ABSTRACT Objective Low carotenoid intake is associated with the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Given the large diversity and specificity of chemical structures and functions, along with the wide Brazilian geodiversity, it should be important for health to examine the cross-sectional distribution of carotenoid availability. Considering family incomes, the authors have calculated and analyzed the individual household availability of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin according to income in the eleven largest Brazilian urban centers in 2017-2018. Methods Data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics’ latest Family Budget Survey on monetary food acquisitions and food composition tables were used to calculate the individual carotenoid contents of both vegetable and animal food sources. Results The family acquisitions of carotenogenic foods showed to be insufficient for most families living in these urban centers, except Salvador, Belem, Belo Horizonte, and Porto Alegre, where certain key-carotenoid sources did reach the higher income groups. The main foods identified that contributed to the supply of carotenoids were carrot and common squash (α-carotene), common squash, carrot, scallion/parsley, mango, and tomato (β-carotene), papaya, orange, and tangerine (β-cryptoxanthin), tomato sauce, tomato paste, guava, watermelon and papaya (lycopene) and scallion/parsley, kale, egg, corn meal and corn flakes (lutein/zeaxanthin). Conclusion Based on the home availability of specific carotenoids estimated in the present study, it is concluded that the population was not reasonably well protected against chronic diseases given the low acquisition of key carotenoid sources in these urban centers, especially among the lower-income class. functions geodiversity crosssectional cross sectional incomes αcarotene, αcarotene α carotene, carotene α-carotene βcarotene, βcarotene β β-carotene βcryptoxanthin, βcryptoxanthin cryptoxanthin, cryptoxanthin β-cryptoxanthin lycopene luteinzeaxanthin lutein zeaxanthin 20172018. 20172018 2017 2018. 2018 2017-2018 Statistics Salvador Belem Horizonte Alegre keycarotenoid groups , (α-carotene) scallionparsley scallion parsley scallion/parsley mango (β-carotene) orange (β-cryptoxanthin) sauce paste guava (lycopene kale egg lutein/zeaxanthin. . (lutein/zeaxanthin) study lowerincome lower class 2017201 201 2017-201 (α-carotene (β-carotene (β-cryptoxanthin (lutein/zeaxanthin 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

RESUMO Objetivo A baixa ingestão de carotenoides está associada à incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Dada a grande diversidade e especificidade das estruturas e funções químicas, juntamente com a ampla geodiversidade brasileira, é importante para a saúde examinar a distribuição transversal da disponibilidade de carotenoides. Considerando a renda familiar, os autores calcularam e analisaram a disponibilidade individual e domiciliar de α-caroteno, β-caroteno, β-criptoxantina, licopeno e luteína/zeaxantina de acordo com a renda nos onze maiores centros urbanos brasileiros em 2017-2018. Métodos Dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística da última Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares sobre aquisições monetárias de alimentos e tabelas de composição de alimentos foram utilizados para calcular os teores individuais de carotenoides de fontes alimentares vegetais e animais. Resultados As aquisições familiares de alimentos carotenogênicos mostraram-se insuficientes para a maioria das famílias residentes nesses centros urbanos, com exceção de Salvador, Belém, Belo Horizonte e Porto Alegre, onde algumas fontes de carotenoides-chave alcançaram os grupos de renda mais elevados. Os principais alimentos-fonte de carotenoides identificados foram cenoura e abóbora comum (α-caroteno), abóbora comum, cenoura, cebolinha/salsa, manga e tomate (β-caroteno), mamão, laranja e tangerina (β-criptoxantina), molho de tomate, pasta de tomate, goiaba, melancia e mamão (licopeno) e cebolinha/salsa, couve, ovo, fubá e flocos de milho (luteína/zeaxantina). Conclusão Com base na disponibilidade domiciliar de carotenoides específicos estimada no presente estudo, conclui-se que a população não estava razoavelmente bem protegida contra doenças crônicas dada a baixa aquisição de fontes de carotenoides-chave nesses centros urbanos, especialmente entre as classes de renda mais baixa. transmissíveis químicas brasileira familiar αcaroteno, αcaroteno α caroteno, caroteno α-caroteno βcaroteno, βcaroteno β β-caroteno βcriptoxantina, βcriptoxantina criptoxantina, criptoxantina β-criptoxantina luteínazeaxantina luteína zeaxantina 20172018. 20172018 2017 2018. 2018 2017-2018 animais mostraramse mostraram se Salvador Belém Alegre carotenoideschave chave elevados alimentosfonte fonte , (α-caroteno) cebolinhasalsa cebolinha salsa cebolinha/salsa (β-caroteno) (β-criptoxantina) goiaba (licopeno couve ovo luteína/zeaxantina. . (luteína/zeaxantina) estudo concluise conclui 2017201 201 2017-201 (α-caroteno (β-caroteno (β-criptoxantina (luteína/zeaxantina 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

Abstract In the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle defines three kinds of friendship: utility, pleasure, and virtue. The characters in the films of Sean Baker fit into none of these categories. Friendship is central to all of Baker’s films, but it takes the non-Aristotelian form of “friends, no matter what,” which I interpret as a description of the aporia of friendship, of an impossible friend, or a friend in the realm of fantasy. In other words, friends are only friends when they resist everything friends are supposed to do. Betrayal, lies, and complications sit at the heart of this new definition. One mechanism for this kind of friendship is mourning. Friends are only friends when friendship is mourned, or when it is part of a crypt, or a vault for losses that are too traumatic to confront fully, as set out in the work of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Derrida, Nicolas Abraham and Mária Török, and developed by Laurence Rickels. This reading of mourning puts a particular spin on fantasy, for if fantasy is generally assumed to be about wish-fulfillment, then when fantasy reaches into the crypt for inspiration, it is retooled into a vehicle for confronting what is too hard to face. This is the function of friendship in Baker’s films: his friends are Judas figures going against their friends in order to keep their friendship alive. In Tangerine (2015), two transgender sex workers in West Hollywood develop their friendship around a fight over a man. In Starlet (2012), a young woman hides a secret from her elderly female friend, and this friendship is only saved when another actress betrays this secret. In these films, friendship is paradoxically formed by attempting to ruin friendship. Thought on fantasy and mourning will help in defining this type of non-Aristotelian friendship, as well as Freud’s work on the “ambivalence of feeling” from his writing on the First World War.

Resumen En la Ética nicomáquea, Aristóteles define tres tipos de amistad: utilidad, placer y virtud. Cabe señalar que, los personajes de las películas de Sean Baker no encajan en ninguna de estas categorías. La amistad es fundamental en todas las películas de Baker, pero adopta la forma no aristotélica de «amigos, pase lo que pase», que yo interpreto como una descripción de la aporía de la amistad, de un amigo imposible, o un amigo en el reino de la fantasía. En otras palabras, los amigos sólo son amigos cuando se resisten a todo lo que se supone que deben hacer los amigos. La traición, las mentiras y las complicaciones ocupan un lugar central en esta nueva definición. Uno de los mecanismos de este tipo de amistad es el duelo. Los amigos sólo son amigos cuando la amistad está de luto, o cuando forma parte de una cripta, o de un panteón para pérdidas demasiado traumáticas como para afrontarlas plenamente, tal y como se expone en la obra de Sigmund Freud, Jacques Derrida, Nicolas Abraham y Mária Török, y desarrolla Laurence Rickels. Esta lectura del duelo da un giro particular a la fantasía, ya que si generalmente se asume que la fantasía consiste en cumplir deseos, cuando la fantasía busca inspiración en la cripta, se convierte en un vehículo para enfrentarse a lo que es demasiado difícil de afrontar. Esta es la función de la amistad en las películas de Baker: sus amigos son figuras de Judas que van en contra de sus amigos para mantener viva su amistad. En Tangerine (2015), dos trabajadoras sexuales transexuales de West Hollywood desarrollan su amistad en torno a una pelea por un hombre. En Starlet (2012), una joven oculta un secreto a su amiga mayor, y esta amistad solo se salva cuando otra actriz traiciona este secreto. En estas películas, la amistad se forma paradójicamente intentando arruinar la amistad. La reflexión sobre la fantasía y el duelo ayudará a definir este tipo de amistad no aristotélica, así como el trabajo de Freud sobre la “ambivalencia del sentimiento” a partir de sus escritos sobre la Primera Guerra Mundial.

ABSTRACT Tangerines and their hybrids are affected by economically essential diseases. The Alternaria brown spot (Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri) deserves to be highlighted, as it is present in all tangerine production areas. This study aimed to determine the effect of essential oils on A. alternata f. sp. citri. The experiments were carried out in the Laboratories of Phytopathology and Biology and Technology of Post-Harvest of the Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, PB. Three pathogen isolates were used, and ten essential oils from grape, sunflower, eucalyptus, ginger, copaiba, mint, fennel, citronella, clove, and linseed at a concentration of 1%, diluted in potato dextrose agar for in vitro tests. The oils were diluted in distilled water for the fruit test, and the fruits were immersed in the treatments for 5 min. In addition, the fungicide Thiabendazole (400 mL/100L) and sterile distilled water were used as the control treatments. The fruits were inoculated with a conidia suspension of the pathogen (105 conidia/mL). Mycelial Growth Rate Index, colony diameter, spore production and dimensions, fruit disease severity, and enzymatic activity were evaluated. A completely randomized design was used, with 12 treatments and four replications in vivo. The results indicate that the essential oils of mint, eucalyptus, fennel, and citronella were efficient in the in vitro control of the pathogen, ultimately inhibiting the growth of fungal colonies. Eucalyptus oil efficiently managed A. alternata f. sp. citri on ‘Dancy’ tangerine fruits. Essential oils did not influence the enzymatic activity of the fruits. diseases f sp highlighted areas PostHarvest Post Harvest Paraíba Areia PB grape sunflower eucalyptus ginger copaiba mint fennel clove 1 1% tests test min addition 400 (40 mL/100L mL100L mLL mL 100L L 105 (10 conidia/mL. conidiamL conidia/mL . conidia/mL) Index diameter dimensions severity evaluated vivo colonies ‘Dancy Dancy 40 (4 10 (1 4 (

RESUMO As tangerineiras e seus híbridos são acometidos por doenças economicamente importantes. Merece destaque a mancha marrom de Alternaria (Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri), por estar presente em todas as áreas de produção de tangerinas. Esse trabalho objetivou determinar o efeito de óleos essenciais sobre A. alternata f. sp. citri. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Fitopatologia, e no laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pós-Colheita da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB. Foram utilizados três isolados do patógeno, e dez óleos essenciais de sementes de uva, girassol, eucalipto, gengibre, copaíba, menta, ervadoce, citronela, cravo e linhaça na concentração de 1%, diluídos em meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar, para os testes in vitro. Para o teste nos frutos os óleos foram diluídos em água destilada e os frutos imersos nos tratamentos por 5 min. Além do fungicida Tiabendazol (400 mL/100L) e água destilada estéril consistiram nas testemunhas. Os frutos foram inoculados com suspensão de conídios do patógeno (105 conídios/mL). Avaliou-se o índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial, diâmetro de colônia, produção e dimensões de esporos, severidade da doença em frutos e atividade enzimática. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições in vivo. Os resultados indicam que, os óleos essenciais de menta, eucalipto, erva-doce e citronela foram eficientes no controle in vitro do patógeno, inibindo totalmente o crescimento das colônias fúngicas. O óleo de eucalipto foi eficiente no manejo de A. alternata f. sp. citri em frutos de tangerineira ‘Dancy’. Os óleos essenciais não influenciaram na atividade enzimática dos frutos. importantes f sp citri, , citri) tangerinas A Fitopatologia PósColheita Pós Colheita Paraíba Areia PB uva girassol gengibre copaíba menta ervadoce 1 1% batatadextroseágar, batatadextroseágar batata dextrose ágar, ágar batata-dextrose-ágar min 400 (40 mL/100L mL100L mLL mL 100L L testemunhas 105 (10 conídios/mL. conídiosmL conídios/mL . conídios/mL) Avaliouse Avaliou se micelial colônia esporos Utilizouse Utilizou casualizado vivo que erva doce fúngicas ‘Dancy. Dancy ‘Dancy ‘Dancy’ 40 (4 10 (1 4 (

ABSTRACT Feed additive alternatives to antibiotics, such as organic acids, and substances rich in polyphenols, such as tangerine wort, can promote improved intestinal health in broilers by modulating the microbial population and improving nutrient utilization. In this work, a product which combines organic acids (fumaric acid 0.5%, lactic acid 5.13%, citric acid 5.44% and ascorbic acid 1.2%) and tangerine wort (Citrus reticulata) 8.36% was studied. To determine the effect and the most appropriate level of inclusion of product in the diet of broilers, an experiment was carried out with 1400-day-old male chicks, in a conventional poultry house, evaluating the performance until 42 days of age. The birds were housed in RCB design with 5 treatments and 7 replicates of 40 birds each, and the diets with the additive inclusions were evaluated: A250 (250 mg/kg), A500 (500 mg/kg), A1000 (1000 mg/kg), a negative control (NC, not supplemented), and a positive control (PC, 10 mg/kg of enramycin). The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, containing added phytase and without anticoccidial; the additives replaced an inert in the basal diet. Performance characteristics, microbiota count, morphometry and jejunum morphology were evaluated. Considering the overall experimental period, the inclusion of the alternative additive based on organic acids and tangerine wort at different levels (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) did not result in difference from the negative control diet or the positive control with the inclusion of the antibiotic enramycin for performance traits (p>0.05), as well as for the microbiota count, morphology, jejunal morphometry and viability. Considering the period of 29-35 days alone, treatment with 500 mg/kg of alternative additive improved weight gain and feed intake of the chickens (p<0.05), but had no effect on feed conversion. antibiotics polyphenols utilization work fumaric 05 0 0.5% 513 13 5.13% 544 44 5.44 1.2% 12 1 2 Citrus reticulata 836 8 36 8.36 studied 1400dayold dayold 1400 day old chicks house 4 age each evaluated A A25 250 (25 mg/kg, mgkg , mg kg A50 (50 A100 (100 NC, NC (NC supplemented, supplemented supplemented) PC, PC (PC enramycin. . enramycin) meal anticoccidial characteristics count 250, 50 100 p>0.05, p005 p p>0.05 (p>0.05) viability 2935 29 35 29-3 alone p<0.05, p<0.05 (p<0.05) conversion 0.5 51 5.13 54 5.4 1.2 83 3 8.3 140 A2 25 (2 A5 (5 A10 (10 p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 293 29- p<0.0 (p<0.05 0. 5.1 5. 1. 8. 14 ( A1 (1 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0. (p<0.0 p>0 (p>0. p<0 (p<0. p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (p> (p< (p

Abstract One-year-old transplants of ‘Olinda Valencia orange’, ‘Murcott Tangerine’, and ‘Limoneira 8A Lisbon’ genotypes were grafted on ‘Macrophylla’ rootstock and subjected, along with ‘Macrophylla’ rootstock, to 24 h of the night chilling (nocturnal) at 20/4 °C±1 (day/night) for three days, (8 h per day), followed by three days of recovery at 30/25 °C±1 (day/night). The results showed that leaf diffusion resistance (LDR), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in all genotypes, while there was a significant decrease in photosynthetic apparatus, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) under nocturnal chilling stress. Under the chilling, Macrophylla rootstock had the highest concentrations of proline and SOD, whereas it had the lowest MDA and total chlorophyll concentrations. Noticeably, the enzymatic antioxidant profiles were enhanced after being recovered. Moreover, ‘Murcott’ had the highest LDR, MDA concentration, thickness of lamina, midvein, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and dimension of midvein vascular bundle. Meanwhile, it had the lowest stomatal conductance (GS) and transpiration rate (E). Similar results were obtained with ‘Valencia’ genotype. In contrast, the ‘Limoneira 8A’ genotype under the chilling had the lowest levels of LDR, antioxidant enzymes (POX, CAT, and PPO), thickness of lamina, midvein, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and dimension of midvein vascular bundle. Oneyearold One year old Olinda orange, orange , orange’ Murcott Tangerine, Tangerine Tangerine’ Limoneira A Lisbon ‘Macrophylla subjected 2 (nocturnal 204 20 4 20/ C1 C 1 °C± day/night daynight day (day/night 8 ( day, day) 3025 30 25 30/2 day/night. . LDR (LDR) MDA, (MDA) POX, POX (POX) SOD (SOD apparatus PPO, PPO (PPO) CAT (CAT stress Noticeably recovered Moreover concentration lamina tissue bundle Meanwhile GS (GS E. E (E) ‘Valencia contrast (POX PPO) °C 302 3 30/ (LDR (MDA (PPO (E

Resumo Transplantes de um ano de idade de genótipos ‘Laranja Olinda Valência’, ‘Tangerina Murcott’ e ‘Limoneira 8A Lisbon’ foram enxertados em porta-enxertos‘Macrophylla’ e submetidos,juntamente com porta-enxertos ‘Macrophylla’, a 24 horas de resfriamento noturno(noturno) a 20/4 °C±1 (dia/noite), durante três dias (8 horas por dia),seguidos de três dias de recuperação a 30/25 °C±1 (dia/noite). Os resultados mostraram que a resistência à difusão foliar (RDF), prolina, malondialdeído (MDA), peroxidase (POX) esuperóxido dismutase(SOD) aumentaram significativamente, em todos os genótipos, enquanto houve diminuição significativa no aparelho fotossintético, polifenol oxidase (PPO) e catalase(CAT)sob estresse de resfriamento noturno. Sob o resfriamento, o porta-enxerto‘Macrophylla’apresentou as maiores concentrações de prolina e SOD, enquanto apresentou asmenores concentrações de MDA e clorofila total. Notavelmente, os perfis antioxidantesenzimáticos foram melhorados após serem restaurados. Além disso, a Tangerina ‘Murcott’ apresentou a maior RDF, concentração de MDA, espessura da lâmina, veia mediana, tecidopaliçado,tecido esponjoso e dimensão do feixe de veia mediana. Enquanto isso, teve osmenores teores de condutância estomática (GS) e taxa de transpiração (E). Resultadossemelhantes foram obtidos com o genótipo ‘Valência’. Em contraste, o genótipo ‘Limoneira8A’, sob o resfriamento, apresentou os menores níveis de RDF, enzimas antioxidantes (POX, CAT e PPO), espessura da lâmina, veia mediana, tecido paliçado, tecido esponjoso e dimensão do feixe de veia mediana. Laranja Valência, Valência , Valência’ Murcott Limoneira A Lisbon portaenxertos‘Macrophylla portaenxertosMacrophylla porta enxertos‘Macrophylla enxertos Macrophylla porta-enxertos‘Macrophylla submetidosjuntamente submetidos juntamente portaenxertos ‘Macrophylla, ‘Macrophylla ‘Macrophylla’ 2 noturnonoturno noturno noturno(noturno 204 20 4 20/ C1 C 1 °C± dia/noite, dianoite dia/noite dia noite (dia/noite) 8 ( dia,seguidos diaseguidos ,seguidos seguidos 3025 30 25 30/2 dia/noite. . RDF (RDF) (MDA) POX (POX dismutaseSOD dismutase SOD dismutase(SOD significativamente fotossintético PPO (PPO catalaseCATsob catalase portaenxerto‘Macrophyllaapresentou portaenxertoMacrophyllaapresentou enxerto‘Macrophylla enxerto total Notavelmente restaurados disso ‘Murcott lâmina mediana tecidopaliçadotecido tecidopaliçado isso GS (GS E. E (E) ‘Valência. ‘Valência ‘Valência’ contraste ‘Limoneira8A, Limoneira8A LimoneiraA ‘Limoneira8A ‘Limoneira8A’ POX, PPO, PPO) paliçado enxertosMacrophylla °C (dia/noite 302 3 30/ (RDF (MDA portaenxerto Macrophyllaapresentou enxertoMacrophylla (E

ABSTRACT The particle film technology has been reported as a promising tool in pest control. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of kaolin-based products against the oviposition of South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Dip.:Tephritidae), and its effect on the quality of citrus fruits. The experiment was conducted in orchards of ‘Okitsu’ tangerine and ‘Valencia’ orange trees in the 2017, 2018 and 2019 harvests. The treatments were as follows: 1) kaolin 10% + 0.1% Break-Thru® adjuvant; 2) Surround® 5% WP; 3) 0.15% phosmet (Imidan® 500 WP), 75 g. a.i.; 4) without application (control). The sprays were performed every 21 days. At harvest, fruits were individually packed in a greenhouse for inspection after 25 days and infestation was recorded. Fruit samples were evaluated for average diameter, average mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity and peel colorimetry. Infestation of A. fraterculus in tangerines was reduced in plants treated with the two kaolin-based products in the 2017 harvest. In the 2017 and 2019 crops, Surround® WP reduced the infestation and the number of puparium/fruits in oranges. The mineral films did not alter the physicochemical characteristics of the fruits, representing a promising alternative for the management of A. fraterculus.

Abstract Control of brown spot (Alternaria alternata) in citrus is done with the application of fungicides and products such as mancozeb, iprodione, chlorothalonil, and potassium or magnesium phosphite. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of calcium nitrate contributions to a sanitary program (combination of treatments with fungicides) on the control of brown spot, production, and foliar nutrition of tangor -Murcott-. The experiment was conducted in Corrientes, Argentina, during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 production periods, on a 14-year-old tangor ‘Murcott’ grove. The contribution of calcium nitrate (0, 125 and 250 kg per ha-1) on plots treated or not with fungicides was evaluated in a randomized complete block factorial arrangement. Incidence, severity, production per plant and foliar content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were determined. Application of 125 kg ha-1 of calcium nitrate and the sanitary program minimized disease damage. Application of calcium nitrate plus the sanitary program acted additively, significantly reducing the severity and incidence of the disease and increasing plant production. In the analysis of the nutrient contents, it was observed that the sanitary scheme and 125 kg ha-1 of calcium nitrate increased the percentages of N and Ca in leaves.

Resumen El control de la mancha marrón (Alternaria alternata) en los cítricos se realiza con la aplicación de fungicidas como mancozeb, iprodione, clorotalonil y de productos inductores de resistencia como fosfito de potasio y magnesio. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de aportes de nitrato de calcio a un plan de control sanitario (combinación de tratamientos con fungicidas) en el control de mancha marrón, la producción y la nutrición foliar de tangor -Murcott-. El experimento se realizó en Corrientes, Argentina, durante las campañas 2013-2014 y 2014-2015, en un lote de tangor ‘Murcott’ de 14 años de edad. En un arreglo factorial en bloques completos aleatorizados, se evaluó el aporte del nitrato de calcio (0, 125 y 250 kg por ha-1) en parcelas con o sin tratamiento con fungicidas. Se determinó la incidencia y la severidad de la enfermedad, la producción por planta y el contenido foliar de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio y magnesio. La aplicación de 125 kg ha-1 de nitrato de calcio y el control sanitario minimizaron los daños de la enfermedad. La aplicación de nitrato de calcio más el control sanitario actuaron en forma aditiva logrando resultados significativos en la disminución de la severidad e incidencia y en el aumento de la producción. En el análisis del contenido de nutrientes se observó que el tratamiento con control sanitario y aporte de 125 kg ha-1 de nitrato de calcio aumentaron los porcentajes de N y de Ca en hojas.

RESUMEN En Colombia, actualmente se genera una gran cantidad de residuos de frutas. Estos causan un impacto ambiental negativo debido a su alta carga orgánica. Sin embargo, este tipo de residuos presentan en su estructura compuestos que pueden ser aprovechados con el fin de disminuir el impacto ambiental y obtener un valor agregado. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar bromatológicamente dieciséis residuos del procesamiento de frutas en Colombia, con el fin de proponer un posible uso en la industria alimentaria. La caracterización bromatológica de los residuos se realizó mediante la cuantificación de materia seca (ASTM E1756-08), cenizas (ASTM E1755-01), proteínas (método Kjeldahl), grasas brutas (Método Oficial AOAC), fibra dietética total (AOAC 993.21) y carbohidratos. Se encontró que las semillas de uva y guanábana, piel de lulo y vástago de tomate de árbol presentan el contenido de fibra dietética total más alto con porcentajes superiores al 50 %. Asimismo, las semillas de tomate de árbol, guanábana, mandarina y naranja son una fuente importante de proteínas y grasas crudas, con valores superiores al 12 y 27 %, respectivamente. También, se encontró que la piña, el mango, la guanábana y la cáscara de uva tienen un contenido de carbohidratos superior al 50%. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio demuestran que los residuos de frutas tienen un uso potencial en la industria alimentaria, debido a su contenido de proteína, grasa cruda, fibra dietética total y carbohidratos.

ABSTRACT In Colombia, a high amount of fruit waste is currently generated. These causes a negative environmental impact due to its high organic load. However, this type of waste has compounds in its structure that can be used in order to reduce the environmental impact and to obtain added value. The main of this study was to characterize bromatologically sixteen residues of fruit processing in Colombia, in order to propose a possible use in the food industry. The bromatological characterization of the waste was carried out by means of the quantification of dry matter (ASTM E1756-08), ash (ASTM E1755-01), proteins (Kjeldahl method), crude fats (AOAC Official Method), total dietary fiber (AOAC 993.21) and carbohydrates. It was found that grape and soursop seeds, lulo peel and tree tomato stem presents the highest total dietary fiber with content percentages above 50 %. Also, tree tomato, soursop, tangerine and orange seeds are an important source of protein and crude fats, with values highest than 12 and 27 %, respectively. It was also found that pineapple, mango, soursop and grape peel have a carbohydrate content greater than 50%. As a conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that fruit waste have a potential use in the food industry, due to their protein, crude fat, total dietary fiber and carbohydrates content.

Abstract Five condiments, including cinnamon, tangerine peel, clove, licorice, amomum, were selected as the research objects in Guangxi, China. The combustion heat, differential thermal gravimetric analysis, fat, crude fiber, trace element, calcium and ash content data for 5 condiments were determined. According to the combustion heat, differential thermal gravimetric analysis, fat, crude fiber, trace element, calcium and ash content data of condiments, we constructed a systematic multi-index comprehensive evaluation system using entropy analysis, gray pattern recognition and grey correlation coefficient cluster analysis. The multi-index comprehensive evaluation system established by the research provides a new idea for the nutritional evaluation of condiments. This research provides a strong scientific basis for the large-scale development of condiment resources and condiment classification research, basic support for the selection of condiment raw materials.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos óxidos de zinco (ZnO) e titânio (TiO2), adicionados à emulsão de cera de carnaúba, sobre a incidência de mancha preta dos citros (MPC) causada por Phyllosticta citricarpa e, consequentemente, sobre a qualidade de tangerinas. Emulsões de cera com adição de ZnO ou TiO2 foram aplicadas a concentrações de até 8% em cultivares tardias de tangerinas. Foram realizados três experimentos, em delineamento de quatro blocos completos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos controle – um com a aplicação apenas da emulsão de cera de carnaúba e outro sem a aplicação da emulsão. As pulverizações com ZnO e TiO2 reduziram a incidência da doença em frutos colhidos; no entanto, os aumentos nas concentrações dos óxidos não melhoraram o controle da doença. Duas aplicações consecutivas dos óxidos inibiram a atividade fotossintética das plantas, tendo afetado negativamente a sua produção, e causaram danos na casca das frutas. Tangerinas infectadas artificialmente com a suspensão de 105 conídios mL-1 de P. citricarpa, antes ou depois da pulverização dos filmes, apresentaram menor incidência de MPC. Tratamentos com a aplicação apenas da emulsão de carnaúba não diferem dos com filmes preparados com ZnO e TiO2 quanto ao controle da MPC. A adição de óxidos inorgânicos aos filmes de carnaúba limita a atividade fotossintética e reduz a produtividade das plantas, além de prejudicar a qualidade visual das tangerinas.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of zinc (ZnO) and titanium (TiO2) oxides, added to carnauba wax emulsions, on the incidence of citrus black spot (CBS) caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa and, consequently, on tangerine quality. Wax emulsions blended with ZnO or TiO2 were sprayed up to concentrations of 8% on late-season tangerine cultivars. Three experiments were carried out in a randomized complete four-block design, with two control treatments – one with the application of only the carnauba wax emulsion and the other without the application of the emulsion. The spraying of ZnO and TiO2 reduced the incidence of the disease on the harvested fruit; however, the increase in the concentrations of the oxides did not improve CBS control. Two consecutive applications of the oxides reduced the photosynthetic activity of the plants, negatively affecting yield, and caused damage to fruit peel. Tangerines infected artificially with 105 conidia mL-1 of P. citricarpa, before or after the sprayings of the photoprotective films, showed a reduced CBS incidence. The treatments with the application of only carnauba wax do not differ from those with films combined with ZnO and TiO2 regarding the control of CBS incidence. The addition of inorganic oxides to the carnauba films limits the photosynthetic activity and reduces the yield of the plants, besides damaging the visual quality of the tangerines.

Abstract Tangerine Peel has rich medicinal value, known as ' one kilogram of tangerine peel, one kilogram of gold '. However, the value of tangerine peels in different years is different, and there is no significant difference in the appearance of tangerine peels in different years. Identifying their authenticity has brought trouble to the industry. Generally speaking, the characteristics of tangerine peel can be identified through the texture, color and oil parcel points on the surface of tangerine peel. However, compared with the feature recognition of other Chinese medicinal materials, there is no significant difference in the shape of tangerine peel in different years, and the color is similar. Therefore, the feature extraction of tangerine peel is more complicated and the recognition is more difficult. The existing deep learning algorithms face great challenges in efficient and high accuracy recognition. In response to this challenge, this paper builds a new lightweight tangerine peel recognition algorithm TPRA (Tangerine Peel Recognition Algorithm) based on ResNet50. This algorithm uses a variety of methods to optimize the generalization ability of the model and improve the recognition accuracy. Firstly, TPRA adopts mixed data enhancement, including traditional data enhancement, deep convolution generation confrontation network DCGAN, and Mosaic data enhancement to enhance the richness of sample images in the dataset, reduced the data of each batch regularization (Batch Normal), and enhanced the performance of algorithm identification. Secondly, TPRA introduced the attention mechanism module CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) combined with the cross stage partial network CSPNet (Cross Stage Partial Network) to propose an improved ResNet50 model, which adjusts the position of the maximum pooling layer and disassembles the large convolution kernel to effectively avoid overfitting. The experimental results showed that the accuracy of the algorithm can reach 98.8%, and the effect was better than that of Alexnet, VGG16 and Resnet50. TPRA provided a new method for the identification of peel years.

Resumen En Bolivia, El Chapare y Los Yungas son las regiones con mayor producción de cítricos, de los cuales las mandarinas ocupan el segundo lugar. Para obtener la primera cosecha requieren de cinco años desde la etapa de vivero. Una alternativa para acortar este tiempo, es a través del uso de injertos combinado con fases lunares. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la influencia de las fases lunares en la brotación de injerto en mandarina criolla (Citrus reticulata) sobre el patrón mandarina cleopatra (Citrus reshni) en el distrito Río Blanco en el municipio de Chulumani en el departamento de La Paz. El diseño aplicado fue completamente al azar con arreglo bifactorial, cuyo factor A esta dado por tipos de injerto: a) T invertida y b) T normal y el factor B (fases lunares) a) luna nueva, b) cuarto creciente, c) luna llena y d) cuarto menguante con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables fueron: porcentaje de brotación, tiempo de regeneración y longitud del brote, números de hojas y la relación de beneficio/costo de los tratamientos. Se determinó que el tipo de injerto T invertida obtuvo 79% regeneración de los brotes injertados en relación al tipo de injerto de T normal (72%). De las cuatro fases lunares evaluadas, la fase lunar cuarto creciente los brotes regeneraron en un menor tiempo (24 días). Tanto el número de hojas y la longitud del brote a los 30, 60 y 90 días de evaluación aumentaron de manera generalizada en todas las fases lunares, sin embargo, entre fases se denota un aumento significativo en la fase lunar creciente. El análisis de costo beneficio determinó que el tipo de injerto T invertida combinado con la fase de luna creciente resultó el más adecuado debido a que por cada USD invertido se tiene una ganancia de 0.8 USD.

Abatract In Bolivia, El Chapare and Los Yungas are the regions with the highest citrus production, of which mandarins rank second. To obtain the first harvest they require five years from the nursery stage. An alternative to shorten this time is through the use of grafts combined with moon phases. In the present work, the influence of the lunar phases on the grafting sprouting in Creole mandarin (Citrus reticulata) on the cleopatra mandarin pattern (Citrus reshni) in the Río Blanco district in the municipality of Chulumani in the department of La Paz was evaluated. The applied design was completely randomized with a two-factor arrangement, whose factor A is given by graft types: a) inverted T and b) normal T and factor B (moon phases) a) new moon, b) crescent moon, c) moon full and d) waning quarter with four repetitions. The variables were: percentage of sprouting, regeneration time and shoot length, leaf numbers and the benefit / cost ratio of the treatments. It was determined that the type of inverted T graft obtained 79% regeneration of the grafted shoots in relation to the type of normal T graft (72%). Of the four lunar phases evaluated, the fourth crescent moon phase the shoots regenerated in a shortertime (24 days). Both the number of leaves and the length ofthe shoot at 30, 60 and 90 days of evaluation increased in a general way in allthe moon phases, however, between phases there is a significant increase in the increasing moon phase. The cost benefit analysis determined that the type of inverted T graft combined with the crescent moon phase was the most suitable because for each USD invested there is a gain of 0.8 USD.

Quality attributes of citrus pulp silages that were ensiled alone and combined with maize silage were determined. Fresh samples of lemon, orange and tangerine pulps, maize plants and their combinations were fermented in glass jars for 90 days at about 20 - 25 °C. Treatments included i) 100% maize silage as control (MS); ii) 100% lemon pulp silage (LPS); iii) 100% orange pulp silage (OPS); iv) 100% tangerine pulp silage (TPS); v) 50% LPS and 50% maize silage (LPS + MS); vi) 50% OPS and 50% MS; and vii) 50% TPS and 50% maize silage (TPS + MS). The pH differed among treatment groups. The highest and lowest pH values were recorded for MS group and the OPS + MS group, respectively (3.84 vs. 3.51). The highest dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and hemicellulose (HEM) were observed for MS (P <0.01). Citrus pulp silages alone had significantly greater total digestible nutrients (TDN), organic matter (OM) and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) values than MS and the combined silages (P <0.01). Maize silage had higher lactic acid (La) (101.2 g/kg DM) and acetic acid (AA) (49.3 g/kg DM) concentrations than the citrus groups (P <0.05). In vitro gas production (TG), methane (CH4), metabolizable energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the silages were similar (P >0.05). Thus, citrus pulps can be ensiled in spite of their moisture content. However, to increased DM and nutrient content, the citrus pulps should be ensiled with 50% maize.

RESUMO: Considerando que a água é extremamente importante na produção agrícola, mas com restrita disponibilidade em algumas regiões brasileiras, é que esse trabalho buscou identificar o limite hídrico inferior para os porta-enxertos: tangerina Cleóptra (Citrus reshni hort. Ex Tan), limão Volkameriano (Citrus Volkameriano Pasquale), citrandarin ‘Indio’ -TSK X TRENG 256, limão Cravo Santa Cruz (Citrus × limonia) e tangerina Sunki Tropical (Citrus sunki HORT. EX TAN) enxertadas em laranja ‘Pêra’ (Citrus sinensis), obtidos por dois métodos: o método tradicional de determinação do ponto de murchamento permanente descrito por BRIGGS & SHANTZ (1912) com recuperação das plantas em ambiente saturado e o método de recuperação por rega. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, totalizando 20 parcelas experimentais. Verificou-se que os porta-enxertos limão Cravo Santa Cruz e o limão Volkameriano foram os mais resistentes em condições iniciais de restrição hídrica, avaliado pelo método de BRIGGS & SHANTZ (1912), com registro das umidades de 0,0488 e 0,0489, respectivamente. Em condições mais severas de restrição hídrica, determinado pelo método de rega, o limão Volkameriano foi o que apresentou maior resistência, com a umidade de 0,0371.

ABSTRACT: Considering that water is extremely important in agricultural production, but with restricted availability in some Brazilian regions, this research sought to identify the water limit for the rootstocks: Cleóptra tangerine (Citrus reshni hort. Ex Tan), Volkamer lime (Citrus Volkameriano Pasquale), Citrandarin ‘indio’ (TSK X TRENG 256), Santa Cruz Rangpur lime (Citrus × limonia) and Sunki Tropical tangerine (Citrus sunki HORT. EX TAN) grafted orange ‘Pera’ (Citrus sinensis), obtained by two methods: the traditional method of determining the permanent wilting point described by SHANTZ & BRIGGS (1912) recovery of plants with saturated environment and by irrigating recovery method. The experimental design used was in a completely randomized design with four replications totaling 20 experimental plots. It was verified that the rootstocks Cravo Santa Cruz lemon and Volkamerian lemon were the most resistant in initial conditions of water restriction, evaluated by the method of BRIGGS & SHANTZ (1912), with recording of humidity of 0.0488 and 0.0489 respectively. Under more severe conditions of water restriction, determined by the irrigation method, Volkamerian lemon presented the highest resistance, with a humidity of 0.0371.

ABSTRACT Citrus fruits are recognized as an important source of bioactive molecules such as limonin and nomilin. However, these molecules exhibit low bioavailability, therefore, obtaining these molecules using biotechnological techniques may be an alternative to harvesting them directly from fruits. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify limonoids in the dichloromethane extracts of Citrus seeds of Criolla orange, Oneco tangerine, Tangerine-lemon, Sour orange and Valencia orange from department of Antioquia-Colombia by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although in all the samples total glycosidic free limonoids were present, Oneco tangerine seeds had the highest concentration, followed by Tangerine-lemon seeds, equivalent to 0.75% and 0.53% per total dry weight, respectively. These results suggest Oneco tangerine seeds may be used as an elite material for biotechnological processes looking for increased production of limonoids to support research and drug development.