RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo é estimar os efeitos da implantação do Programa de Fomento às Empresas Prestadoras de Serviço de Comunicação Multimídia (PSCM) no crescimento das pequenas empresas prestadoras de Serviço de Comunicação Multimídia (SCM) no Estado de Santa Catarina (SC), no período entre janeiro de 2016 e dezembro de 2021, sendo esse programa implementado em janeiro de 2019. Para a estimativa da possível relação causal existente, explorou-se o crescimento das empresas, em número de acessos mensais, com as técnicas de Diferenças em Diferenças (DiD), adotando como contrafactuais as pequenas empresas do setor estabelecidas do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Ao realizar a conjectura dos escores de propensão e formação de conjuntos de dados, conforme o pareamento e o suporte comum, o estudo é reproduzido em amostras delimitadas pelo número de acessos das empresas, ou seja, busca-se compreender a variação do crescimento das empresas agrupadas em diferentes estratos de tamanho. A análise dos dados indica um possível impacto positivo no valor percentual de 35% no segundo quartil da amostra. De igual maneira, percebe-se uma correlação positiva no terceiro quartil, no valor percentual de 41%. Os resultados permitem sugerir que uma política voltada à progressão do regime de apuração tributária exerce efeito positivo no crescimento das empresas, ao mesmo tempo que procura prevenir o uso de suas táticas de elisão e evasão fiscal. O estudo busca colaborar, desse modo, na proposição de pesquisas que tratam da avaliação de políticas públicas tributárias. PSCM (PSCM SCM (SCM SC, SC , (SC) 201 2021 2019 existente explorouse explorou se mensais DiD, DiD (DiD) RS. RS . (RS) comum seja buscase tamanho 35 amostra maneira percebese percebe 41 41% fiscal colaborar modo tributárias (SC 20 202 (DiD (RS 3 4 2

This study estimates the effects of the Program for Companies Providing Multimedia Communication Services (PSCM), a public promotion program, on the growth of small companies Providing Multimedia Communication (SCM) services in the State of Santa Catarina (SC), between january 2016 and december 2021. The PSCM was implemented on january 2019. In order to estimate the possible causal relationship, the growth (in number of monthly accesses) of the companies is explored using Difference in Differences (DiD) techniques, adopting as a counterfactual the small companies established in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) that also operates in the telecommunications sector. By estimating the propensity scores and forming data sets according to pairing and common support, the inquiry was reproduced in samples delimited by the number of accesses presented by the companies, seeking to understand the variation in the growth of the companies grouped into different size strata. The results indicates that there is a possible positive impact of 35% in the second quartile of the sample, as well as a positive correlation in the third quartile of 41%. The results allow us to suggest that a policy aimed at the tax regime progressiveness has a positive effect on the growth of companies, while it seeks to prevent the use of tax avoidance and evasion tactics by them. In this way, the study seeks to help in the research agenda of the evaluation of public tax policies. PSCM, , (PSCM) program SCM (SCM SC, SC (SC) 201 2021 2019 relationship DiD (DiD techniques RS (RS sector support strata 35 sample 41 41% them way policies (PSCM (SC 20 202 3 4 2

El estudio estima los efectos de la implementación del Programa de Promoción de Empresas Prestadoras de Servicios de Comunicación Multimedia (PSCM), un programa de promoción fiscal, sobre el crecimiento de las pequeñas empresas que proveen Servicios de Comunicación Multimedia (SCM) en el Estado de Santa Catarina (SC), del enero 2016 al diciembre 2021. El PSCM fue implementado en SC e1 enero 2019. Para estimar la posible relación causal, se explora el crecimiento (en número de accesos mensales) de las empresas utilizando técnicas de Diferencia en Diferencias (DiD), adoptando como contrafactual las pequeñas empresas del sector establecidas en Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Al conjeturar el puntaje de propensión y formar conjuntos de datos de acuerdo con el emparejamiento y el soporte común, el estudio se reproduce en muestras delimitadas por el número de accesos de las empresas, es decir, buscando comprender la variación en el crecimiento de las empresas agrupadas en diferentes estratos de tamaño. El análisis de los datos indica que existe un posible impacto positivo del 35% en el segundo cuartil de la muestra, así como una correlación positiva en el tercero cuartil del 41%. Los resultados permiten sugerir que una política orientada a la progresividad del régimen tributario tiene un efecto positivo en el crecimiento de las empresas, al tiempo que busca prevenir el uso de tácticas de elusión y evasión fiscal. El estudio busca colaborar en la propuesta de pesquisas que tratan de la evaluación de políticas públicas tributarias. PSCM, , (PSCM) fiscal SCM (SCM SC, (SC) 201 2021 e 2019 causal mensales DiD, DiD (DiD) RS. RS . (RS) común decir tamaño 35 muestra 41 41% tributarias (PSCM (SC 20 202 (DiD (RS 3 4 2

The South African mineral resource royalty system, initiated in 2010, employs a hybrid ad valorem approach tied to profitability ratios. This rate is then applied to the total revenue from mineral sales. In this article we explore how the profitability ratio in the mineral resource royalty formulae interacts with the gold tax formula as applied to South African gold mines, devising a strategy for cut-off grade optimization. The study focuses on nine narrow, tabular-reef (Witwatersrand) gold mines. The approach involves a mixed-integer cut-off grade optimizer utilizing Excel Solver, incorporating relevant royalty and income tax formulae. Different mineral resource royalty cost scenarios were examined. Ignoring these costs in the break-even analysis lowers the cut-off grade but slightly boosts profits compared to considering expected costs. The developed optimizer model, recognizing the profitability aspect of the mineral resource royalty and income tax formulae, yielded a 6% lower cut-off grade than the base case. This is significant for increasing mine life. While the profit differences are marginal (0.2% compared to the break-even base case), substantial improvements were noted: a 6% increase in stope tons above cut-off grade, and a 4% rise in total revenue. Enhanced resource utilization (3% extra gold kilograms) reduces necessary development and overall costs, allowing for a reduction in the cut-off grade and ultimately, more profit.

Abstract: This article brings brief reflections on the financing of the Social Assistance Policy in the period between 2016 and 2023, analyzing how the perverse fiscal adjustments carried out since the 90s and which deepened in 2016, have impacted on social policies, especially assistance policy. The creation of the New Fiscal Regime, in 2023, which puts an end to PEC/95, reinforced the submission of this Policy to economic dictates, not guaranteeing a true expansion of its financing. Abstract 201 2023 s policies policy Regime PEC95 PEC 95 PEC/95 dictates 20 202 PEC9 9 PEC/9 2 PEC/

Resumo: O presente artigo traz breves reflexões sobre o financiamento da Política de Assistência Social no período entre 2016 e 2023, analisando como os perversos ajustes fiscais realizados a partir da década de 1990 e que se aprofundam, em 2016, têm impactado nas políticas sociais, em especial para a política de assistência. A criação do Novo Regime Fiscal, em 2023, que põe fim a PEC/95, reforçou a submissão desta Política aos ditames econômicos, não garantindo uma verdadeira ampliação do seu financiamento. Resumo 201 2023 199 aprofundam sociais assistência Fiscal PEC95 PEC 95 PEC/95 econômicos 20 202 19 PEC9 9 PEC/9 2 1 PEC/

Resumen: El impuesto sobre la renta desempeña un papel importante dentro del sistema tributario mexicano, ya que es el tributo que mayor recauda en los ingresos tributarios de México. No obstante, dicho tributo también ha sido empleado como instrumento para el impulso de ciertos sectores económicos del país. De esta forma, en el presente estudio se analiza el Régimen Simplificado de Confianza de personas físicas a la luz de la extrafiscalidad de los tributos, a fin de explorar las características de su tratamiento fiscal y exponer porqué es un régimen extra fiscal. Es una investigación de tipo documental de carácter jurídico, en la cual se revisa la fuente jurídica de dicho régimen y la principal literatura sobre la extrafiscalidad. Dentro de los principales resultados, se describe al Régimen Simplificado de Confianza como extrafiscal ya que se orienta a incentivar a las personas físicas a cumplir con sus obligaciones fiscales.

Abstract: Income tax plays an important role within the Mexican tax system, as it is the tax that collects the most in Mexico’s tax revenues. However, this tax has also been used as an instrument to boost certain economic sectors of the country. In this way, the present study analyzes the Simplified Regime of Trust of natural persons in the light of the extrataxation of taxes, in order to explore the characteristics of their tax treatment and explain why it is an extra-fiscal regime. It is a documentary research of a legal nature, which reviews the legal source of the scheme and the main literature on extrataxation. Among the main results, the Simplified Confidence Regime is described as extra-fiscal since it is aimed at encouraging individuals to comply with their tax obligations.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es identificar la relación existente entre el derecho tributario y la economía pública. Siguiendo el método deductivo, con paradigma hermenéutico y con enfoque cualitativo. Los precursores modernos del derecho fiscal y de la economía pública son Petty, los cameralistas y Smith, cuyas aportaciones de principios tributarios se ven reflejados en la fracción IV del artículo 31 de la Carta Magna, soporte y columna vertebral del sistema impositivo mexicano. La interpretación jurídica tributaria es uno de los temas más polémicos en la actualidad, aquí se analiza el vínculo indisoluble entre la capacidad contributiva y económica. En los últimos años, las cortes de justicia nacionales latinoamericanas están favoreciendo el principio de capacidad económica, caso que sucedió en México con la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, donde ha señalado que en última instancia se busca favorecer el ingreso público y la redistribución del ingreso nacional.

Abstract This article aims to identify the relationship between tax law and public economics. Following the deductive method, with hermeneutic paradigm and qualitative approach. The modern precursors of tax law and public economy are Petty, the Cameralists, and Smith, whose contributions of tax principles are reflected in section IV of article 31 of the Magna Carta, support and backbone of the Mexican tax system. The legal interpretation of taxation is one of the most controversial issues today, and the indissoluble link between tax and economic capacity is analyzed here. In recent years, the national courts of justice in Latin America have been favoring the principle of economic capacity, as has happened in Mexico with the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, where it has pointed out that the ultimate goal is to favor public income and the redistribution of national income.

Abstract The general framework of economic deregulation, mobility of production factors and digitalization of the economy accelerated the processes of harmful tax competition and aggressive tax planning, increasing the problems related to the determination of tax rights and the sharing of profits among States, and putting into question the rules of the international tax regime. Since the 2008 crisis, this regime has undergone important changes, with emphasis on the Global Tax Agreement, in 2021. Having as a theoretical reference the normative debate around questions of justice in the international tax regime, mainly based on cosmopolitanism and internationalism, this article analyzes this reform process. deregulation planning States 200 crisis changes Agreement 2021 internationalism process 20 202 2

Resumo O quadro geral de desregulamentação econômica, de mobilidade dos fatores de produção e de digitalização da economia acelerou os processos de competição fiscal prejudicial e de planejamento tributário agressivo, aumentando os problemas relacionados à determinação dos direitos fiscais e à partilha de lucros entre os Estados, e colocando em causa as regras do regime tributário internacional. Desde a crise de 2008, o referido regime passou por importantes reformas, com destaque para o Acordo Tributário Global, em 2021. Tendo como referência teórica o debate normativo em torno de questões de justiça no regime tributário internacional, principalmente o cosmopolitismo e o internacionalismo, este artigo analisa esse processo de reforma. econômica agressivo Estados internacional 2008 reformas Global 2021 internacionalismo reforma 200 202 20 2

RESUMEN La confiscación en materia tributaria en la Constitución del Ecuador no está taxativamente prohibida, únicamente la que pueden llegar a soportar inmuebles que hayan sido declarados de utilidad pública y estén siendo expropiados. Ante esta situación, la Corte Constitucional reconoce el principio de no confiscatoriedad, en materia tributaria, señalando que, aunque no haya sido constitucionalizado, el régimen tributario sí es continente del mismo, por consiguiente, las autoridades están en la obligación de aplicarlo y respetarlo permanentemente. En este contexto, pese a que el derecho a la propiedad privada está protegido por la Constitución, existen numerosos casos, principalmente en el plano seccional, que pretenden cobrar tributos excesivos que atentan contra el derecho a la propiedad, desconociendo de forma directa el pronunciamiento de la Corte Constitucional. El irrespeto a la capacidad contributiva de los contribuyentes, de la misma forma como al derecho que estos tienen a que se respete su mínimo vital exento, los coloca en un plano negativo, pues no se atiende a su aptitud real para contribuir, así como tampoco se les otorga la opción de satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, primeramente, sino que se demanda la satisfacción de un tributo excesivo. Finalmente, es menester destacar que el núcleo del derecho a la propiedad privada tiene tres categorías: uso, goce y disposición.

ABSTRACT Confiscation in tax matters in the Ecuadorian Constitution is not strictly prohibited, only which properties suffer from when they are declared of public utility and are expropriated. Faced with this situation, the Constitutional Court recognizes the principle of non-confiscation, in tax matters, indicating that, although it has not been constitutionalized, the tax regime contains it, therefore, authorities are obliged to apply and respect it permanently. In this context, despite the fact that the right to private property is protected by the Constitution, there are numerous cases, mainly at the sectional level, where it is intended to collect excessive taxes that violate the right to property, directly ignoring the pronouncement of the Constitutional Court. The disrespect for taxpayers' ability to pay, in the same way as their right to have their vital minimum exempt respected, places them on a negative status, since their real ability to contribute is not taken into account. In addition, they are also not given the option of satisfying their basic needs first but are demanded the payment of an excessive tax. Finally, it is necessary to point out that the core of the right to private property has three categories: use, enjoyment, and disposal, as this paper outlines the multilayered nature of this issue.

RESUMEN La investigación tuvo como objetivo principal determinar la importancia del principio de capacidad contributiva en el régimen jurídico tributario nacional, para que contribuya a evitar la afectación al patrimonio de los sujetos pasivos, y a la par la proliferación de figuras elusivas y evasoras ante el excesivo para de los tributos. Con la Constitución del 2008, el sistema tributario se rige por principios que sientan las bases para la creación, modificación y extinción de tributos los cuales están establecidos en el artículo 300. En el cual, si bien, no se encuentra el principio de capacidad contributiva de forma expresa, se encuentra inmerso en los principios tributarios de equidad y progresividad. Es por ello, que el legislador determinará la capacidad contributiva del sujeto pasivo. La presente investigación aplica el enfoque metodológico cualitativo y métodos como analítico-sintético, el histórico lógico y el inductivo-deductivo.

ABSTRACT The main objective of the research was to determine the importance of the principle of contributive capacity in the national legal tax system, in order to contribute to avoid the affectation to the patrimony of the taxpayers, and at the same time the proliferation of elusive and evasive figures in the face of the excessive taxation. With the 2008 Constitution, the tax system is governed by principles that set the basis for the creation, modification and extinction of taxes, which are established in Article 300, in which, although the principle of contributive capacity is not expressly included, it is immersed in the tax principles of equity and progressiveness. Therefore, the legislator will determine the taxpayer's taxpaying capacity. This research applies the qualitative methodological approach and methods such as analytical-synthetic, historical-logical and inductive-deductive.

Abstract An economic feasibility study must consider the uncertainties inherent to a mining project, whose risks must be quantified properly to enable accurate decision-making. Studies previously carried out through the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) methodology in the project evaluated here - a quarry whose operations are currently interrupted, located in Pernambuco, Brazil, formerly taxed under the presumed profit regime - indicated a positive Net Present Value (NPV) in the deterministic scenario, therefore projecting a profitable project. However, a probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo simulations indicated only a 49.98% occurrence probability for this NPV. An assessment focused on the company's taxation was never carried out, which is a gap that the present study intends to fill, in addition to evaluating the feasibility of immediate investment in this project. Furthermore, this is a gap in Brazilian literature in general, which does not take into account the taxation system in their economic assessments. In this context, considering scenarios whose taxation was based on real and presumed profit regimes, we reassessed the cash flows of this quarry and performed deterministic and probabilistic economic analyses, and compared the results of both scenarios. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the production rate would be the most impactful variable in the project's NPV, considering the six variables assessed. Hence, it was verified in both deterministic and probabilistic analyses that taxation under real profit, results in a higher economic return with a 56.08% probability of the NPV being positive and with the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) higher than infation (SELIC rate) at 4.81%; the taxation under the presumed profit, on the other hand, obtained respective probabilities of 46.54% and 3.23%. However, with the chances of obtaining some profit (NPV greater than zero) at the order of 50% and a minimal chance of the IRR being greater than the SELIC rate adopted at the time of this study, we would advise against investing in this venture. Moreover, even if the current moment is not the most suitable for investment in this sector, regardless of the production rate assessed in the probabilistic analysis, taxation on the real profit regime presented a greater economic return than taxation on the presumed profit regime., indicating that, for the parameters considered in this study, the first would be the most appropriate choice of tax system for this type of enterprise in Brazil. decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making DCF (DCF interrupted Pernambuco Brazil scenario However 4998 49 98 49.98 companys company s fill Furthermore general assessments context regimes projects Hence 5608 56 08 56.08 (IRR 4.81% 481 4 81 hand 4654 46 54 46.54 323 3 23 3.23% zero 50 venture Moreover sector regime. 499 9 49.9 560 5 0 56.0 4.81 48 8 465 46.5 32 2 3.23 49. 56. 4.8 46. 3.2 4. 3.

Resumen: A partir de un diálogo entre la teoría crítica de la tributación y la crítica feminista del derecho, este artículo identifica un tipo peculiar de discriminación de género que se da en la legislación tributaria brasileña. La interpretación de los datos sobre el impuesto sobre la renta que grava la pensión alimenticia en Brasil, en comparación con las reglas de tributación y exención tributaria relacionadas con el tema, sugiere la plausibilidad de la hipótesis de que el Estado renuncia a la recaudación de ingresos, comprometiendo incluso la agenda de austeridad permanente que define el régimen tributario del país, con el único efecto de imponer a las mujeres el deber de pagar más impuestos que los hombres y promover un arreglo familiar en el que las madres de niños y adolescentes estén casadas con sus padres, mientras que los padres reciben incentivos para divorciarse y ser relevados del cuidado de sus hijos. Resumen derecho brasileña Brasil tema ingresos país hijos

Abstract: Departing from a dialogue between critical tax theory and the new fiscal sociology, this article finds a peculiar kind of gender-based discrimination, which takes place in Brazilian tax legislation. The interpretation of data concerning Brazilian income tax on alimony, under the light of the norms about tax imposition or exoneration related to the matter - which seems to compromise even the permanent austerity agenda that defines the country´s fiscal regime - suggests that the State could be renouncing to revenues in order to achieve the single effect of submitting women to a higher burden when compared to man, and to foster a familiar arrangement in which men should be divorced and exempted of their offspring´s caring duties, while women that are mothers of children or teenagers should be married to their fathers. Abstract sociology genderbased gender based discrimination legislation alimony countrys country s man offsprings offspring duties fathers

Resumo: A partir de um diálogo entre a teoria crítica da tributação e a nova sociologia fiscal, neste artigo, identifica-se um tipo peculiar de discriminação de gênero que tem lugar na legislação tributária brasileira. A interpretação de dados sobre o imposto de renda incidente em pensões alimentícias no Brasil, em cotejo com as normas de imposição e exoneração fiscal referentes ao tema, sugere a plausibilidade da hipótese de que o Estado renuncia à arrecadação de receitas, comprometendo até mesmo a agenda de austeridade permanente que define o regime fiscal do país, com o único efeito de impor às mulheres o dever de pagar mais impostos do que homens e de promover um arranjo familiar em que é vantajoso economicamente para o homem divorciar-se e eximir-se ou reduzir o cuidado diário com os filhos, enquanto se estimula fiscalmente a manutenção das mulheres em união matrimonial com os pais de suas filhas e filhos. Resumo artigo identificase identifica brasileira Brasil tema receitas país divorciarse divorciar eximirse eximir filhos

Resumen: En este escrito realizamos una lectura coordinada de los artículos 114, 177 y 254 de la Ley 18.387, de 23 de octubre, de Declaración del Concurso y Reorganización Empresarial con dos objetivos: de un lado, entender la posición del Estado y de los Gobiernos Departamentales respecto al cobro de las obligaciones tributarias en el concurso de acreedores; de otro lado, explicar el régimen aplicable al comprador de bienes tendente a exonerarlo de tributos de modo de facilitar la adquisición en la liquidación concursal. Finalmente, dado que algunos Gobiernos Departamentales pretenden el cobro de la contribución inmobiliaria no satisfecha al comprador del bien, se hace necesario detenerse en este tributo en particular para dejar en claro el alcance del derecho del Estado en el concurso de acreedores.

Abstract: In this paper we carry out a coordinated reading of articles 114, 177 and 254 of Law 18,387, of October 23, on Declaration of Bankruptcy and Business Reorganization with two objectives: on the one hand, understand the position of the State and the Departmental Governments regarding the collection of tax obligations in bankruptcy; on the other hand, explain the regime applicable to the buyer of goods tending to exempt him from taxes in order to facilitate the acquisition in the bankruptcy liquidation. Finally, given that some Departmental Governments seek to collect the unsatisfied real estate tax from the buyer of the property, it is necessary to focus on this particular tax to make clear the scope of the State's right in bankruptcy.

Resumo: Neste escrito realizamos uma leitura coordenada dos artigos 114, 177 e 254 da Lei 18.387, de 23 de outubro, sobre Declaração de Falência e Recuperação Empresarial com dois objetivos: por um lado, compreender o posicionamento do Estado e dos Governos Departamentais quanto à cobrança das obrigações tributárias na falência; por outro lado, explicar o regime aplicável ao comprador de bens tendente a isentá-lo de impostos de forma a facilitar a aquisição em liquidação de falência. Finalmente, dado que alguns Governos Departamentais procuram cobrar o imposto predial não pago do comprador do imóvel, é necessário focar neste imposto específico para deixar claro o alcance do direito do Estado na falência.

Abstract This study seeks to analyze the prerogative of correction and its developments in the legal universe of the Portuguese Old Regime based on the performance of the first royal magistrate (ouvidor) of the Judicial district (comarca) of Espírito Santo in Portuguese America, Pascoal Ferreira de Veras (1742-1745). By analyzing correction records from Vila de São Salvador, we will study the origins of the kingdom and the correctional practices in its conquests. We aim to observe how these daily actions represented one of the main ways of controlling people and managing the common good. For this, we will highlight the local conflicts intensified by the difficulties in demarcating the political territory in an area of conquest and with tenuous borders. In fact, in Paraíba do Sul, south of the comarca, such conflicts still involved the donatários from Casa dos Asseca and a fraction of the local elite interested in removing them from the control of the captaincy and subjection to the Portuguese crown. The local elite sought social prerogatives, direct political communication with the monarchy, and relief from tax taxation provided for by donated rule. Ferreira de Veras would face severe disputes related to these issues. ouvidor (ouvidor comarca (comarca America 17421745. 17421745 1742 1745 . (1742-1745) Salvador conquests good this borders fact Sul crown prerogatives monarchy rule issues 1742174 174 (1742-1745 174217 17 (1742-174 17421 1 (1742-17 (1742-1 (1742- (1742 (174 (17 (1 (

Resumo Este artigo busca analisar a prerrogativa de correição e seus desdobramentos no universo jurídico do Antigo Regime português, a partir da atuação do primeiro ouvidor da comarca do Espírito Santo, Pascoal Ferreira de Veras (1742-1745). Por meio da análise dos registros de correição da Vila de São Salvador, será feito um estudo das origens e das práticas correcionais no reino e nas suas conquistas. A intenção é observar como tais ações eram cotidianas e representavam uma das principais formas de controle dos povos e de gerência do bem comum. Os conflitos locais envolvendo diversos agentes foram intensificados pelas dificuldades na demarcação do território político em área de conquista e fronteiras tênues. Na Paraíba do Sul, ao sul da capitania, tais conflitos envolviam ainda os donatários, da Casa dos Asseca, e a elite local, interessada em alijá-los do controle da capitania e em ser submetida à Coroa portuguesa. Esses indivíduos buscavam prerrogativas sociais, uma comunicação política direta com a monarquia e alívio das taxações fiscais previstas pelo domínio donatário. Ferreira de Veras enfrentaria severas contendas relacionadas a essas questões. português Santo 17421745. 17421745 1742 1745 . (1742-1745) Salvador conquistas comum tênues Sul donatários Asseca local alijálos alijá los portuguesa sociais donatário questões 1742174 174 (1742-1745 174217 17 (1742-174 17421 1 (1742-17 (1742-1 (1742- (1742 (174 (17 (1 (

South Africa's controlled foreign company ("CFC") rules were enacted more than two decades ago before most of today's business models existed. These are anti-avoidance rules that ensure the South African taxation of profits diverted offshore by South African residents. In terms of the CFC rules, the profits of a non-resident company may also be subject to tax in South Africa at the hands of its South African resident shareholder if such non-resident company is considered to be a CFC. Advances in technology developments and the use of information communication and technology ("ICT") have given rise to what is referred to as the digital economy. The term refers to economic activities hinged on the use of ICT and the internet. Digitalisation has made it possible for a business to carry on economic activity without the need for a multitude of offices, staff, equipment, and other resources. As a result, new business models like Uber and Shien have emerged. This paper argues that the current South African CFC rules have not kept pace with these new business models and do not effectively regulate the new business models and the digital economy. This paper recommends that the CFC rules be updated to address the digital economy and new business models by amending the rules, incorporating the provisions of Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 into the rules, using country-by-country reporting, and even considering implementing a regime alternative to CFC rules.

Inflation is often defined as a continuous and considerable rise in prices in general. Recently it has become a focal point due to globally elevated levels of inflation. Considering its treatment in the South African legal system, this article unpacks the contrary approaches of the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984 (MPA) and the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (ITA) regarding inflation. These two Acts are considered as they provide different approaches to inflation, therefore different outcomes. While the MPA makes provision for inflation in determining the growth of each of the estates of spouses married out of community with the accrual system, the ITA does not recognise inflation insofar as it relates to capital gains tax. Comparing the approaches of the MPA and the ITA reveals disparities in the law and justifies the investigation conducted in this article. Accordingly, this article compares the effect of inflation and capital gains tax and why inflation is not considered when determining the base cost of an asset for capital gains tax purposes. To explain the inconsistency between the MPA and the ITA, this article firstly unpacks the characteristics of the South African matrimonial property regime insofar as it relates to inflation. Thereafter, the article characterises the South African application of the capital gains tax and articulates the shortcomings of existing capital gains tax provisions and the resulting challenges in the application of both Acts. In comparing the ways in which the MPA and the ITA deal with inflation, a clear distinction becomes evident. This article finds that, while the initial inclusion rate for capital gains tax inflation is largely accommodated, subsequent increases in the inclusion rate have erased this provision. Given these findings, this article suggests that the current South African capital gains tax regime's inclusion rate be further investigated to determine whether a wider set of exclusions could be developed to better accommodate inflation.

Resumo As micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) são importantes para a economia brasileira, sendo responsáveis por parcelas significativas da produção e contribuindo para o desenvolvimento regional e a desconcentração da renda. O problema é que apresentam alta mortalidade devido a fatores internos, setoriais e externos. O presente estudo considerou condicionantes externos, que são menos explorados pela literatura empírica nacional. O objetivo foi averiguar se o advento do Simples Nacional em 2006, ao aprofundar simplificações tributárias, impactou na taxa de falências das MPEs brasileiras. Para isso, foram realizadas estimações para séries temporais com dados mensais de 2005 a 2017. Os resultados obtidos sinalizam que o Simples Nacional reduziu a taxa de falência das MPEs.

Abstract Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are of fundamental importance to the Brazilian economy, being responsible for significant portions of production and contributing to regional development and income deconcentration. The problem, however, is that these enterprises present a high mortality rate due to internal, sectoral, and external factors. This study aimed to investigate external constraints. The purpose was to ascertain whether the advent of the ‘Simple National’ tax regime in 2006 affected the bankruptcy of MSEs, by deepening measures of tax simplifications. Estimates were made for time series with monthly data from 2005 to 2017 to achieve these objectives. The results obtained suggest that the Simple National regime reduces the bankruptcy of MSEs.