Abstract Introduction: Anoectochilus formosanus is a highly valuable herb known for its efficacy in treating a wide range of diseases. However, the current methods used to differentiate this species from others within the same genus are not effective due to the high similarity in morphological characteristics and DNA barcode sequences among these species. Objective: To characterize the chloroplast (cp) genome to distinguish A. formosanus at species or isolation levels. Methods: The complete cp genome was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology, annotated, and compared with published cp genomes of various species within the Anoectochilus genus. Results: The complete cp genome of A. formosanus is 152 658 bp in size, consisting of a large and small copy of 82 692 bp and 17 346 bp, respectively, separated by inverted repeats of 26 310 bp. Within the cp genome, there are a total of 141 genes, including 92 protein-coding genes, 10 rRNA genes, and 39 tRNA genes. This genome contains a total of 80 simple sequence repeats, with 50 long repeats. Through phylogenetic analysis, a close relationship was observed between A. formosanus in Vietnam and A. formosanus samples from China (NC_061756.1). However, genomic comparisons highlighted differences between the two cp genomes, specifically in their reverse repeat sequences. Conclusion: These findings reveal distinct variations in the cp genome of A. formosanus in Vietnam, offering valuable insights into the taxonomy, plant identification, breeding, and conservation programs related to this herb in Vietnam.

Resumen Introducción: Anoectochilus formosanus es una orquídea herbácea muy valiosa, conocida por su eficacia en el tratamiento de una amplia gama de enfermedades. Sin embargo, los métodos actuales utilizados para diferenciar esta especie de otras dentro del mismo género no son efectivos debido a la gran similitud en las características morfológicas y las secuencias de códigos de barras de ADN entre estas especies. Objetivo: Caracterizar el genoma del cloroplasto (cp) para distinguir A. formosanus a nivel de especie o de aislamiento. Métodos: El genoma completo del cp se secuenció utilizando tecnología de secuenciación de nueva generación, se anotó y se comparó con los genomas del cp publicados de varias especies del género Anoectochilus. Resultados: El genoma del cp completo de A. formosanus tiene un tamaño de 152 658 pb y consta de una copia grande y pequeña de 82 692 pb y 17 346 pb, respectivamente, separadas por repeticiones invertidas de 26 310 pb. Dentro del genoma del cp, hay un total de 141 genes, incluidos 92 genes codificadores de proteínas, 10 genes de ARNr y 39 genes de ARNt. Este genoma contiene un total de 80 repeticiones de secuencia simple, con 50 repeticiones largas. Mediante análisis filogenético, se observó una estrecha relación entre A. formosanus de Vietnam y muestras de A. formosanus de China (NC_061756.1). Sin embargo, las comparaciones genómicas resaltaron diferencias entre los dos genomas del cp, específicamente en sus secuencias de repetición invertida. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos revelan distintas variaciones en el genoma del cp de A. formosanus en Vietnam, lo que ofrece información valiosa sobre la taxonomía, la identificación de plantas, la reproducción y los programas de conservación relacionados con esta hierba en Vietnam.

ABSTRACT Manihot includes about 150 species with a Neotropical distribution. Wild species of Manihot constitute a plant genetic heritage that can be used in breeding programs for the cultivable species Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava). However, wild populations, especially endemic ones, are under constant threat due to habitat destruction and climate change. The objective of this manuscript was to elaborate a taxonomic treatment of the endemic species of Manihot recorded in Northeast Brazil; determine the geographical distribution of species, richness, their conservation status, and solve typification problems. The study was based on the analysis of specimens deposited in national and international herbaria, as well as on field observations. Fifteen endemic species of Manihot were found, we propose lectotypes for five of them and one neotype. Most species are distributed in the state of Bahia, growing in Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest environments. Only M. breviloba was found in the states of Sergipe and Alagoas. The richest area was found in the Chapada Diamantina of the Espinhaço Range. In terms of conservation status, 80% of endemic species are in some threatened category, 13% are in the near threatened category and only 7% are in the least concern category.

Over the years it has been possible to notice the growth of applications for educational purposes available on digital platforms. Many of these apps are used in teaching and learning processes, however few are evaluated regarding their theoretical and practical aspects. In this context, in chemistry teaching, specifically the area of organic chemistry, it is inferred that apps can help build knowledge of this Science through visualization and interaction with them, but little is discussed about how these apps are evaluated in practice. Therefore, the present work proposes a new model based on technical and pedagogical aspects, based on evaluation models for educational digital games and Bloom’s digital taxonomy, called the educational application evaluation model (EAEM). In addition, organic chemistry applications available on the Google Play® platform through EAEM are analyzed. The results indicate that the EAEM was efficient in evaluating organic chemistry apps, configuring itself as an alternative for choosing educational apps regardless of the subject, where teachers can analyze the characteristics of the apps according to their pedagogical activities.

ABSTRACT The largest genus within the family Tabanidae (Diptera: Brachycera), Tabanus Linnaeus, has a worldwide distribution and includes medium to large conspicuous flies. Although the species are difficult to identify and a large number have already been described, several new Neotropical species have been reported for science in the past few years. Taxonomy, the science that describes and catalogs biodiversity, depends on collections, as these preserve specimens for later purposes, allowing examination and checking by specialists. In this paper we describe a new species, Tabanus argentistrigatus sp. n. based on two specimens stored in the collection of the Museum of Zoology of the São Paulo University since 1938. The new species is only known from one location in the state of Paraná, which is now highly anthropized.

ABSTRACT Monstrilloid copepods are endoparasites of marine benthic invertebrates (i.e., polychaetes, molluscs) during their juvenile stages. A final copepodite stage V preadult leaves the host and moults into a non-feeding, reproductive planktonic adult. The taxonomy of Monstrilloid copepods has been historically complex. The current list of species of Brazilian Monstrilloida is available from the “Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil” website (CTFB), an on-line database with taxonomic information on the species known to occur in Brazil. Based on current taxonomical contributions, a total of 14 valid nominal species of Monstrilloida have been recorded from Brazil, including six endemic species (43%). Species of Cymbasoma (five species: 36%) and Monstrilla (six species: 43%) total up to 78% of the Brazilian monstrilloid species diversity. Monstrillopsis and Caromiobenella are both represented by three species. Records of Monstrilloida are concentrated in the East, Southeast, and Northeast regions of the country, with an absence of records for the Rio Grande region. The records of Monstrilloid copepods should be revised in the light of evidence suggesting that widespread nominal species like Cymbasoma longispinosum Bourne, 1890, Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson I.C., 1888, Monstrillopsis dubia (Scott T., 1904), and Monstrilla grandis Giesbrecht, 1891 probably represent species complexes. A better knowledge of the taxonomy, distribution, and biology of the Brazilian Monstrilloida taxa is important to support their conservation. The revision of previous records, the occurrence of species complexes among the Brazilian monstrilloid fauna, the discovery of hosts, and reliably matching males and females of monstrilloids are pending assignments to significantly improve our knowledge of the group.

Resumo Apresentamos um levantamento florístico da família Rubiaceae no Parque Estadual do Juquery, uma Unidade de Conservação que abriga a maior área de Cerrado da região metropolitana de São Paulo. O trabalho foi elaborado com base nos métodos convencionais em taxonomia vegetal: trabalho de campo com expedições de campo entre 2020 e 2023, levantamento bibliográfico, visita a herbários e pedidos de empréstimo de materiais. Estudos anteriores revelaram uma alta diversidade da família no parque, mas nenhum tratamento específico havia sido realizado. No presente estudo foram registradas 35 espécies em diversas fitofisionomias, que estão distribuídas em 15 gêneros, sendo Borreria (7 spp.), Palicourea (5 spp.), Coccocypselum (4 spp.), Psychotria (4 spp.), e Galianthe (3 spp.) os mais diversos. Também reportamos quatro gêneros (Cordiera, Hexasepalum, Malanea e Mitracarpus) e 21 espécies sem registro prévio para essa Unidade de Conservação. Uma chave dicotômica de identificação e fotos das espécies são apresentadas em conjunto a lista de espécies. A diversidade de espécies de Rubiaceae na área de estudo é maior do que já tinha sido registrada em levantamentos mais amplos, e o mosaico formado por fitofisionomias abertas e florestais presentes no Parque deve contribuir para essa alta diversidade.

Abstract We present a floristic survey of the family Rubiaceae in Juquery State Park, a conservation unit that harbors the largest Cerrado area in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and is a refuge within the Atlantic Forest domain. The work was conducted using conventional methods in plant taxonomy, including fieldwork between 2020 and 2023, a literature survey, visits to herbaria, and requests for specimen loans. Previous articles revealed the high diversity of the family in the park, but no specific treatment had been published. In the present study, 35 species distributed in 15 genera were recorded in different phytophysiognomies, and Borreria (7 spp.), Palicourea (5 spp.), Coccocypselum (4 spp.), Psychotria (4 spp.), and Galianthe (3 spp.) are the richest. Four genera (Cordiera, Hexasepalum, Malanea and Mitracarpus) and 21 species are new records for this conservation unit. A dichotomous identification key and photos of the species are also provided. The diversity of Rubiaceae species in the study area is greater than previously recorded in broader surveys, and the mosaic formed by open and forest phytophysiognomies in the park probably contributes to this high level of diversity.

Resumen: A lo largo de este trabajo se realizará una mirada esquemática sobre el paradigma de secularización que ha primado en el Uruguay durante la última década. En arreglo a lo cual se abordará la evolución del propio concepto secularización, pasando por algunas de sus distintas teorizaciones o tesis, con énfasis en el llamado «paradigma clásico». El propósito de esa taxonomía, en conjunto con el abordaje de estudios recientes sobre la realidad local de fenómenos como la desprivatización religiosa: es intentar dilucidar si la tesis secularizadora francesa de separación de esferas continúa primando o si efectivamente se procesó o está procesando un cambio en la lógica del país. Para lo que se pondrá especial atención en las manifestaciones de la opinión pública y de los actores político-partidarios cuando se producen hechos religiosos con relevancia mediática o vinculados a instituciones y actores estatales.

Abstract:Throughout this work, a schematic approach on the secularization paradigm that has prevailed in Uruguay over the last decade will be made, for which the evolution of the secularization concept itself will be addressed, going through some of its different theories or theses, with emphasis on the so-called “classical paradigm”. The purpose of this taxonomy, together with the approach of recent studies on the local reality of phenomena such as the religious deprivatization, is to try to elucidate if the French secularizing thesis of separation of spheres continues to prevail on the country or if a change in logic has occurred or is occurring here. For this, special attention will be paid to the manifestations of public opinion and partisan political actors when religious events with media relevance or linked to state institutions and actors take place.

Resumo: Ao longo deste trabalho será revisado esquematicamente o paradigma de secularização que tem imperado no Uruguai durante na última década. Para isto, será examinada a evolução do próprio conceito de secularização, passando por algumas das suas diferentes teorizações ou teses, com ênfase no chamado «paradigma clássico». O propósito dessa taxonomia, em conjunto com a visão de estudos recentes sobre a realidade local de fenômenos como a desprivatização religiosa, é tentar elucidar se a tese de secularização francesa de separação de esferas continua sendo importante ou se efetivamente aconteceu ou está acontecendo uma mudança na lógica do país nesse aspecto. Será necessário, então, atender especialmente as manifestações da opinião pública e dos atores políticos e partidários diante de fatos religiosos com relevância midiática ou vinculados com instituições ou atores estatais.

Resumen Introducción: Prácticas alimentarias inadecuadas ocasionan sobrepeso y obesidad infantil, hábitos que se aprenden en la familia y el entorno social; en México, la prevalencia incrementó un 1.1% en relación al 2012. Contar con planes de cuidados de enfermería brindará una orientación para disminuir obesidad en la familia al fomentar hábitos nutricionales saludables. Objetivo: Diseñar planes de cuidados de enfermería dirigido a padres de niños con sobrepeso u obesidad, factibles de implementar dentro del entorno familiar. Metodología: Se empleó la propuesta para elaboración del plan de cuidados de enfermería de la Comisión Permanente de Enfermería en México. La delimitación del problema fue mediante valoración a 30 padres/madres con hijos/as de 5 a 11 años que padecían sobrepeso u obesidad. La construcción de los planes de cuidados se realizó según el análisis de la valoración mediante la Teoría Enfermera del Déficit del Autocuidado, la taxonomía North American Nursing Diagnosis Associaton, Nursing Outcomes Classification y Nursing Interventions Classification, clasificadas de acuerdo con sistemas enfermeros propuestos por Orem. Resultados: Se identificaron factores condicionantes básicos como hábitos nutricionales deficientes en la familia, obesidad y sobrepeso en escolares, a partir de los cuales se crearon cinco planes de cuidados: desempeño ineficaz del rol, conductas de mantenimiento ineficaz de la salud, conocimiento deficiente, tendencia a adoptar conductas de riesgo para la salud y dinámica de alimentación ineficaz del preescolar y escolar. Conclusiones: Continuar el desarrollo de planes de cuidados para prevenir y disminuir obesidad en la niñez que aumente o mejore su calidad de vida.

Abstract Introduction: Inadequate dietary practices causes childhood overweight and obesity, habits that are learned in the family and social environment; in Mexico, prevalence increased by 1.1% compared to 2012. Having Nursing Care Plans will provide guidance to reduce obesity in the family by promoting healthy nutritional habits. Objective: To design nursing care plans aimed at parents of overweight or obese children, feasible to implement within the family environment. Methodology: The proposal for the preparation of the nursing care plan of the Permanent Commission of Nursing in Mexico was used. The delimitation of the problem was by assessing 30 parents with children from 5 to 11 years old who were overweight or obese; the construction of the care plans were carried out according to the analysis using the Nurse Theory of Self-Care Deficit, the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association taxonomy, the Nursing Outcomes Classification, and the Nursing Interventions Classification, these classified according to nursing systems proposed by Orem. Results: Basic conditioning factors were identified, such as poor nutritional habits in the family, and obesity and overweight in schoolchildren, from which five care plans were created: Ineffective role performance, ineffective health maintenance behaviors, deficient knowledge, tendency to adopt risk behaviors for health and ineffective eating dynamics at preschool and school. Conclusion: Continue the development of care plans to prevent and reduce obesity in childhood that increases or improves their quality of life.

Abstrato Introdução: Práticas alimentares inadequadas causam sobrepeso e obesidade na infância, hábitos que são aprendidos no ambiente familiar e social; no México, a prevalência aumentou 1,1% em relação a 2012. A existência de Planos de Cuidados de Enfermagem dará orientação para reduzir a obesidade na família, promovendo hábitos nutricionais saudáveis. Objetivo: Elaborar planos de atenção à enfermagem voltados para pais de crianças com sobrepeso ou obesidade, é viável implementar dentro do ambiente familiar. Metodologia: Foi utilizada a proposta para a elaboração do plano de cuidados de enfermagem da Comissão Permanente de Enfermagem no México. A delimitação do problema foi avaliando 30 pais com crianças de 5 a 11 anos com sobrepeso ou obesidade; a construção dos planos de cuidados foi realizada de acordo com a análise utilizando a Teoria da Enfermeira do Défice de Autocuidado, a taxonomia da Associação Norte-Americana de Diagnóstico de Enfermagem, a Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem, e a Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem, estas classificadas de acordo com os sistemas de enfermagem propostos por Orem. Resultados: Foram identificados factores condicionantes básicos, tais como maus hábitos nutricionais na família, e obesidade e excesso de peso em crianças em idade escolar, a partir dos quais foram criados cinco planos de cuidados: Desempenho ineficaz do papel, comportamentos ineficazes de manutenção da saúde, conhecimento deficiente, tendência para adoptar comportamentos de risco para a saúde e dinâmica alimentar ineficaz na pré-escola e na escola. Conclusões: Continuar o desenvolvimento de planos assistenciais de prevenção e redução da obesidade na infância que aumente ou melhore sua qualidade de vida.

Resumen Las instituciones de educación superior deben acreditar y certificar sus planes de estudio para mejorar su calidad académica a través de la evaluación continua. La Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala implementó un nuevo plan de estudios, del cual ya han egresado tres generaciones, lo que permite formalmente su evaluación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los programas de las asignaturas del ámbito de Investigación desde las tradiciones Conductual, Cognitivo-conductual e Interconductual. Precisamente, se pretende evaluar su coherencia interna, la consistencia entre ellos y su conexión con el perfil de egreso. Utilizando una adaptación de la taxonomía de Bloom, se diseñaron rúbricas y un instrumento para que 18 docentes, participantes en el estudio, evaluaran los cursos. El análisis se realizó utilizando como criterios para la coherencia interna: la complejidad de los objetivos generales y específicos, la jerarquía de los objetivos específicos, la relación entre objetivos y contenido, la viabilidad y actualización de la bibliografía. Para la consistencia, se tuvieron en cuenta las superposiciones o repeticiones de objetivos y contenidos entre las asignaturas, los vacíos temáticos y la conexión entre el perfil de egreso y los objetivos del conjunto de asignaturas. En los resultados se puede señalar que las cinco asignaturas evaluadas requieren modificaciones en algunos aspectos de coherencia interna. En cuanto a la consistencia, se identificaron superposiciones en los objetivos y contenidos temáticos, así como algunas brechas temáticas. Se discute una propuesta de modificación de programas de acuerdo con los resultados encontrados para una eventual discusión y aprobación de los profesores en el campo de la investigación.

Abstract Higher educational institutions must accredit and certify their study plans to improve their academic quality, through continuous evaluation. The Iztacala Faculty of Higher Studies implemented a new curriculum, from which three generations have already graduated, formally allowing its evaluation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the programs of courses in the Research field from the Behavioral, Cognitive-behavioral, and Interbehavioral traditions; precisely, their internal coherence, consistency between them, and their connection with the graduation profile. Using an adaptation of Bloom's taxonomy, rubrics and an instrument were designed so that 18 teachers, participating in the study, who evaluated the courses. Analysis was performed using internal coherence criteria: the complexity of the general and specific objectives, a hierarchy of the specific objectives, the relationship between objectives and content, feasibility and updating of the bibliography; and for consistency, were overlaps or repetitions of objectives and contents between the subjects, thematic gaps and the connection between the graduation profile and the objectives of the set of academic courses. In the results it can be noted that the five courses evaluated require modifications in some aspect of internal coherence. Regarding consistency, some overlapping objectives and thematic contents were identified, as well as thematic gaps. A proposal to modify the academic programs is discussed according to the results found for an eventual discussion and approval by the professors in the field of research.

The focus of the present study is an analysis of remote technical education, with a particular emphasis on professional technical courses such as Industrial Automation, Electrotechnics, Mechatronics, and Mechanics during the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. We investigate the primary pedagogical strategies adopted by educators to overcome the challenges imposed by this scenario and the digital tools that were instrumental in combating the impacts caused by compulsory remote education. Within the scope of this study, the challenges encountered during this unprecedented period of remote education were analyzed, as well as the identification of the advantages and disadvantages of this modality, observed from the perspective of both teachers and students. The work provides a holistic view of these aspects, giving a voice to the main actors involved in this process. Moreover, the study explores Bloom's Taxonomy, providing an analysis from its theoretical foundations to its practical applications to better structure and categorize pedagogical content and the skills to be developed in students. We discuss the most effective ways of assessing student progress in this challenging context, providing useful insights for future implementations. In conclusion, the work also presents a series of digital tools employed during the pandemic to enhance the quality of remote technical education and promote the development of student competencies in this environment. The analysis of these tools offers valuable insight into the role and impact of technology on teaching and learning, which can be leveraged even during regular face-to-face education.

El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis de la educación técnica a distancia, con un énfasis particular en los cursos técnicos de Automatización Industrial, Electrotecnia, Mecatrónica y Mecánica durante la crisis de la pandemia de Covid-19. Investigaremos las principales estrategias pedagógicas adoptadas por los docentes para superar los desafíos impuestos por este escenario y las herramientas digitales que fueron esenciales para combatir los impactos causados por la educación a distancia. En el contexto de este estudio, se analizaron los desafíos enfrentados durante este período de enseñanza a distancia, así como la identificación de las ventajas y desventajas de esta modalidad, observadas desde la perspectiva tanto de los profesores como de los alumnos. El trabajo proporciona una visión holística de estos aspectos, dando voz a los principales actores en este proceso. Además, el estudio explora la taxonomía de Bloom, proporcionando un análisis desde sus fundamentos teóricos hasta sus aplicaciones prácticas para estructurar y categorizar mejor el contenido pedagógico y las habilidades a ser desarrolladas en los estudiantes. Discutimos las formas más efectivas de evaluar el progreso de los alumnos en este contexto desafiante, proporcionando ideas útiles para futuras implementaciones. El trabajo también presenta una serie de herramientas digitales empleadas durante la pandemia para potenciar la calidad de la educación técnica a distancia y promover el desarrollo de competencias de los alumnos. El análisis de estas herramientas ofrece una perspectiva valiosa sobre el impacto de la tecnología en la enseñanza, que pueden ser aprovechados incluso durante la enseñanza presencial regular.

O presente trabalho tem como foco a análise do ensino técnico à distância, com ênfase particular nos cursos técnicos profissionalizantes de Automação Industrial, Eletroeletrônica, Mecatrônica e Mecânica durante a crise da pandemia da Covid-19. Investigaremos as principais estratégias pedagógicas adotadas pelos docentes para superar os desafios impostos por este cenário e as ferramentas digitais que foram essenciais no combate aos impactos causados pelo ensino remoto. No âmbito deste estudo, foram analisados os desafios enfrentados durante este período inédito de ensino remoto, bem como a identificação das vantagens e desvantagens dessa modalidade, observadas sob a perspectiva tanto dos professores quanto dos alunos. O trabalho proporciona uma visão holística desses aspectos, dando voz aos principais atores envolvidos neste processo. Além disso, o estudo explora a taxonomia de Bloom, proporcionando uma análise desde seus fundamentos teóricos até suas aplicações práticas para melhor estruturar e categorizar o conteúdo pedagógico e as habilidades a serem desenvolvidas nos estudantes. Discutimos as formas mais eficazes de avaliar os progressos dos alunos nesse contexto desafiador, fornecendo insights úteis para futuras implementações. Concluindo, o trabalho também apresenta uma série de ferramentas digitais empregadas durante a pandemia para potencializar a qualidade do ensino técnico remoto e promover o desenvolvimento de competências dos alunos nesse ambiente. A análise dessas ferramentas oferece uma perspectiva valiosa sobre o papel e o impacto da tecnologia no ensino e aprendizagem e que podem ser aproveitados mesmo durante o ensino regular presencial.

RESUMEN En este artículo se propone una taxonomía para medir las capacidades tecnológicas en la biotecnología, específicamente en la agrobiotecnología. Con base en dicha taxonomía se analiza el caso de las empresas mexicanas con el objetivo de identificar el tipo y el nivel de capacidades tecnológicas mediante el uso de una encuesta realizada entre 2018 y 2019. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas por tipo de empresa, destaca que las startups y las empresas multinacionales reportan niveles predominantemente básicos en las áreas de toma de decisiones, vinculación, investigación y desarrollo, generación de procesos y productos. Mientras que las pequeñas y medianas empresas tienen niveles predominantemente intermedios. Estas diferencias apuntan a la necesidad de generar políticas industriales y tecnológicas diferenciadas que atiendan a la diversidad de empresas agrobiotecnológicas.

ABSTRACT This article proposes a taxonomy to measure technological capabilities in biotechnology, specifically in agrobiotechnology. Based on this taxonomy, the case of Mexican companies is analyzed to identify the type and level of technological capabilities through a survey conducted between 2018 and 2019. The results show significant differences by type of company, it stands out that startups and multinational companies report predominantly basic levels in the areas of decision-making, linking, research and development, and generation of processes and products. While small and medium-sized companies have predominantly intermediate levels. These differences point to the need to generate differentiated industrial and technological policies that address the diversity of agrobiotechnology companies.

Resumen: El presente artículo corresponde a la segunda parte del relato intitulado Notas de viaje del jardinero de la corte Hermann Wendland, publicado en 1857 en la revista Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung, cuya primera parte fue traducida recientemente para la revista Comunicación. En 1856, el botánico alemán Hermann Wendland fue enviado por el rey de Hannover a Centroamérica, con el fin de recolectar plantas para los Jardines Reales de Herrenhausen. Este artículo se concentra en Sarapiquí, en el noreste de Costa Rica, región muy rica en biodiversidad, pero entonces botánicamente inexplorada. Durante tres semanas de trabajo intensivo, Wendland recolectó especímenes de unas 200 especies vegetales, pertenecientes a 45 familias, de las cuales 90 fueron nuevas para la ciencia. En sus recolecciones predominaron orquídeas (Orchidaceae), palmeras (Arecaceae), gesneriáceas (Gesneriaceae), aroideas (Araceae), melastomáceas (Melastomataceae) y rubiáceas (Rubiaceae), las cuales representaron el 60% de todas sus recolecciones y el 82% de las especies nuevas. La mayor parte de su colección permanece en el herbario de la Universidad de Göttingen (GOET). Esto convirtió a Sarapiquí en la región mejor conocida de Costa Rica en términos botánicos, por varios decenios. Afortunadamente, en el último medio siglo, la existencia de la Estación Biológica La Selva, de la Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET), ha permitido que los investigadores que con frecuencia se instalan ahí hayan podido acrecentar inmensamente el conocimiento de aspectos taxonómicos, ecológicos, genéticos y evolutivos de la flora y la fauna que habita el bosque tropical muy húmedo, hasta convertirla en una de las zonas tropicales mejor estudiadas del planeta.

Abstract: This paper corresponds to the second part of the account entitled Travel notes of the court gardener Hermann Wendland, published in 1857 in the magazine Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung, of which the first part was recently translated for the journal Comunicación. In 1856, the German botanist Hermann Wendland was sent to Central America by the King of Hannover, to collect plants for the Royal Gardens of Herrenhausen. The current paper focuses on Sarapiquí, in the northeast of Costa Rica, a region very rich in biodiversity, but then botanically unexplored. During three weeks of intensive work, Wendland collected some 200 plant species, belonging to 45 families, of which 90 were new to science. Orchids (Orchidaceae), palms (Arecaceae), gesnerids (Gesneriaceae), aroids (Araceae), melastomas (Melastomataceae), and madders (Rubiaceae) predominated in his collections, which represented 60% of all his collections, and 82% of all new species. Most of his collections are held in the herbarium of the University of Göttingen (GOET). This made Sarapiquí the best botanically known region of Costa Rica for several decades. Fortunately, in the last half of a century, the establishment of the La Selva Biological Station, of the Organization for Tropical Studies (OET), has allowed researchers who frequently settle there, to greatly increase knowledge about taxonomy, ecology, genetics and evolutionary relationships of the flora and fauna that inhabit the tropical wet forest, making it one of the best studied tropical environments on the planet.

Resumen La zona de estudio se ubica entre los cantones de Santa Cruz y Nicoya de Guanacaste, tiene un área geográfica de 164 km2, y un tipo de clima que varía entre tropical seco y húmedo, donde afloran rocas ígneas y sedimentarias en su superficie. La prospección geológica evaluó y analizó arcillas desde un punto de vista mecánico, edafológico y cerámico, para determinar la calidad del producto cerámico que se generará a partir de los suelos finos que se encuentran en el área de estudio. Se recolectaron 44 muestras de suelos y 30 muestras de rocas en puntos cercanos a la llanura aluvial. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los basaltos alterados, ricos en aluminosilicatos, y las areniscas líticas, son las principales rocas precursoras de las arcillas utilizadas en la fabricación de cerámicas por los alfareros de la región Chorotega. Además, se comprueba que los suelos del área de estudio son Vertisoles y Alfisoles los cuales son buena materia prima para generar cerámicas, debido a que contienen arcillas de la familia de la esmectita y caolinita, tipo ballclay y fireclay (Nelson, 1960). Mecánicamente presentan porosidades entre el 51 % y el 61 %, índices de plasticidad del 14 a 29, densidades mayores a 1,7 g/cm3, un contenido de finos superior al 59,9 % y que, al cocinarse a 900 °C, experimentan un encogimiento menor al 11 % y una pérdida de humedad inferior al 30 %. Por lo que, el estudio concluye que los suelos presentan las propiedades cerámicas adecuadas para poder elaborar piezas con pocos defectos cerámicos, resistentes y sin problemas para su engobe, ni para el acabado final.

Abstract The study area is located between the towns of Santa Cruz and Nicoya, Guanacaste, it is a geographic area of 164 km2 with a dry to humid tropical climate, where igneous and sedimentary rocks are exposed on the surface. Our research it is a geological prospecting, evaluated and analyzed the clays from a mechanical, edaphological and ceramic perspective to determine the quality of the ceramic products generated using the soils in the study area. A total of 44 soil samples and 30 rock samples were collected from locations near the floodplain. The results obtained show that altered basalts bearing secondary aluminosilicate minerals and silica-rich sandstones are the main precursor rocks for clays used in the manufacture of ceramics by potters from Chorotega region. It is also verified that the soils of the study area belong to the vertisoils and alfisoils taxonomy, which can generate good quality ceramic pieces, since they are ballclay and fireclay type clays (Nelson, 1960). They show porosities between 51 % and 61 %, plasticity indexes raging from 14 to 29, densities greater than 1,7 g/cm3, a content of fines greater than 59,9 %, and when cooked, they have less than 11 % shrinkage and less than 30 % moisture loss. Therefore, the study concludes that the soils have the appropriate ceramic properties to be able to produce pieces with few ceramic defects, resistant and without problems either for their slip or for the final details and decorations.

Abstract Valeriana rigida Ruiz & Pav. (Caprifoliaceae) is an American species, used in traditional medicine as a sedative or sleeping pill. The medicinal use of the resource has led to indiscriminate and unsustainable depredation, mainly due to anthropogenic action. In the high Andean zones of northern Peru (2500-4500 m.a.s.l.), extraction from its natural habitat is neither controlled nor regulated, as evidenced by its depleted populations whose individuals are slow growing; in addition to other risk factors such as the expansion of the agricultural frontier, the burning of vegetation, overgrazing and mining in general. The conservation of the species has never been considered in the plans. Consequently, it is considered that the conservation of the resource must be integral and involve different levels of decision making, from the local population, academia to the highest authorities of local and regional governments, as well as state and private conservation organisations. In the present study aspects of its taxonomy, herbarium exsiccata, ethnobotany and ethnomedicinal information, phenology, distribution, and ecology are disseminated; at the same time analysing the current state of conservation and proposing guidelines and strategies for its conservation in the northern Peruvian context with emphasis on the jalca and its surroundings.

Resumen Valeriana rigida Ruiz & Pav. (Caprifoliaceae) es una especie americana, utilizada en medicina tradicional como un sedativo o somnífero. La utilización medicinal del recurso ha conllevado a la depredación indiscriminada y no sostenible, reflejada por la acción antrópica principalmente. En las zonas altoandinas del norte de Perú (2500-4500 m.s.n.m.), la extracción de su hábitat natural no es controlada ni regulada, evidenciada en sus poblaciones mermadas cuyos individuos son de crecimiento lento; además, de otros factores de riesgo como la ampliación de la frontera agrícola, la quema de la vegetación, al sobrepastoreo y a la minería en general. La conservación de la especie nunca ha sido considerada en los planes. Consecuentemente, se considera que la conservación del recurso debe ser integral e involucrar diferentes niveles de decisión, desde el poblador local, la academia hasta las altas autoridades de gobiernos locales y regionales, además de organismos de conservación estatal o privada. En el presente estudio, se difunden aspectos de su taxonomía, exsiccata de herbario, etnobotánica e información etnomedicinal, fenología, distribución y ecología; al mismo tiempo, analizando el estado actual de conservación y proponiendo pautas y estrategias para su conservación en el contexto norperuano con énfasis en la jalca y sus alrededores.

Resumo No sul e sudeste da Ásia, três gêneros de espécies de peixes, ou seja, Tor, Neolissochilus e Naziritor, são comumente conhecidos como Mahseer com pelo menos 47 espécies. Entre estas, 23 pertencem ao gênero Tor, 22 a Neolissochilus e um a Naziritor, ou seja, Naziritor zhobensis. Recentemente, outra espécie adicionada ao gênero Naziritor é Naziritor chelynoides na Índia. Entre as espécies de Tor, Tor putitora (Hamilton) é o Mahseer mais amplamente distribuído no Paquistão e em outros países do subcontinente indiano. No entanto, com base apenas em caracteres morfológicos, alguns autores identificam as contrapartes paquistanesas como Tor macrolepis (Heckel) (uma espécie que se presume ser encontrada exclusivamente no sistema do rio Indo), distinta de Tor putitora (uma espécie encontrada no sistema do rio Ganga Brahmaputra). A fim de resolver essas ambiguidades taxonômicas, o presente estudo realizou medidas merísticas e morfométricas de Mahseer coletadas em um total de 11 corpos d’água do Paquistão. As razões entre os caracteres morfométricos foram calculadas e analisadas estatisticamente usando o teste t e o coeficiente de correlação. Duas espécies identificadas como Tor putitora e Naziritor zhobensis foram os únicos habitantes Mahseer do sistema fluvial Indo no Paquistão. Tor putitora ocorreu em todos os locais pesquisados, enquanto Nazirtor zhobensis tinha uma faixa de distribuição do rio Zhob aos afluentes do rio Gomal, afluentes da margem direita do rio Indo. O estudo corrobora que não há sinapomorfias morfológicas inequívocas em nenhuma das populações existentes de ambas as espécies. O estudo demonstra ainda que o comprimento da cabeça, um caractere frequentemente usado na taxonomia de Mahseer, não é boa medida para identificação das espécies. Finalmente, o presente estudo estabelece que Naziritor zhobensis ainda existe nos corpos d’água do Paquistão e que o Mahseer dourado ocorrendo no sistema fluvial Indo do Paquistão é Tor putitora.

Abstract In South and South East Asia three genera of fish species i.e. Tor, Neolissochilus and Naziritor are commonly known as Mahseer with at least 47 species. Among these 23 belongs to genus Tor, 22 to Neolissochilus and one to Naziritor i.e. Naziritor zhobensis. Recently another species added to genus Naziritor is Naziritor chelynoides in India. Among Tor species Tor putitora (Hamilton) is the most widely distributed Mahseer in Pakistan and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. However, based alone on morphological characters some authors identify the Pakistani counterparts as Tor macrolepis (Heckel), (a species presumed to be found exclusively in the Indus River system) distinct from Tor putitora (a species found in Ganga Brahmaputra River system). In order to resolve this taxonomic ambiguity, present study carried out meristic and morphometric measurements of Mahseer collected from a total of 11 water bodies of Pakistan. Ratios between the morphometric characters were calculated and statistically analyzed using t-test and correlation coefficient. Two species identified as Tor putitora and Naziritor zhobensis were the sole Mahseer inhabitants of Indus system in Pakistan. Tor putitora occurred at all surveyed sites while Nazirtor zhobensis had a distribution range from river Zhob to tributaries of river Gomal the right bank tributaries of River Indus. The study corroborates that there are no unequivocal morphological synapomorphies in any existing populations of both species. The study further demonstrates that head length, a character frequently used in Mahseer taxonomy, is not a good measure for species identification. Finally the present study establishes that Naziritor zhobensis still exists in the water bodies of Pakistan and that golden Mahseer occurring in Indus riverine system of Pakistan is Tor putitora.