RESUMO Introdução: este artigo foi elaborado a partir da detecção de insuficiências teórico-metodológicas e práticas no processo de preparação técnica da natação artística escolar. Objetivo: desenvolver uma concepção teórica com ma nova forma de reestruturação do conteúdo para o treinamento de figuras, a partir da sua periodização, que favoreça o aumento do desempenho esportivo em nadadores artísticos da categoria escolar. Materiais e métodos: métodos analítico-sintéticos e sistêmicos estrutural-funcionais foram utilizados como métodos teóricos de pesquisa científica. Análise empírica, documental e parecer pericial. Como métodos matemático-estatísticos, estatística descritiva e inferencial, com Teste W de Kendall. Resultados: a qualidade da concepção teórica foi corroborada pela avaliação emitida pelos 15 especialistas selecionados, que tiveram relação direta quer com o treino desportivo, quer de forma articular com o treino da natação artística cubana. Conclusões: os especialistas na avaliação dos indicadores destacam a sua funcionalidade, relevância e viabilidade.

ABSTRACT Introduction: This article was carried out based on identifying theoretical, methodological, and practical shortcomings in the technical preparation process of school artistic swimming. Objective: To develop a theoretical concept with a new way of restructuring the content for the training of figures, based on theirs periodization, which favors the increase of sports performance in school-age artistic wimmers. Materials and Methods: The theoretical methods of scientific research used were analytical-synthetic and systemic-functional. Empirical methods included documentary analysis and expert criteria. Mathematical-statistical methods involved descriptive and inferential statistics, using the Kendall's W Test. Results: The quality of the theoretical concept was confirmed by the evaluation issued by the 15 selected experts, who had a direct relationship either with sports training or in a particular way in the training of Cuban artistic swimming. Conclusions: Experts evaluating the indicators emphasize their functionality, relevance, and feasibility.

RESUMEN Introducción: el presente artículo se realizó a partir de detectar insuficiencias teórico-metodológicas y prácticas en el proceso de preparación técnica de la natación artística escolar. Objetivo: elaborar una concepción teórica con una nueva forma de reestructurar el contenido para el entrenamiento de las figuras, sobre la base de su periodización, que favorezca el incremento del rendimiento deportivo en nadadores artísticos categoría escolar. Materiales y métodos: se emplearon como métodos teóricos de la investigación científica el analítico-sintético y el sistémico estructural funcional. De los empíricos, el análisis documental y el criterio de expertos. Como métodos matemático-estadísticos, la estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con la Prueba de W de Kendall. Resultados: la calidad de la concepción teórica quedó corroborada por la evaluación emitida por los 15 expertos seleccionados, que tuvieran relación directa ya sea con el entrenamiento deportivo o de modo particular en el entrenamiento de la natación artística cubana. Conclusiones: los expertos en la evaluación de los indicadores, resaltan su funcionabilidad, pertinencia y factibilidad.

Abstract The IV Belém Summit in Pará, Brazil, held in August 2023, brought together the leaders of the member countries of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA) to discuss a new sustainable agenda for the region. The Amazon was the focus of attention due to its global importance as the largest watershed and the most extensive and diverse tropical forest on the planet. The Summit highlighted the importance of strengthening OTCA as the only intergovernmental coordination mechanism to implement the agreed presidential agenda. The Belém Declaration established priorities for effective regional cooperation, including sustainability, environmental preservation, and inclusive development. The challenges to be faced include the efficient management of OTCA, the improvement of governance and positioning as a center for regional and international technical and political cooperation. The successful implementation of the agreed agenda will require the commitment of the Amazon countries and the active participation of all stakeholders, especially indigenous peoples and local communities.

Resumen La IV Cumbre de Belém de Pará, Brasil, celebrada en agosto de 2023, reunió a personas líderes de los países integrantes de la Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA), con el fin de discutir una nueva agenda sostenible para la región. La Amazonía fue el centro de atención debido a su importancia mundial como la cuenca hidrográfica más vasta y el bosque tropical más extenso y diverso del planeta. La Cumbre destacó la importancia de fortalecer la OTCA, como el único mecanismo intergubernamental de coordinación para implementar la agenda presidencial acordada. La Declaración de Belém estableció prioridades para una cooperación regional efectiva, incluyendo la sostenibilidad, la preservación ambiental y el desarrollo inclusivo. Los retos por enfrentar incluyen la gestión eficiente de la OTCA, la mejora de la gobernanza y el posicionamiento como un centro de cooperación técnica y política regional e internacional. La implementación exitosa de la agenda acordada requerirá el compromiso de los países amazónicos y la participación activa de todas las partes interesadas, especialmente, los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales.

Abstract In Costa Rica, there are significant challenges regarding wastewater treatment. This study evaluated the management of municipal wastewater in Costa Rica, with emphasis on the technological profile, the use of anaerobic systems, and the recovery of generated by-products. A mixed approach was used, combining secondary information from databases, expert consultations, and participatory workshops. It was found that most existing systems work with activated sludge and direct discharge to receiving bodies. Additionally, significant gaps were identified for the implementation of anaerobic systems for wastewater treatment. From a technical standpoint, the lack of training and confidence in designing and operating these systems was noted, along with the relevance of controlling the treatment of emerging contaminants. From an economic standpoint, the lack of financial sustainability of projects, low capacity for user payment, and lack of incentives or tiered tariff systems were identified. Within institutional gaps, the main issue was the need for clearer sectoral leadership and avoiding duplication of functions. All the above requires robust and clear regulations that allow for innovation in the systems to be implemented. Finally, it was found that, for the circular economy principle to become a reality, cultural change is required, and the paradigm that wastewater is only meant for disposal must be changed.

Resumen En Costa Rica, existen grandes desafíos en materia de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Este trabajo evaluó la gestión de aguas residuales ordinarias en Costa Rica, dando énfasis al perfil tecnológico, al uso de sistemas anaeróbicos y a la recuperación de los subproductos generados. Se consideró un abordaje mixto, combinando información secundaria de bases de datos, consultas a expertos y talleres participativos. Se logró evidenciar que la mayoría de los sistemas que existen trabaja con lodos activados y con vertido directo a cuerpo receptor. Además, se evidenciaron brechas importantes para la implementación de los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, en especial para los sistemas anaeróbicos. Desde el punto de vista técnico, se identificó la falta de capacitación y de confianza en diseñarlos y operarlos, aunado a la relevancia de controlar el tratamiento de contaminantes emergentes; desde el punto de vista económico, se apunta hacia la falta de sostenibilidad financiera de los proyectos y poca capacidad de pago de los usuarios, falta de incentivos o de sistemas tarifarios escalonados; dentro de las brechas institucionales, la principal es la necesidad de tener una rectoría más clara del sector y evitar la duplicidad de funciones. Se demostró que lo anterior requiere ir ligado de una normativa robusta y clara, que permita la innovación en los sistemas a implementar. Finalmente, se pudo detectar que, para que el principio de economía circular sea una realidad, se requiere trabajar en un cambio cultural y en romper el paradigma de que las aguas residuales solo sirven para desecharlas.

Abstract The IV Belém Summit in Pará, Brazil, held in August 2023, brought together the leaders of the member countries of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA) to discuss a new sustainable agenda for the region. The Amazon was the focus of attention due to its global importance as the largest watershed and the most extensive and diverse tropical forest on the planet. The Summit highlighted the importance of strengthening OTCA as the only intergovernmental coordination mechanism to implement the agreed presidential agenda. The Belém Declaration established priorities for effective regional cooperation, including sustainability, environmental preservation, and inclusive development. The challenges to be faced include the efficient management of OTCA, the improvement of governance and positioning as a center for regional and international technical and political cooperation. The successful implementation of the agreed agenda will require the commitment of the Amazon countries and the active participation of all stakeholders, especially indigenous peoples and local communities.

Resumen La IV Cumbre de Belém de Pará, Brasil, celebrada en agosto de 2023, reunió a personas líderes de los países integrantes de la Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA), con el fin de discutir una nueva agenda sostenible para la región. La Amazonía fue el centro de atención debido a su importancia mundial como la cuenca hidrográfica más vasta y el bosque tropical más extenso y diverso del planeta. La Cumbre destacó la importancia de fortalecer la OTCA, como el único mecanismo intergubernamental de coordinación para implementar la agenda presidencial acordada. La Declaración de Belém estableció prioridades para una cooperación regional efectiva, incluyendo la sostenibilidad, la preservación ambiental y el desarrollo inclusivo. Los retos por enfrentar incluyen la gestión eficiente de la OTCA, la mejora de la gobernanza y el posicionamiento como un centro de cooperación técnica y política regional e internacional. La implementación exitosa de la agenda acordada requerirá el compromiso de los países amazónicos y la participación activa de todas las partes interesadas, especialmente, los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales.

Resumo A relevância da investigação sobre a especificidade da composição ucraniana para piano, tanto a solo como em conjunto, é predefinida pela sua procura na sociedade moderna, bem como pelo conteúdo e significado desta esfera da arte musical. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar e elucidar de forma abrangente os meandros do fenómeno em análise, reconhecendo-o como um sistema multifacetado e intrincado. Para atingir o objetivo acima referido, foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: histórico, culturológico, análise, estruturação, síntese, caraterização comparativa e sistematização. A investigação analisa a complexidade do fenómeno. O estudo examinou vários componentes do fenómeno, nomeadamente os principais componentes da fundação da execução de piano na Ucrânia, os sectores de implementação do pianismo e a natureza do seu impacto sobre eles, a modernização das direcções da vida social sob a influência da música, a arte e a execução de piano ucraniano em diferentes épocas históricas, elementos da arte da execução de piano, funções de software na esfera do pianismo moderno. Os resultados da investigação iluminam os processos de integração da arte do piano nacional académico ucraniano na cultura criativa e performativa profissional mundial, bem como a singularidade da música ucraniana, que incorporou realizações estilísticas e técnicas do classicismo, do romantismo, das direcções do século XX e da modernidade, com base nas origens étnicas coloridas originais. O significado prático do estudo proposto consiste no facto de os seus materiais poderem ser utilizados nas actividades de concerto dos pianistas, na compilação de programas educativos de escolas de música secundárias e superiores em execução de piano, bem como na implementação de projectos de investigação destinados a encontrar descobertas no campo do pianismo, a sua especificidade, manifestada em diferentes áreas.

Abstract The research relevance on the specificity of Ukrainian piano composition, both solo and ensemble, is predefined by its demand for modern society, as well as in the content and significance of this sphere of musical art. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively investigate and elucidate the intricacies of the phenomenon under examination, recognizing it as a multifaceted and intricate system. To achieve the above objective, the following methods were used: historical, culturological, analysis, structuring, synthesis, comparative characterization, and systematization. The research analyses the complexity of the phenomenon. The study examined several components of the phenomenon, namely the leading components of the foundation of piano performance in Ukraine, the sectors of pianism implementation and the nature of its impact on them, the modernisation of social life directions under the influence of music, Ukrainian piano art and performance in different historical eras, elements of the art of piano performance, software functions in the sphere of modern pianism. The research results illuminate processes of Ukrainian academic national piano art integration into world professional creative and performing culture as well as the uniqueness of Ukrainian music which embodied stylistic and technical achievements of classicism, romanticism, directions of the twentieth century and modernity on the ground of original colourful ethnic origins. The practical significance of the proposed study consists in the fact that its materials can be used in the concert activities of pianists, in compiling educational programs of secondary and higher music schools in piano performance, as well as in the implementation of research projects aimed at finding discoveries in the field of pianism, its specificity, manifested in different areas.

ABSTRACT Cuba has worked on the development of photovoltaic energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The residential sector has embraced the modality of installing solar panels on the roofs of their homes in order to reduce their rates. Unconsumed energy can be sold to the national electrical grid. In the study, through scenario analysis, with the Homer Pro, the approximate time to recover the initial investment and obtain profits was determined by evaluating its technical-economic viability with the objective of recovering the investment in 7 to 8 years. At provide a clear vision of how the study, when considering local conditions and needs, offers specific recommendations on adjusting tariffs to encourage investment in solar energy and highlights its relevance within the Havana context, so that prosumers can recover their investment in solar energy less time.

RESUMEN Cuba ha trabajado en el desarrollo de la energía fotovoltaica para disminuir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles. El sector residencial ha acogido la modalidad de instalar paneles solares en los techos de sus hogares con el fin de reducir sus tarifas. La energía no consumida puede ser vendida a la red eléctrica nacional. En el estudio, a través del análisis de escenarios, con el Homer Pro, se determinó el tiempo aproximado para recuperar la inversión inicial y obtener ganancias al evaluar su viabilidad técnico-económica con el objetivo de recuperar la inversión en 7 a 8 años. Al brindarse una visión clara de cómo el estudio, al considerar las condiciones y necesidades locales, ofrece recomendaciones específicas sobre el ajuste de tarifas para incentivar la inversión en energía solar y resalta su relevancia dentro del contexto habanero, de modo que los prosumidores puedan recuperar su inversión en menor tiempo.

Abstract The centenary of Celso Furtado’s birth (1920-2020), one of the most important interpreters of the Brazilian modernization process in the 20th century, has raised several debates. This article approaches his political ideas from 1945 to 1964, especially reflections on the problem of cooperation between the Union and the states, directed to reducing regional inequalities in democratic contexts. His contributions favored the advance of cooperative federalism, and had greater prestige in the Juscelino Kubitschek’s government, when Furtado coordinated the GTDN and took over Sudene - an intermediary instance between the Union and the Northeastern states. In an innovative perspective, different from the North American federalist model, the intervention of the federal government and its regional institutions gain relevance in the construction of nationality and of a more egalitarian democratic order. In addition to it, Sudene would promote another standard of public management in the Northeast, directing federal public resources according to technical criteria, and therefore strengthening regional cohesion. Furtados s 19202020, 19202020 1920 2020 , (1920-2020) th century debates 194 1964 states contexts federalism Kubitscheks Kubitschek perspective model order it Northeast criteria cohesion 1920202 192 202 (1920-2020 19 196 192020 20 (1920-202 1 19202 2 (1920-20 (1920-2 (1920- (1920 (192 (19 (1 (

Resumo O centenário do nascimento de Celso Furtado (1920-2020), um dos mais importantes intérpretes do processo de modernização brasileiro no século XX, tem suscitado diversos debates. O artigo aborda suas ideias políticas, no período de 1945 a 1964, especialmente as reflexões sobre o problema da cooperação entre a União e os estados, voltadas para a redução das desigualdades regionais em contextos democráticos. Suas contribuições favoreceram o avanço do federalismo cooperativo e tiveram maior prestígio no Governo Juscelino Kubitscheck, quando coordenou o GTDN e assumiu a Sudene - instância intermediária entre a União e os estados nordestinos. Numa perspectiva inovadora, diferente do modelo federalista norte-americano, a intervenção do governo federal e de suas instituições regionais ganham relevância na construção da nacionalidade e de uma ordem democrática mais igualitária. Além disso, a Sudene promoveria um outro padrão de gestão pública no Nordeste, direcionando recursos públicos federais segundo critérios técnicos e fortalecendo a coesão regional. JEL: B3, H77, P48. 19202020, 19202020 1920 2020 , (1920-2020) XX debates políticas 194 1964 democráticos Kubitscheck nordestinos inovadora norteamericano, norteamericano norte americano, americano norte-americano igualitária disso Nordeste regional JEL B3 B H77 H P48 P 1920202 192 202 (1920-2020 19 196 H7 P4 192020 20 (1920-202 1 19202 2 (1920-20 (1920-2 (1920- (1920 (192 (19 (1 (

Abstract In Chile, despite the fact that the General Education Law No. 20,370 establishes the need to recognize and value people in their cultural specificity, worldview and history, the Educational Policy of Vocational Technical Training does not incorporate knowledge, methods or practices of the various indigenous cultures in the learning processes. To address this problem, educational institutions should move forward in assuming an intercultural educational approach, to ensure the recognition of social and cultural diversity. Using a documentary review at the international, national and local levels, the objective of this essay is to discuss the relevance of the intercultural educational approach as an alternative theoretical support to the monocultural approach that governs the current Vocational Technical Training Policy from the analysis of the Chilean case. To achieve this, we examine the professional technical policy, its laws and regulations in force, to account for how the current school curriculum and educational processes have configured a monocultural, homogenizing and decontextualized educational system. With this analysis, a proposal is presented to modify the policy in question, to incorporate a fifth strategic pillar: Intercultural Learning, based on four lines of action: learning centered on values; articulation of pedagogical approaches; bilingual intercultural learning; and, co-constructed learning. The conclusions suggest that our proposal would be an alternative way to the Western conception to learn and build knowledge, thus responding to the historical, social, cultural and individual demands of people and their territories.

Resumen En Chile, a pesar de que la Ley General de Educación N°20.370 establece la necesidad de reconocer y valorar a las personas en su especificidad cultural, cosmovisión e historia, la Política Educativa de Formación Técnica Profesional no incorpora conocimientos, métodos o prácticas de las diversas culturas indígenas en los procesos de aprendizaje. Para enfrentar este problema, las instituciones educativas deberían avanzar en asumir un enfoque educativo intercultural para garantizar el reconocimiento de la diversidad social y cultural. Mediante una revisión documental a nivel internacional, nacional y local, el objetivo de este ensayo es discutir la pertinencia del enfoque educativo intercultural como sustento teórico-práctico alternativo del enfoque monocultural que gobierna la actual Política de Formación Técnica Profesional a partir del análisis del caso chileno. Para lograrlo, examinamos la política técnica profesional, sus leyes y normas vigentes, con el fin de dar cuenta de cómo el actual curriculum escolar y los procesos educativos han configurado un sistema educativo monocultural, homogeneizador y descontextualizado. Con este análisis, se presenta una propuesta de modificación a la política en cuestión, para incorporar un quinto pilar estratégico: Aprendizaje Intercultural, sustentado en cuatro líneas de acción: aprendizaje centrado en valores; articulación de enfoques pedagógicos; aprendizaje intercultural bilingüe y aprendizaje co-construido. Las conclusiones plantean que nuestra propuesta sería una forma alternativa a la concepción occidental para aprender y construir conocimientos, respondiendo a las demandas históricas, sociales, culturales e individuales de las personas y sus territorios.

Abstract This reflective essay is framed in a process of analysis of substantive aspects associated with Technical Vocational Education and Training, in particular, with the management of pedagogical and curricular actions that converge in the study plans and programs, which are oriented to the consolidation of updated, relevant and inclusive profiles. The manuscript arises as an assessment of otherness in educational spaces and the relevance of eliminating any barrier or limit, by recognizing that all people are the other and that the greatest richness of the learning process is in the interaction, exchange and encounter with diversity, as an essential element of current training practices. For this purpose, a review was made of the theoretical position of several authors, as well as an analysis of the various perspectives that make it possible to embrace otherness in a framework of respect, legitimacy and empathy, that is, to motivate the training to enable the consolidation of life skills, well-being and fulfillment of the students.

Resumen El presente ensayo reflexivo se enmarca en un proceso de análisis de aspectos sustantivos asociados con la Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional, de modo particular, con la gestión de las acciones pedagógicas y curriculares que convergen en los planes y programas de estudio, las cuales se orientan a la consolidación de perfiles actualizados, pertinentes e inclusivos. Ante esto, el objetivo del ensayo consta de analizar diversas aseveraciones teóricas sobre la otredad y enlazarlas con los aspectos pedagógicos y curriculares distintivos de la Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional, para la comprensión de las múltiples realidades presentes en los espacios formativos. El manuscrito surge como una valoración de la otredad en los espacios educativos y la relevancia de eliminar cualquier barrera o límite, al reconocer que todas las personas somos el otro y que la riqueza más grande del proceso de aprendizaje está en la interacción, el intercambio y el encuentro con la diversidad, como un elemento esencial de las prácticas formativas actuales. En virtud de lo expuesto, el enfoque conceptual aborda diversas acepciones del término otredad, particularmente, orientado a los ecosistemas de aprendizaje y formación, lo que facilita entender su alcance y valorar su posicionamiento teórico y epistemológico. Para tales efectos, se realizó una revisión de la postura teórica de diversas personas autoras, así como un análisis de las variadas perspectivas que posibilitan abrazar la otredad en un marco de respeto, legitimación y empatía, es decir, motivar que los procesos formativos promuevan la consolidación de habilidades para la vida, el bienestar y plenitud del estudiantado.

Abstract Introduction: The presence of a persistent left superior vena cava, during the implantation of endocavitary electrodes for cardiac resynchronization, represents an unusual anomaly of great relevance, which can occur unexpectedly during the usual superior venous approach. It constitutes a technical challenge in your implant and doubts about its effectiveness or safety in the short and long term. There are isolated published cases. We present a complex case with this unusual anomaly that led to successful implantation of this device, with a normal functio during its 7-year follow-up It was followed by uneventul generator change. Conclusions: Persistent left superior vena cava is the most common cardiac venous return anomaly. Although its prevalence is low, it is of great relevance in the implantation and positioning of endocavitary electrodes necessary for cardiac resynchronization therapy. There is growing evidence about its feasibility and safety in the short and long term despite.

Resumen Introducción: La presencia de una vena cava superior izquierda persistente, durante el implante de electrodos endocavitarios para la resincronización cardíaca, representa una anomalía poco habitual de gran relevancia, que puede presentarse de forma inesperada durante el abordaje venoso superior habitual. Planteando desafíos técnicos en su implante y dudas sobre su eficacia o seguridad a corto y largo plazo; existiendo aislados casos publicados. Caso clínico: Presentamos un caso complejo con esta inusual anomalía llevado a implante de este dispositivo de forma exitosa, con funcionamiento normal durante su seguimiento de 7 años, llevado posteriormente a cambio de generador. Conclusiones: La vena cava superior izquierda persistente es la anomalía del retorno venoso cardiaco más frecuente, aunque su prevalencia es baja, presenta una gran relevancia en el implante y posicionamiento de electrodos endocavitarios necesarios para la terapia de resincronización cardiaca. Existe una evidencia creciente sobre su factibilidad y seguridad a corto y largo plazo a pesar de sus dificultades técnicas asociadas.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se refiere a un estudio realizado sobre la carrera de Acuicultura en la Universidad de Quevedo, en el contexto de la industria acuícola ecuatoriana. El objetivo fue analizar la pertinencia de la carrera sobre la demanda estudiantil y laboral. El estudio utilizó datos primarios y secundarios, y se centró en los cantones de la Zona 5 de Ecuador. El enfoque del estudio fue cuantitativo, mediante encuestas a estudiantes de tercer año de bachillerato y revisión documental de empresas acuícolas. Los resultados obtenidos respaldaron la pertinencia de la carrera de Acuicultura tanto en términos de demanda estudiantil como laboral. Se encontró un alto interés por parte de los encuestados en estudiar Acuicultura, lo cual indica un amplio mercado potencial para la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. Además, se identificó una demanda constante de profesionales especializados en el campo debido al crecimiento del sector acuícola. La relevancia educativa de esta carrera se refleja no solo en la demanda estudiantil, sino también en las oportunidades laborales existentes. Se concluye, que este estudio demuestra que la carrera de Acuicultura que ofrece la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo es pertinente tanto para los estudiantes como para el mercado laboral.

ABSTRACT This article refers to a study carried out on the Aquaculture career at the University of Quevedo, in the context of the Ecuadorian aquaculture industry. The objective was to analyze the relevance of the career on the student and labor demand. The study used primary and secondary data, and focused on the cantons of Zone 5 of Ecuador. The focus of the study was quantitative, through surveys of third-year high school students and documentary review of aquaculture companies. The results obtained supported the relevance of the Aquaculture career both in terms of student and labor demand. A high interest was found on the part of those surveyed in studying Aquaculture, which indicates a wide potential market for the Quevedo State Technical University. In addition, a constant demand for specialized professionals in the field was identified due to the growth of the aquaculture sector. The educational relevance of this career is reflected not only in the student demand, but also in the existing job opportunities. It is concluded that this study shows that the Aquaculture career offered by the Quevedo State Technical University is relevant both for students and for the labor market.

ABSTRACT What is the political agenda that animates, justifies, and legitimizes resource extractivism in the context of sustainability transformations and climate action enhanced? This is a question of growing relevance across geographies and sectors of activity that we aim to address from the Latin American countryside. To this end, we start with a discussion on the political economy and ecology of contemporary agrarian extractivism. Then, we turn to examine the role of diverse state and social actors in the rise of agroextractivism for climate stewardship in Bolivia, Guatemala, and Paraguay. In Bolivia, the alliance of Evo Morales with diverse classes of capital and reliance on the extractive economy ultimately led to his downfall as he lost support from his social bases and was unwilling to give up state power. The rise of the flex sugarcane and oil palm complexes in Guatemala since the mid-2000s relies on the new political agenda of ‘authoritarian corporate populism’. This involves political concessions to the underprivileged through public grants and multistakeholder governance, as in conventional populist political regimes. But additionally, authoritarian corporate populism involves concessions to working people and the environment in the private production realm. Violence, however, remains foundational to this political agenda, even if it is now cloaked in the rule of law. In Paraguay, the fierce rejection of Fernando Lugo’s tepid attempts to regulate the agribusiness sector culminated in a “parliamentary coup” orchestrated by the landlord class and preceded by spectacular acts of violence against peasants. The coup paved the way for the continuing expansion of an agroextractive export model characterized by the adoption of new genetically modified soy varieties, recurring state violence, and increasing campesino and indigenous dispossession and marginalization. Following the three country-analysis we discuss how the alliance among state actors, elites and agroextractivist capital, including through multistakeholder initiatives, have limited the transformative potential of progressive governments to improve the living conditions of the working people. In so doing, the triple alliance relies on the traditional strategies of influencing regulatory frameworks and legitimizing discourses. But it also relies on new political strategies that combine the manufacturing of popular consent to the agroextractivist order with violence and selective repression cloaked in the rule of law. We conclude stressing how the ´green´ ecomodernist turn of the agroextractivist agenda shifts attention away from the paradox of increasing the use of natural resources to cool down the planet. Rather, it privileges the sort of technical-administrative innovations that various flex crops complexes require to reproduce their necessary natural and social conditions of production of bioenergy and biomaterials for ‘the common good.’

RESUMEN ¿Cuál es la agenda política que anima, justifica y legitima el extractivismo de recursos en el marco de las transformaciones hacia la creciente sustentabilidad y la acción climática? Esta es una cuestión de creciente relevancia a nivel mundial y multisectorial a la que buscamos ofrecer respuestas desde el campo latinoamericano. Para ello comenzamos con un debate sobre la economía y la ecología política del extractivismo agrario contemporáneo. Después examinamos el papel de diversos actores estatales y sociales tras el auge del agroextractivismo en la acción climática en Bolivia, Guatemala y Paraguay. En Bolivia, las alianzas de Evo Morales con diversas clases de capital y su dependencia de la economía extractiva acabaron provocando su caída al perder el apoyo de sus bases y no estar dispuesto a renunciar al poder del Estado. El auge reciente de los complejos de cultivos comodín de la caña de azúcar y la palma aceitera en Guatemala se asienta sobre la nueva agenda del ‘populismo corporativo autoritario.’ Esta conlleva concesiones políticas a las personas más desfavorecidas a través de transferencias públicas y de sistemas de gobernanza multiparte, como en el caso de los regímenes políticos populistas convencionales. Pero además el populismo corporativo autoritario implica concesiones a las clases trabajadoras y al medio ambiente en el ámbito productivo privado. La violencia, sin embargo, sigue siendo clave en esta agenda política del poder, aun si ahora se legitima bajo la defensa del Estado de Derecho. En Paraguay, el feroz rechazo a los intentos de Fernando Lugo para regular el agronegocio culminó en un ‘golpe parlamentario’ orquestado por la clase terrateniente y precedido por violencia extrema contra el campesinado. El golpe facilitó la expansión de un modelo agroextractivo caracterizado por la adopción de nuevas variedades de soja genéticamente modificadas, la violencia estatal y el despojo y marginación de la población campesina e indígena. Tras este análisis por países planteamos una discusión mas general sobre cómo las alianzas entre actores estatales, elites y capital agroextractivo, incluyendo a través de iniciativas de gobernanza multiparte, han debilitado el potencial transformador de gobiernos progresistas para mejorar las condiciones de vida de las y los trabajadores. Con este fin, la triple alianza no sólo recurre a las tradicionales estrategias de influencia sobre marcos normativos y discursos legitimadores, sino también a nuevas estrategias políticas que combinan la generación de consentimiento popular al orden agroextractivista con la violencia y represión selectiva amparada en la defensa del Estado de Derecho. Concluimos subrayando cómo el giro ecomodernista 'verde' en la agenda politica del agroextractivismo desplaza la atención de la paradoja del creciente uso de recursos naturales para enfriar el planeta hacia las innovaciones técnico-administrativas que requieren diversos complejos corporativos de cultivos comodín para reproducir sus condiciones naturales y sociales de producción de bioenergía y biomateriales por ‘el bien común.’

Resumen Este trabajo buscó comprender cómo se aborda la educación sexual en el programa de Educación Secundaria General en Mozambique. Mediante una investigación bibliográfica, se analizaron materiales científicos y documentales, entre los que destacan los diferentes Planes Estratégicos de Educación del Sistema Nacional de Educación mozambiqueño. Los resultados del estudio revelan que la introducción de la Educación sexual en las políticas educativas mozambiqueñas tuvo una fuerte incitación por parte del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Población. Desde su introducción en el Plan Estratégico de Educación, la Educación sexual ha asumido diferentes contornos (por ejemplo: en el momento de su introducción daba relevancia a los aspectos técnico-fisiológicos excluyendo los componentes relacionales y afectivos de la sexualidad) y a medida que se revisan los planes estratégicos de educación, el enfoque que se hace del concepto de Educación sexual se va volviendo más amplio incorporando aspectos de carácter biológico, psicológico y social. Mozambique bibliográfica documentales mozambiqueño Población ejemplo técnicofisiológicos técnico fisiológicos sexualidad biológico social

Abstract This work sought to understand how sex Education is approached in the programme of General Secondary Education in Mozambique. Using bibliographical research, scientific and documentary materials were analysed, among which the different Strategic Education Plans of the Mozambican National Education System stand out. The results of the study reveal that the introduction of sex Education in Mozambican educational policies very strongly motivated by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Since its introduction in the Strategic Plan for Education, sex education has assumed different contours (for example: at the time of its introduction, it gave relevance to the technical-physiological aspects excluding the relational and emotional components of sexuality) and as the strategic plans for education are revised, the approach made to the concept of sex Education becomes more comprehensive, bringing in aspects of a biological, psychological and social nature. Mozambique research analysed out UNFPA. UNFPA . (UNFPA) example technicalphysiological technical physiological sexuality revised comprehensive biological nature (UNFPA

Resumo Este trabalho procurou compreender como a Educação sexual é abordada no programa do Ensino Secundário Geral em Moçambique. Com recurso a pesquisa bibliográfica foram analisados materiais científicos e documentais, dentre os quais destacam-se os diferentes Planos Estratégicos de Educação do Sistema Nacional de Educação moçambicano. Os resultados do estudo revelam que a introdução da Educação sexual nas políticas educacionais moçambicanas teve uma forte incitação do Fundo das Nações Unidas para a População. Desde a sua introdução no Plano Estratégico da Educação, a Educação sexual assumiu diferentes contornos (por exemplo: no momento da sua introdução dava relevância aos aspetos técnico-fisiológicos excluindo as componentes relacionais e emocionais da sexualidade) e a medida que os planos estratégicos da Educação são revistos, a abordagem feita ao conceito de Educação sexual vai se tornando mais abrangente trazendo aspetos de natureza biológica, psicológica e social. Moçambique documentais destacamse destacam moçambicano População por exemplo técnicofisiológicos técnico fisiológicos sexualidade revistos biológica social

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Duodenal adenocarcinoma is a small percentage of gastrointestinal neoplasms, around 0.5%, and its treatment is based on resection of the tumor, classically by pancreaticoduodenectomy. In recent years, however, segmental resections of duodenal lesions, that do not involve the second portion or the periampullary region, have gained relevance with good surgical and oncological outcomes as well as the benefit of avoiding surgeries that can result in high morbidity and mortality. AIMS: To report a case of an elderly female patient with malignant neoplastic lesion in the third and fourth duodenal portion, non-obstructive, submitted to surgical treatment. METHODS: The technical option was the resection of the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum with preservation of the pancreas and reconstruction with side-to-side duodenojejunal anastomosis. RESULTS: The evolution was satisfactory and the surgical margins were free of neoplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Segmental resections of the duodenum are feasible and safe, offering the benefit of preventing complications of pancreaticoduodenectomies. BACKGROUND neoplasms 05 0 5 0.5% tumor pancreaticoduodenectomy years however lesions region mortality AIMS nonobstructive, nonobstructive non obstructive, obstructive non-obstructive METHODS sidetoside side anastomosis RESULTS neoplasia CONCLUSIONS safe pancreaticoduodenectomies 0.5 0.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O adenocarcinoma duodenal é uma pequena porcentagem das neoplasias gastrointestinais, em torno de 0,5%, e seu tratamento baseia-se na ressecção da massa tumoral, classicamente por pancreatoduodenectomia. Nos últimos anos, porém, as ressecções segmentares de lesões duodenais que não envolvem a segunda porção ou a região periampular têm ganhado relevância com bons resultados cirúrgicos e oncológicos e com o benefício de evitar uma cirurgia que pode apresentar alta morbimortalidade. OBJETIVOS: Reportar o caso de uma paciente feminina, idosa, com lesão neoplásica maligna na terceira e quarta porção duodenal, não obstrutiva, submetida a tratamento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: A opção técnica foi a ressecção do duodeno distal e jejuno proximal com preservação do pâncreas e reconstrução com anastomose duodenojejunal látero-lateral. RESULTADOS: A evolução foi satisfatória e as margens cirúrgicas foram livres de neoplasia. CONCLUSÕES: As ressecções segmentares do duodeno são factíveis e seguras, com os benefícios de evitar as complicações das pancreatoduodenectomias. RACIONAL gastrointestinais 05 0 5 0,5% baseiase baseia se tumoral pancreatoduodenectomia anos porém morbimortalidade OBJETIVOS feminina idosa obstrutiva cirúrgico MÉTODOS láterolateral. láterolateral látero lateral. lateral látero-lateral RESULTADOS neoplasia CONCLUSÕES seguras pancreatoduodenectomias 0,5 0,

Abstract The Federal University of Goiás (UFG) and the University of Brasília (UnB), in partnership with the company Eletrobras Furnas, have developed research and, based on this, extension projects aimed at education in a broad sense, in which they seek to disseminate and popularise technical-scientific knowledge. This paper aims to present and evaluate educational actions carried out in the area of soil science and geotechnics applied to engineering, geography, and the environment. To do so, the educational experiences developed within the scope of two extension projects are shared. Besides that, the relevance of publishing books and primer, with language adapted to lay society, within the scope of research projects, is analysed. The results collected regarding the effectiveness of the extension actions as a tool for learning point to a positive evaluation by the students. Furthermore, social networks are an important tool for scientific dissemination and have the potential to disseminate knowledge more widely than in a classroom course. By comparing the number of citations in Google Scholar of the books and booklets with the papers arising from these projects, one can observe the reach of this type of publication, although its purpose is the popularisation of science, with reach in places not considered in the technical-scientific publication metrics. Finally, for effective scientific development, it is necessary to have public policies, effective interaction between universities, research centres and schools, and the participation of professional associations, funding and evaluation agencies, Education Departments and the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology, and Innovation. UFG (UFG UnB, UnB , (UnB) Furnas sense technicalscientific technical engineering geography environment so shared that primer society analysed students Furthermore course metrics Finally development policies universities schools associations agencies Science Technology Innovation (UnB