ABSTRACT Purpose: We reported, as a referral center in prostate cancer, our perspectives and experience performing Telesurgery using robotic surgery and 5G network. Material and methods: We described and illustrated the Telesurgery applications and outcomes to treat a patient with prostate cancer located 1300 kilometers away from the surgeon (Beijing-Harbin) in China. We used the Edge Medical Robot (MP1000) in November 2023 in a 71-year-old patient with Gleason 6 (ISUP 1) in 8 cores from 13, PSA of 14 ng/dL, and clinical stage cT2a. MRI described a PIRADS 5 nodule on the left peripheral zone at the base, and 20gr prostate. We described details about the connection between centers, perioperative outcomes, and our perspectives as a referral center in prostate cancer. Results: We had no delays, or problems with network connection between the centers. The procedure was performed in 60 minutes, with no intra- or postoperative complications. Estimated blood loss was 100 mL. The patient was ambulating soon after anesthesia recovery. Final pathology described a Gleason 6 (ISUP 1) involving the left base and left seminal vesicle, negative surgical margins, and no lymph node involvement (pT3bN0). The patient was continent soon after catheter removal (7 days). Conclusion: As technological progress introduced novel robotic platforms and high-speed networks, the concept of Telesurgery became a tangible reality while 5G technology solved latency and transmission concerns. However, with these advancements, ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks should underline the importance of transparency and patient safety with responsible innovation in the field. Purpose reported G methods 130 BeijingHarbin Beijing Harbin (Beijing-Harbin China MP1000 MP (MP1000 202 71yearold yearold 71 year old ISUP 1 13 ngdL ng dL ng/dL cT2a cTa cT gr centers Results delays minutes intra complications 10 mL recovery vesicle margins pT3bN0. pT3bN0 pTbN . pT bN (pT3bN0) 7 ( days. days days) Conclusion highspeed high speed networks concerns However advancements field MP100 (MP100 20 pT3bN (pT3bN0 MP10 (MP10 2 (pT3bN MP1 (MP1 (MP

RESUMEN El karaguata es un arbusto de la familia de las bromelias del cual se extrae fibra a fin de producir distintos productos, utilizado como recurso ancestral por las comunidades indígenas del Gran Chaco. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo la descripción del avance de los últimos años del uso del karaguata, teniendo a las comunidades de los Ayoreos de Carmelo Peralta y a los Nivaclé de Boquerón como casos de estudio. El método empleado es de enfoque cualitativo, nivel descriptivo de diseño etnográfico; la técnica es de análisis documental. Por medio de estos estudios se tiene como resultado que estas comunidades aborígenes han adquirido un cierto grado de tecnología y la apertura a un nuevo mercado de comercialización que pueden ofrecer soluciones económicas de desarrollo sustentable. Aunque se obtienen resultados positivos se requiere también tener en cuenta algunos aspectos de suma importancia a fin de sostener las mejoras significativas, como por ejemplo, el aprovisionamiento de la materia prima y el cuidado del valor simbólico y sociocultural de la producción hecha por los pueblos originarios. El artículo es un estudio introductorio a otros que pueden realizarse a futuro y que tengan como enfoque principal el examinar a más profundidad la producción, distribución y comercio del karaguata a nivel país.

ABSTRACT Karaguata is a shrub from the bromeliad family from which fiber is extracted in order to produce different products, used as an ancestral resource by the indigenous communities of the Gran Chaco. The objective of this research is to describe the progress in recent years in the use of Karaguata, taking the communities of the Ayoreos of Carmelo Peralta and the Nivaclé of Boquerón as case studies. The method used is a qualitative approach, descriptive level of ethnographic design; the technique is documentary analysis. Through these studies, the result is that these aboriginal communities have acquired a certain degree of technology and the opening to a new marketing market that can offer economic solutions for sustainable development. Although positive results are obtained, it is also necessary to take into account some extremely important aspects in order to sustain significant improvements, such as, for example, the provision of raw materials and the care of the symbolic and sociocultural value of the production made by the native peoples. The article is an introductory study to others that may be carried out in the future and whose main focus is to examine in more depth the production, distribution and trade of karaguata at the country level.

Resumo: O trabalho colaborativo entre professores possibilita abordar experiências educativas inovadoras que possibilitem o uso de tecnologias educativas de forma interdisciplinar. É assim que a realização de ativi- dades orientadas para um currículo baseado em competências permite trabalhar metodologias ativas como a Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos (ABP) e o uso da avaliação formativa. Portanto, o objetivo da experiência educativa é apresentar o projeto interdisciplinar de sala de aula através da temática dos Jogos Olímpicos, sen- do a matéria de Educação Física a base para a abordagem do ABP. Para isso, os docentes geraram reuniões de trabalho no Google Meet® por meio do desenvolvimento de um plano com a participação de todas as matérias e da equipe multidisciplinar no curso de Terceiro Básico. A abordagem do problema nasceu do interesse dos es- tudantes e as matérias centrais correspondem à Educação Física e Saúde e História em apoio às demais. Durante seu processo, o projeto utiliza a plataforma Google Drive® para compartilhar as atividades dos docentes, que apresentam seus progressos que são repassados aos mesmos participantes. É assim que os professores têm valorizado positivamente o trabalho de forma interdisciplinar com base na metodologia ativa do ABP sobre um tema comum. Adicionalmente, destaca-se a utilização de ambientes virtuais para trabalhar as etapas do projeto. Contudo, é necessário aumentar as experiências baseadas em metodologias ativas.

Resumen: El trabajo colaborativo entre docentes permite abordar experiencias de aprendizaje innovadoras que faculten el uso de las tecnologías educativas de forma interdisciplinar. Es así como realizar actividades orientadas a un currículum basado en las competencias permite trabajar metodologías activas como el aprendizaje basado en proyectos (ABP) y el uso de la evaluación formativa. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la experiencia educativa es pre- sentar el proyecto de aula interdisciplinar, por medio del tema de los Juegos Olímpicos, siendo la asignatura de Educación Física base para abordar el ABP. Para ello, las personas docentes han generado reuniones de trabajo en Google Meet® por medio del desarrollo de una planificación donde participan todas las asignaturas y el equipo multidisciplinario en el curso de Tercero Básico. El planteamiento del problema ha nacido del interés de estudian- tes y las asignaturas ejes corresponden a Educación Física y Salud e Historia en apoyo de las demás. El proyecto durante su proceso utiliza la plataforma de Google Drive® para compartir las actividades del personal docente, el cual presenta sus estados de avances que son retroalimentados entre las mismas personas participantes. Es así como el profesorado valoró de manera positiva trabajar de forma interdisciplinar con base en la metodología activa del ABP sobre un tema en común. Además, se destaca el uso de los entornos virtuales para trabajar las etapas del proyecto. Sin embargo, se requiere aumentar las experiencias basadas en metodologías activas.

Abstract: Collaboration among teachers allows for innovative learning experiences that enable the use of educational technologies in interdisciplinary ways. Thus, the implementation of activities oriented to a competency- based curriculum allows working with active methodologies such as project-based learning (PBL) and the use of formative assessment. Therefore, the goal of the educational experience is to present the interdisciplinary classroom project through the theme of the Olympic Games, as the subject of Physical Education is the basis for approaching PBL. To do this, teachers have generated working meetings in Google Meet® through the development of a planning where all subjects and the multidisciplinary team participate in the course of the Third Basic. The approach to the problem was born from the interest of the students and the core subjects correspond to Physical Education and Health and History in support of the others. During the process, the project uses the Google Drive® platform to share the activities of the teachers, who present their progress reports, which are fed back to the participants themselves. In addition, the use of virtual environments to work on the stages of the project is highlighted. However, there is a need to increase experiences based on active methodologies.

Resumen El derecho debe ir adaptándose a los cambios sociales que se producen a lo largo de la historia y, en este contexto, los derechos humanos poseen un carácter evolutivo y dinámico que permite avanzar en su reconocimiento, en atención a los valores o ideales del entorno social en el que nos encontramos, marcado por la globalización y el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). Este escenario motiva el reconocimiento de una cuarta generación de derechos humanos, digna de protección internacional. El propósito de esta investigación es presentar una breve revisión de las generaciones de los derechos humanos, conectadas con el momento histórico en el que se han desarrollado, con acento en el nacimiento de la cuarta generación. La nueva era digital ha provocado cambios sustanciales en nuestra forma de trabajar, de adquirir bienes y servicios, de relacionarnos y, en definitiva, de vivir. Este cambio social sin precedentes nos obliga a reflexionar sobre el sentido de la relación entre el desarrollo tecnológico y el ser humano. El enfoque de la investigación es cualitativo, con un método reflexivo y crítico, mediante la revisión y el análisis documental de normas y doctrina, para analizar los riesgos que enfrentamos y los ámbitos en los que esa transformación ha sido más relevante. Por último, se describen acciones normativas europeas, para orientar la respuesta jurídica necesaria, que posibilite aprovechar todo el potencial tecnológico que se despliega ante nosotros, sin menoscabo en la protección de los derechos humanos. La investigación pudo constatar que debe proponerse una adecuación del ordenamiento jurídico para asegurar la efectividad de tales derechos.

Abstract The law must adapt to the social changes that have occurred throughout history. In this regard, human rights have an evolutionary and dynamic nature that allows progress in their recognition in response to the values or ideals of the social context in which we are immersed, marked by globalization and the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT). This scenario motivates the recognition of a fourth generation of human rights that is worthy of international protection. This research aims to present a brief review of the generations of human rights connected to the historical moment when they were established, emphasizing the birth of the fourth generation resulting from the technological revolution we are witnessing. The new digital era has caused substantial changes in our way of working, acquiring goods and services, relating to each other, and, ultimately, living. This unprecedented social change forces us to reflect on the meaning of the relationship between technological development and human beings. The research approach is qualitative, with a reflective and critical method. A documentary review and analysis of norms and doctrine allowed us to discuss the risks we face and the areas where this transformation has been most relevant. Finally, various European regulatory actions are described to guide the necessary legal response, taking advantage of all the technological potential unfolding before us without affecting the protection of human rights. The study confirmed that an adaptation of the legal system must be proposed to ensure the effectiveness of such rights.

RESUMEN La brecha digital hace referencia a la forma de exclusión social que afecta el uso de la tecnología e impacta en mayor medida a los pueblos originarios. En Oaxaca, por su alta densidad de población indígena, se observa un continuum histórico de desigualdad que se expresa en la pobreza, la marginación, la baja escolaridad y el bajo poder adquisitivo, barreras para el acceso a las tecnologías digitales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos, culturales y geográficos que inciden en el acceso a Internet por parte de la población indígena, así como una revisión de las políticas de inclusión digital emprendidas para la reducción de la brecha digital. Tal abordaje supuso el uso del modelo estadístico probit, utilizando datos del Censo de población y vivienda 2020. Las estadísticas arrojaron que la educación, el poder adquisitivo, el acceso a servicios básicos y el hecho de residir en lugares de mayor concentración poblacional son condicionantes para fomentar el acceso a Internet. Asimismo, se vislumbró la necesidad de diseñar y aplicar políticas digitales con la participación de los tres niveles gubernamentales (federal, estatal y municipal) y agentes sociales locales, bajo un marco del reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural; políticas que vayan más allá de lo instrumental y que promuevan la inversión pública-privada en telecomunicaciones, además de seguir avanzando en mejorar el bienestar de la población indígena.

ABSTRACT The digital divide refers to the form of social exclusion that affects the use of technology and has a greater impact on indigenous peoples. In Oaxaca, due to its high density of indigenous population, there is a historical continuum of inequality that is expressed in poverty, marginalisation, low schooling and low purchasing power, which are barriers to access to digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the socio-demographic, economic, cultural and geographic factors that affect access to the Internet by the indigenous population, as well as a review of the digital inclusion policies undertaken to reduce the digital divide. This approach involved the use of the probit statistical model, using data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census. The statistics showed that education, purchasing power, access to basic services and residing in places with a higher population concentration are conditioning factors for promoting access to the Internet. Likewise, the need to design and implement digital policies with the participation of the three levels of government (federal, state and municipal) and local social agents, within a framework of recognition of cultural diversity; policies that go beyond the instrumental and that promote public-private investment in telecommunications, in addition to continuing to make progress in improving the well-being of the indigenous population.

RESUMO A brecha digital refere-se à forma de exclusão social que afeta o uso da tecnologia e impacta em maior medida os povos indígenas. Em Oaxaca, devido à sua alta densidade de população indígena, observa-se um continuum histórico de desigualdade que se expressa na pobreza, na marginalização, na baixa escolaridade e no baixo poder de compra, barreiras ao acesso às tecnologias digitais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos, culturais e geográficos que afetam o acesso à Internet da população indígena, bem como uma revisão das políticas de inclusão digital empreendidas para reduzir a brecha digital. Esta abordagem envolveu o uso do modelo estatístico probit, utilizando dados do Censo Demográfico e Habitacional de 2020. As estatísticas mostraram que a escolaridade, o poder de compra, o acesso a serviços básicos e o fato de residir em locais com maior concentração populacional são fatores condicionantes para promover o acesso à internet. Da mesma forma, percebeu-se a necessidade de desenhar e aplicar políticas digitais com a participação dos três níveis de governo (federal, estadual e municipal) e dos agentes sociais locais, num quadro de reconhecimento da diversidade cultural; políticas que vão além do instrumental e promovam o investimento público-privado em telecomunicações, além de continuar avançando na melhoria do bem-estar da população indígena.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This video aims to present an in-depth, step-by-step tutorial on microsurgical reconstruction for obstructive azoospermia, featuring a distinctive case involving anastomosis from vas deferens to rete testis. The primary aim of this endeavor is to offer thorough and practical insights for healthcare professionals and researchers within the realm of reproductive medicine. The video endeavors to disseminate expertise, methodologies, and perspectives that can be advantageous to individuals grappling with obstructive azoospermia, providing a significant contribution to the progress of reproductive medicine and the augmentation of existing treatment alternatives. Materials and Methods: Surgical footage was recorded using the ORBEYE 4K 3D Orbital Camera System by Olympus America, with patient consent acquired for research purposes. Additionally, a retrospective examination of patient records was undertaken to compile relevant medical histories. Results: This video furnishes an exhaustive guide to microsurgical reconstruction for obstructive azoospermia, encompassing a distinctive instance of anastomosis from vas deferens to rete testis. State-of-the-art technology, such as the ORBEYE 4K 3D Orbital Camera, heightens procedural transparency, accentuating the significance of advanced instrumentation. The ethical underpinning is emphasized by obtaining patient consent for footage utilization, and a retrospective chart review augments the repository of valuable patient data. This comprehensive approach serves as an invaluable reservoir of knowledge for medical professionals and underscores excellence in clinical and ethical healthcare research. Conclusions: Anastomosis from vas deferens to rete testis emerges as a viable surgical reconstruction alternative for obstructive azoospermia, particularly when confronted with non-dilated tubules within the epididymis. Purpose indepth, indepth depth, depth in-depth stepbystep step azoospermia expertise methodologies alternatives Methods K D America purposes Additionally histories Results Stateoftheart State art technology transparency instrumentation utilization data Conclusions nondilated non dilated epididymis

Abstract The progress in genetic material sequencing enhanced diverse research opportunities related to genomics, transcriptomics and other -omics areas. A need in the development of more accessible and efficient techniques resulted in the second- (NGS) and third-generation technologies (TGS). In this paper we aimed to characterize the main sequencing methods of second- and third-generation. NGS technology is based on the sequencing by biosynthesis of short fragments with high quality and precision, while TGS are specialized in long fragment sequencing by nanopores and single-molecule, real-time technologies. Illumina and PacBio have more precise and high-quality data, compared to Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). However, nanopores long reads address errors in genome assembly, commonly associated with small lectures. All analyzed technologies have production-scale sequencers, but only ONT and Illumina developed benchtop products. ONT also presents portable sequencers for small projects. Latinoamerican countries have less coverage and technical support of sequencing technologies, and only Illumina is sited in this region. Each sequencing technology have advantages and limitations regarding their techniques and their coupled use is promoted to make a deeper analysis of the data, therefore the development of new bioinformatics programs remain as one of the principal obstacles to overcome to enhance the application of these technologies.

Resumen El avance en la secuenciación de material genético ha favorecido el estudio de nuevas áreas de investigación relacionadas a la genómica, transcriptómica y demás ciencias -ómicas. Esto creó la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas tecnologías más accesibles y eficientes, como las tecnologías de segunda y tercera generación. Por ello, esta revisión caracterizó las principales metodologías de secuenciación de segunda y tercera generación. Las tecnologías de segunda generación se ven representadas por la secuenciación por síntesis fragmentos cortos con alta calidad y precisión. En la tercera generación se especializan en lecturas largas secuenciadas por nanoporos y secuenciación de una sola molécula en tiempo real. Las empresas Illumina y PacBio poseen una mayor calidad y precisión en las lecturas, en comparación a Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Sin embargo, las lecturas de ONT solucionan problemas del ensamblaje genómico propios de lecturas cortas. Todas las tecnologías analizadas poseen secuenciadores para proyectos de producción a escala; Illumina y ONT también poseen secuenciadores sobremesa, y solamente la última presenta dispositivos portátiles. Con respecto a la accesibilidad, los países centroamericanos poseen poca cobertura por parte de estas empresas, siendo Illumina la única con una distribuidora radicada en la región. Cada tecnología de secuenciación posee ventajas y desventajas asociadas, lo cual impulsa a su uso en conjunto, lo que permite análisis más convenientes y completos. Por lo cual el desarrollo de nuevos programas bioinformáticos para la mejora del análisis corresponde a consideraciones que deben ser abordadas con la intención de fortalecer el uso de las técnicas de secuenciación.

Digital information and data are crucial drivers of progress in various industries, including mining, where data-driven decision making optimizes resource extraction, enhances safety, and ensures sustainability. The adoption of digital technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things has amplified the importance of digital information. However, the integrity and security of this information are paramount, leading to the exploration of blockchain technology as a potential solution for secure digital value exchange in mining. This research examines blockchain's capabilities, drawing insights from its applications in sectors like banking, government, healthcare, and entertainment, and evaluates their relevance to mining's core value chain processes. The study identifies blockchain's distributed ledger technology, cryptographic security, and decentralization as unique advantages that can revolutionize mining by enhancing transaction speed, reducing costs, and improving supply chain transparency and compliance with sustainability standards. Blockchain's transparent and auditable records can enhance business transparency, fostering trust among stakeholders, including investors and regulatory bodies. The technology's consensus mechanisms and smart contracts further promote trust in collaborative ventures. This research provides a foundational understanding for decision-makers in the mining industry to evaluate blockchain's feasibility and potential return on investment, guiding strategic planning and resource allocation for blockchain applications. By leveraging blockchain, mining companies can optimize operations, improve sustainability practices, and establish a robust foundation for future growth, positioning blockchain as a transformative technology in the sector.

Abstract This essay questions, with regard to medicine, the idea of progress as technological development by focusing on people rather than things. It analyzes how the predominance of such an idea of progress converts today’s societies to techno-fetishism that degrades community life and medical practice, contributing to the medicalization of social life. It is argued that the realization of technological potentialities depends on their forms of use; that the main motive of technological development is unlimited profit and that priority developments are those that enhance the social control that maintains the status quo. The intelligence as an intelligence quotient is criticized by proposing it as an attribute of the human being as a whole, manifested in the ways of thinking and proceeding of people in their circumstances, where affectivity and critical thinking are essential for their development; it is emphasized that its antecedent is the harmonic concert of planetary life that contrasts with the prevailing human disharmony. It is proposed that artificial intelligence is the most recent creation of techno-fetishism that deposits vital attributes in technology and that its forms of use will accentuate the degradation of human and planetary life. Another idea of medical progress is proposed, based on forms of organization conducive to the development of inquisitive, critical and collaborative skills that promote permanent improvement, whose distant horizon is dignifying progress: spiritual, intellectual, moral and convivial sublimation of collectivities in harmony with the planetary ecosystem.

Resumen Este ensayo cuestiona, a propósito de la medicina, la idea de progreso como desarrollo tecnológico al centrarlo en las personas y no en las cosas. Se analiza cómo el predominio de tal idea de progreso convierte a las sociedades actuales al tecno-fetichismo que degrada la vida comunitaria y la práctica médica contribuyendo a la medicalización de la vida social. Se argumenta que la realización de las potencialidades tecnológicas depende de sus formas de uso, que el móvil principal del desarrollo tecnológico es el lucro sin límites, y que los desarrollos prioritarios son los que potencian el control social que mantiene el statu quo. Se critica la idea de inteligencia como cociente intelectual al proponerla como atributo del ser humano como un todo, manifiesto en las formas pensar y proceder de las personas en sus circunstancias, donde la afectividad y el pensamiento crítico son imprescindibles para su desarrollo. Se destaca que su antecedente es el concierto armónico de la vida planetaria contrastante con la disarmonía humana imperante. Se plantea que la inteligencia artificial es la más reciente hechura del tecno-fetichismo que deposita en la tecnología atributos vitales, y que sus formas de uso acentuarán la degradación de la vida humana y planetaria. Se propone otra idea de progreso médico basado en formas de organización propicias para el desarrollo de aptitudes inquisitivas, críticas y colaborativas que impulsen la superación permanente, cuyo horizonte lejano es el progreso dignificante: sublimación espiritual, intelectual, moral y convivencial de las colectividades en armonía con el ecosistema planetario.

Resumen Este ensayo cuestiona, a propósito de la medicina, la idea de progreso como desarrollo tecnológico al centrarlo en las personas no en las cosas. Se analiza cómo el predominio de tal idea de progreso convierte a las sociedades actuales al tecno-fetichismo que degrada la vida comunitaria y la práctica médica contribuyendo a la medicalización de la vida social. Se argumenta: que la realización de las potencialidades tecnológicas depende de sus formas de uso; que el móvil principal del desarrollo tecnológico es el lucro sin límites y que los desarrollos prioritarios son los que potencian el control social que mantiene el statu quo. Se critica la idea de inteligencia como cociente intelectual al proponerla como atributo del ser humano como un todo, manifiesto en las formas pensar y proceder de las personas en sus circunstancias, donde la afectividad y el pensamiento crítico son imprescindibles para su desarrollo. Se destaca que su antecedente es el concierto armónico de la vida planetaria contrastante con la disarmonía humana imperante. Se plantea que la inteligencia artificial es la más reciente hechura del tecno-fetichismo que deposita en la tecnología atributos vitales y que sus formas de uso acentuarán la degradación de la vida humana y planetaria. Se propone otra idea de progreso médico basado en formas de organización propicias para el desarrollo de aptitudes inquisitivas, críticas y colaborativas que impulsen la superación permanente, cuyo horizonte lejano es el progreso dignificante: sublimación espiritual, intelectual, moral y convivencial de las colectividades en armonía con el ecosistema planetario.

Abstract This essay challenges the idea of progress as technological development in relation to medicine by focusing on people rather than things. It analyzes how the prevalence of such an idea of progress leads contemporary societies to a technofetishism that degrades community life and medical practice, contributing to the medicalization of social life. It is argued that the realization of technological potentialities depends on their forms of use, that the main motive of technological development is unlimited profit, and the priority developments are those that enhance social control which maintains the status quo. Intelligence as an intelligence quotient is criticized by proposing it as an attribute of the human being as a whole, manifested in the ways of thinking and acting of human beings in their circumstances, where affectivity and critical thinking are essential for their development; it is emphasized that its antecedent is the harmonic concert of planetary life, which contrasts with the prevailing human disharmony. It is proposed that artificial intelligence is the latest creation of technofetishism, which deposits vital attributes in technology, and that its use will accentuate the degradation of human and planetary life. Another idea of medical progress is proposed, based on forms of organization that is conducive to the development of inquisitive, critical, and collaborative skills that promote permanent improvement, whose distant horizon is dignified progress: the spiritual, intellectual, moral, and convivial sublimation of collectivities in harmony with the planetary ecosystem.

Resumo Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever o contexto do empreendedor do estudante universitário no ambiente de aprendizagem durante a pandemia provocada pelo COVID-19, além de conhecer os padrões de pensamento empreendedor e as suas expectativas. Um questionário foi aplicado em 662 estudantes de uma aula de empreendimento ao nível de estudos de graduação. Os estudantes estavam no último ano dos seus estudos em várias disciplinas. O questionário foi feito com base em a filosofia educativa do Work Integrated Learning (WIL), mostrando uma análise geral em função do gênero, focando-se principalmente em mulheres. Mostrou-se o contexto atual da educação e ensino virtual, as tendências da orientação de empreendimentos, e o empreendimento individual. Os primeiros resultados mostraram que a experiência laboral previa e o fato de tomar riscos são essenciais para começar um empreendimento, com o temor dos riscos sendo o obstáculo maior nas mulheres. Os pontos fundamentais destacados para um empreendimento exitoso são a liderança, a persistência, a responsabilidade e o fato de dispor com a tecnologia necessária para seu desenvolvimento. JEL: I21 Análise da educação.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir el contexto emprendedor del estudiante universitario en un ambiente de aprendizaje dentro de la pandemia provocada por el COVID-19, así como conocer los patrones de pensamiento emprendedor y sus expectativas. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 662 estudiantes de una clase de emprendimiento que se imparte en pregrado. Los estudiantes se encuentran estudiando el último año y son de distintas disciplinas. El cuestionario está basado en la filosofía educativa del Work-Integrated Learning (WIL), y muestra un análisis general por género, enfocado principalmente en mujeres. Se muestra el contexto actual sobre educación y enseñanza virtual, las tendencias sobre la orientación emprendedora, así como el emprendimiento individual. Los primeros resultados encontrados fueron que la experiencia laboral previa, tal como el tomar riesgos, es primordial para empezar a emprender, siendo este último en las mujeres el mayor obstáculo. Se destacan, además, como aspectos fundamentales para un emprendimiento exitoso, el liderazgo, la persistencia, la responsabilidad y el contar con tecnología para su desarrollo. JEL: I21 Análisis de la educación.

Abstract This study has as its objective to describe the context of entrepreneurship in university students in a learning environment within the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as learning the patterns of entrepreneur thought and its corresponding expectations. A survey was applied on 662 students in an entrepreneurship class at the undergraduate level. The students were on their last year of studies and belonged to various fields of education. The survey was made based on the Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) education philosophy, showing a general analysis by gender, mainly focusing on women. It includes the current context on education and virtual teaching, trends on entrepreneurial guidance, as well as individual entrepreneurs-hip. The first results obtained revealed that previous work experience, as well as taking risks, are essential to start an entrepreneurial activity, with fear to risk being the greater obstacle for women. Some noteworthy aspects for a successful entrepreneurial activity include leadership skills, persistence, responsibility and holding the necessary technology for its progress. JEL: I21 Education analysis.

Resumen Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) han seguido una trayectoria de desarrollo sistemático y acelerado, marcando transformaciones en diversos sectores de la sociedad. En este contexto dinámico, las instituciones de educación superior enfrentan el imperativo de adaptarse y evolucionar de manera coherente y estratégica en respuesta al progreso tecnológico, científico-técnico y metodológico. Se exige del reconocimiento de niveles de integración en los procesos de formación de posgrado y estas tecnologías. Desde esta perspectiva se planteó como objetivo general, describir experiencias de avanzada en función de las vivencias pedagógicas en la Educación de Posgrado en la Facultad de Postgrado de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM). Se utilizó una metodología de tipo descriptiva, transversal y con diseño no experimental, con diversos métodos científicos, como el estudio documental, analítico-sintético, sistematización, entrevista no estructurada y estudio de caso. Se analizó la realidad de los programas de posgrado en la Facultad de Posgrado de la UTM, con el empleo de las TIC, y en correspondencia se expresó la emergencia de estrategias orientadas a la actualización de los docentes. Se consultaron diversos autores con estudios relacionados con el empleo de ambientes virtuales y la modalidad en línea en el 4to nivel, y se pudo apreciar, que la tendencia es al aumento de esta modalidad en los programas y así los hace más competitivos y con mayor demanda.

Abstract Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) have followed a trajectory of systematic and accelerated development, marking transformations in various sectors of society. In this dynamic context, higher education institutions face the imperative to adapt and evolve in a coherent and strategic manner in response to technological, scientific-technical and methodological progress. Recognition of levels of integration in postgraduate training processes and these technologies is required. From this perspective, the general objective was proposed to describe advanced experiences based on pedagogical experiences in Graduate Education at the Graduate Faculty of the Technical University of Manabí (UTM). A descriptive, transversal methodology with a non-experimental design was used, with various scientific methods, such as documentary, analytical-synthetic, systematization, unstructured interviews and case studies. The reality of the postgraduate programs in the Graduate Faculty of the UTM was analyzed, with the use of ICT, and in correspondence the emergence of strategies aimed at updating teachers was expressed. Various authors were consulted with studies related to the use of virtual environments and the online modality in the 4th level, and it was possible to see that the trend is to increase this modality in the programs and thus makes them more competitive and with greater demand.

RESUMEN En este artículo, se lleva a cabo un análisis de los factores que obstaculizan la efectiva y eficiente administración de los recursos del Estado, y se realiza una propuesta de un nuevo paradigma para la gestión pública. Múltiples obstáculos impiden alcanzar el bienestar de la ciudadanía con atención a su diversidad; eliminarlos; y redefinir la gestión pública con un cambio de prioridades de las políticas públicas que permitirá alcanzar crecimiento con inclusión. El vector de inclusión requiere inversiones importantes en capital humano -educación, salud y tecnología- para elevar el bienestar y la calidad de vida, y en infraestructura física, para alcanzar mayor productividad y absorción del progreso tecnológico. Las prioridades son: empleo registrado (formal) y productivo, reforma del sector salud, educación e inversiones con criterio de integración social. Estas prioridades son comprendidas por siete lecciones de la política macroeconómica que pueden adaptarse a la nueva gestión pública.

ABSTRACT This article conducts an analysis of the factors hindering the effective and efficient administration of state resources and proposes a new paradigm for public management. Multiple obstacles prevent achieving the well-being of the diverse citizenry, necessitating their elimination and a redefinition of public management with a shift in policy priorities to promote inclusive growth. The inclusion vector requires significant investments in human capital, including education, health, and technology, to enhance well-being and quality of life, as well as in physical infrastructure to boost productivity and absorb technological progress. Priorities include formal and productive employment, healthcare sector reform, education, and socially integrated investments. Seven lessons from macroeconomic policy are outlined as applicable to the new public management.

Abstract: The underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a prevalent international phenomenon particularly pronounced in Latin America. Affirmative action policies in higher education have shown positive results immediately upon entry. Still, their impact on women’s academic performance, retention, and integration within predominantly male institutional cultures remains to be explored. This article presents empirical evidence of a pioneering program to admit women to an undergraduate engineering course in Chile implemented for seven years at a highly prestigious state higher education institution. Group interviews and statistical analyzes of academic records were conducted. The results show no significant differences between the program's female students and their male peers in terms of persistence to graduation. Regarding academic performance, the observed differences are not significant when controlling for entry grade. Moreover, the beneficiaries improve their performance as they progress in their studies. This phenomenon impacts the development of subjective identities associated with a high evaluation of effort. Finally, the implications of these findings for formulating and implementing affirmative action policies in STEM higher education programs are discussed.

Resumen: La baja representación de mujeres en carreras de Ciencia, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemáticas (STEM, por su sigla en inglés) es un fenómeno internacional con fuerte presencia en Latinoamérica. Las políticas de acción afirmativa en educación superior han tenido resultados favorables inmediatos para el ingreso, pero queda por dilucidar su impacto en los logros académicos, la permanencia y la inclusión de mujeres en culturas institucionales altamente masculinizadas. Este artículo presenta evidencia empírica de un plan pionero de ingreso de mujeres a un programa de pregrado de Ingeniería en Chile, implementado desde 2014 en una institución de educación superior estatal de alto prestigio. Se aplicaron entrevistas grupales y análisis estadísticos de registros académicos. Los resultados muestran que no hay diferencias significativas en cuanto a la persistencia en el pregrado entre las estudiantes del programa y sus pares. Respecto del rendimiento académico, las diferencias observadas no son significativas al controlar por puntaje de ingreso; es más, las beneficiarias mejoran su rendimiento al avanzar en sus estudios. Este fenómeno tiene efectos en la formación de identidades subjetivas relacionadas con una alta valoración del esfuerzo. Finalmente, se discute sobre las implicancias de estos hallazgos para el desarrollo e implementación de políticas de acción afirmativa en carreras STEM en instituciones de educación superior.

Resumen Este artículo busca explicar, en perspectiva comparada y sincrónica, los marcos de acción y reflexión bajo los cuales tres organismos internacionales abordaron las políticas educativas emanadas de la Agenda 2030 mediante el análisis de sus informes durante el 2020. Desde un enfoque metodológico, se utiliza el análisis de contenido y la cartografía social para analizar el campo discursivo de los tres organismos seleccionados, con el fin de revelar tendencias y posibles escenarios para la educación poscrisis. En consecuencia, mientras la OCDE y el Banco Mundial plantean el futuro de la educación bajo la lógica de tiempo lineal, es decir, en dirección hacia el progreso y crecimiento económico, donde la tecnología se erige como la herramienta articuladora y productora de hegemonía, la UNESCO lo hace desde la no linealidad (multitemporalidad) al configurar escenarios plurales para pensar, desde lo educativo, nuevas formas de humanidad.

Abstract This article seeks to explain, in a comparative and synchronous perspective, the frameworks of action and reflection under which three international organizations addressed the educational policies emanating from the 2030 Agenda through the analysis of their reports during 2020. From a methodological approach, content analysis and social mapping are used to analyze the discursive field of the three selected organisms, in order to reveal trends and possible scenarios for post-crisis education. Consequently, while the OECD and the World Bank are considering the future of education under the linear logic of time, that is, in the direction of economic progress and growth, where technology stands as the articulating and producing tool of hegemony, UNESCO does so from the point of view of non-linearity (multi-temporality) by setting plural scenarios to think, from the educational point of view, new forms of humanity.