Resumen Se encontraron árboles enfermos en plantaciones de Tectona grandis en la provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica, que mostraban síntomas de pudrición del cuello y la raíz. A nivel morfológico y molecular, se identificó la especie Kretzschmaria zonata como el agente causal de la enfermedad. El micelio del patógeno creció de forma circuncéntrica en un medio PDA, con coloración gris en el centro y blanca en los bordes. Se registraron ascosporas de color café oscuro, cuyo tamaño era (21.6-) 27.4 - 32.1 (-33.5) x (6.2-) 8.7 - 10.9 (-11.8) µm. Las plantas inoculadas con el patógeno presentaron lesiones, con diferencias altamente significativas respecto a las plantas testigo. Se realizaron reaislamientos y se recuperó el hongo K. zonata, cumpliendo con los postulados de Koch. Es la primera vez que se reporta este patógeno causando enfermedad en plantaciones forestales de teca en Costa Rica, lo que constituye un avance para el estudio de estrategias de manejo de la enfermedad.

Abstract Diseased trees were found in Tectona grandis plantations in the province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, showing symptoms of collar and root rot. At the morphological and molecular level, the species Kretzschmaria zonata was identified as the causal agent of the disease. The pathogen's mycelium grew in a concentric form on PDA medium, with a gray coloration in the center and a white one at the edges. Dark brown ascospores were recorded, measuring (21.6-) 27.4 - 32.1 (-33.5) x (6.2-) 8.7 - 10.9 (-11.8) µm. Plants inoculated with the pathogen developed lesions, with highly significant differences compared to control plants. Re-isolations were performed, and the fungus K. zonata was recovered, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. This is the first time that this pathogen has been reported as causing disease in teak forest plantations in Costa Rica, which constitutes an advancement in the study of management strategies regarding this disease.

Abstract With the development of clonal production systems in forestry, there is a need for efficient indicators to determine the production capacity of the system. The Clonal Propagation Productivity Index (CPI) is recommended to determine the effect of possible technical improvement on the production capacity. CPI allows assessing productivity differences according to the month of year, between years, between species, between nutrition programs, irrigation programs, or other changes in the clonal production system. It is based on several efficiency criteria for each of the universal components in a clonal production system: a) Mother stock garden, b) Rooting area, c) Acclimatization area. In mother stock garden were considered as parameters 1) planting density; 2) mortality; 3) harvest frequency; 4) shoot production rate per mother plant. Meanwhile, for the rooting area the parameters were, 1) first quality control (previous cutting preparation); 2) rooting rate; 3) rooting duration. In the acclimatization area, survival rate and final quality control were included. Finally, a unit of time in weeks is required to produce an effective cutting. The CPI value for teak (Tectona grandis L.) was 130 and for melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) 279 effective cuttings/m2/month. The minimum value that the index has registered was for Dipteryx oleifera with 18 cuttings per month per m2, while the maximum value can reach 330 cuttings in the index with an optimal Gmelina arborea production system. It is concluded that CPI is an easy and accurate indicator to estimate production capacity in a clonal system, sensitive enough to determine the effect of any improvement in the technological package. The proposed index includes all the factors affecting mass clonal production in forestry systems.

Resumen Con el desarrollo de sistemas de producción clonal en silvicultura, existe la necesidad de indicadores de eficiencia para determinar la capacidad de producción del sistema. Se propone el Índice de Propagación Clonal (IPC) para determinar el efecto de cualquier mejora técnica sobre la capacidad de producción. El IPC permite evaluar diferencias de productividad según mes del año, entre años, entre especies, entre programas de nutrición, programas de riego o cualquier otro cambio en el sistema de producción clonal. Se basa en una serie de criterios de eficiencia para cada uno de los componentes universales en un sistema de producción clonal: a) Minijardín clonal, b) Área de enraizamiento, c) Área de aclimatación. En el minijardín clonal se consideraron como parámetros 1) la densidad de siembra; 2) la mortalidad; 3) la frecuencia de cosecha; 4) la tasa de producción de brotes por planta madre. Mientras que en el área de enraizamiento los parámetros fueron, 1) primer control de calidad (preparación previa del esqueje); 2) tasa de enraizamiento; 3) tiempo de enraizamiento. En el área de aclimatación se incluyó la tasa de supervivencia y el control de calidad final. Finalmente, se requiere una unidad de tiempo en semanas para todo el ciclo de producción clonal. El valor del IPC para la teca (Tectona grandis L.) fue de 130 y para la melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) de 279 estacas efectivas/m2/mes. El valor mínimo que el índice puede alcanzar es el registrado para Dipteryx oleifera con 18 estaquillas/m2/mes. Mientras que el valor máximo podría alcanzar las 330 estaquillas/m2/mes en un sistema de producción clonal óptimo con la especie Gmelina arborea. Se concluye que el IPC es un indicador fácil y preciso para estimar la capacidad de producción en un sistema clonal, lo suficientemente sensible como para determinar el efecto de cualquier mejora en el paquete tecnológico. El índice propuesto comprende todos los factores que afectan la productividad de estaquillas a escala masiva comercial en sistemas forestales.

Abstract: Forestry companies have invested in genetic improvement to increase wood production in a shorter amount of time. Thus, studies are needed to compare the properties of clonal and seminal wood materials. The objective of this study was to analyze physical and mechanical properties of Tectona grandis (teca) from clonal (C1 and C2) and seminal (S) origin and evaluate the yield and quality of sawn wood subjected to outdoor and oven drying. Genetic material was collected from six, 15-year-old trees. Clone C2 presented the lowest amount of bark, and 51% heartwood up to half the commercial height, while the heartwood of C1 and S went up to 25% of the height. The three materials did not differ statistically for maximum angular deviation, pith eccentricity, basic density, Janka hardness, anisotropy, commercial income of sawn wood and the presence of knots. After the drying processes, the bowing and crooking indexes were less than 5 mm.m-1, however, the seminal material showed a higher cracking incidence after outdoor and oven drying. In conclusion, the wood properties of the three materials are similar. In addition, the oven drying process is recommended.

RESUMO A densidade de árvores é um aspecto importante no planejamento de sistemas silvipastoris (SPS), uma vez que a baixa luminosidade pode limitar a perenidade da forragem, principalmente para forrageiras tropicais de metabolismo C4. O objetivo com este estudo foi verificar se um SPS com alta densidade de árvores acelera o processo de degradação da pastagem e altera a composição química da forragem. O experimento foi realizado comparando a pastagem de capim-marandu [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] em dois sistemas: silvipastoril e pastagem aberta. No SPS foi plantada teca (Tectona grandis) com densidade de 750 árvores ha-1. As avaliações foram realizadas ao longo de três anos (2015, 2016 e 2017). O sombreamento SPS reduziu a massa de forragem, a densidade de perfilhos e a cobertura do solo ao longo dos anos. No capim-marandu no SPS houve maior proporção de colmos, o que favoreceu menor potencial digestível de matéria seca no primeiro ano. Mesmo com maior quantidade de colmo, maior concentração de proteína bruta e minerais foram observados no SPS. Devido à alta densidade de árvores, o sombreamento excessivo acelerou o processo de degradação da pastagem, o que demonstra que o planejamento da ordenação espacial das espécies arbóreas é fundamental. SPS, , (SPS) forragem C4 C capimmarandu capim marandu Urochloa Hochst. Hochst (Hochst Rich. Rich R D Webster aberta Tectona grandis 75 ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 2015, 2015 (2015 201 2017. 2017 . 2017) colmos ano colmo fundamental (SPS 7 ha- (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

ABSTRACT Tree density is an important aspect in silvopastoral system (SPS) planning, since low luminosity can limit forage perenniality, especially for tropical forages of C4 metabolism. The objective with this study was to verify if an SPS with high tree density accelerates the pasture degradation process and changes the forage chemical composition. The experiment was carried out by comparison of marandu palisade grass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] pasture in two systems: silvopastoral and open pasture. In the SPS, teak (Tectona grandis) was planted with a density of 750 trees ha-1. Evaluations were carried out over three years (2015, 2016 and 2017). SPS shading reduced herbage mass, tiller density and soil cover over the years. In the marandu palisade grass in the SPS there was a greater stem proportion, which favoured lesser potential digestible dry matter in the first year. Even with a higher amount of stem, higher crude protein concentration and minerals were observed in the SPS. Due to the high density of trees, excessive shading accelerated the process of degradation of the pasture, which demonstrates that planning of the spatial arrangement of tree species is crucial. (SPS perenniality C metabolism composition Urochloa Hochst. Hochst (Hochst A Rich. Rich R D Webster systems Tectona grandis 75 ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 2015, 2015 (2015 201 2017. 2017 . 2017) mass proportion year crucial 7 ha- (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumo Esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir os principais fatores envolvidos no desenvolvimento de folículos antrais iniciais até a dependência de gonadotrofinas. Essa fase folicular é caracterizada por intensa proliferação de células da granulosa, formação de uma cavidade preenchida por líquido, diferenciação morfológica das células do cumulus, células da granulosa murais e recrutamento de células da teca. A interação entre oócito, células da granulosa e da teca é determinante para o crescimento folicular e produção hormonal. Fatores de crescimento produzidos pelo oócito, fator de crescimento e diferenciação-9 (GDF-9) e proteína morfogenética óssea-15 (BMP-15), regulam a proliferação e diferenciação de células da granulosa, e o desenvolvimento da cavidade antral, bem como estimulam a produção de receptores do hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) nas células da granulosa. Em resposta ao FSH, as células da granulosa secretam o peptídeo natriurético tipo C (CNP), que atua através de seu receptor para aumentar a produção de monofosfato de guanosina cíclico (GMPc) e consequentemente o desenvolvimento folicular. As células da granulosa também produzem o fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina 1 (IGF-1) e aumentam a atividade da enzima aromatase, o que resulta em maior sensibilidade às gonadotrofinas e esteroidogênese folicular. A ausência de sinalização do IGF-1 causa cessação do crescimento folicular no início do estágio antral. Muitos outros fatores locais estão envolvidos na regulação do desenvolvimento folicular. Por tanto essa revisão traz dados relevantes para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos no controle do crescimento de folículos antrais iniciais, enfatizando o papel dos fatores endócrinos e parácrinos, a interação oócito-células da granulosa e os processos de atresia folicular. Os desafios para o estabelecimento de sistemas de cultivo eficientes para o crescimento in vitro de folículos antrais iniciais também são discutidos. líquido cumulus oócito hormonal diferenciação9 9 diferenciação- GDF9 GDF (GDF-9 óssea15 óssea 15 óssea-1 BMP15, BMP15 BMP , (BMP-15) antral FSH (FSH CNP, CNP (CNP) GMPc (GMPc IGF1 IGF (IGF-1 aromatase IGF- parácrinos oócitocélulas discutidos (GDF- óssea1 óssea- BMP1 (BMP-15 (CNP (IGF- (GDF (BMP-1 (IGF (BMP- (BMP

Abstract This review aims to discuss the main factors involved in the development of early antral follicles until gonadotropin dependence. This follicular phase is characterized by intense proliferation of granulosa cells, formation of a fluid-filled cavity, morphological differentiation of cumulus cells, mural granulosa cells and recruitment of theca cells. The interaction between oocyte, granulosa and theca cells is crucial for follicular growth and hormone production. Growth factors produced by the oocyte, such as growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15), regulate granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation and antral cavity development, as well as stimulate the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptors in granulosa cells. In response to FSH, granulosa cells secrete C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), which acts through its receptor to increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production and consequently follicular development. Granulosa cells also produce insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and increase aromatase enzyme activity, which results in greater sensitivity to gonadotropins and follicular steroidogenesis. The absence of IGF-1 signaling causes cessation of follicular growth at the early antral stage. Many other local factors are involved in the regulation of follicular development. Therefore, this review brings relevant data for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control of early antral follicle growth, emphasizing the role of endocrine and paracrine factors, the oocyte-granulosa cell interaction and the processes of follicular atresia. The challenges for the establishment of efficient culture systems for in vitro growth of early antral follicles are also discussed. dependence fluidfilled fluid filled oocyte factor9 factor 9 factor- GDF9 GDF (GDF-9 protein15 protein 15 protein-1 BMP15, BMP15 BMP , (BMP-15) folliclestimulating stimulating FSH (FSH Ctype C type CNP, CNP (CNP) cGMP (cGMP insulinlike insulin like factor1 1 IGF1 IGF (IGF-1 activity steroidogenesis IGF- stage Therefore oocytegranulosa atresia discussed (GDF- protein1 protein- BMP1 (BMP-15 (CNP (IGF- (GDF (BMP-1 (IGF (BMP- (BMP

Resumen Los reguladores de crecimiento facilitan la propagación y aumentan el rendimiento en la producción de plantas. La adición en diferentes cantidades determina una mayor efectividad en la regeneración celular. Por tanto, este estudio evaluó el efecto de varias dosis del GA3 (ácido giberélico) y de la BAP (bencilaminopurina) en la productividad de minijardines clonales de teca en San Carlos, Costa Rica. Se estableció un ensayo con diseño factorial (2x4). Como factor (A) se utilizó al GA3 y la BAP, mientras que como factor (B) las dosis 0, 5, 10 y 20 mgl-1. El análisis de varianza y pruebas de comparación mostraron que el uso del GA3 aumentó significativamente la producción y longitud de brotes. Y, el BAP no presentó efectos significativos en la producción. La aplicación de 10 y 20 mgl-1 de GA3 aumentó la producción de brotes por planta madre de 1,02 a 1,47 y 1,50 aumentando la producción en un 44 y 47 % respectivamente, en cosecha quincenal ordinaria, y 169 hasta 172 brotes por metro cuadrado correspondiente a un 38 y 33 %. Al aplicar 5 mgl-1 hasta 20 mgl-1 de GA3 se obtuvo brotes desde 4,19 a 4,44 cm de longitud. En la tasa de enraizamiento, las diferencias se presentaron en el GA3 que demostró ser superior al BAP en un 49% para el enraizamiento diario medio, con una velocidad de 1,30 brotes por día. En conclusión, aplicar 10 mgl-1 de GA3 es suficiente para aumentar el rendimiento en la productividad de minijardines clonales de teca.

Abstract Growth regulators facilitate propagation and increase yield in plant production. Adding different amounts of regulators cause greater effectiveness in cell regeneration. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different doses of GA3 (gibberellic acid) and BAP (benzylaminopurine) on the productivity of clonal teak mini gardens in San Carlos, Costa Rica. A trial with a factorial design (2x4) was established. GA3 and BAP were used as factor (A), while doses of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mgl-1 were used as factor (B). The analysis of variance and comparison tests showed that the use of GA3 significantly increased shoot production and shoot length, while BAP had no significant effect on production. The application of 10 and 20 mgl-1 of GA3 increased shoot production per mother plant from 1.02 to 1.47 and 1.50 increasing the production by 44 and 47 % respectively, in ordinary biweekly harvest, and 169 to 172 shoots per square meter corresponding to 38 and 33 %. When 5 mgl-1 to 20 mgl-1 of GA3 were applied, shoots from 4.19 to 4.44 cm in length were obtained. In the rooting rate, the differences were presented in GA3 which proved to be superior to BAP by 49% for the average daily rooting, with a rate of 1.30 shoots per day. In conclusion, applying 10 mgl-1 of GA3 is sufficient to increase the productivity performance of clonal teak mini gardens.

ABSTRACT Bearing in mind the importance of Tectona grandis L. production in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, it is necessary to establish crops with seedlings of excellent quality, and the selection of diaspores can improve seed vigor, thus providing better quality to the seedlings. It was aimed to indicate the ideal stage of maturation of T. grandis diaspores through image analysis, guaranteeing seed quality and seedling production. T. grandis diaspores were collected in the years 2016 and 2017 at 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after anthesis. The material collected was analyzed for the presence of seeds per fruit in X-ray equipment to compose the treatments. After this selection, the variables color, area, and diameter were analyzed, and fruit weight, germination, and emergence tests were carried out. The diaspores along the maturation process, had higher amount of seeds and higher weight. The increase in the colors yellow and black was na indicative of the maturation for T. grandis diaspores collected in 2017, and the reduction of the percentagem of dark gray color for the diaspores collected in 2016. Fruit area and diameter was higher in those who had four seeds and the diaspore quality evaluated by the germination percentage, germination first count, initial stand and emergence percentgevary according to the amount of seeds present in the diaspore, being higher for diaspores containing 4 seeds. Diaspore quality was evaluated by germination percentage, first germination count, initial stand, and emergence percentge, was superior in the 2017, with diaspores having 2 na 3 seeds. The maturation of T. grandis diaspores is dependent of the year of collection and presents better quality when collected at 120 and 150 days after anthesis.

RESUMO Tendo em vista a importância da produção de Tectona grandis Linn F. no estado de Mato Grosso, é necessário estabelecer cultivos com mudas de excelente qualidade e a seleção de diásporos pode favorecer seu vigor, proporcionando a produção de mudas de maior padrão. O objetivo da pesquisa foi indicar o estágio de maturação ideal dos diásporos de teca por meio da análise de imagens, que garanta a qualidade de sementes e produção de mudas. Diásporos foram coletados nos anos de 2016 e 2017 aos 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias após a antese e analisados quanto à presença de sementes por fruto em equipamento de raios X para compor os tratamentos. Após a seleção, foram analisadas características de cor, área e diâmetro e realizados testes de peso de frutos, germinação e emergência. Os diásporos durante o processo de maturação possuíam maior peso e quantidade de sementes. O aumento da porcentagem da cor amarela e preta foi indicativo da maturação dos diásporos coletados em 2017 e a redução da porcentagem da cor cinza escuro para o ano de 2016. A área e diâmetro dos frutos foram maiores naqueles que continham quatro sementes e a qualidade dos diásporos avaliados, pela germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, estande inicial e emergência, foi superior no ano de 2017, com diásporos contendo 2 e 3 sementes. A maturação dos diásporos de teca são dependentes do ano de coleta e com melhor qualidade quando coletados aos 120 e 150 dias após a antese.

ABSTRACT Forest fires have affected large areas in different regions of the planet. The emission of gases during these accidents is the cause of several problems to the health of the combatants and the population in general. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze and quantify polluting gases and particulate materials emitted during the occurrence of forest fires in different types of biomass and the correlation with the possible health problems of the brigadiers. For this purpose, fires in eucalyptus, pine, teak and pasture biomass were simulated in an experimental table in the south of the state of Espírito Santo. With a portable gas detector, CH4, CO, CO2, NH3 and H2S gases released during the combustion process were captured and analyzed. Using the remaining ash, the size of the particulate materials was measured. To determine the influence of materials on the release of gases, a completely randomized design and the Tukey test at 5% probability were applied. The burning of pasture biomass resulted in a greater release of CO (796.52 ppm), CO2 (490.52 ppm) NH3 (32.58 ppm). Therefore, it is concluded that the particulate materials emitted by the treatments of the present study were larger than those indicated as inhalable by humans, in relation to the damage to human health, it is concluded that the burning of pasture and eucalyptus biomass are the most harmful. The results elucidated the importance of the use of PPE's by the combatants and all those directly involved with forest fires.

RESUMO Os incêndios florestais têm afetado grandes áreas em diversas regiões do planeta. A emissão de gases durante esses sinistros se configura como a causa de diversos problemas à saúde dos combatentes e da população em geral. Assim, objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, a análise e quantificação dos gases poluentes e dos materiais particulados emitidos durante a ocorrência de incêndios florestais em diferentes tipos de biomassa e a correlação com os possíveis problemas à saúde dos brigadistas. Para tal, foram simulados incêndios em biomassa de eucalipto, pinus, teca e pastagem, em uma mesa experimental no Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Com um detector de gases portátil, foram captados e analisados os gases CH4, CO, CO2, NH3 e H2S liberados durante o processo de combustão. Com o uso das cinzas remanescentes, mensurou-se o tamanho dos materiais particulados. Para a determinação da influência dos materiais na liberação dos gases, foram aplicados o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A queima da biomassa de pastagem resultou na maior liberação de CO (796,52 ppm), CO2 (490,52 ppm) NH3 (32,58 ppm). Portanto conclui-se que, os materiais particulados emitidos pelos tratamentos do presente estudo apresentaram tamanhos superiores aos indicados como inaláveis pelos seres humanos, em relação aos danos à saúde humana, a queima da biomassa de pastagem e de eucalipto são as mais nocivas. Os resultados elucidaram a importância dos EPI’s para os combatentes e todos os envolvidos de diretamente com os incêndios florestais.

Resumen: Se evaluó el efecto de la asociación teca-crotalaria sobre la fertilidad del suelo, el crecimiento y la nutrición de la teca en etapa temprana, y la comunidad de arvenses. En las últimas décadas la madera de teca ha incrementado su valor por su dureza y durabilidad, ocasionando incrementos en la superficie de cultivo en México, donde el uso de leguminosas como abonos verdes se perfila como una tecnología que coadyuva en la sustentabilidad del ecosistema y la disminución de daños ambientales, asociados al uso de fertilizantes químicos. La investigación se realizó de agosto-2020 a enero-2021 en el Poblado C34 “Benito Juárez”, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. La fertilidad del suelo se analizó mediante muestreo y análisis físico-químicos al inicio y final de la investigación. El rendimiento de la crotalaria se evaluó a los 60 días de su germinación. La asociación teca-crotalaria no influyó en los parámetros del suelo estudiado, con excepción del Ni, que mostró diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias en la altura y diámetro de la teca entre tratamientos, tampoco en la concentración de N, P, K, Ca y Mg a los seis meses, aunque los contenidos nutrimentales estuvieron en niveles de suficiencia. Como resultado de los cinco muestreos de arvenses se tuvo un listado florístico comprendido por 24 especies, 20 géneros y 13 familias, destacando Fabaceae y Poaceae. La riqueza (S) y diversidad (H’) tuvieron valores bajos, ligeramente mayores donde no hubo AV, los mayores correspondieron a 30 dd de incorporar la crotalaria. La especie más importante fue el pasto estrella; seguido de pasto humidícola, el botón de oro, la chibolita y L. crustacea.

Abstract: The effect of the teak-crotalaria association on soil fertility, early stage teak growth and nutrition, and the weed community was evaluated. In recent decades, teak wood has increased its value due to its hardness and durability, causing increases in the cultivated area in Mexico, where the use of legumes as green manures is emerging as a technology that contributes to the sustainability of the ecosystem and the reduction of environmental damage, associated with the use of chemical fertilizers. The research was carried out from August-2020 to January-2021 in Town C34 "Benito Juárez", Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Soil fertility was evaluated by sampling and physical-chemical analysis at the beginning and end of the investigation. Crotalaria yield was evaluated 60 days after germination. The teak-crotalaria association did not influence the parameters of the soil studied, with the exception of Ni, which showed significant differences between treatments. No differences were observed in the height and diameter of the theca between treatments, nor in the concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg at six months, although the nutritional contents were at sufficiency levels. As a result of the five samples of weeds, a floristic list was obtained comprising 24 species, 20 genera and 13 families, highlighting Fabaceae and Poaceae. Richness (S) and diversity (H’) had low values, slightly higher where there was no AV, the highest corresponded to 30 dd after incorporating the crotalaria. The most important species was the star grass; followed by humidicolous grass, the golden button, the chibolita and L. crustacea.

Resumen. Los modelos alométricos son de vital importancia ya que permiten estimar la biomasa aérea en cada uno de sus componentes (hojas, ramas, fuste y total) del árbol. El objetivo del estudio fue ajustar modelos alométricos para estimar biomasa aérea por componentes en árboles individuales de Tectona grandis L. f. en Tizimín, Yucatán. La biomasa aérea se estimó mediante el método directo, se derribó en campo un total de 32 individuos, cada árbol se separó por componente; hojas, ramas y fuste y se determinó el peso verde, se extrajeron submuestras de los componentes para determinar la relación peso seco-peso verde. Para obtener la biomasa se multiplicó el peso verde total de cada componente por su relación correspondiente. Para cada componente se ajustaron ecuaciones lineales y no lineales, mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. El modelo no lineal (potencial) mostró mejor ajuste, presentando el componente fuste y total registraron un R2 de 0.96 en T. grandis L. f. La proporción de biomasa en cada uno de sus componentes fue diferente, siendo el fuste el de mayor porcentaje con un 48%, seguido de ramas con 35 y 17% en hojas.

Abstract. Allometric models are of vital importance since they allow estimating the aerial biomass in each of its components (leaves, branches, stem and total) of the tree. The objective of the study was to adjust allometric models to estimate aerial biomass by components in individual trees of Tectona grandis L. f. in Tizimin, Yucatan. Aerial biomass was estimated using the direct method, a total of 32 individuals were shot down in the field, each tree was separated by component; leaves, branches and stem and the green weight was determined, subsamples of the components were extracted to determine the dry weight-green weight relationship. To obtain the biomass, the total green weight of each component was multiplied by its corresponding ratio. Linear and non-linear equations were adjusted for each component, using the method of ordinary least squares. The non-linear (potential) model showed a better fit, presenting the stem and total component they registered an R2 of 0.96 in T. grandis L. f. The proportion of biomass in each of its components was different, being the stem the one with the highest percentage with 48%, followed by branches with 35 and 17% leaves.

Resumen El Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) contempla una modalidad de pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) que busca la recuperación de la cobertura forestal. Dentro de esta modalidad se encuentran los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) cuyo objetivo es combinar árboles con sistemas de producción agrícolas. Sin embargo, actualmente se desconoce la composición y estado de estos sistemas. Con el objetivo de caracterizar los SAF sometidos al PSA en Costa Rica, se realizó un análisis de los proyectos formalizados por FONAFIFO entre 2011 y 2018 en las oficinas regionales San Carlos, San José Oriental y San José Occidental. Se revisaron los estudios técnicos de 527 proyectos y los respectivos informes certificados. Se registró la identificación del proyecto, tipo de regencia, área sembrada, especies forestales y número de árboles por especie, componente agrícola asociado, tecnología agroforestal, y manejo reportado. La información fue tabulada y sometida a análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se encontró un predominio de sistemas agroforestales en café (43 %) asociados principalmente a Erythrina sp. como árbol de uso múltiple concentrados en la Zona de Los Santos y Pérez Zeledón. Los sistemas en bloque se encontraron en segundo lugar (32 %), predominando teca (Tectona grandis), cedro (Cedrela odorata) y melina (Gmelina arborea) ubicados en la Zona Norte y Pacífico Central. Se encontraron pocos reportes de prácticas silviculturales y de estado fitosanitario. El control de arvenses fue la práctica más reportada. Es necesario mejorar el monitoreo y registro de información de los proyectos que permita tener evidencia del manejo silvicultural dado.

Abstract The National Forest Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) contemplates a payment method for environmental services (PES) that seeks to recover forest cover. Within this modality are agroforestry systems (AFS) which objective is to combine trees with agricultural production systems. However, the composition and status of these systems is currently unknown. In order to characterize the SAFs subjected to the PSA in Costa Rica, an analysis of the projects formalized by FONAFIFO between 2011 and 2018 was carried out in the regional offices San Carlos, San José Oriental and San José Occidental. Technical studies of 527 projects and the respective certified reports were reviewed. Project identification, type of regency, planted area, tree species and number of trees per species, associated agricultural component, agroforestry technology, and reported management were recorded. The information was tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A predominance of agroforestry systems in coffee (43 %) associated mainly with the tree species Erythrina sp. as a multi-use tree concentrated in the Los Santos and Pérez Zeledón area. Block systems were found in second place (32 %), predominating teak (Tectona grandis), cedar (Cedrela odorata) and melina (Gmelina arborea) located in the North Zone and Central Pacific. A few reports of silvicultural practices and phytosanitary status were found. Weed control was the most reported practice. It is necessary to improve the monitoring and recording of information on the projects in order to have evidence of silvicultural management.

Resumen La teca es una de las especies forestales de mayor reforestación comercial en el mundo tropical y subtropical, lo que ha motivado el desarrollo de programas de mejoramiento genético en la región, que requieren protocolos de cruzamiento controlado, para recombinar individuos con características superiores para obtener genotipos de alto rendimiento en plantaciones comerciales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo optimizar las técnicas de polinización controlada de esta especie. Se realizaron varios ensayos en lo que se determinó el efecto de la emasculación, la determinación del mejor instrumento de polinización entre pincel y punta de pipeta, el efecto del corte del estilo, así como el desarrollo de métodos de aislamiento de la panícula. Los ensayos se repitieron numerosas veces durante dos años, utilizando polen de diferente origen. En ninguno de los ensayos se logró determinar diferencias estadísticas significativas entre las técnicas de polinización evaluadas. Sin embargo, si se encontraron diferencias entre las repeticiones que se realizaron a través del tiempo, lo que sugiere que las condiciones climáticas afectan la eficiencia en la polinización de teca. La mejor técnica de polinización en teca no requiere la emasculación, el pincel es la herramienta más simple y eficiente a nivel operativo, el corte del estilo no aumenta significativamente el número de frutos obtenidos. La tasa de fertilización con polinización controlada puede alcanzar hasta un 90 %. Sin embargo, efectos ambientales y posiblemente la acción de mecanismos de autoincompatibilidad postcigóticos, reducen el número de frutos efectivos en más de 25 % al final del periodo reproductivo.

Abstract Teak is one of the most commercially reforested forest species in the tropical and subtropical world, which has motivated the development of genetic improvement programs in the region, requiring controlled crossing protocols to recombine individuals with superior characteristics to obtain high-yielding genotypes in commercial plantations. The present study aimed to optimize controlled pollination techniques for this species. Several trials were conducted to determine the effect of emasculation, the determination of the best pollination tool between brush and pipette tip, the effect of style cutting, as well as the development of panicle isolation methods. The trials were repeated numerous times over two years, using pollen from different sources. In none of the trials was it possible to determine significant statistical differences between the pollination techniques evaluated. However, differences were found between repetitions over time, suggesting that climatic conditions affect the efficiency of teak pollination. The best pollination technique in teak does not require emasculation, the brush is the simplest and most operationally efficient tool, and cutting the pistil does not significantly increase the number of fruits obtained. The fertilization rate with controlled pollination can reach up to 90%. However, environmental effects and possibly the action of postzygotic self-incompatibility mechanisms reduce the number of effective fruits by more than 25% at the end of the reproductive period.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The American Association on Mental Retardation characterizes intellectual disability as significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior (practical, social, and conceptual skills), beginning before the age of 18. Objective: To characterize the causes of intellectual disability in a sample of institutionalized children at the Special School in Benguela in the People's Republic of Angola. Material and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out on a population of 139 schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities. Guvtavson etiopathogenic classification was applied to define the cause. Results: Prenatal etiology was the most frequent (45.3%), followed by postnatal (29.5%) and perinatal ones (18.0%). Environmental etiology (20.9%) was the most prevalent in the prenatal category, highlighting alcohol consumption (8.6%). In the perinatal stage, hypoxia at birth (5.0%) stood out. In the postnatal stage, cerebral malaria (15.1%) was the first cause, being also the third most predominant among all categories. In addition, 80% of the cases studied had at least one relative with the same disability. In summary, 68.4% of the cases had an environmental cause, being totally preventable. Conclusions: The study corroborated that the noxas that operate in the prenatal stage affect the appearance of intellectual disability and is distinguished by positioning postnatal causes; cerebral malaria in second place. The factors of an environmental nature that operate both in the prenatal and postnatal stages are most influencing, but preventable.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Asociación Americana de Retraso Mental caracteriza la discapacidad intelectual por limitaciones significativas en el funcionamiento intelectual y la conducta adaptativa (habilidades prácticas, sociales y conceptuales), que se inicia antes de los 18 años de edad. Objetivo: Caracterizar las causas de la discapacidad intelectual en una muestra de niños institucionalizados en la Escuela Especial de Benguela, en la República Popular de Angola. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal prospectivo a una población de 139 escolares con discapacidad intelectual. Se aplicó la clasificación etiopatogénica de Guvtavson para definir la causa. Resultados: La etiología prenatal fue la más frecuente (45,3 %), seguido de la posnatal (29,5 %) y la perinatal (18,0 %). La ambiental (20,9 %) fue la que más predominó en la categoría prenatal, destacándose el consumo de alcohol (8,6 %). En la etapa perinatal, la hipoxia al nacer (5,0 %) se destacó. La posnatal, la malaria cerebral (15,1 %) fue la primera causa, y es además la tercera más predominante entre todas las categorías. El 80 % de los casos estudiados tenían al menos un familiar con la misma discapacidad. El 68,4 % tuvieron una causa ambiental, siendo totalmente prevenibles. Conclusiones: El estudio corroboró que las noxas que operan en la etapa prenatal inciden en la aparición de la discapacidad intelectual, y se distingue por posicionar a las causas posnatales; en segundo lugar, por la malaria cerebral. Los factores de naturaleza ambiental que operan, tanto en la etapa prenatal como posnatal son los que más inciden y son prevenibles.

Abstract Background Cardiac arrest (CA) is a common condition associated with high mortality. The Brazilian advanced life support training TECA A (Treinamento em Emergências Cardiovasculares Avançado — Advanced Cardiovascular Emergency Training) was created to train healthcare professionals in the management of CA. However, there are no studies evaluating the effectiveness of TECA A. Objective To assess the impact of TECA A on the management of CA using a simulated CA situation. Methods Fifty-six students underwent a simulated case of CA in a manikin. The students’ performance in the management of CA was assessed for the time to first chest compression and defibrillation and for a global assessment score using a structured tool. These items were assessed and compared before and after the TECA A. Exclusion criteria were previous participation in CA trainings and absence from class. Categorical variables were compared using the McNemar test and quantitative variables using the Wilcoxon test. All tests were two-tailed, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Compared with before TECA A, median global assessment scores were higher after TECA A (pre-training: 4.0 points [2.0-5.0] vs. 10 points [9.0-10.0]; p<0.001), the time to start chest compressions was shorter (pre-training: 25 seconds [15-34] vs. 19 seconds [16.2-23.0]; p=0.002) and so was the time to defibrillation (pre-training: 82.5 seconds [65.0-108.0] vs. 48 seconds [39.0-53.0]; p<0.001). Conclusions The TECA A promoted a higher adherence to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines and a reduction in the time elapsed from CA to first chest compression and defibrillation.

Resumo A diversidade de espécies florestais é uma característica intrínseca do bioma Amazônico, sendo a serapilheira a principal responsável pela maior parcela dos nutrientes devolvidos ao solo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a produção anual de serapilheira e determinar a velocidade de decomposição ao longo de um ano, comparando os resultados nos diferentes ambientes de estudo. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Humaitá-AM. Para a avaliação da produção de serapilheira, foram instalados de modo aleatório dez coletores cônicos em área de Floresta Nativa, área de Reflorestamento com Teca (Tectona grandis L), área de Reflorestamento com Jenipapo (Genipa americana L.) e ambiente de Reflorestamento considerado Misto, composto pelas espécies Mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King.), Andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.), Jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), Teca (Tectona grandis L.) e Sumauma (Ceiba pentandra). Cada amostra de serapilheira foi colocada, separadamente, em sacos de papel devidamente identificados e levadas para laboratório e secas em estufa de circulação de ar forçado a 65°C. A estimativa da taxa de decomposição da serapilheira foi feita pela análise de perda de massa utilizando-se litter bags. A produção de serapilheira média anual foi de 8,03 Mg ha-1 ano-1 para o ambiente de floresta nativa, e não houve diferença significativa para as demais áreas de estudo. Entre as frações da serapilheira, a que mais contribuiu foi a foliar, atingindo maior média percentual no ano de 72,1% para o ambiente de reflorestamento com teca (Tectona grandis L.). A decomposição da serapilheira ocorreu de forma mais acelerada (0,0025 g g-1dia) no ambiente de reflorestamento com jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), sendo necessários 277,26 dias para que fosse decomposta metade do material foliar. Amazônico solo HumaitáAM. HumaitáAM Humaitá AM. AM Humaitá-AM Nativa Tectona L, L , L) Genipa L. Misto Swietenia King., King King. King.) Carapa Aubl., Aubl Aubl. Aubl.) L., Ceiba pentandra. pentandra . pentandra) colocada separadamente 65C C 65 65°C utilizandose utilizando se bags 803 8 03 8,0 ha1 ha 1 ha- ano1 ano- nativa foliar 721 72 72,1 L.. 0,0025 00025 0 0025 (0,002 g1dia gdia 1dia dia g-1dia 27726 277 26 277,2 6 80 8, 7 72, 0,002 0002 002 (0,00 2772 27 2 277, 0,00 000 00 (0,0 0,0 (0, 0, (0 (

Abstract The diversity of forest species is an intrinsic characteristic of the Amazon biome, with litter being the main responsible for the largest portion of nutrients returned to the soil. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify the annual production of burlap and to determine the rate of decomposition over one year, comparing the results in the different study environments. The study was developed in the municipality of Humaitá-AM. For the evaluation of the litter production, ten cone collectors were randomly installed in each study area. Each litter sample was placed separately in properly identified paper bags and taken to the laboratory and dried in a forced air circulation oven at 65 ° C. The litter decomposition rate was estimated by mass loss analysis using litter bags. Litter production with the highest annual average was 8,03 Mg ha-1 year -1 for the native forest environment, with no significant difference for the other study areas. Among the fractions of the litter that contributed the most to the leaf, reaching a higher average percentage in the year of 72,1% for the environment of reforestation with teak (Tectona grandis L.). The decomposition of litter occurred more rapidly (0.0025 g g-1 day) in the reforestation environment with genipap (Genipa americana L.), requiring 277,26 days to decompose half of the leaf material. biome soil Thus environments HumaitáAM. HumaitáAM Humaitá AM. AM Humaitá-AM area 6 C 803 8 03 8,0 ha1 ha 1 ha- - areas 721 72 72,1 Tectona L.. L L. . L.) 0.0025 00025 0 0025 (0.002 g1 g- day Genipa L., , 27726 277 26 277,2 material 80 8, 7 72, 0.002 0002 002 (0.00 2772 27 2 277, 0.00 000 00 (0.0 0.0 (0. 0. (0 (