RESUMO A densidade de árvores é um aspecto importante no planejamento de sistemas silvipastoris (SPS), uma vez que a baixa luminosidade pode limitar a perenidade da forragem, principalmente para forrageiras tropicais de metabolismo C4. O objetivo com este estudo foi verificar se um SPS com alta densidade de árvores acelera o processo de degradação da pastagem e altera a composição química da forragem. O experimento foi realizado comparando a pastagem de capim-marandu [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] em dois sistemas: silvipastoril e pastagem aberta. No SPS foi plantada teca (Tectona grandis) com densidade de 750 árvores ha-1. As avaliações foram realizadas ao longo de três anos (2015, 2016 e 2017). O sombreamento SPS reduziu a massa de forragem, a densidade de perfilhos e a cobertura do solo ao longo dos anos. No capim-marandu no SPS houve maior proporção de colmos, o que favoreceu menor potencial digestível de matéria seca no primeiro ano. Mesmo com maior quantidade de colmo, maior concentração de proteína bruta e minerais foram observados no SPS. Devido à alta densidade de árvores, o sombreamento excessivo acelerou o processo de degradação da pastagem, o que demonstra que o planejamento da ordenação espacial das espécies arbóreas é fundamental. SPS, , (SPS) forragem C4 C capimmarandu capim marandu Urochloa Hochst. Hochst (Hochst Rich. Rich R D Webster aberta Tectona grandis 75 ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 2015, 2015 (2015 201 2017. 2017 . 2017) colmos ano colmo fundamental (SPS 7 ha- (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

ABSTRACT Tree density is an important aspect in silvopastoral system (SPS) planning, since low luminosity can limit forage perenniality, especially for tropical forages of C4 metabolism. The objective with this study was to verify if an SPS with high tree density accelerates the pasture degradation process and changes the forage chemical composition. The experiment was carried out by comparison of marandu palisade grass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] pasture in two systems: silvopastoral and open pasture. In the SPS, teak (Tectona grandis) was planted with a density of 750 trees ha-1. Evaluations were carried out over three years (2015, 2016 and 2017). SPS shading reduced herbage mass, tiller density and soil cover over the years. In the marandu palisade grass in the SPS there was a greater stem proportion, which favoured lesser potential digestible dry matter in the first year. Even with a higher amount of stem, higher crude protein concentration and minerals were observed in the SPS. Due to the high density of trees, excessive shading accelerated the process of degradation of the pasture, which demonstrates that planning of the spatial arrangement of tree species is crucial. (SPS perenniality C metabolism composition Urochloa Hochst. Hochst (Hochst A Rich. Rich R D Webster systems Tectona grandis 75 ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 2015, 2015 (2015 201 2017. 2017 . 2017) mass proportion year crucial 7 ha- (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumen Los reguladores de crecimiento facilitan la propagación y aumentan el rendimiento en la producción de plantas. La adición en diferentes cantidades determina una mayor efectividad en la regeneración celular. Por tanto, este estudio evaluó el efecto de varias dosis del GA3 (ácido giberélico) y de la BAP (bencilaminopurina) en la productividad de minijardines clonales de teca en San Carlos, Costa Rica. Se estableció un ensayo con diseño factorial (2x4). Como factor (A) se utilizó al GA3 y la BAP, mientras que como factor (B) las dosis 0, 5, 10 y 20 mgl-1. El análisis de varianza y pruebas de comparación mostraron que el uso del GA3 aumentó significativamente la producción y longitud de brotes. Y, el BAP no presentó efectos significativos en la producción. La aplicación de 10 y 20 mgl-1 de GA3 aumentó la producción de brotes por planta madre de 1,02 a 1,47 y 1,50 aumentando la producción en un 44 y 47 % respectivamente, en cosecha quincenal ordinaria, y 169 hasta 172 brotes por metro cuadrado correspondiente a un 38 y 33 %. Al aplicar 5 mgl-1 hasta 20 mgl-1 de GA3 se obtuvo brotes desde 4,19 a 4,44 cm de longitud. En la tasa de enraizamiento, las diferencias se presentaron en el GA3 que demostró ser superior al BAP en un 49% para el enraizamiento diario medio, con una velocidad de 1,30 brotes por día. En conclusión, aplicar 10 mgl-1 de GA3 es suficiente para aumentar el rendimiento en la productividad de minijardines clonales de teca.

Abstract Growth regulators facilitate propagation and increase yield in plant production. Adding different amounts of regulators cause greater effectiveness in cell regeneration. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different doses of GA3 (gibberellic acid) and BAP (benzylaminopurine) on the productivity of clonal teak mini gardens in San Carlos, Costa Rica. A trial with a factorial design (2x4) was established. GA3 and BAP were used as factor (A), while doses of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mgl-1 were used as factor (B). The analysis of variance and comparison tests showed that the use of GA3 significantly increased shoot production and shoot length, while BAP had no significant effect on production. The application of 10 and 20 mgl-1 of GA3 increased shoot production per mother plant from 1.02 to 1.47 and 1.50 increasing the production by 44 and 47 % respectively, in ordinary biweekly harvest, and 169 to 172 shoots per square meter corresponding to 38 and 33 %. When 5 mgl-1 to 20 mgl-1 of GA3 were applied, shoots from 4.19 to 4.44 cm in length were obtained. In the rooting rate, the differences were presented in GA3 which proved to be superior to BAP by 49% for the average daily rooting, with a rate of 1.30 shoots per day. In conclusion, applying 10 mgl-1 of GA3 is sufficient to increase the productivity performance of clonal teak mini gardens.

ABSTRACT Forest fires have affected large areas in different regions of the planet. The emission of gases during these accidents is the cause of several problems to the health of the combatants and the population in general. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze and quantify polluting gases and particulate materials emitted during the occurrence of forest fires in different types of biomass and the correlation with the possible health problems of the brigadiers. For this purpose, fires in eucalyptus, pine, teak and pasture biomass were simulated in an experimental table in the south of the state of Espírito Santo. With a portable gas detector, CH4, CO, CO2, NH3 and H2S gases released during the combustion process were captured and analyzed. Using the remaining ash, the size of the particulate materials was measured. To determine the influence of materials on the release of gases, a completely randomized design and the Tukey test at 5% probability were applied. The burning of pasture biomass resulted in a greater release of CO (796.52 ppm), CO2 (490.52 ppm) NH3 (32.58 ppm). Therefore, it is concluded that the particulate materials emitted by the treatments of the present study were larger than those indicated as inhalable by humans, in relation to the damage to human health, it is concluded that the burning of pasture and eucalyptus biomass are the most harmful. The results elucidated the importance of the use of PPE's by the combatants and all those directly involved with forest fires. planet general Thus brigadiers purpose pine Santo detector CH4 CH NH HS H S analyzed ash measured 5 applied 796.52 79652 796 52 (796.5 ppm, ppm , 490.52 49052 490 (490.5 32.58 3258 32 58 (32.5 ppm. . Therefore humans harmful PPEs PPE s 796.5 7965 79 (796. 490.5 4905 49 (490. 32.5 325 3 (32. 796. 7 (796 490. 4 (490 32. (32 (79 (49 (3 (7 (4 (

RESUMO Os incêndios florestais têm afetado grandes áreas em diversas regiões do planeta. A emissão de gases durante esses sinistros se configura como a causa de diversos problemas à saúde dos combatentes e da população em geral. Assim, objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, a análise e quantificação dos gases poluentes e dos materiais particulados emitidos durante a ocorrência de incêndios florestais em diferentes tipos de biomassa e a correlação com os possíveis problemas à saúde dos brigadistas. Para tal, foram simulados incêndios em biomassa de eucalipto, pinus, teca e pastagem, em uma mesa experimental no Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Com um detector de gases portátil, foram captados e analisados os gases CH4, CO, CO2, NH3 e H2S liberados durante o processo de combustão. Com o uso das cinzas remanescentes, mensurou-se o tamanho dos materiais particulados. Para a determinação da influência dos materiais na liberação dos gases, foram aplicados o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A queima da biomassa de pastagem resultou na maior liberação de CO (796,52 ppm), CO2 (490,52 ppm) NH3 (32,58 ppm). Portanto conclui-se que, os materiais particulados emitidos pelos tratamentos do presente estudo apresentaram tamanhos superiores aos indicados como inaláveis pelos seres humanos, em relação aos danos à saúde humana, a queima da biomassa de pastagem e de eucalipto são as mais nocivas. Os resultados elucidaram a importância dos EPI’s para os combatentes e todos os envolvidos de diretamente com os incêndios florestais. planeta geral Assim objetivouse, objetivouse objetivou se, objetivou-se brigadistas tal pinus Santo portátil CH4 CH NH HS H S combustão remanescentes mensurouse mensurou 5 probabilidade 796,52 79652 796 52 (796,5 ppm, ppm , 490,52 49052 490 (490,5 32,58 3258 32 58 (32,5 ppm. . concluise conclui que humanos humana nocivas EPIs EPI s 796,5 7965 79 (796, 490,5 4905 49 (490, 32,5 325 3 (32, 796, 7 (796 490, 4 (490 32, (32 (79 (49 (3 (7 (4 (

Resumen. Las raíces finas (≤ 2 mm de diámetro) en los árboles son de vida corta, en condiciones de sequía y baja fertilidad éstas alcanzan mayor longitud por unidad de volumen de suelo; así, la densidad de longitud de raíces es una variable que indica el potencial de absorción de agua y nutrientes que tiene el árbol. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la densidad de longitud de raíces finas (DLRF) su distribución en profundidad y distancia de la base del árbol de teca, por el efecto de la fertilización sintética y abono verde. La metodología utilizada fue la del cilindro, a los 36 meses de edad de los árboles de teca, se tomaron muestras verticales de suelos, cada 10 cm hasta 40 cm de profundidad en las cuatro caras del perfil; y a los 46 meses se muestreó horizontalmente a tres distancias de la base del árbol: 50, 100 y 175 cm, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Los resultados muestran que los tratamientos con mayor DLRF fueron: la dosis 60-60-60 kg ha-1 sin abono verde y el testigo con abono verde. La DLRF fue mayor en la profundidad 20-30 cm y 10-20 cm a los 38 y 46 meses. La distancia de 50 cm de la base del árbol mostró mayor DLRF (0.75 km.m−3). La DLRF disminuyó cuando se incrementó la dosis de fertilización sintética o cuando se estableció abono verde (Crotalaria juncea L.).

Abstract. The fine roots (≤ 2 mm in diameter) in the trees are short-lived, in conditions of drought and low fertility they reach a greater length per unit volume of soil; Thus, the root length density is a variable that indicates the water and nutrient absorption potential of the tree. The objective of this study was to estimate the fine root length density (DLRF) its distribution in depth and distance from the base of the three-year-old teak tree, due to the effect of chemical fertilization and a green manure. The methodology used was that of the cylinder, at 36 months of age of the teak trees, vertical soil samples were taken, every 10 cm up to 40 cm deep on the four faces of the profile; and at 46 months it was sampled horizontally at three distances from the base of the tree: 50, 100 and 175 cm, in a randomized complete block design. The results show that the treatments with the highest DLRF were: the 60-60-60 kg ha-1 dose without Green Manure and the control with Green Manure. The DLRF was greater at depth 20-30 cm and 10-20 cm at 38 and 46 months. At a distance of 50 cm from the base of the tree, it showed higher DLRF (0.75 km.m−3). The DLRF decreased when the chemical fertilization dose was increased or when green manure (Crotalaria juncea L.) was established.

Resumen: Se evaluó el efecto de la asociación teca-crotalaria sobre la fertilidad del suelo, el crecimiento y la nutrición de la teca en etapa temprana, y la comunidad de arvenses. En las últimas décadas la madera de teca ha incrementado su valor por su dureza y durabilidad, ocasionando incrementos en la superficie de cultivo en México, donde el uso de leguminosas como abonos verdes se perfila como una tecnología que coadyuva en la sustentabilidad del ecosistema y la disminución de daños ambientales, asociados al uso de fertilizantes químicos. La investigación se realizó de agosto-2020 a enero-2021 en el Poblado C34 “Benito Juárez”, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. La fertilidad del suelo se analizó mediante muestreo y análisis físico-químicos al inicio y final de la investigación. El rendimiento de la crotalaria se evaluó a los 60 días de su germinación. La asociación teca-crotalaria no influyó en los parámetros del suelo estudiado, con excepción del Ni, que mostró diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias en la altura y diámetro de la teca entre tratamientos, tampoco en la concentración de N, P, K, Ca y Mg a los seis meses, aunque los contenidos nutrimentales estuvieron en niveles de suficiencia. Como resultado de los cinco muestreos de arvenses se tuvo un listado florístico comprendido por 24 especies, 20 géneros y 13 familias, destacando Fabaceae y Poaceae. La riqueza (S) y diversidad (H’) tuvieron valores bajos, ligeramente mayores donde no hubo AV, los mayores correspondieron a 30 dd de incorporar la crotalaria. La especie más importante fue el pasto estrella; seguido de pasto humidícola, el botón de oro, la chibolita y L. crustacea.

Abstract: The effect of the teak-crotalaria association on soil fertility, early stage teak growth and nutrition, and the weed community was evaluated. In recent decades, teak wood has increased its value due to its hardness and durability, causing increases in the cultivated area in Mexico, where the use of legumes as green manures is emerging as a technology that contributes to the sustainability of the ecosystem and the reduction of environmental damage, associated with the use of chemical fertilizers. The research was carried out from August-2020 to January-2021 in Town C34 "Benito Juárez", Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Soil fertility was evaluated by sampling and physical-chemical analysis at the beginning and end of the investigation. Crotalaria yield was evaluated 60 days after germination. The teak-crotalaria association did not influence the parameters of the soil studied, with the exception of Ni, which showed significant differences between treatments. No differences were observed in the height and diameter of the theca between treatments, nor in the concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg at six months, although the nutritional contents were at sufficiency levels. As a result of the five samples of weeds, a floristic list was obtained comprising 24 species, 20 genera and 13 families, highlighting Fabaceae and Poaceae. Richness (S) and diversity (H’) had low values, slightly higher where there was no AV, the highest corresponded to 30 dd after incorporating the crotalaria. The most important species was the star grass; followed by humidicolous grass, the golden button, the chibolita and L. crustacea.

Resumen. Los modelos alométricos son de vital importancia ya que permiten estimar la biomasa aérea en cada uno de sus componentes (hojas, ramas, fuste y total) del árbol. El objetivo del estudio fue ajustar modelos alométricos para estimar biomasa aérea por componentes en árboles individuales de Tectona grandis L. f. en Tizimín, Yucatán. La biomasa aérea se estimó mediante el método directo, se derribó en campo un total de 32 individuos, cada árbol se separó por componente; hojas, ramas y fuste y se determinó el peso verde, se extrajeron submuestras de los componentes para determinar la relación peso seco-peso verde. Para obtener la biomasa se multiplicó el peso verde total de cada componente por su relación correspondiente. Para cada componente se ajustaron ecuaciones lineales y no lineales, mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. El modelo no lineal (potencial) mostró mejor ajuste, presentando el componente fuste y total registraron un R2 de 0.96 en T. grandis L. f. La proporción de biomasa en cada uno de sus componentes fue diferente, siendo el fuste el de mayor porcentaje con un 48%, seguido de ramas con 35 y 17% en hojas.

Abstract. Allometric models are of vital importance since they allow estimating the aerial biomass in each of its components (leaves, branches, stem and total) of the tree. The objective of the study was to adjust allometric models to estimate aerial biomass by components in individual trees of Tectona grandis L. f. in Tizimin, Yucatan. Aerial biomass was estimated using the direct method, a total of 32 individuals were shot down in the field, each tree was separated by component; leaves, branches and stem and the green weight was determined, subsamples of the components were extracted to determine the dry weight-green weight relationship. To obtain the biomass, the total green weight of each component was multiplied by its corresponding ratio. Linear and non-linear equations were adjusted for each component, using the method of ordinary least squares. The non-linear (potential) model showed a better fit, presenting the stem and total component they registered an R2 of 0.96 in T. grandis L. f. The proportion of biomass in each of its components was different, being the stem the one with the highest percentage with 48%, followed by branches with 35 and 17% leaves.

Resumen Se realizó un estudio en plantaciones de Tectona grandis de cinco años ubicadas en la región amazónica del Perú, con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en crecimiento, productividad, índices silviculturales y calidad. Se evaluaron 19 parcelas permanentes de monitoreo en 20.7 ha, distribuidas en cuatro zonas. Los parámetros dasométricos determinaron las variables cuantitativas, mientras que la ponderación de las variables cualitativas determinó la calidad inicial de la plantación. Los resultados muestran una plantación de buena calidad y espesura estable, con valores elevados de crecimiento y productividad, reportando diámetros de 16.93 cm y alturas de 13.27 m. Los incrementos medios anuales del diámetro y la altura fueron de 3.39 cm.año-1 y 2.66 m.año-1 respectivamente. Asimismo, se obtuvo un incremento medio anual volumétrico de 16.109 m3.ha-1.año-1. Este estudio contribuye a la toma de decisiones para la planificación de actividades silvícolas y muestra el comportamiento de la especie para futuras plantaciones en la región.

Abstract A study was carried out in five-year-old plantations of Tectona grandis located in the Amazon region of Peru, in order to evaluate the response in growth, productivity, silvicultural indices, and quality. Nineteen permanent monitoring plots in 20.7 ha distributed in four zones were evaluated. The dasometric parameters determined the quantitative variables, while the weighting of the qualitative variables determined the initial quality of the plantation. The results show a plantation of good quality and stable thickness, with high growth and productivity values, reporting diameters of 16.93 cm and heights of 13.27 m. The mean annual increases in diameter and height were 3.39 cm.yr-1 and 2.66 m.yr-1, respectively. Moreover, a mean annual volumetric increase of 16.109 m3.ha-1.yr-1 was obtained. This study contributes to decision-making for the planning of silvicultural activities, and it shows the behavior of teak for future plantations in the region.

Abstract The National Forest Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) contemplates a payment method for environmental services (PES) that seeks to recover forest cover. Within this modality are agroforestry systems (AFS) which objective is to combine trees with agricultural production systems. However, the composition and status of these systems is currently unknown. In order to characterize the SAFs subjected to the PSA in Costa Rica, an analysis of the projects formalized by FONAFIFO between 2011 and 2018 was carried out in the regional offices San Carlos, San José Oriental and San José Occidental. Technical studies of 527 projects and the respective certified reports were reviewed. Project identification, type of regency, planted area, tree species and number of trees per species, associated agricultural component, agroforestry technology, and reported management were recorded. The information was tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A predominance of agroforestry systems in coffee (43 %) associated mainly with the tree species Erythrina sp. as a multi-use tree concentrated in the Los Santos and Pérez Zeledón area. Block systems were found in second place (32 %), predominating teak (Tectona grandis), cedar (Cedrela odorata) and melina (Gmelina arborea) located in the North Zone and Central Pacific. A few reports of silvicultural practices and phytosanitary status were found. Weed control was the most reported practice. It is necessary to improve the monitoring and recording of information on the projects in order to have evidence of silvicultural management.

Resumen El Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) contempla una modalidad de pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) que busca la recuperación de la cobertura forestal. Dentro de esta modalidad se encuentran los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) cuyo objetivo es combinar árboles con sistemas de producción agrícolas. Sin embargo, actualmente se desconoce la composición y estado de estos sistemas. Con el objetivo de caracterizar los SAF sometidos al PSA en Costa Rica, se realizó un análisis de los proyectos formalizados por FONAFIFO entre 2011 y 2018 en las oficinas regionales San Carlos, San José Oriental y San José Occidental. Se revisaron los estudios técnicos de 527 proyectos y los respectivos informes certificados. Se registró la identificación del proyecto, tipo de regencia, área sembrada, especies forestales y número de árboles por especie, componente agrícola asociado, tecnología agroforestal, y manejo reportado. La información fue tabulada y sometida a análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se encontró un predominio de sistemas agroforestales en café (43 %) asociados principalmente a Erythrina sp. como árbol de uso múltiple concentrados en la Zona de Los Santos y Pérez Zeledón. Los sistemas en bloque se encontraron en segundo lugar (32 %), predominando teca (Tectona grandis), cedro (Cedrela odorata) y melina (Gmelina arborea) ubicados en la Zona Norte y Pacífico Central. Se encontraron pocos reportes de prácticas silviculturales y de estado fitosanitario. El control de arvenses fue la práctica más reportada. Es necesario mejorar el monitoreo y registro de información de los proyectos que permita tener evidencia del manejo silvicultural dado.

Abstract Teak is one of the most commercially reforested forest species in the tropical and subtropical world, which has motivated the development of genetic improvement programs in the region, requiring controlled crossing protocols to recombine individuals with superior characteristics to obtain high-yielding genotypes in commercial plantations. The present study aimed to optimize controlled pollination techniques for this species. Several trials were conducted to determine the effect of emasculation, the determination of the best pollination tool between brush and pipette tip, the effect of style cutting, as well as the development of panicle isolation methods. The trials were repeated numerous times over two years, using pollen from different sources. In none of the trials was it possible to determine significant statistical differences between the pollination techniques evaluated. However, differences were found between repetitions over time, suggesting that climatic conditions affect the efficiency of teak pollination. The best pollination technique in teak does not require emasculation, the brush is the simplest and most operationally efficient tool, and cutting the pistil does not significantly increase the number of fruits obtained. The fertilization rate with controlled pollination can reach up to 90%. However, environmental effects and possibly the action of postzygotic self-incompatibility mechanisms reduce the number of effective fruits by more than 25% at the end of the reproductive period.

Resumen La teca es una de las especies forestales de mayor reforestación comercial en el mundo tropical y subtropical, lo que ha motivado el desarrollo de programas de mejoramiento genético en la región, que requieren protocolos de cruzamiento controlado, para recombinar individuos con características superiores para obtener genotipos de alto rendimiento en plantaciones comerciales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo optimizar las técnicas de polinización controlada de esta especie. Se realizaron varios ensayos en lo que se determinó el efecto de la emasculación, la determinación del mejor instrumento de polinización entre pincel y punta de pipeta, el efecto del corte del estilo, así como el desarrollo de métodos de aislamiento de la panícula. Los ensayos se repitieron numerosas veces durante dos años, utilizando polen de diferente origen. En ninguno de los ensayos se logró determinar diferencias estadísticas significativas entre las técnicas de polinización evaluadas. Sin embargo, si se encontraron diferencias entre las repeticiones que se realizaron a través del tiempo, lo que sugiere que las condiciones climáticas afectan la eficiencia en la polinización de teca. La mejor técnica de polinización en teca no requiere la emasculación, el pincel es la herramienta más simple y eficiente a nivel operativo, el corte del estilo no aumenta significativamente el número de frutos obtenidos. La tasa de fertilización con polinización controlada puede alcanzar hasta un 90 %. Sin embargo, efectos ambientales y posiblemente la acción de mecanismos de autoincompatibilidad postcigóticos, reducen el número de frutos efectivos en más de 25 % al final del periodo reproductivo.

Abstract Peru has a great potential for forestry plantations, nevertheless, importations of this type of products are getting very expensive. Soils under forest are acidic and infertile to support sustainable economically valuable forest tree species such as teak. Information is lacking on proper fertility management in forest plantations such as teak. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the effect of lime, and organic and inorganic fertilizers on the early growth and nutrient composition of 12-month old teak grown on acidic soil of Peru. The soil under field study was acidic with a pH of 4.99, low in fertility. A factorial design of 2x3: Lime (No Lime and Liming) and fertilizer (organic, inorganic and mixture), with 9 repetitions was adopted. Tree biometric parameters (height, diameter, biomass) and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn foliar concentrations were determined during early the growth of teak. Treatments with addition of dolomite lime favored higher biometric parameters, and use of organic fertilizers promoted more growth than inorganic fertilizers. In the case of nutrients, no major differences were observed between limed and unlimed treatments while organic fertilizer promoted Ca, K and S nutrition. The results show that the application of lime and organic fertilizers is essential for the successful management and establishment of teak plants in acidic soils of Peru.

ABSTRACT The insertion of the tree component in coffee production is a strategy from an economic and environmental perspective. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal influence on the agronomic and productive performance of the coffee crop under the interference of different tree species as a function of spacing. The experiment was set in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Amparo-MG, in 2012, and conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were: cultivar ‘Catuai Vermelho IAC 99’ in monoculture (3.40 m x 0.65 m) and intercropped with African mahogany, teak and pink cedar, in two spacings (9 x 13.6 m and 18 x 13.6 m), in coffee rows. Three coffee rows were fixed between rows, totaling 13.6 m. The following variables were evaluated: height (m), stem diameter (cm), crown diameter (m), productivity (bags ha-1) and yield (l/sc) for coffee. From the evaluations, there is a significant effect of height, productivity and yield for the coffee crop. The system intercropped with tree species did not influence coffee productivity and yield until the 3rd harvest and, for the 5th harvest, intercropping with mahogany favored productivity, although the accumulated productivity did not show any treatment effect. perspective Thus spacing AmparoMG, AmparoMG Amparo MG, MG Amparo-MG 2012 replications Catuai 99 3.40 340 3 40 (3.4 065 0 65 0.6 cedar 9 ( 136 13 6 13. 1 m, , evaluated (m) cm, cm (cm) bags ha1 ha ha-1 l/sc lsc l sc (l/sc evaluations rd th 201 3.4 34 4 (3. 06 0. (m (cm ha- 20 3. (3 2

ABSTRACT Amazonian soils have been suffering severe changes resulting from human activities in the region, causing significant changes in soil attributes that can contribute to greater susceptibility to erosion processes. Therefore, the present work aimed to estimate the erodibility in natural and anthropic environments in the southern region of the Amazon. Eight areas in the region were selected, including areas of native forest, savannah, cerradão, pasture and reforestation, delimiting 32 sampling points per area, with collections at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m, totaling 256 samples. Next, texture analysis and quantification of soil organic carbon were performed, and then erodibility was estimated by indirect prediction methods, Tukey’s test, Pearson’s correlation and factorial analysis of principal components. According to the results obtained, it was observed that the evaluated areas of native forest 1 and 2, cerradão and pasture present high susceptibility to erosion in relation to the cerrado, reforestation with genipap, teak and mixed areas. Therefore, it was noted that the high level of erodibility is associated with a greater predominance of sand fraction, K factor, Ki Kr and low clay content, as well as with the management employed in the areas. processes Therefore Amazon selected savannah 3 area 0.000.20 000020 0.00 0.20 0 00 20 0.00-0.2 m 25 samples Next performed methods Tukeys Tukey s test Pearsons Pearson components obtained 2 cerrado genipap fraction factor content 000 0.000.2 00002 0.0 020 0.2 0.00-0. 0.000. 0000 0. 02 0.00-0 0.000 0.00-

Abstract The diversity of forest species is an intrinsic characteristic of the Amazon biome, with litter being the main responsible for the largest portion of nutrients returned to the soil. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify the annual production of burlap and to determine the rate of decomposition over one year, comparing the results in the different study environments. The study was developed in the municipality of Humaitá-AM. For the evaluation of the litter production, ten cone collectors were randomly installed in each study area. Each litter sample was placed separately in properly identified paper bags and taken to the laboratory and dried in a forced air circulation oven at 65 ° C. The litter decomposition rate was estimated by mass loss analysis using litter bags. Litter production with the highest annual average was 8,03 Mg ha-1 year -1 for the native forest environment, with no significant difference for the other study areas. Among the fractions of the litter that contributed the most to the leaf, reaching a higher average percentage in the year of 72,1% for the environment of reforestation with teak (Tectona grandis L.). The decomposition of litter occurred more rapidly (0.0025 g g-1 day) in the reforestation environment with genipap (Genipa americana L.), requiring 277,26 days to decompose half of the leaf material. biome soil Thus environments HumaitáAM. HumaitáAM Humaitá AM. AM Humaitá-AM area 6 C 803 8 03 8,0 ha1 ha 1 ha- - areas 721 72 72,1 Tectona L.. L L. . L.) 0.0025 00025 0 0025 (0.002 g1 g- day Genipa L., , 27726 277 26 277,2 material 80 8, 7 72, 0.002 0002 002 (0.00 2772 27 2 277, 0.00 000 00 (0.0 0.0 (0. 0. (0 (

Resumo A diversidade de espécies florestais é uma característica intrínseca do bioma Amazônico, sendo a serapilheira a principal responsável pela maior parcela dos nutrientes devolvidos ao solo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a produção anual de serapilheira e determinar a velocidade de decomposição ao longo de um ano, comparando os resultados nos diferentes ambientes de estudo. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Humaitá-AM. Para a avaliação da produção de serapilheira, foram instalados de modo aleatório dez coletores cônicos em área de Floresta Nativa, área de Reflorestamento com Teca (Tectona grandis L), área de Reflorestamento com Jenipapo (Genipa americana L.) e ambiente de Reflorestamento considerado Misto, composto pelas espécies Mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King.), Andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.), Jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), Teca (Tectona grandis L.) e Sumauma (Ceiba pentandra). Cada amostra de serapilheira foi colocada, separadamente, em sacos de papel devidamente identificados e levadas para laboratório e secas em estufa de circulação de ar forçado a 65°C. A estimativa da taxa de decomposição da serapilheira foi feita pela análise de perda de massa utilizando-se litter bags. A produção de serapilheira média anual foi de 8,03 Mg ha-1 ano-1 para o ambiente de floresta nativa, e não houve diferença significativa para as demais áreas de estudo. Entre as frações da serapilheira, a que mais contribuiu foi a foliar, atingindo maior média percentual no ano de 72,1% para o ambiente de reflorestamento com teca (Tectona grandis L.). A decomposição da serapilheira ocorreu de forma mais acelerada (0,0025 g g-1dia) no ambiente de reflorestamento com jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), sendo necessários 277,26 dias para que fosse decomposta metade do material foliar. Amazônico solo HumaitáAM. HumaitáAM Humaitá AM. AM Humaitá-AM Nativa Tectona L, L , L) Genipa L. Misto Swietenia King., King King. King.) Carapa Aubl., Aubl Aubl. Aubl.) L., Ceiba pentandra. pentandra . pentandra) colocada separadamente 65C C 65 65°C utilizandose utilizando se bags 803 8 03 8,0 ha1 ha 1 ha- ano1 ano- nativa foliar 721 72 72,1 L.. 0,0025 00025 0 0025 (0,002 g1dia gdia 1dia dia g-1dia 27726 277 26 277,2 6 80 8, 7 72, 0,002 0002 002 (0,00 2772 27 2 277, 0,00 000 00 (0,0 0,0 (0, 0, (0 (

Abstract The present study was developed with the objective of providing equations to estimate the volume, assortments (tapering functions) and the construction of site curves, seeking to forecast the growth and production of a Teak stand located in the municipality of Alta Floresta, Northern region of the state of Mato Grosso, using a growth and forest production simulator called SisTeca. 154 permanent plots were used, whose remedies totaled 909 observations covering ages 2 to 14 years, in addition to the cubing of 139 trees by the Smalian method. The Schumacher-Hall model was adjusted to estimate individual volumes, the fifth-degree taper function to estimate assortments and the Schumacher model for the construction of site curves. At the end, projections were made with SisTeca using the original equations (default) and inserting into the SisTeca the volume, tapering and site equations developed in this research. The adjusted volume, tapering and site equations for Teak stands in the Alta Floresta region, state of Mato Grosso, showed good results of adjustment and precision and are important tools for Teca, either to estimate current stocks or to be inserted in systems growth and production like SisTeca. The EMBRAPA simulator for Teca, when equipped with the dendrometric tools developed in the research, generated better prognosis, compared to the observed values from the plots available for the species in the region of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso. Thus, the need to acquire more representative data for the species is emphasized, both in terms of age and site to develop robust growth and production systems and / or more efficient dendrometric tools to calibrate the SisTeca. volume functions curves Grosso 15 used 90 1 years 13 method SchumacherHall Hall volumes fifthdegree fifth degree end default (default research Teca prognosis Thus emphasized 9

Resumo O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com objetivo de disponibilizar equações para estimar o volume, sortimentos (funções de afilamento) e a construção de curvas de sítio, buscando realizar a prognose do crescimento e da produção de um povoamento de Teca localizado no município de Alta Floresta, região Norte do estado de Mato Grosso, utilizando um simulador de crescimento e produção florestal denominado SisTeca. Foram utilizadas 154 parcelas permanentes, cujas remedições totalizaram 909 observações, contemplando as idades 2 a 14 anos, além da cubagem de 139 árvores pelo método de Smalian. Foram ajustados o modelo de Schumacher-Hall para estimar os volumes individuais, a função de afilamento de quinto grau para estimar sortimentos e o modelo de Schumacher para a construção de curvas de sítio. Ao final foram realizadas projeções com o SisTeca usando as equações originais (default) e inserindo no SisTeca as equações de volume, afilamento e sítio desenvolvidas nesta pesquisa. As equações de volume, afilamento e sítio ajustadas para povoamentos de Teca na região de Alta Floresta, estado de Mato Grosso, apresentaram bons resultados de ajuste e precisão e são ferramentas importantes para o manejo da Teca, seja para estimar estoques correntes, seja para inserção em sistemas de crescimento e produção como o SisTeca. O simulador da EMBRAPA para a Teca quando munido com as equações dendrométricas desenvolvidas na pesquisa gerou melhores prognoses, comparativamente aos valores observados oriundos das parcelas disponíveis para a espécie na região de Alta Floresta, estado de Mato Grosso. Dessa forma, ressalta-se a necessidade de aquisição de dados mais representativos para a espécie, tanto em termos de idades como de sítio, no sentido de desenvolver sistemas de crescimento e produção robustos e/ou ferramentas dendrométricas mais eficientes visando calibrar o SisTeca. volume funções Floresta Grosso 15 permanentes 90 observações 1 anos 13 Smalian SchumacherHall Hall individuais default (default correntes prognoses forma ressaltase ressalta se eou ou 9

Resumen La teca es una de las especies comerciales plantadas en el trópico con mayor valor en el mundo. La cooperativa internacional de mejoramiento genético GENFORES, establecida en Costa Rica, ha liderado el mejoramiento genético de la especie en América Latina. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de seleccionar los clones con mayor adaptabilidad específica al Pacífico seco de Costa Rica y de otras regiones tropicales secas. La investigación se desarrolló en Nicoya, Guanacaste (Pacífico norte de Costa Rica), donde se evaluaron 31 genotipos durante 13 años continuos (2006-2019), con base en el crecimiento en diámetro, volumen comercial y la calidad del fuste. Mediante el software Selegen-REML/BLUP se obtuvieron los parámetros genéticos, el ranking de selección y la ganancia genética estimada. A los 8,9 años fue la edad más temprana donde se registraron los valores más altos de heredabilidad individual y de heredabilidad media clonal para el diámetro (h2g = 0,12 y h2mc = 0,82) y para el volumen comercial (h2g = 0,075 y h2mc= 0,74). Plantaciones comerciales establecidas con los mejores 10 clones, a los 12,9 años de edad podrían alcanzar un volumen comercial de 0,88 m3árbol-1, que corresponde a una ganancia genética de un 11% con respecto a la mejor semilla comercial disponible del huerto semillero. El diámetro alcanzaría 28 cm a esta misma edad. Tales resultados permitirán reducir cerca de 2 años la edad de cosecha de plantaciones de teca en el Pacífico seco del país.

Resumo A teca é uma das espécies comerciais mais valiosas plantadas nos trópicos do mundo. A cooperativa internacional de melhoramento genético GENFORES, estabelecida na Costa Rica, liderou o melhoramento genético da espécie na América Latina. O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de selecionar os clones com maior adaptabilidade específica no Pacífico Seco da Costa Rica e outras regiões tropicais secas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em Nicoya, Guanacaste (Pacífico Norte da Costa Rica), onde 31 genótipos foram avaliados ao longo de 13 anos contínuos (2006-2019), com base no crescimento do diâmetro, volume comercial e qualidade do eixo. Por meio do software Selegen-REML/BLUP, foram obtidos os parâmetros genéticos, o ranking de seleção e o ganho genético estimado. Aos 8,9 anos foi a idade mais antiga onde os maiores valores de hereditariedade individual e herdabilidade clonal média foram registrados para o diâmetro (h2g = 0,12 e h2mc = 0,82) e para o volume comercial (h2g = 0,075 e h2mc = 0,74). Plantações comerciais estabelecidas com os 10 melhores clones, com 12,9 anos de idade, poderiam atingir um volume comercial de 0,88m3 árvore-1,, o que corresponde a um ganho genético de 11% em relação à melhor semente comercial disponível do pomar de sementes. O diâmetro chegaria a 28 cm nesta mesma idade. Tais resultados permitirão a redução de cerca de dois anos a idade de colheita das plantações de teca no Pacífico Seco do país.

Abstract Teak has the highest value of any commercially planted tree species in the tropics. The tree improvement international cooperative GENFORES, established in Costa Rica, has led breeding programs with this tree species in Latin America. This investigation was undertaken with the objective of selecting the clones which are best adapted to the dry Pacific zone of Costa Rica, as well as for other dry regions in the tropics. Research was carried out in Nicoya, in the province of Guanacaste (in the northern Pacific region of Costa Rica), where 31 genotypes were evaluated for 13 continuous years, in terms of diameter growth, commercial volume, and stem quality. Genetic parameters were obtained using Selegen-REML/BLUP software, as were selection rankings and estimated genetic gain. The highest values for individual heritability and mean clonal heritability for diameter (h2g = 0.12 and h2mc = 0.82), and for commercial volume (h2g = 0.075 and h2mc = 0.74) were obtained for trees that were 8.9 years old. Commercial plantations established with the best 10 clones, with an age of 12.9 years, may attain a commercial volume of 0.88 m3 per tree, corresponding to a genetic gain of 11% with respect to the best available seed source from a seed orchard, while diameter would reach 28 cm at the same age. These results allow a reduction of approximately two years of the age at which teak can be harvested in the dry Pacific zone of the country.