ABSTRACT This article gives an account of the life trajectory of the Grubb Refractor Telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Chile. It is framed in a theoretical reflection based on the praxeological turn and the new materialisms, conceiving the telescope as the bearer of a non-human agency that influences the sociomaterial conditions of the observatory and interacts closely with its human actors. Two modalities in which the agency of the Grubb Telescope operates are analyzed. First, from its absence, and how this affects the relocation and construction of the Lo Espejo Observatory. Secondly, from its presence and the leading role it plays in the modernization process of the observatory in the mid-twentieth century. The sources reviewed include press articles, correspondence about the observatory in funds of the Ministries of Public Works and Public Instruction, and archives of the University of Chile.

RESUMEN Este artículo da cuenta de la trayectoria de vida del telescopio refractor Grubb del Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de Chile. Se enmarca en una reflexión teórica que parte desde el giro praxiológico y los nuevos materialismos, concibiendo al telescopio como portador de una agencia no-humana que influye en las condiciones socio materiales del observatorio e interactúa estrechamente con sus actores humanos. Se analizan dos modalidades en las que opera la agencia del telescopio Grubb. En primer lugar, desde su ausencia, y cómo esta afecta el traslado y construcción del Observatorio de Lo Espejo. En segundo lugar, desde su presencia y del rol protagónico que cobra en el proceso de modernización del observatorio a mediados de siglo XX. Las fuentes revisadas incluyen artículos de prensa, correspondencia sobre el observatorio en fondos de los ministerios de Obras Públicas e Instrucción Pública y archivos de la Universidad de Chile.

Abstract Introduction Adenoidectomy is one of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists. Traditional adenoid curettage is performed blindly, which can result in inadequate removal of the adenoid and injury to the surrounding structures. Objective To perform transnasal endoscopic examinations to assess the nasopharynx after conventional curettage adenoidectomy. Methods The present prospective study included 100 children with a mean age of 4.2 ± 3.07 years. It is composed of two steps: conventional curettage adenoidectomy by a resident trainee; and endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx through a 0° telescope to assess adenoidal remnants, injury to the surgical field or adjacent structures, and bleeding points. Results Adenoid remnants were observed in 42% of the cases after conventional adenoid curettage in multiple locations, such as the roof of the nasopharynx over the choana (24%), the tubal tonsil (12%), the posterior pharyngeal wall (4%), and the posterior end of the nasal septum (2%). Injury to the surgical field and adjacent structures was observed in 46% of the cases (posterior pharyngeal wall: 23%; lateral pharyngeal wall: 11%; Passavant ridge: 10%; and the Eustachian tube orifice: 2%). Endoscopic bleeding was observed in 29% of the cases; 13% of the cases were from adenoid remnants, 10%, from the mucosa, and 6%, from the pharyngeal muscles. Bleeding was mild in 19% of the cases, moderate in 9%, and severe in 1%. Conclusion Endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx following conventional adenoid curettage provides important data regarding adenoid remnants, injury to the surgical field or nearby structures, and bleeding points, which aids in the provision of optimal care and in the achievement of a better outcome. otolaryngologists blindly 10 42 4 2 4. 307 3 07 3.0 years steps trainee 0 points locations 24%, 24 24% , (24%) 12%, 12 12% (12%) 4%, 4% (4%) 2%. 2% . (2%) 46 23% 23 11% 11 ridge 10% orifice 2%) 29 13 mucosa 6 6% muscles 19 9 9% 1 1% outcome 30 3. (24% (12% (4% (2% (24 (12 (4 (2 (1 (

Abstract In this study, we present the process of understanding complex astronomical concepts through a school activity that involved observing a planet with a telescope. During this activity, we tracked the development of the concept of the observed object. Through discussions and interactions with more knowledgeable partners, the object initially identified as a star was reinterpreted and understood as a planet. We analyzed this conceptual development using the Theory of Historical-Cultural Activity, viewing it as a process of increasing complexity. Data for this study was collected through voice recordings, photographs, and written notes made during the astronomical observation activity. We were able to identify that new forms of mediation emerged during the interactions between the participants and the researcher, as well as with the observation instruments. This interaction allowed for the development of more complex ideas and facilitated the ‘transformation’ of the object from a star to a planet. telescope partners HistoricalCultural Historical Cultural Activity complexity recordings photographs researcher instruments ‘transformation transformation

Resumo Neste estudo apresentamos o processo de complexificação de conceitos astronômicos por meio de uma atividade escolar de observação de um planeta por telescópios. Durante esta atividade, acompanhamos o desenvolvimento do conceito do objeto observado. Por meio da negociação de significados e a ampliação dos instrumentos mediadores estabelecidos e desenvolvidos com parceiros mais capazes, o objeto observado, inicialmente tratado como uma estrela, foi complexificado e ressignificado como planeta. Analisamos o desenvolvimento conceitual por meio da Teoria da Atividade Cultural Histórica como um processo de complexificação do conceito. Os dados foram coletados por meio de gravações de voz, imagens fotográficas e registros escritos ao longo do desenvolvimento da atividade de observação astronômica. A partir da análise foi possível identificar que novas mediações foram estabelecidas durante a interação dos sujeitos com o pesquisador e os instrumentos de observação, que possibilitaram enunciados mais complexos, permitindo identificar a ‘transformação’ de estrela em planeta. telescópios observado capazes voz astronômica complexos ‘transformação transformação

SIGNIFICANCE: The launch of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) in 2005, and the introduction of astronomy outreach to interface with the general public, signified a turning point in South African astronomy. We conducted a small study to begin to understand the perceptions of the community that hosts the research facility in Sutherland, in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. There is an ongoing need for good stakeholder engagement for sustainability. Scientists need critically to consider and review engagement processes with remote communities, including those flanking astronomy infrastructures.

Resumen La investigación se llevó a cabo para el Gran Telescopio Milimétrico Alfonso Serrano (LMT), un proyecto conjunto entre los EE. UU. y México. Se creó un Balanced Scorecard (BSC) basado en el enfoque sugerido por Niven en 2008. Se anotaron once indicadores y siete objetivos estratégicos, y se sugirió una medida de desempeño, meta, tipo de monitoreo y tecnología de recolección de datos para cada indicación. Los resultados demostraron que el BSC proporciona un vínculo de causa y efecto en todas las operaciones del observatorio y un marco que se adapta a las particularidades del observatorio.

Abstract Research was conducted for the Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano (LMT), a joint project between the US and Mexico. A Balanced Scorecard (BSC) was created based on the approach suggested by Niven in 2008. Eleven indicators and seven strategic objectives were noted, and a performance measure, goal, type of monitoring, and data collection technology were suggested for each indication. The outcomes demonstrated that the BSC provides a cause-and-effect link in all observatory operations and a framework that is adaptable to the particulars of the observatory.

RESUMEN Se midió la concentración atmosférica de dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2) en el área urbana de San Luis Potosí (México) mediante la técnica de espectroscopia de absorción óptica diferencial (DOAS, por su sigla en inglés), utilizando una configuración cenital. Las mediciones se realizaron de julio a agosto de 2015. En esta técnica, se recolecta la luz solar dispersa en la atmósfera por medio de un telescopio y se hace incidir sobre un espectrómetro que cuenta con un arreglo lineal de detectores a nivel del suelo. Durante el periodo de medición, los niveles máximos de NO2 (2.3 × 1016 moleculas cm-2) se encontraron alrededor de las 11:00 LT, mientras que los niveles de NO2 cayeron en los días con velocidades de viento inferiores a 1.5 m s-1. Los niveles de NO2 se compararon con el comportamiento de los datos meteorológicos como velocidad del viento, humedad relativa y temperatura superficial obtenidos del modelo de pronóstico de investigación meteorológica (WRF).

ABSTRACT Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was measured in the urban area of San Luis Potosí (Mexico) using a remote sensing technique based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) in zenith-sky configuration. Measurements were taken from July to August 2015. In this technique, scattered sunlight in the atmosphere is collected by a telescope and carried onto a linear array-based spectrometer at ground level. During the measurement period, the maximum NO2 levels (2.3 × 1016 molecules cm-2) were found at around 11:00 LT, whereas NO2 levels fell on days with wind speeds lower than 1.5 m s-1. NO2 levels were compared and explained with the behavior of meteorological data such as wind speed, relative humidity, and surface temperature obtained from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model.

RESUMEN Reportamos las observaciones fotométricas de nueve asteroides del cinturón principal (MBAs), un asteroide que cruza la érbita de Marte (MCA) y cuatro asteroides cercanos a la Tierra (NEAs), realizadas con la hist´orica C´amara Schmidt de Tonantzintla, entre 2015 y 2018, como parte de un proceso de reactivación de este telescopio para dedicarlo a observaciones astrométricas y fotométricas de MBAs y NEAs. Este programa observacional forma parte de las tareas que el Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Optica y Electrónica (INAOE) debe llevar a cabo luego´ de solicitar su inclusión en la Red Internacional de Alerta de Asteroides (IAWN). Presentamos las curvas de luz de estos 14 asteroides y el análisis de Fourier que permitió determinar el periodo de rotación y la amplitud de la variación de la curva de luz.

ABSTRACT We report photometric observations of nine main-belt asteroids (MBAs), four near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), and one Mars-crossing asteroid (MCA) carried out with the historical Tonantzintla Schmidt Camera between 2015 and 2018, as part of a process of reactivation of this telescope for astrometric and photometric follow-up observations of MBAs and NEAs. This observational program is part of the commitment made by INAOE when requesting its inclusion in the InternationalAsteroid Warning Network (IAWN). We present the light curves of these 14 asteroids and their corresponding Fourier analyses to determine the rotation period of the asteroids and the brightness amplitude of their light curves.

Abstract Introduction The endoscopic anatomy of the middle ear (ME) and of the external acoustic meatus (EAM) has been described in cadavers, in fresh temporal bones, or in vivo using conventional video recording, but not in dry bones or using an alternative inspection and recording technique. Objective To study the anatomy of the ME and of the EAM in dry temporal bones using a smartphone-endoscope system. Methods The EAM and the ME were studied in dry temporal bones using an endoscopic transcanal approach with a telescope connected to a smartphone (M-scope mobile endoscope app and adaptador, GBEF Telefonia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Results Out of 50 specimens, 2 had exostosis of the EAM and 3 contained remains of the tympanic membrane. The anterior wall of the EAM was prominent in 10/48 specimens (20.8%). Ossicles were seen in 13/45 (28.8%), stapes at the oval window were seen in 12/45 (26.6%), and the incus was seen in 1/45 (2.2%) specimens. The facial canal was open and protruding in 15/45 (33.3%) and in 7/45 (15.5%) specimens, respectively. Of the 45 MEs evaluated, type A was predominant for finiculus (93.3%), subiculum (100%), and ponticulus (95.6%). The rest were type B. None was classified as type C. According to its position in relation to the round window, the fustis was classified into type A (68.9%) or B (31.1%). The pyramidal eminence, the bony portion of the Eustachian tube, the semicanal of the tensor tympani muscle, and the cochleariform process were visualized completely or partially in all cases. Conclusion The use of a smartphone-based endoscopic transcanal procedure in dry temporal bones allowed the evaluation of anatomical variations in the EAM and in the ME. (ME (EAM cadavers technique smartphoneendoscope system Mscope M scope adaptador Telefonia Paulo SP Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) 5 membrane 1048 10 48 10/4 20.8%. 208 20.8% 20 8 (20.8%) 1345 13 13/4 28.8%, 288 28.8% , 28 (28.8%) 1245 12 12/4 26.6%, 266 26.6% 26 6 (26.6%) 145 1 1/4 2.2% 22 (2.2% 1545 15 15/4 33.3% 333 33 (33.3% 745 7 7/4 15.5% 155 (15.5% respectively 4 evaluated 93.3%, 933 93.3% 93 (93.3%) 100%, 100 100% (100%) 95.6%. 956 95.6% 95 (95.6%) C 68.9% 689 68 9 (68.9% 31.1%. 311 31.1% 31 (31.1%) eminence tube muscle cases smartphonebased based 104 10/ 20.8 (20.8% 134 13/ 28.8 (28.8% 124 12/ 26.6 (26.6% 14 1/ 2.2 (2.2 154 15/ 33.3 (33.3 74 7/ 15.5 (15.5 93.3 (93.3% (100% 95.6 (95.6% 68.9 (68.9 31.1 (31.1% 20. (20.8 28. (28.8 26. (26.6 2. (2. 33. (33. 15. (15. 93. (93.3 (100 95. (95.6 68. (68. 31. (31.1 (20. (28. (26. (2 (33 (15 (93. (10 (95. (68 (31. (20 (28 (26 ( (3 (1 (93 (95 (6 (31 (9

SIGNIFICANCE: The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration recently released the first images of the supermassive black hole in the heart of the Milky Way galaxy. The ring size and shape in these images are consistent with Einstein's general theory of relativity. The location of this black hole in southern skies and its rapidly changing appearance mean that expanding the EHT into Africa is critical to optimally utilise this unique gravitational laboratory in the future. Leveraging our southern African geographic advantage will turn images into high-fidelity movies - a game-changing milestone for precision tests of gravity with the next-generation EHT.

RESUMO Objetivo: O ensaio TELE-critical Care verSus usual Care On ICU PErformance (TELESCOPE) visa avaliar se uma intervenção complexa por telemedicina em unidades de terapia intensiva, que se concentra em rondas multidisciplinares diárias realizadas por intensivistas a distância, reduzirá o tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva em comparação com os cuidados habituais. Métodos: O TELESCOPE é um ensaio nacional, multicêntrico, controlado, aberto, randomizado em cluster. O estudo testa a eficácia de rondas multidisciplinares diárias realizadas por um intensivista por meio de telemedicina em unidades de terapia intensiva brasileiras. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa local do centro coordenador do estudo e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa local de cada uma das 30 unidades de terapia intensiva, de acordo com a legislação brasileira. O ensaio está registado no ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03920501). O desfecho primário é o tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, que será analisado considerando o período basal e a estrutura dos dados em cluster, sendo ajustado por covariáveis predefinidas. Os desfechos exploratórios secundários incluem a classificação de desempenho da unidade de terapia intensiva, a mortalidade hospitalar, a incidência de infecções nosocomiais, o número de dias sem ventilação mecânica aos 28 dias, a taxa de pacientes que recebem alimentação oral ou enteral, a taxa de pacientes sob sedação leve ou em alerta e calmos e a taxa de pacientes sob normoxemia. Conclusão: De acordo com as melhores práticas do ensaio, divulgamos nossa análise estatística antes de bloquear a base de dados e iniciar as análises. Esperamos que essa prática de notificação evite o viés das análises e aprimore a interpretação dos resultados apresentados. Registro no ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT03920501

ABSTRACT Objective: The TELE-critical Care verSus usual Care On ICU PErformance (TELESCOPE) trial aims to assess whether a complex telemedicine intervention in intensive care units, which focuses on daily multidisciplinary rounds performed by remote intensivists, will reduce intensive care unit length of stay compared to usual care. Methods: The TELESCOPE trial is a national, multicenter, controlled, open label, cluster randomized trial. The study tests the effectiveness of daily multidisciplinary rounds conducted by an intensivist through telemedicine in Brazilian intensive care units. The protocol was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee of the coordinating study center and by the local Research Ethics Committee from each of the 30 intensive care units, following Brazilian legislation. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT03920501). The primary outcome is intensive care unit length of stay, which will be analyzed accounting for the baseline period and cluster structure of the data and adjusted by prespecified covariates. Secondary exploratory outcomes included intensive care unit performance classification, in-hospital mortality, incidence of nosocomial infections, ventilator-free days at 28 days, rate of patients receiving oral or enteral feeding, rate of patients under light sedation or alert and calm, and rate of patients under normoxemia. Conclusion: According to the trial’s best practice, we report our statistical analysis prior to locking the database and beginning analyses. We anticipate that this reporting practice will prevent analysis bias and improve the interpretation of the reported results. ClinicalTrials.gov registration:NCT03920501

Abstract Introduction All patients with a new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) undergo diagnostic panendoscopy as part of the screening for synchronous second primary tumors. It includes a pharyngolaryngoscopy (PLS), a tracheobronchoscopy and esophagoscopy, and a stomatoscopy. Rigid techniques are risky, with long learning curves. Objective We propose a precise description of the panendoscopy protocol. We include an optimization of the PLS technique that completes the flexible esophagoscopy when rigid esophagoscopy isn’t performed. Methods The present retrospective observational study includes 122 consecutive patients with a new primary HNSCC who underwent traditional panendoscopy and the new PLS technique between January 2014 and December 2016. A two-step procedure using a Macintosh laryngoscope and a 30° telescope first exposes panoramically the larynx, the upper trachea, and the oropharynx; then, in a second step, the hypopharynx is exposed down to the upper esophageal sphincter. Broncho-esophagoscopy is performed with a rigid and flexible scope. Results In total, 6 (5%) patients presented synchronous tumors (3 in the esophagus, 2 in the oral cavity, and 1 in the larynx 1). Rigid endoscopy was complicated by 2 (1,6%) dental lesions, and had to be completed with a flexible scope in 38 (33%) cases for exposition reasons. The two-step PLS offered a wide-angle view of the larynx, upper trachea, and oroand hypopharynx down to the sphincter of the upper esophagus. The procedure was easy, reliable, safe, repeatable, and effectively completed the flexible endoscopies. Conclusion Rigid esophagoscopy remains a difficult procedure. Two-step PLS combined with flexible broncho-esophagoscopy offers good optical control.

RESUMEN En este trabajo presentamos un algoritmo general para calcular el punto de coma cero para telescopios reflectores clásicos y no clásicos con superficies asféricas. Programamos una función de trazado de rayos general aplicable a superficies cónicas con asfericidad, desplazamientos e inclinaciones, que puede ser modificada por los usuarios, según sus especificaciones. Esta función se utiliza para evaluar la coma transversal y determinar la conjunción óptima de desplazamiento e inclinación del espejo secundario que evita la introducción de coma axial durante el proceso de colimación. Presentamos el cálculo del punto de coma cero para los telescopios clásicos del Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, San Pedro Mártir, México. Además, mostramos el ejemplo de un telescopio de campo amplio con superficies asféricas, como será el caso de los telescopios TAOS-II, para los que no se puede utilizar la expresión analítica clásica.

ABSTRACT In this work we present a general algorithm to calculate the zero coma point for classical and non-classical reflecting telescopes with aspherical surfaces. We programmed a general ray tracing function applicable to conical surfaces with asphericity, displacements, and inclinations that can be modified by the users, according to their specifications. This function is used to evaluate the transverse coma and determine the optimal conjunction of shift and tilt of the secondary mirror that prevents the introduction of axial coma during the collimation process. We present the calculation of the zero coma point for the classical telescopes of the National Astronomical Observatory, San Pedro Mártir, Mexico. Furthermore, we show an example of a wide-field telescope with aspherical surfaces, as will be the case of the TAOS-II telescopes, for which the classical analytical expression cannot be used.

Resumo: O presente artigo, dedicado à produção retratística fotográfica lúdica do início do século XX, e à relação histórica e ontológica entre a fotografia e o espelho, parte do pressuposto segundo o qual seria necessário pensar a história da fotografia de modo integrado, enquadrando-a no contexto mais alargado da história dos média e de questões teóricas mais vastas como a relação entre a tecnologia e o humano, a mediação entre o real e o imaginário, e as interações entre os ditos novos e velhos média. O espelho e a fotografia são dois objetos, aparentados, por um lado, aos espetáculos pré-cinematográficos e ao próprio cinema, e por outro, aos aparelhos científicos, como o telescópio e o microscópio, que merecem ser repensados no que diz respeito à ambivalência que os aproxima. Configurando um espaço “absolutamente irreal” e “absolutamente real”, conforme sugeriu o filósofo Michel Foucault (1984/2005, p. 246) a propósito do espelho, o espelho, como a fotografia, seria exemplar de um espaço heterotópico. Na história da fotografia e, particularmente do retrato fotográfico lúdico das primeiras décadas do século XX, é assinalável o recurso ao espelho e ao duplo, enquanto dispositivo capaz de potenciar a destabilização da figura humana: referimo-nos ao retrato duplo, à multifotografiae à fotografia com recurso a espelhos deformantes(Bergeret & Drouin, 1893; Chaplot, 1904; Hopkins, 1897; Schnauss, 1890/1891; Woodbury, 1896/1905). Partindo de uma predisposição para repensar a tradição lúdica e fantasista no âmbito geral da história dos média, propomo-nos retraçar afinidades entre dois espaços “heterotópicos”, que são a fotografia e o espelho.

This article, which is dedicated to portraits produced in the early 20th century using trick photography and to the historical and ontological relationship between photography and mirrors, is based on the assumption that it is necessary to think about the history of photography in an integrated manner, framing it in the broader context of media history and of more general theoretical questions such as the relationship between human beings and technology, the mediation between reality and imagination, and the interactions between the so-called “new” and “old” media. Mirrors and photography are means related, on the one hand, to pre-cinematographic shows and to the cinema itself, and on the other hand, to scientific devices, such as the telescope and microscope, which deserve to be rethought in terms of their mutual ambivalence. Configuring an “absolutely unreal” and “absolutely real” space, as suggested by the French philosopher Michel Foucault (1984/2005, p. 246), mirrors, like photography, became a paradigmatic example of a heterotopic space. In the history of photography and, in particular, of portraits using trick photography produced in the early decades of the 20th century, there was a marked use of mirrors and doubles, as devices able to present the disruption of human figure. We are referring to double portraits, photo- multigraphs and photography using distorting mirrors (Bergeret & Drouin, 1893; Chaplot, 1904; Hopkins, 1897; Schnauss, 1890/1891; Woodbury, 1896/1905). Starting from a predisposition to rethink about the tradition of fantasy and trick photography in the general context of media history, we propose to retrace affinities between two “heterotopic” spaces - photography and mirrors.

Abstract Space debris division of PMO is devoted to play an important role in the research of orbital mechanics and the development of space debris observation techniques in China. To support the work, this division builds and operates a large optical network across China. The observational network include two major subsets, large field survey telescopes and precise tracking telescopes. The main objective of the network is to maintain cataloged orbital debris and detect uncatalogued debris. CHES at YaoAn site is the most recent facility, for higher orbits survey. New operational software and data pipeline that aims at detecting unresolved objects has being developed. This paper presents the details of this facility and related activities.

Abstract This paper is based on a proposal submitted for a BRICS astronomy flagship program, which was presented at the 2019 meeting of the BRICS Astronomy Working Group, held in Rio de Janeiro from 29 September to 2 October 2019. The future prospects for the detection and study of transient phenomena in the Universe heralds a new era in time domain astronomy. The case is presented for a dedicated BRICS-wide flagship program to develop a network of ground-based optical telescopes for an all-sky survey to detect short lived optical transients and to allow follow-up of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger transient objects. This will leverage existing and planned new facilities within the BRICS countries and will also draw on the opportunities presented by other multi-wavelength space- and ground-based facilities that exist within the BRICS group. The proposed optical network would initially perform followup observations on new transients using existing telescopes. This would later expand to include a new global network of \sim ∼70 wide-field 1-m telescopes which will cover the entire sky, simultaneously, with a cadence of less than a few hours. This realization would represent a ground-breaking and unique global capability, presenting many scientific opportunities and associated spin-off benefits to all BRICS countries.