados. Los resultados indicaron una correlación entre Qy de -0,703 con respecto a la temperatura y -0,583 con la radiación. Por otro lado, el pH y la resistencia a la penetración del suelo se relacionaron de forma directa con Qy en menor proporción con valores de r² de 12,77 y 24,28%, respectivamente. La precipitación, el viento y sus rachas, el punto de rocío, la presión atmosférica y la composición textural del suelo no afectaron de forma significativa la variación Qy. Cuando se produjeron ataques de plagas en hojas (ácaros), también se observaron reducciones significativas en Qy. Qy es una variable que responde al estrés generado por factores externos a la planta, estos pueden afectar significativamente la producción, la cual se reduce hasta en 2 kg por racimo, con un sesgo de tres a cuatro semanas, al presentarse la pérdida de 0,04 puntos en el valor de Qy.

ABSTRACT Chlorophyll a fluorescence is used to characterize plant responses to natural environments or stress conditions. This study aimed to identify correlations between the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Qy) with climatic and soil variables associated with bunch weight. The experiment design used in the field included an observational and longitudinal study, where 72 production units in the independent vegetative stage were randomly selected, of which 36 units were from a low production area, and 36 were from a high production area. In each unit, the quantum yield (Qy: Fv/Fm) was measured and correlated with climatic and soil variables, the nutrient content in the leaves, and the average weight of the cluster in each sampled batch. The results indicated a correlation between a Qy of -0.703 for temperature and -0.583 for radiation. On the other hand, pH and resistance to soil penetration were directly related to the Qy to a lesser extent, with r² values of 12.77 and 24.28%, respectively. Rainfall, wind, gusts, dew point, atmospheric pressure, and texture composition of the soil did not significantly affect Qy variation; when attacks by leaf pests (mites) occurred, significant reductions were also observed. Qy is a variable that responds to the stress generated by factors external to a plant that can significantly affect production, with a reduction of up to 2 kg per cluster and a bias of three to four weeks when a loss of 0.04 points occurs in the Qy value.

Abstract In this study, the microstructure and texture evolution of hot rolled Ti80 pipe annealing at 960°C and 990°C in α+β two-phase field have been investigated. The results showed that the dissolution of α phases induced the increase of texture components of primary α phases (αP) and the αP were the main factors that determine the final texture at 960°C. At 960°C, the microtextures of secondary α phases (αS) were very close to that of αP. As the annealing temperature increased to 990 °C, the main factors affecting the microtextures of αS changed from the αP to the recrystallized β grains. The textures of β phases were greatly influenced by the annealing temperature. The β phases at high temperature were not mainly from the grow up of residual β phases. It was formed by the transformation of α phases at room temperature. Consequently, this study could provide some ideas for decreasing the texture intensities of hot rolled Ti80 pipes, such as reducing the area of α colonies before rolling, scattering the crystal orientations of αP, and controlling the size of recrystallized β grains.

ABSTRACT: Crop residues left in the field cover and protect the soil surface, and regulate key processes and functions, such as gas and water exchanges. However, the Brazilian sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) sector has begun to use straw as feedstock to produce bioenergy. We conducted a field study to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw removal in soil temperature and moisture changes at three sites (with different soil textures: Site 1 - clayey Oxisol, Site 2 - medium texture Oxisol, and Site 3 - sandy Ultisol) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four rates of straw removal: i) no removal (NR); ii) moderate removal (MR); iii) substantial removal (SR), and iv) total removal (TR). Soil temperature was measured by sensors in the 0- to 5- and 5- to 10-cm soil layers. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from the 0- to 20- and 20- to 40-cm layers to determine soil moisture. Intensive straw removal (HR and TR) increased the soil temperature between 2 and 3 °C and the thermal amplitude between 5 and 9 °C in the 0- to 5-cm layer, compared to MR and NR. Soil moisture decreased between 0.03 and 0.07 g g–1 in the 0- to 20-cm layer with intensive straw removal. The sandy soil was more susceptible to straw removal. Therefore, straw maintenance on the soil surface plays an essential role in temperature regulation and preservation of higher soil moisture, especially in regions with severe water deficits and long periods of water stress.

Abstract This work aims to evaluate the application of ultrasound and marinate with extract of acerola (Malpighia emarginata) residue on the tenderness and lipid oxidation of the meat pork. Samples of loin (Longissimus dorsi) containing approximately 90 g, 10 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 2 cm high were extracted from the pig carcass. The samples were coded and randomly allocated under a factorial scheme 2 (with and without antioxidant extract) x 3 (ultrasonic bath times 0, 5, and 10 minutes); each treatment had four replicates. The final extract volume was adjusted with distilled water, ensuring 200 mg of gallic acid equivalents per kilo of meat. Then, the samples were placed in the ultrasonic bath at a fixed frequency of 170 W, 35 kHz. During the ultrasound application, the bath temperature was maintained at 10 °C with ice/ice water addition when necessary. The acerola´s extract showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the meat Cohesiveness and to a lesser extent before rupture. With the modification of the microstructure in the meat, there was a decrease in elasticity. The application of ultrasound to meat (170 W, 35 kHz) in times (5 and 10 minutes) combined with the marinating in a natural antioxidant acerolas residue extract improves the meat's quality characteristics, decreasing the hardness and chewiness.