A growing body of literature suggests that the platformization of the public sphere is eroding the public debate, thus potentially leading to the fragmentation of the public sphere. While there exists mounting evidences supporting this perspective there also exists a substantial body of literature that suggests otherwise. Within this realm of mixed evidence, studies on climate change visibility play a prominent role, presenting findings that both weaken and reinforce the fragmentation hypothesis. To investigate this matter in a context conducive for a fragmented public sphere, we collected a longitudinal (2014-2022) and cross-platform (Instagram, Facebook and Twitter) dataset (n=794.281) and correlated it with a secondary database on the press coverage of climate change in Brazil (n=3.490). Our analysis reveals a robust positive correlation between these datasets, indicating that the Brazilian public sphere retains the capacity to interconnect various arenas of visibility. We argue that this finding is particularly significant, given that it emanates from a case characterized by circumstances favoring a high degree of public sphere fragmentation. Consequently, our discovery lends support to a less pessimistic assessment of the influence of platformization on political communication within the deliberative system. debate otherwise evidence role hypothesis 20142022 2014 2022 (2014-2022 crossplatform cross platform Instagram, Instagram (Instagram Twitter n=794.281 n794281 n 794 281 (n=794.281 n=3.490. n3490 n=3.490 . 3 490 (n=3.490) datasets significant Consequently system 2014202 201 202 (2014-202 n=794.28 n79428 79 28 (n=794.28 n349 n=3.49 49 (n=3.490 201420 20 (2014-20 n=794.2 n7942 7 2 (n=794.2 n34 n=3.4 4 (n=3.49 20142 (2014-2 n=794. n794 (n=794. n3 n=3. (n=3.4 (2014- n=794 n79 (n=794 n=3 (n=3. (2014 n=79 n7 (n=79 n= (n=3 (201 n=7 (n=7 (n= (20 (n (2 (

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract: Manufacturing companies face demand fluctuations and must deliver the required quantity of parts to their customers within the required time; however, companies face different challenges in fulfilling them. One is technological advances, which make it impossible for them to compete with other countries, such as China, due to financial issues. Therefore, manufacturing companies use continuous improvement methodologies to achieve better performance in their processes. Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing are some of the best-known approaches. This article briefly presents the application of a lean sigma approach oriented to solving problems. This research proposes a methodology based on Lean Sigma that contrasts what different authors currently do: continuous improvement projects that take up to 12 months to produce results and do not solve a problem. This implementation is conducted in a process that manufactures metal parts and fails to deliver them on time to its customers. Using tools such as the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) in a production line, on-time deliveries were increased from 89 % to 96 %; at the same time, the model change times were reduced by approximately 60 %, which is required for the implementation of this methodology for only four weeks, unlike the traditional six-sigma approach that can take up to 12 months to improve the process.

Resumen: Las empresas manufactureras presentan fluctuaciones en sus demandas y no entregan a sus clientes la cantidad de partes en el tiempo requerido. Son diferentes los retos que enfrentan estas empresas, uno de ellos son los avances tecnológicos que, por cuestiones financieras, no es posible competir con otros países, tales como China. Es por esto, que las empresas manufactureras hacen uso de metodologías de mejora continua para lograr un mayor desempeño en sus procesos. Algunos de los enfoques más conocidos son Seis Sigma y Manufactura Esbelta. En este artículo se presenta una aplicación de un enfoque Lean-Sigma, el cual se orienta a resolver problemas en un corto periodo de tiempo. El propósito de esta investigación es proponer una metodología basada en Lean-Sigma que permita contrastar lo que hacen diferentes autores en la actualidad, que básicamente son proyectos de mejora continua que tardan hasta doce meses en dar resultados y que no resuelven un problema. Esta implementación se lleva a cabo en un proceso que fabrica partes metálicas, el cual está incumpliendo con su cliente en las entregas a tiempo. Utilizando la herramienta de cambios rápidos de modelo (SMED) se lograron incrementar las entregas a tiempo de un 89 % a un 96 %. A su vez, los tiempos de cambio de modelo se reducen aproximadamente un 60 %, siendo requeridas para la implementación de esta metodología solo cuatro semanas, a diferencia del enfoque tradicional de seis sigma que puede tomar hasta doce meses para mejorar un proceso.

Abstract Digital Welfare State in Ecuador: Citizen Datafication and Machine Learning in the Construction and Management of Poverty In the era of digital governance, the increasing use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in social protection systems has emerged as a prominent concern. The state's efforts to promote citizen datafication and the implementation of AI for managing and providing social services and benefits are guided by principles of neutrality, objectivity, and technological efficiency. Nevertheless, these technologies can not only improve the effectiveness of social benefits allocation, but also have the potential of controlling, monitoring, sanctioning, and excluding beneficiaries. In light of the prevailing techno-optimism evident in the design of contemporary social policy, particularly with regard to its allocation mechanisms, this study draws upon insights from Science, Technology, and Society Studies to shed light on how data systems and AI technologies transform the notion of poverty and impact the definition of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. This approach focuses on unraveling the political dimension of data systems and AI technologies that are emerging as mediators in the relationship between the state and citizens. Through the case study of Ecuador's Social Registry, the aim is to enrich the critical examination of digital welfare states in the Latin American region, analyzing their implications for society and their potential to produce or exacerbate inequality and exclusion; challenging deterministic views of technological change and public policy design.

Resumen En la era de la gobernanza digital, la utilización creciente de datos y tecnologías de Big Data e Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en los sistemas de protección social se ha convertido en un asunto relevante. Los esfuerzos del Estado por impulsar la datificación ciudadana y la implementación de la IA para la gestión y provisión de servicios y beneficios sociales están vehiculizados por las ideas de neutralidad, objetividad y eficiencia tecnológica. No obstante, estas tecnologías no solo pueden mejorar la efectividad en la asignación de beneficios sociales; sino que también tienen el potencial de controlar, monitorear, sancionar y excluir a los beneficiarios. Ante el tecno-optimismo que marca el diseño de la política social contemporánea, específicamente sus mecanismos de asignación, este trabajo apuesta por los Estudios de la Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad para dar luz sobre cómo los sistemas de datos y las técnicas de IA transforman la noción de pobreza e impactan en la definición de beneficiarios y no beneficiarios. Este enfoque se centra en desentrañar la dimensión política -de la politics- de los sistemas de datos y las tecnologías de la IA que comienzan a mediar la relación entre el Estado y los ciudadanos. A través del estudio del caso ecuatoriano del Registro Social, el objetivo recae en nutrir el examen crítico de los Estados de Bienestar Digital en la región latinoamericana, analizando sus implicaciones en la sociedad y su potencial para producir o amplificar desigualdad y exclusión; desafiando las visiones deterministas del cambio tecnológico y del diseño de políticas públicas.

Resumen Se analiza la importancia del sector productor de bienes de capital en dos economías con diferentes niveles de desarrollo económico, Alemania y México, durante los años 2005 y 2015. Con el fin de determinar el esfuerzo innovador que se incorpora directa e indirectamente en cada sector, se emplea la metodología de sectores verticalmente integrados, la cual permite identificar tres elementos que podrían ser la causa del atraso de la economía mexicana frente a la alemana: en primer lugar, la economía mexicana se caracteriza por su baja capacidad innovadora, reflejo de un pobre esfuerzo visto como gasto de I+D; segundo, ausencia de un sector productor de bienes de capital con conexiones importantes con la estructura productiva y, tercero, inexistencia de una política industrial que impulse y fomente el esfuerzo innovador, lo cual se agrava dentro del actual contexto de cambio tecnológico acelerado a nivel mundial.

Abstract The importance of the capital goods producing sector is analyzed in two economies with different levels of economic development, Germany, and Mexico, during the years 2005 and 2015. The methodology of vertically integrated sectors is used in order to determine the innovative effort that is incorporated directly and indirectly in each sector, which allows us to identify three elements that could be the cause of the backwardness of the Mexican economy compared to the German: firstly, the Mexican economy is characterized by its low innovative capacity, reflecting a poor effort seen as R&D expenditure; second, absence of a capital goods producing sector with important connections with the productive structure and, third, lack of an industrial policy that promotes and encourages innovative efforts, which is aggravated within the current context of accelerated technological change worldwide.

RESUMEN Estudio para conocer, caracterizar y definir las prácticas pedagógicas que se identifican en docentes de primaria debido a los cambios producidos por la pandemia Covid 19, los avances tecnológicos y la presencia de modelos educativos humanistas. La investigación efectuada como fuente del presente artículo, se sustentó en el paradigma interpretativo y diseño fenomenológico, con apoyo de redes semánticas y entrevistas a 65 profesores de diversos municipios de Chihuahua, México. En los hallazgos se encontraron prácticas centradas en el logro del aprendizaje, uso de secuencias didácticas y fragmentación del conocimiento por asignatura; hay ausencia de recursos tecnológicos; se consideran los conocimientos previos de estudiantes respecto a los contenidos y ajustes para el logro académico y no para el desarrollo integral; la evaluación es formativa, centrada en lo cognitivo. Se concluye que falta un cambio en los significados y acciones del profesorado, perciben su función y sus acciones para alcanzar el aprendizaje académico, lo que se contrapone con los modelos educativos vigentes, centrados en el alumno y su desarrollo integral, evidenciando un reto para el sistema educativo que, a pesar de las reformas y capacitaciones, no ha fortalecido un sistema de conocimientos y creencias orientados a una práctica más constructivista y menos instructiva.

ABSTRACT Study to know, characterize, and define the pedagogical practices identified in primary school teachers due to the changes produced by the COVID-19 pandemic, technological advances, and the presence of humanistic educational models. The research carried out as a source of this article was based on the interpretive paradigm and phenomenological design, with the support of semantic networks and interviews with 65 teachers from various municipalities of Chihuahua, Mexico. The results found practices focused on learning achievement, use of didactic sequences, and fragmentation of knowledge by subject; technological resources are absent; students' prior knowledge regarding the contents and adjustments for academic achievement and not for comprehensive development are considered. The evaluation is formative and focused on the cognitive. It is concluded that there is a lack of change in the meanings and actions of the teachers. They perceive their function and actions to achieve academic learning; it contrasts with the current educational models, which focus on the student and their integral development. It evidences a challenge for the teacher educational system that, despite the reforms and training, has not strengthened a system of knowledge and beliefs oriented towards a more constructivist and less instructive practice.

La tecnología ha transformado la forma en que se vive y se aprende, al impulsar la imperativa integración de las Tecnologías del Aprendizaje y el Conocimiento (TAC) de manera efectiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el uso de las TAC para favorecer el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los alumnos de la carrera de Pedagogía de las Ciencias Experimentales Química y Biología de la Universidad Nacional de Loja. Mediante un enfoque mixto, con encuestas a estudiantes, entrevistas a docentes y de manera complementaria, entrevistas a expertos en tecnologías educativas. Los resultados destacan que las TAC actúan como herramientas facilitadoras, pues posibilitan un aprendizaje más atractivo y motivador; además, fortalecen la comunicación entre docentes y estudiantes, con el fin de personalizar la enseñanza. Se evidenció que las TAC desempeñan un papel esencial en el contexto educativo al aportar significativamente a las planificaciones mediante la implementación de técnicas y estrategias. No obstante, los expertos en tecnologías educativas enfatizan en la necesidad de socializar y capacitar a todos los docentes para mitigar la resistencia al cambio y fomentar la innovación educativa. Es importante considerar la brecha digital como una limitación que puede obstaculizar la implementación efectiva de estas tecnologías.

Technology has transformed the way of living and learning by effectively promoting the imperative integration of Learning and Knowledge Technologies (LKT). This study aimed to analyze the use of ICT to enhance the teaching and learning process for students in the Pedagogy of Experimental Sciences, Chemistry, and Biology at the National University of Loja. To this end, a mixed-method approach was used. This approach involved student surveys, teacher interviews, and supplementary interviews with educational technology experts. The results show that ICTs act as facilitating tools which make learning more engaging and motivating. They also strengthen communication between teachers and students in order to personalize teaching. It was shown that ICTs play an essential role in the educational context by significantly contributing to planning through the implementation of techniques and strategies. However, experts in educational technologies emphasize the need to socialize and train all teachers to mitigate resistance to change and encourage educational innovation. It is important to consider the digital divide as a limitation that may hinder the effective implementation of these technologies.

A tecnologia transformou a forma como vivemos e aprendemos, ao promover a integração imperativa das Tecnologias de Aprendizagem e Conhecimento (CAT) de forma eficaz. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a utilização do TAC para promover o processo de ensino e aprendizagem dos alunos dos cursos de Pedagogia das Ciências Experimentais, Química e Biologia da Universidade Nacional de Loja. Através de uma abordagem mista, com inquéritos aos alunos, entrevistas com professores e, de forma complementar, entrevistas com especialistas em tecnologias educativas. Os resultados destacam que os TAC atuam como ferramentas facilitadoras, pois permitem uma aprendizagem mais atrativa e motivadora; Além disso, fortalecem a comunicação entre professores e alunos, de forma a personalizar o ensino. Ficou evidente que os TAC desempenham um papel essencial no contexto educacional, contribuindo significativamente para o planeamento através da implementação de técnicas e estratégias. No entanto, os especialistas em tecnologia educativa enfatizam a necessidade de socializar e formar todos os professores para mitigar a resistência à mudança e promover a inovação educativa. É importante considerar a exclusão digital como uma limitação que pode dificultar a implementação eficaz destas tecnologias.

RESUMEN Las prácticas actuales de la comunicación educativa se caracterizan por emplear mediaciones digitales, tanto en clases presenciales como en programas a distancia. Las constantes innovaciones tecnológicas interpelan los procesos y contenidos educomunicativos, por lo que es necesario renovar su análisis a partir de una perspectiva multidisciplinaria. El presente artículo lleva adelante una discusión documental crítica que parte del caso mexicano y busca identificar y conocer estos procesos, enfocándose en los ejes del cambio que la digitalización impone a la comunicación educativa actual. En tal sentido, la educación del presente, pospandémica, tiene características singulares: es digital, ubicua y transmediática, además de estar condicionada por una nueva dimensión espacio-temporal y la disponibilidad de un volumen ilimitado de información. En estas circunstancias, crear y evaluar conocimientos legitimados y verosímiles presenta una serie de desafíos que abarca las dinámicas tanto comunicativas como pedagógicas, las brechas de habilidades y la conectividad tecnológicas, como así también la revisión de las políticas públicas sobre la problemática. Sólo a partir de la identificación de estos retos y un abordaje analítico que escuche la voz de los protagonistas educativos (maestros, estudiantes e instituciones) será posible alimentar políticas que actúen en consecuencia, así como proponer novedosas estrategias metodológicas para la enseñanza, la investigación y la difusión del conocimiento científico.

ABSTRACT Current educational communication practices are characterised by the use of digital media, both in face-to-face classes and in distance programmes. The constant technological innovations challenge the educational-communicative processes and contents, which is why it is necessary to renew their analysis from a multidisciplinary perspective. This article carries out a critical documentary discussion based on the Mexican case and seeks to identify and understand these processes, focusing on the axes of change that digitalisation imposes on current educational communication. In this sense, the education of the present, post-pandemic, has unique characteristics: it is digital, ubiquitous and transmedia, as well as being conditioned by a new spatio-temporal dimension and the availability of an unlimited volume of information. In these circumstances, creating and evaluating legitimised and credible knowledge presents a series of challenges that encompasses both communicative and pedagogical dynamics, skills gaps and technological connectivity, as well as the revision of public policies on the issue. Only by identifying these challenges and an analytical approach that listens to the voice of the educational protagonists (teachers, students and institutions) will be possible to nurture policies that act accordingly, as well as to propose new methodological strategies for teaching, research and dissemination of knowledge.

RESUMO As práticas de comunicação educacional caracterizam-se pela utilização de mediações digitais, tanto nas aulas presenciais quanto nos programas a distância. As constantes inovações tecnológicas desafiam os processos e conteúdos educomunicativos, por isso é necessário renovar a sua análise numa perspectiva multidisciplinar. Este artigo realiza uma discussão documental crítica que parte do caso mexicano e busca identificar e compreender esses processos, enfocando os eixos de mudança que a digitalização impõe à comunicação educacional atual. Nesse sentido, a educação do presente, pós-pandemia, tem características únicas: é digital, ubíqua e transmídia, além de estar condicionada por uma nova dimensão espaço-temporal e pela disponibilidade de um volume ilimitado de informação. Nestas circunstâncias, criar e avaliar conhecimento legitimado e credível apresenta uma série de desafios que abrangem tanto a dinâmica comunicativa e pedagógica, as lacunas de competências e a conectividade tecnológica, como a revisão das políticas públicas sobre o problema. Somente identificando estes desafios e uma abordagem analítica que ouça a voz dos protagonistas educativos (professores, alunos e instituições) será possível alimentar políticas que atuem em conformidade, bem como propor novas estratégias metodológicas para o ensino, a investigação e a divulgação de conhecimento científico.

Abstract Environmental ethics focuses on human responsibility towards the environment, especially due to the current abuse of natural resources. This relationship has caused serious impacts on the environment and human life, pointing out the need for a genuine and practical change for humanity to assume its responsibility in the preservation of the environment. By considering the theological-philosophical points of view presented by Pope Francis and Hans Jonas’ ethical proposal for the technological era, this study seeks to merge both ideas to promote biodiversity. This implies recognizing the role of the human being as a responsible steward, promoting an ethic that orients towards the future, while maintaining respect for the position of the human being as guardian of the ecosystem and its biological diversity.

RESUMEN La ética ambiental se enfoca en la responsabilidad humana hacia el entorno, especialmente debido al abuso de los recursos naturales en la actualidad. Esta relación ha causado impactos graves en el medio ambiente y en la vida humana, señalando la necesidad de un cambio genuino y práctico para que la humanidad asuma su responsabilidad en la preservación del entorno. Al considerar los puntos de vista teológico-filosóficos presentados por el papa Francisco y la propuesta ética de Hans Jonas para la era tecnológica, se busca en este estudio fusionar ambas ideas para lograr que fomenten la biodiversidad. Esto implica reconocer el papel del ser humano como administrador responsable, promoviendo una ética que oriente hacia el futuro, manteniendo el respeto por la posición del ser humano como guardián del ecosistema y su diversidad biológica.

ABSTRACT This paper studies Argentina’s economic growth trajectory between 1962 and 2019. To achieve this, we analyze the pattern of technological progress deduced from the dynamics of labor productivity and the output-capital ratio. Between 1962 and the mid-1980s, technical change was Marx-biased (for example, labor-saving and capital-consuming), which resulted in decreased profitability. From then and until 2008, technological change has been Hicks-neutral with increased profitability. Afterward, profitability resumes the negative trend until the end of the analyzed period. The structural change observed since the middle 1970s is associated with a halving of the average rate of capital accumulation, greater macroeconomic volatility, and changes in development models.

RESUMEN Este artículo estudia la trayectoria de crecimiento económico de Argentina entre 1962 y 2019, a partir del análisis del patrón de progreso tecnológico deducido de la evolución de la productividad del trabajo y la relación producto/capital. Entre 1962 y mediados de la década de los ochenta, el cambio técnico estuvo sesgado en el sentido de Marx (ahorrador de trabajo y consumidor de capital), lo cual se traduce en una rentabilidad tendencialmente decreciente. A partir de ese momento, el cambio tecnológico adoptó un patrón neutral en sentido de Hicks con un incremento de la rentabilidad hasta 2008, cuando retomó la tendencia negativa hasta el final del periodo analizado. Las transformaciones observadas a partir de mediados de los años setenta se corresponden con una disminución a la mitad de la tasa promedio de acumulación de capital, mayor volatilidad macroeconómica y las alternancias en los modelos de desarrollo.

Abstract In Costa Rica, there are significant challenges regarding wastewater treatment. This study evaluated the management of municipal wastewater in Costa Rica, with emphasis on the technological profile, the use of anaerobic systems, and the recovery of generated by-products. A mixed approach was used, combining secondary information from databases, expert consultations, and participatory workshops. It was found that most existing systems work with activated sludge and direct discharge to receiving bodies. Additionally, significant gaps were identified for the implementation of anaerobic systems for wastewater treatment. From a technical standpoint, the lack of training and confidence in designing and operating these systems was noted, along with the relevance of controlling the treatment of emerging contaminants. From an economic standpoint, the lack of financial sustainability of projects, low capacity for user payment, and lack of incentives or tiered tariff systems were identified. Within institutional gaps, the main issue was the need for clearer sectoral leadership and avoiding duplication of functions. All the above requires robust and clear regulations that allow for innovation in the systems to be implemented. Finally, it was found that, for the circular economy principle to become a reality, cultural change is required, and the paradigm that wastewater is only meant for disposal must be changed.

Resumen En Costa Rica, existen grandes desafíos en materia de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Este trabajo evaluó la gestión de aguas residuales ordinarias en Costa Rica, dando énfasis al perfil tecnológico, al uso de sistemas anaeróbicos y a la recuperación de los subproductos generados. Se consideró un abordaje mixto, combinando información secundaria de bases de datos, consultas a expertos y talleres participativos. Se logró evidenciar que la mayoría de los sistemas que existen trabaja con lodos activados y con vertido directo a cuerpo receptor. Además, se evidenciaron brechas importantes para la implementación de los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, en especial para los sistemas anaeróbicos. Desde el punto de vista técnico, se identificó la falta de capacitación y de confianza en diseñarlos y operarlos, aunado a la relevancia de controlar el tratamiento de contaminantes emergentes; desde el punto de vista económico, se apunta hacia la falta de sostenibilidad financiera de los proyectos y poca capacidad de pago de los usuarios, falta de incentivos o de sistemas tarifarios escalonados; dentro de las brechas institucionales, la principal es la necesidad de tener una rectoría más clara del sector y evitar la duplicidad de funciones. Se demostró que lo anterior requiere ir ligado de una normativa robusta y clara, que permita la innovación en los sistemas a implementar. Finalmente, se pudo detectar que, para que el principio de economía circular sea una realidad, se requiere trabajar en un cambio cultural y en romper el paradigma de que las aguas residuales solo sirven para desecharlas.

Abstract Climate change (CC) is the greatest evidence of the "metamorphosis of the world" and is changing the temperature and rainfall patterns, but also the social, cultural and health systems on planet Earth. The unpredictability of climactic phenomena and their multidimensional impacts on human and environmental health contribute to making our understanding of the world increasingly difficult. Moreover, history has proven that technoscience alone is not enough to deal with these problems. A global appeal is now emerging for the humanities and social sciences to also deal with the human and non-human issues raised by CC, notably through their integration with the areas of health and sustainability. The aim of this article is to present and discuss some of the first results of the Composing Worlds: Humanities, Well-Being and Health transdisciplinary network, which consists of a network of experts in the humanities, social sciences and health who think about issues of well-being and health in contemporary technological societies. The methodology used in the first phase of the project consisted of an interview with open questions, made by the network of 12 researchers. This was an exploratory study that used thematic analysis to identify the original key ideas of each author and corresponding main themes. The themes were then organised into semantic groups or thematic clusters. It is hoped that some of these clusters will contribute to discussing how CC has already altered our ways of being, living and thinking about the world, and will also contribute to dealing with the challenges related to the risks of CC on health and well-being throughout the 21st century.

Resumo As alterações climáticas (AC) são a maior evidência da “metamorfose do mundo” e estão a mudar os regimes de temperatura e de pluviosidade, mas também os sistemas sociais, culturais e de saúde no planeta Terra. A imprevisibilidade dos fenómenos climáticos e os seus impactes multidimensionais na saúde humana e ambiental contribuem para tornar a nossa compreensão do mundo cada vez mais difícil. Além disso, a história provou que a tecnociência, sozinha, não é suficiente para lidar com estes problemas. Um apelo global está agora a despertar para que as humanidades e as ciências sociais também lidem com as questões humanas e não humanas levantadas pelas AC, nomeadamente através da sua integração com as áreas da saúde e da sustentabilidade. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns dos primeiros resultados da rede transdisciplinar Compor Mundos: Humanidades, Bem-Estar e Saúde, que consiste numa rede de especialistas em humanidades, ciências sociais e da saúde que pensam sobre as questões do bem-estar e da saúde nas sociedades tecnológicas contemporâneas. A metodologia usada na primeira fase do projeto consistiu numa entrevista com perguntas abertas, construída de forma participativa pela rede de 12 investigadores. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa exploratória que utilizou a análise temática para identificar as ideias-chave originais de cada autor e a indução dos temas principais correspondentes. Os temas foram então organizados em grupos de correspondência semântica, ou clusters temáticos. Espera-se que alguns destes clusters contribuam para discutir como as AC já alteraram as nossas maneiras de ser, viver e pensar sobre o mundo, e contribuam também para lidar com os desafios relacionados com os riscos das AC na saúde e no bem-estar ao longo do século XXI.

Abstract As a result of the increasing demand for Spanish language teaching for foreigners in the context of technological globalization, the 21st century demands to improve the quality of Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) teacher training. This commitment implies researching the historical panorama of the teaching of Spanish as a Second Language in Costa Rica, since there were no publications, and it is expected to be an important reference for research in this field of study in the country. The methodology applied was evaluative research, which pursues the systematic study of specific issues within the context of social change. A total of 14 participants were selected by stratified sampling: teachers and coordinators of the curricular programs. The information in the historical panorama is based on the answers of the interviewees and thorough bibliographic research, which led to the proposal of three important stages of history: Stage 1 (1880s onwards), characterized by the religious order; Stage 2 (1940s onwards), where economic, social, and cultural development was promoted; and Stage 3 (1990s onwards), which is associated with educational tourism. The record of each period reflects how the centers for teaching Spanish as a Second Language were created and developed.

Resumen El siglo XXI nos compromete a mejorar la calidad de la formación del profesorado de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE), debido al aumento en la demanda de la enseñanza del español para extranjeros en el contexto de la globalización tecnológica. Este compromiso implica investigar sobre el panorama histórico que ha tenido la enseñanza del español como segunda lengua en Costa Rica, porque no había publicaciones al respecto. Se espera que esta sea un referente importante para la investigación en este campo de estudio en el país. La metodología empleada ha sido investigación evaluativa, la cual persigue el estudio sistemático de problemas concretos en un contexto de cambio social. Los participantes fueron seleccionados por muestreo estratificado: educadores y coordinadores de los programas curriculares, para un total de 14 entrevistados. La información del panorama histórico se obtuvo de las respuestas de los entrevistados y de la investigación bibliográfica minuciosa. De ahí surgió la propuesta de tres etapas importantes de la historia: Etapa 1 (década de 1880 en adelante): caracterizada por el orden religioso; Etapa 2 (década de 1940 en adelante): cuando se dio el impulso del desarrollo económico, social y cultural; y Etapa 3 (década de 1990 en adelante): la cual se asocia al turismo educacional. El registro de cada periodo refleja cómo se crearon y se fueron desarrollando los centros de enseñanza del español como segunda lengua.

O artigo se dedica a examinar a articulação entre dois movimentos de contestação da representação, identificados nos domínios da política e da literatura. Refiro-me aqui aos questionamentos da democracia representativa que acompanhamos na série de protestos entre 2010-2013 e à discussão sobre a legitimidade das produções artísticas para representar integrantes de minorias diversas. Esses abalos da representação serão analisados, sobretudo, como pressões por alterações na chamada partilha do sensível (Rancière). Ao buscar traçar correspondências entre esses dois movimentos de contestação, destacarei suas ligações com modificações tecnológicas e discursivas de impacto, tais como o desenvolvimento da comunicação em rede, a expansão do discurso do testemunho e de suas formas próprias de subjetivação. Por fim, discutirei o risco dessa demanda por mudança na partilha do sensível resultar não na ampliação concreta da democracia nos domínios da política e da literatura, mas na criação de bolhas digitais e culturais caracterizadas pela homogeneidade e pela intransigência.

The article is dedicated to examining the link between two movements challenging representation, identified in the fields of politics and literature. I am referring here to the questioning of representative democracy that was part of the series of protests between 2010-2013 and the discussion about the legitimacy of artistic productions to represent members of diverse minorities. These upheavals in representation will be analyzed above all as pressures for changes in the so-called distribution of the sensible (Rancière). In seeking to trace correspondences between these two movements of contestation, I will highlight their links with impactful technological and discursive changes, such as the development of network communication, the expansion of the discourse of testimony, and its forms of subjectivation. Finally, I will discuss the risk of this demand for change in the distribution of the sensible resulting not in the concrete expansion of democracy in the realms of politics and literature, but in the creation of digital and cultural bubbles characterized by homogeneity and intransigence.

ABSTRACT The semi-permanent coastal upwelling system within the Humboldt Current System (HCS) off northern Chile provides nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water to the euphotic zone that contributes to high levels of primary production and restricts the vertical distribution of most zooplankton species according to their tolerance to hypoxia within this highly heterogeneous environment. The day/night vertical distributions of two calanoid copepods, Eucalanus inermis and Nannocalanus minor, were studied concerning the presence of oxygen-poor water associated with the Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at a coastal and an offshore station off northern Chile (∼20°S), by stratified sampling from the surface to a depth of 600 m. At the coastal station, most of the population of both species remained above the OMZ, whereas at the offshore station, most populations remained at the edge of the OMZ. Both species exhibited reverse diel vertical migration between day and night and were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a, suggesting that both species may prefer oxygenated waters and avoid the OMZ. However, E. inermis and N. minor exhibited distinct behavior, with E. inermis displaying significant variations among stations and strata and N. minor showing differences only among strata, particularly in the upper strata where it was more aggregated. The results helped us understand the behavior and distribution of zooplankton related to OMZ and how they may change as ocean temperature increases worldwide.