Alfred Schaeffer (1879-1957) was a German chemist who arrived in Minas Gerais in 1911 hired by the state government to organize the state health service in its newly established capital. He directed the Laboratory of Chemical Analysis of the State, and his analytical methods in dairy and mineral waters became a reference in Brazil. He also became professor of Chemistry at the new Faculty of Medicine of Belo Horizonte and founded the Chemistry Institute of the Engineering School in that city, influencing several students who became important names in Brazilian science. In addition, he was responsible for the assembly and technical coordination of pioneering industries in the dairy and wood distillation sector in the city of Santos Dumont. Later he assumed the post of technical director of Merck, also in Minas Gerais. Moving to Rio de Janeiro, he assumed a chair at the Technical School, working in teaching and research, and remained active even after retiring, publishing in important scientific journals. 18791957 1879 1957 (1879-1957 191 capital State Brazil science addition Dumont Merck Janeiro research retiring journals 1879195 187 195 (1879-195 19 187919 18 (1879-19 1 18791 (1879-1 (1879- (1879 (187 (18 (1 (

RESUMO: O ensino de anatomia vem se modificando ao longo dos anos, introduzindo métodos tecnológicos, principalmente após o período pandêmico. Questiona-se o uso exclusivo da tecnologia em comparação aos métodos tradicionais de dissecação e aulas teóricas presenciais no que diz respeito à aquisição de conhecimento. Este artigo analisou a percepção de conhecimento de alunos de diversos semestres do curso de Medicina Veterinária, comparando alunos que tiveram aulas apenas online com aqueles que tiveram aulas presenciais de Anatomia Descritiva dos Animais Domésticos. Para tanto, questões foram enviadas por meio de formulário, com preenchimento voluntário e anônimo, e posteriormente analisadas estatisticamente. Os resultados indicam que 11,5% dos alunos que cursaram a disciplina remotamente falharam na aplicação dos conhecimentos em outras disciplinas, enquanto nenhum aluno do ensino presencial relatou o mesmo. A maioria dos alunos, tanto dos grupos remotos quanto dos presenciais, lembram-se do assunto, mas revisam o conteúdo com frequência. Em relação ao conhecimento teórico, o grupo online (80,8%) compreendeu melhor à medida que o curso avançava, comparado a 59,6% do grupo presencial. A ligação entre Anatomia e outras disciplinas foi mais destacada pelo grupo presencial (30,8%) em comparação ao online (15,4%). Ambos os grupos concordam que o contacto físico com peças anatômicas é essencial, mas alguns consideram possível ter um primeiro contacto com imagens ou fotografias 3D. Baseado nesse estudo preliminar, conclui-se que as interações iniciais com a área de Anatomia devem incluir técnicas pedagógicas diversificadas com comunicação empática. A utilização de recursos tecnológicos modernos é um aliado do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, e após a abstração dos conteúdos é possível o uso singular da tecnologia na manutenção e atualização do conhecimento anatômico. RESUMO anos pandêmico Questionase Questiona Veterinária Domésticos formulário anônimo estatisticamente 115 11 5 11,5 mesmo lembramse lembram assunto frequência teórico 80,8% 808 80 8 (80,8% avançava 596 59 6 59,6 30,8% 308 30 (30,8% 15,4%. 154 15,4% . 15 4 (15,4%) essencial 3D D preliminar concluise conclui empática ensinoaprendizagem, ensinoaprendizagem aprendizagem, aprendizagem ensino-aprendizagem anatômico 1 11, 80,8 (80,8 59, 30,8 3 (30,8 15,4 (15,4% 80, (80, 30, (30, 15, (15,4 (80 (30 (15, (8 (3 (15 ( (1

ABSTRACT: Anatomy teaching has been changing over the years, introducing technological methods especially after the pandemic period. An ongoing debate revolves around whether exclusive reliance on technology for anatomy classes, as opposed to traditional methods and face-to-face instruction, enhances knowledge acquisition. This study analyzed the knowledge perception of students from various semesters throughout the Veterinary Medicine course, comparing students who only had online classes with those who had face-to-face classes in Gross Anatomy of Domestic Animals. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed for voluntary and anonymous completion, and the responses were subsequently analyzed statistically. The results indicated that 11.5% of the students who took Anatomy remotely failed to apply the knowledge in other subjects, while no face-to-face learning student reported the same. Most students, both remote and face-to-face groups, remember the subject but review the content frequently. Regarding theoretical knowledge, the online group (80.8%) understood better as the course progressed, compared to 59.6% of the face-to-face group. The connection between Anatomy and other subjects was more highlighted by the face-to-face group (30.8%) compared to the online group (15.4%). Both groups agree that physical contact with anatomical specimens is essential; however, some believe that initial exposure through 3D images or photographs is feasible. We concluded based on this preliminary study that the initial interactions with the Anatomy field should include diversified pedagogical techniques with empathetic communication. The use of modern technological resources are allies in the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, after abstracting the contents, technology alone can effectively maintain and update anatomical knowledge. ABSTRACT years period facetoface face instruction acquisition Animals purpose completion statistically 115 11 5 11.5 same frequently 80.8% 808 80 8 (80.8% progressed 596 59 6 59.6 30.8% 308 30 (30.8% 15.4%. 154 15.4% . 15 4 (15.4%) essential however D feasible communication teachinglearning process Furthermore contents 1 11. 80.8 (80.8 59. 30.8 3 (30.8 15.4 (15.4% 80. (80. 30. (30. 15. (15.4 (80 (30 (15. (8 (3 (15 ( (1

The ability to argue is essential for the education of students, as it is fundamental to the presentation of ideas on a given topic. Several methods have been proposed in studies that support the development of argumentation in different teaching contexts, such as the heuristic diagram. It allows the organization and recording of activities that enable critical reflection through the analysis of the language used to express ideas. In this perspective, the diagrams produced for solving problems in an experimental chemistry subject offered in an undergraduate chemistry course were analyzed. Toulmin’s argument pattern was used as a basis to identify the structure of the arguments produced, and then, the quality of the arguments was evaluated. The results of the analysis showed a principle of progress in the argumentative capacity of undergraduates with the development of activities, verified by the presence of elements in students’ texts that, when present, validate an argument. Thus, the results can contribute to other researches in the field of chemical education by favoring a teaching process that considers the development of initial argumentative ability in the formation of students. students topic contexts diagram perspective analyzed Toulmins Toulmin s then evaluated present Thus

RESUMEN Se fundamenta la importancia que tiene el desarrollo de un pensamiento científico en la evolución de los métodos de investigación histórica con los métodos didácticos en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Historia de Cuba. Utilizando los métodos de investigación científica histórico lógico, análisis-síntesis y el inductivo deductivo. El trabajo tiene como objetivo elaborar de una concepción didáctica para el desarrollo del pensamiento científico sustentada en la relación dialéctica entre los métodos de la investigación científica y los métodos de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Historia de Cuba.

ABSTRACT The importance of the development of the scientific thinking in the evolution of historical research methods with didactic methods in the teaching-learning process of Cuban history is based on the importance of the development of scientific thinking in the evolution of historical research methods with didactic methods in the teaching-learning process of Cuban history, using the historical-logical, historical-logical, analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive methods of scientific research. The objective of the work is to elaborate a didactic conception for the development of scientific thinking based on the dialectic relationship between the methods of scientific research and the methods of teaching and learning of Cuban History.

RESUMEN El artículo que se presenta considera las insuficiencias teórico-metodológicas en la formación de sentidos históricos que limitan el modo de actuación del profesor de historia en el cumplimiento de las funciones docente-metodológica, educativa y de investigación-superación. Revela las relaciones esenciales entre la formación de vivencias históricas y del pensamiento histórico inherente a los sentidos históricos. La metodología utilizada es cuali-cuantitativa, se emplearon métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemáticos que permitieron constatar la factibilidad y pertinencia de la propuesta.

ABSTRACT The presented article considers the theoretical-methodological inadequacies in the formation of historical meanings that limit the way of acting of the history teacher in the fulfillment of the teaching-methodological, educational and research-supervision functions. It reveals the essential relationships between the formation of historical experiences and historical thinking inherent to historical senses. The methodology used is qualitative-quantitative, theoretical, empirical and mathematical methods were used to verify the feasibility and relevance of the proposal.

RESUMEN El artículo aborda una problemática relacionada con la formación del Técnico Medio en los Institutos Politécnicos Agropecuarios en la especialidad Agronomía de Montaña, las actividades manuales agropecuarias. Su objetivo, ofrecer algunas consideraciones sobre la realización de estas actividades en este contexto, ello contribuirá a elevar la calidad del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, a tenor con el Tercer Perfeccionamiento Educacional. De ahí la necesidad de su integración con las asignaturas de formación profesional básica específica. Entre los métodos aplicados: análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción, observación, análisis del producto de la actividad y entrevista. La propuesta mejora la labor de orientación a los profesores.

ABSTRACT The article approaches a related problem with the formation of the half technician in the polytechnic agricultural institutes in the agronomy speciality of mountain, the manual agricultural activities. Your objective, offer some considerations on the realization of these activities in this context, it will contribute to raise the quality of the process of apprenticeship teaching, on the base of the exigencies of the third educational perfecting. In this way the need of your integration with the basic specific courses. Between the applied methods were: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation, analysis of the product of the activity and interviews. The better proposal the labor of orientation to the teachers.

Abstract Introduction. Wild species are important in the ecosystem, and their preservation requires the development of effective techniques. Objective. To determine the in situ and ex situ germination characteristics and field growth of Porcelia mediocris N.A. Murray and Compsoneura trianae Warb. in Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materials and methods. The study was carried out between 2019 and 2020, with seeds collected from the primary forest of P. mediocris and C. trianae. Germination tests were conducted in a greenhouse and in the primary forest, measuring seed emergence, tray growth, and performing an analysis of variance between the testing sites. Seedlings were transplanted into three different soil covers at the Amazon Center for Teaching, Research, and Productivity, with measurements taken for height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and survival. Growth curves were created, and an analysis of variance was performed on the final growth measurements among the different soil covers. Results. For P. mediocris, greenhouse-grown plants showed fewer days to the emergence (67.6), but those grown under guaba cover had a greater height (19.45 cm) and germination percentage (70 %) at end of the trial. For C. trianae, plants grown at the collection site had greater height (13.38 cm) and number of leaves at the end of the evaluation. Field growth did not show differences between soil covers, with survival rate of 47 % for P. mediocris and 75 % for C. trianae. Conclusions. P. mediocris showed better germination percentages under guaba cover, while C. trianae exhibited greater growth in the primary forest, with the germination site not affecting post-transplant growth for either species.

Resumen Introducción. Las especies silvestres son importantes en el ecosistema, estas requieren el desarrollo de técnicas que permitan su preservación. Objetivo. Determinar las características de germinación in situ y ex situ y el crecimiento en campo de las especies Porcelia mediocris N.A. Murray y Compsoneura trianae Warb. en Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre 2019 y 2020, se colectaron semillas en el bosque primario de P. mediocris y C. trianae. Se desarrollaron pruebas de germinación en invernadero y en bosque primario, se midió la emergencia de las semillas, crecimiento en bandeja y se aplicó un análisis de varianza entre los sitios de ensayo. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas en tres diferentes coberturas de suelo en el Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Productividad de la Amazonía, se tomaron medidas de crecimiento en altura, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas y supervivencia, se elaboraron las curvas de crecimiento y se realizó un análisis de varianza en las medidas finales de crecimiento entre las diferentes coberturas. Resultados. En P. mediocris, las plantas desarrolladas en invernadero reportaron menos días a la emergencia (67,6), pero las desarrolladas en la cobertura guabas tuvieron mayor altura (19,45 cm) y porcentaje de germinación (70 %) al final de la prueba. En C. trianae las plantas desarrolladas en el sitio de colecta tuvieron mayor altura (13,38 cm) y número de hojas al final de la evaluación. El crecimiento en campo no mostró diferencias entre coberturas y tuvo una supervivencia del 47 % en P. mediocris y 75 % en C. trianae. Conclusiones. P. mediocris reportó mejores porcentajes de germinación en la cobertura guabas y C. trianae tuvo mayor crecimiento en el bosque primario, sin que el sitio de germinación influyera en el crecimiento posterior al trasplante en ambas especies.

Resumo: O plano de estudos das carreiras de engenharia considera a formação em ciências básicas e ciências da engenharia. Portanto, esta análise aborda investigações que implementam metodologias ativas para o ensino de engenharia como construção de uma experiência formativa. As informações coletadas nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e SciELO, sob o modelo PRISMA de revisão sistemática da literatura, analisaram as me- todologias ativas, os instrumentos de avaliação e seu enfoque e impactos curriculares. Obteve-se uma amostra de 646 artigos, dos quais, devido à aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, apenas 85 foram selecionados. A investigação concentra-se em matérias relacionadas às ciências da engenharia mediadas pela aprendizagem cooperativa e pela aprendizagem baseada em projetos; além disso, são utilizadas técnicas de coleta de dados baseadas em questionários e pesquisas focadas na experiência de inovação. Os impactos das decisões pedagó- gicas estão focados no desempenho acadêmico e na aquisição de conteúdos. Conclui-se que a configuração estabelecida entre o objeto de ensino e os sujeitos é mediada por experiências de aprendizagem nas quais interagem currículo, didática e avaliação. Isso permite aos estudantes mapear uma experiência formativa que aponta para a subjetivação, ou seja, reconstruir sua visão do mundo tanto no nível pessoal quanto profissional.

Resumen. El plan de estudio de las carreras de ingeniería considera una formación en ciencias básicas y ciencias de la ingeniería. Por lo que este análisis aborda las investigaciones que implementan metodologías activas para la enseñanza de la ingeniería como construcción de una experiencia formativa. La información recolectada en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y SciELO, bajo el modelo PRISMA de revisión sistemática de la literatura, analizó las metodologías activas, instrumentos de evaluación y su enfoque e impactos curriculares. Se obtuvo una muestra de 646 artículos, de los cuales, debido a la aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión, fueron seleccionados únicamente 85. Las investigaciones se centran en asignaturas relacionadas a las ciencias de la ingeniería mediadas por aprendizaje cooperativo y aprendizaje basado en proyectos; además, se utilizan técnicas de recolección de datos basadas en cuestionarios y encuestas focalizadas en la experiencia de la innovación. Los impactos de las decisiones pedagógicas están centrados en el rendimiento académico y la adquisición de con- tenidos. En conclusión, la configuración que se establece entre el objeto de enseñanza y los sujetos es mediada por experiencias de aprendizaje en las que interactúan el currículum, la didáctica y la evaluación. Esto le permite al estudiantado mapear una experiencia formativa que apunta hacia la subjetivación, es decir, a reconstruir su visión del mundo tanto a nivel personal como profesional.

Abstract: The curriculum of engineering careers includes training in basic sciences and engineering sciences. This analysis addresses research that applies active methodologies to teaching engineering as a formative ex- perience. The information collected in the Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO databases, under the PRISMA model of systematic literature review, analyzed the active methodologies, evaluation tools and their curricular approach and impact. A total of 646 articles were obtained, of which only 85 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research focuses on engineering subjects taught through cooperative learning and project-based learning, using data collection techniques such as questionnaires and surveys focused on the experience of innovation. The effects of pedagogical choices are focused on academic achievement and content acquisition. In conclusion, the relationship between the teaching object and the subjects is mediated by learning experiences in which curriculum, didactics, and evaluation interact. This allows students to map a formative experience aimed at subjectivation, that is, reconstructing their vision of the world at both the personal and professional levels.

Abstract: This research aims to describe and interpret teachers' subjective theories about idiosyncratic characteristics associated with the use of non-teaching time. The study is part of a larger investigation into teachers' subjective theories regarding school time. It employs a case study design within an interpretive, mixed-methods framework, conducted in Chile with 12 teachers who were interviewed using a semi-structured format and a time perspective instrument. Data analysis involved open coding and a secondary comparison of qualitative results with findings from the time perspective scale. The results highlight common challenges such as taking work home, which impacts mental health. While some teachers describe themselves as structured and efficient, others struggle to balance family and work responsibilities. Experience influences their time management, showing a variety in the perception of personal versus work time, and revealing a trend toward a future-oriented view, though some exhibit a fatalistic present attitude

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir e interpretar las teorías subjetivas de docentes sobre características idiosincráticas de los profesores asociadas al uso del tiempo no lectivo. El estudio se enmarca en una investigación mayor sobre teorías subjetivas de docentes acerca del tiempo escolar. El diseño es un estudio de casos bajo un paradigma interpretativo, mixto, realizado en Chile con 12 profesores a los que se les aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada y un instrumento de perspectiva temporal. El análisis de los datos consistió en codificación abierta y secundariamente la contrastación de los resultados cualitativos con los hallazgos derivados de aplicar la escala de perspectiva temporal. Los resultados destacan desafíos comunes como el llevar trabajo a casa, lo que afecta la salud mental. Aunque algunos docentes se describen como estructurados y eficientes, otros luchan por equilibrar responsabilidades familiares y laborales. La experiencia influye en su manejo del tiempo, mostrando variedad en la percepción del tiempo personal frente al laboral, y revelando una tendencia hacia una visión más orientada al futuro, pero con una actitud presente fatalista en algunos casos

Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever e interpretar as teorias subjetivas de docentes sobre características idiossincráticas dos professores associadas ao uso do tempo não letivo. O estudo está inserido em uma pesquisa maior sobre teorias subjetivas dos docentes sobre o tempo escolar. A metodologia aplicada foi de estudo de casos sob um paradigma interpretativo, misto, realizado no Chile com 12 professores, aos quais foram aplicados uma entrevista semiestruturada e um instrumento de perspectiva temporal. A análise dos dados envolveu codificação aberta e, secundariamente, a comparação dos resultados qualitativos com os achados derivados da aplicação da escala de perspectiva temporal. Os resultados destacam desafios comuns, como levar trabalho para casa, o que afeta a saúde mental. Embora alguns docentes se descrevam como estruturados e eficientes, outros lutam para equilibrar responsabilidades familiares e profissionais. A experiência influencia sua gestão do tempo, mostrando variação na percepção do tempo pessoal versus profissional e revelando uma tendência para uma visão mais orientada para o futuro, mas com uma atitude presente fatalista em alguns casos

Resumo: O clima motivacional de sala aula (CMC pela sua sigla em espanhol) é um construto que permite estudar os padrões de atuação docente em sala de aula e sua relação com a motivação dos alunos. Com base na importância do CMC para os ambientes de ensino e aprendizagem, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com o objetivo de sintetizar as evidências dos estudos ibero-americanos no ensino médio e superior durante o período 1992-2023. Foram utilizadas as diretrizes metodológicas definidas na declaração PRISMA, o que permitiram selecionar 51 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Os resultados revelam uma prevalência de estudos quantitativos (90 %) no ensino médio (65 %). Nove instrumentos foram identificados para o estudo do CMC, sendo que o CMC-Q foi o instrumento mais utilizado. A análise dos estudos indica que existe uma variância explicada comum moderada entre o CMC e variáveis psicológicas pessoais de alunos e docentes, mas em relação ao desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes. As descobertas relatadas seguem a mesma direção das evidências disponíveis em outras regiões do mundo. Sugere-se avançar para uma compreensão multidimensional do CMC, a triangulação de participantes, técnicas e métodos, bem como estudos adicionais que integrem o CMC como medida de eficácia em intervenções educativas.

Resumen: El clima motivacional de clase (CMC) es un constructo que permite estudiar los patrones de actuación docente en el aula y su relación con la motivación del estudiantado. En base a la importancia que tiene el CMC para los entornos de enseñanza y aprendizaje se realizó una revisión sistemática con el objetivo de sintetizar la evidencia de estudios iberoamericanos en la educación media y superior durante el período 1992-2023. Se utilizaron las directrices metodológicas definidas en la declaración PRISMA, que permitieron seleccionar 51 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Los resultados revelan una prevalencia de estudios cuantitativos (90 %), en la enseñanza media (65 %). Fueron identificados nueve instrumentos para el estudio del CMC y se encontró que el CMC-Q fue el instrumento más utilizado. El análisis de los estudios señala que existe una varianza explicada común moderada entre el CMC y variables psicológicas personales de estudiantes y docentes, pero baja respecto al rendimiento académico estudiantil. Los hallazgos reportados van en la misma dirección que la evidencia disponible en otras regiones a nivel mundial. Se sugiere avanzar hacia una comprensión multidimensional del CMC, la triangulación de participantes, técnicas y métodos, así como estudios adicionales que integren al CMC como medida de la eficacia en las intervenciones educativas.

Abstract: The classroom motivational climate (CMC) is a construct that allows studying the patterns of teaching performance in the classroom and their relationship with student motivation. Based on the importance of CMC for teaching and learning environments, a systematic review was conducted with the aim of synthesizing the evidence from Ibero-American studies in secondary and higher education during the period 1992-2023. The methodological guidelines defined in the PRISMA statement were used, which allowed the selection of 51 articles that met the eligibility criteria. The results reveal a prevalence of quantitative studies (90 %) in secondary education (65 %). Nine instruments were identified for the CMC study and the CMC-Q was found to be the most commonly used instrument. The Analysis of the studies indicates that there is a moderate common explained variance between the CMC and personal psychological variables of students and teachers, but low with respect to student academic performance. The reported findings are in the same direction as the evidence available in other regions worldwide. It is suggested to move towards a multidimensional understanding of CMC, triangulation of participants, techniques and methods, as well as additional studies that integrate CMC as a measure of effectiveness in educational interventions.

Resumo Introdução: A falta de profissionais especializados pode contribuir para incapacidade de atender à demanda por transplantes renais. Além disto, não existe uma proposta universal para o processo de formação de cirurgiões transplantadores. Nosso objetivo foi explorar características do programa de treinamento e atividades profissionais das equipes de transplante renal no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: Convidamos os cirurgiões dos 19 centros de transplante renal ativos em Minas Gerais a participarem desse estudo transversal. Comparamos dados demográficos e de formação profissional utilizando modelos de regressão linear e logística. Resultados: A taxa de resposta entre os centros foi elevada (89%); metade dos cirurgiões responderam à pesquisa (39/78). A maioria dos centros eram instituições públicas de ensino, com contrato de remuneração por produção, com média de 6 ± 2,4 cirurgiões/equipe; 94,2% dos centros tinham urologistas. Os cirurgiões eram 95% homens (idade entre 46, 3 ± 9,7 anos) e 59% eram urologistas. A maioria estava envolvida em captação e transplante de órgãos; somente um trabalhava exclusivamente com transplante. O período médio desde a formação foi de 13 ± 9,4 anos, com média de 10 ± 9,7 anos como parte da equipe de transplante. Apenas 25,6% possuíam formação especializada ou formal em transplante, com somente um tendo concluído residência médica formal em transplante renal. A falta de programas de treinamento foi o motivo mais citado. Conclusão: Cirurgiões de transplante renal não são exclusivos e a maioria não concluiu um programa formal de treinamento em transplante pela falta de disponibilidade. Esses dados indicam necessidade de aprimorar programas de treinamento e facilitar a formação de novas equipes de transplante renal. Introdução renais disto transplantadores Brasil Métodos 1 transversal logística Resultados 89% 89 (89%) 39/78. 3978 39/78 . 39 78 (39/78) ensino produção 24 2 4 2, cirurgiões/equipe cirurgiõesequipe 942 94 94,2 urologistas 95 idade 46 97 9 7 9, 59 órgãos 256 25 25,6 citado Conclusão disponibilidade 8 (89% 397 39/7 (39/78 94, 5 25, (89 39/ (39/7 (8 (39/ ( (39 (3

Abstract Introduction: The lack of specialized professionals potentially contributes to the inability to meet the demand for kidney transplantations. Moreover, there is no universal proposal for the training process of transplantation surgeons. We aimed to explore the characteristics of the training program and professional activities of kidney transplantation teams in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: We invited the surgeons of all 19 active kidney transplantation centers in Minas Gerais to participate in this cross-sectional study. Demographic and professional training data were compared using linear and logistic regression models. Results: The response rate among the centers was high (89%); half of the surgeons answered the survey (39/78). Most of the centers were public teaching institutions, under a production-based payment contract, with a mean of 6 ± 2.4 surgeons/team; 94.2% of the centers had urologists. The surgeons were 95% male (age of 46.3 ± 9.7 years) and 59% were urologists. Most were involved in organ procurement and transplantation; only one surgeon worked exclusively with transplantation. The mean period since training was 13 ± 9.4 years, with a mean of 10 ± 9.7 years as part of the transplantation team. Only 25.6% had specialized or formal training in transplantation, with only one completing a formal medical residency for kidney transplantation. The lack of training programs was the most frequently cited reason. Conclusion: Kidney transplantation surgeons are not exclusive and most have not completed a formal fellowship program in transplantation because they are not available. These data indicate the need to improve training programs and facilitate the formation of new kidney transplantation teams. Introduction transplantations Moreover Brazil Methods 1 crosssectional cross sectional study models Results 89% 89 (89%) 39/78. 3978 39/78 . 39 78 (39/78) institutions productionbased production based contract 24 2 4 2. surgeons/team surgeonsteam team 942 94 94.2 urologists 95 age 463 46 3 46. 97 9 7 9. 59 256 25 25.6 reason Conclusion available 8 (89% 397 39/7 (39/78 94. 5 25. (89 39/ (39/7 (8 (39/ ( (39 (3

Abstract: The present study examines the teaching strategies used by physics professors while providing a guide for students through learning activities that develop thinking skills, knowledge, and attitudes to solve specialty-related problems. A didactic approach is applied to teaching competency-based general physics in engineering within a modular structure. A mixed methodology is employed, with qualitative methods for the case study interpreting professors' discourse regarding classroom pedagogical design and practice, and quantitative methods examining teaching practice and its impact on academic performance. As a result, three main categories are identified: 1) didactic strategies, 2) technological resources, 3) and learning monitoring. It is observed that the teaching model influences student dropout rates and academic success. In conclusion, there is a preference for traditional strategies over constructivist strategies, regardless of the professor's experience level.

Resumen: El presente estudio examina las estrategias de enseñanza utilizadas por los docentes de física y provee una guía al estudiante a través de actividades de aprendizaje que desarrollen habilidades de pensamiento, conocimientos y actitudes para resolver problemas de la especialidad. Se aplica un enfoque didáctico para enseñar por competencias en física general en ingeniería bajo estructura modular. Se utiliza una metodología mixta, cualitativa para el estudio de caso que interpreta el discurso de los docentes en relación con el diseño y la práctica pedagógica de aula y el cuantitativo que examina la práctica docente y su impacto en el rendimiento académico. Como resultado, se identifican tres categorías principales: 1) estrategias didácticas, 2) recursos tecnológicos, y 3) seguimiento del aprendizaje. Se observa que el modelo de enseñanza influye en la tasa de deserción y el éxito académico de los estudiantes. En conclusión, se evidencia una preferencia por estrategias tradicionales sobre las constructivistas, independientemente de la experiencia del docente.

SUMMARY: The purpose of this research was to understand how second-semester students of the Medicine and Surgery academic program at Universidad del Valle learn about the main ideas of Human Macroscopic Anatomy (HMA). As a methodological proposal, a case study was carried out. Students' knowledge and understanding of HMA was assessed. For this, the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) model was taken into account, which includes the motivations and interests for learning, as well as the student’ previous ideas. A participant observation of the theoretical and practical classes was carried out for 16 weeks, recording observations in a field diary, and obtaining audiovisual material. All the information was organized in an analytical index, creating codes for the analysis. The analysis, interpretation and representation of results were done using the ATLAS.ti 22 software. It was found that students learn the main ideas of HMA through a process that implies commitment to their academic training, where interests, motivations, prior knowledge and participation are involved. It is important that different study methods are used during this process, and that there is the support from the professor and the institution, who should favor the learning and immersion of the students into the academic world and university culture, through the design of proposals that integrate teaching, learning and assessment, and also take into account the social and cultural realities of their students.

RESUMEN: El propósito de esta investigación fue comprender cómo los estudiantes de segundo semestre del programa académico de Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad del Valle aprenden sobre las ideas principales de la Anatomía Macroscópica Humana (AMH). Como propuesta metodológica se realizó un estudio de caso. Se evaluó el conocimiento y comprensión de los estudiantes sobre la AMH. Para ello se tomó en cuenta el modelo de Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido (CPC), que incluye las motivaciones e intereses por el aprendizaje, así como las ideas previas de los estudiantes. Se realizó una observación participante de las clases teóricas y prácticas durante 16 semanas, registrando las observaciones en un diario de campo y obteniendo material audiovisual. Toda la información se organizó en un índice analítico, creando códigos para el análisis. El análisis, interpretación y representación de los resultados se realizó mediante el software ATLAS.ti 22. Se encontró que los estudiantes aprenden las ideas principales de la AME a través de un proceso que implica compromiso con su formación académica, en donde se involucran intereses, motivaciones, conocimientos previos y participación. Es importante que durante este proceso se utilicen diferentes métodos de estudio, y que se cuente con el apoyo del docente y de la institución, quienes deben favorecer el aprendizaje y la inmersión de los estudiantes en el mundo académico y la cultura universitaria, mediante el diseño de propuestas que integren la enseñanza, el aprendizaje y la evaluación, y que además tengan en cuenta las realidades sociales y culturales de sus estudiantes.

SUMMARY: The teaching of human anatomy plays a fundamental role for both students and health professionals; understanding the structure of the human body is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. In this context, this systematic review article focused on answering the following main question: What are the most effective methodological strategies for teaching human anatomy? To address this question, an exhaustive investigation was carried out involving the consultation of recognized databases such as Web of Science (Wos), PubMed and Scopus, covering the period from 2013 to 2023. It was concluded that effective teaching of human anatomy is achieved through various methodological strategies, including the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), practice in dissection laboratories, active learning methods, teacher training factors, evaluation of student performance and promotion of collaborative learning.

RESUMEN: La enseñanza de la anatomía humana desempeña un papel fundamental tanto para estudiantes como para profesionales del ámbito de la salud; comprender la estructura del cuerpo humano resulta esencial para realizar diagnósticos precisos y llevar a cabo tratamientos efectivos. En este contexto, el presente artículo de revisión sistemática se enfocó en responder a la siguiente pregunta principal: ¿Cuáles son las estrategias metodológicas más efectivas para la enseñanza de la anatomía humana?. Para abordar esta cuestión, se llevó a cabo una exhaustiva investigación que incluyó la consulta de bases de datos reconocidas como Web of Science (Wos), PubMed y Scopus, abarcando el periodo comprendido entre 2013 y 2023. Se concluyó que la enseñanza efectiva de la anatomía humana se alcanza a través de diversas estrategias metodológicas, entre las que se incluyen el uso de tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TICs), la realización de prácticas en laboratorios de disección, métodos de aprendizaje activo, factores de formación docente, la evaluación del desempeño estudiantil y la promoción del aprendizaje colaborativo.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between inflammatory markers and abdominal fat assessed by ultrasound in prepubertal children with and without excess weight. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 241 prepubertal children, 156 with obesity, 37 with overweight, and 48 with normal weight, aged five to ten years, who were followed at a research unit on Childhood Obesity from a teaching hospital belonging to a public health system. The concentration of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and C-reactive protein were assessed and regression analyses, considering outcome variables such as abdominal wall and intra-abdominal fat thickness measured by ultrasound, were performed. Results The findings highlighted an association between abdominal fat and inflammatory markers, even in children at this young age group. Subcutaneous fat showed a stronger association with inflammatory biomarkers compared to intra-abdominal fat when performing logistic regression, with a positive association between tumor necrosis factor-α and abdominal wall thickness equal to or greater than the 75th percentile in adjusted logistic regression (OR: 18.12; CI 95 %: 1.57: 209.55). Conclusions Abdominal wall fat, in contrast to what is often observed in adults, appears to have a greater impact on chronic inflammation related to excessive weight in very young children. crosssectional cross sectional 24 15 obesity 3 overweight 4 years system interleukin6, interleukin6 interleukin 6, 6 interleukin-6 factorα factor α Creactive C reactive analyses intraabdominal intra performed group th OR (OR 18.12 1812 18 12 9 % 1.57 157 1 57 209.55. 20955 209.55 . 209 55 209.55) adults 2 interleukin- 18.1 181 1.5 5 2095 209.5 20 18. 1. 209.