Resumen Introducción. El garbanzo se consideró durante muchos años una especie de hospedero restringido para la nodulación, aunque estudios recientes describen una mayor diversidad bacteriana asociada al cultivo que permita incrementar los conocimientos acerca de esta simbiosis para obtener aislados eficientes en su contribución. Objetivo. Caracterizar e identificar un aislado obtenido a partir de nódulos de plantas de garbanzo y evaluar su efectividad en condiciones de campo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en los laboratorios de dos centros: Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”, Cuba y en el Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, México, así como en condiciones campo en dos campañas durante los años 2018 y 2020, para demostrar su efectividad en la interacción del cultivo en el primer centro. El aislado R3 se identificó a nivel taxonómico mediante la secuenciación de cuatro genes. Para los experimentos en condiciones de laboratorio se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, mientras que los ensayos con plantas se realizaron bajo un diseño de bloques al azar. Los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon según el test de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados. El aislado R3 mostró variabilidad en cuanto a sus características morfo-fisiológico y bioquímicas. Además, tuvo respuesta con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de los tratamientos en los indicadores de crecimiento y rendimiento evaluados en el garbanzo. Conclusión. Se identificó por primera vez en Cuba Rhizobium pusense asociado a nódulos de garbanzo. La cepa mostró un crecimiento positivo a pH entre 5,5 y 9,0 y rangos de temperatura desde 29 ºC hasta 38 ºC, lo que evidencia su tolerancia a estos factores. Su inoculación en garbanzo estimuló la formación de nódulos e incrementó variables del rendimiento.

Abstract Introduction. Chickpea has been considered a restricted host species for nodulation, although recent studies describe a greater bacterial diversity associated with the crop to increase the knowledge about this symbiosis in orden to obtain efficient isolates in its contribution. Objective. To characterize and identify an isolate obtained from chickpea plant nodules and evaluate its effectiveness under field conditions. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the laboratories of two centers: the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture “Alejandro de Humboldt,” Cuba, and the National Center for Genetic Resources, Mexico, as well as under field conditions in two campaigns during the years 2018 and 2020 to demonstrate its effectiveness in crop interaction in the first center. The isolate R3 was taxonomically identified through the sequencing of four genes. For laboratory experiments, a completely randomized design was used, while plant trials were conducted under a randomized block design. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results. The isolate R3 showed variability in terms of its morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore, it exhibited significant differences compared to the other treatments in the growth and yield indicators evaluated in chickpea. Conclusions. Rhizobium pusense associated with chickpea nodules was identified for the first time in Cuba. The strain demonstrates growth at pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0 and temperature ranges from 29 °C to 38 °C, indicating its tolerance to these factors. Its inoculation in chickpea stimulates nodule formation and increased yield-related variables.

Summary: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSEF) have such an influence on plant development and on the edaphological characteristics and nutrients available in the soil that changes in these communities can drive modifications in the biotic and abiotic variables of an ecosystem, demonstrating the synergetic between species. Given its relevance, the objective of this work was to determine the status of colonization in the roots of three representative herbaceous species of the understory of a community of Abies religiosa (Kunth Schltdl. et Cham.) and Pinus harwegii (Lindl), and to contrast the coexistence of colonizers in three conservation-disturbance scenarios that exemplify the vulnerability situations of a forest ecosystem. A tripartite AMF-HESO-plant interaction is reported by the occurrence of coenocytic hyphae, vesicles, septate hyphae, moniliform cells, and sclerotia. The values of arbuscular mycorrhization exceed 50% and are higher than those found for endophytes (15.7-64.5%). The colonization of both types of fungi, such as AMF sporulation (687 spores 50 g-1 soil in the reforested area), seems to be related to the microclimatic conditions resulting from soil use. The edaphological variables that allow inferring the colonization behavior correspond mainly to available phosphorus, calcium, pH, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity. It is concluded that soil properties, its use, and the type of plants are determinant in the establishment of fungal communities. However, more studies on HESO-plant interaction are needed.

Resumen: Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) y los endófitos septados oscuros (DSEF) tienen tal influencia en el desarrollo de las plantas y en las características edafológicas y nutrientes disponibles en el suelo, que cambios en estas comunidades pueden impulsar modificaciones en las variables bióticas y abióticas de un ecosistema, demostrando la sinergia entre especies. Dada su relevancia, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el estado de colonización en las raíces de tres especies herbáceas representativas del sotobosque de una comunidad de Abies religiosa (Kunth Schltdl. et Cham.) y Pinus harwegii (Lindl), y contrastar la coexistencia de colonizadores en tres escenarios de conservación-perturbación que ejemplifican las situaciones de vulnerabilidad de un ecosistema forestal. Se constata una interacción tripartita AMF-HESO-planta por la aparición de hifas coenocíticas, vesículas, hifas septadas, células moniliformes y esclerocios. Los valores de micorrización arbuscular superan el 50% y son superiores a los encontrados para los endófitos (15.7-64.5%). La colonización de ambos tipos de hongos, como la esporulación de AMF (687 esporas 50 g-1 de suelo en la zona reforestada), parece estar relacionada con las condiciones microclimáticas derivadas del uso del suelo. Las variables edafológicas que permiten inferir el comportamiento de la colonización corresponden principalmente al fósforo disponible, calcio, pH, materia orgánica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico. Se concluye que las propiedades del suelo, su uso y el tipo de plantas son determinantes en el establecimiento de las comunidades fúngicas. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre la interacción HESO-planta.

Abstract Background: Many landscapes, both natural and anthropogenic, are dominated by degraded soils that have low phosphorus availability due to low overall phosphorus concentration or to phosphorus sequestration by iron-rich minerals. Questions and / or Hypotheses: Does the application of low molecular weight organic acids improve phosphorus availability and plant growth in phosphorus-poor soils, and is this effect modulated by ectomycorrhizal fungi? Studied species / data description /Mathematical model: Pinus pseudostrobus and its ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus arhizus, in addition to six sodium salts of organic acids. Study site and dates: The experiment was carried out in a shade house (35 % shade) in Morelia, Michoacán in 2015. Methods: We conducted experiments with Pinus pseudostrobus and its ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus arhizus in addition to six sodium salts of organic acids. Sodium salts of citrate, oxalate, acetate, tartrate, succinate and malate were added to the soil at 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 micromolar concentrations. Results: The salts of the organic acids-particularly tartrate and malate-solubilized phosphorus and improved plant growth after 12 months in the absence of P. arhizus. When plants were inoculated with P. arhizus, the effect of most organic acids was either detrimental or non-significant. However, citrate, tartrate and succinate improved biomass and morphological parameters. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding appropriate organic acids to heavily degraded soils can aid P. pseudostrobus establishment and its benefits are higher than the association with mycorrhiza for young plants during the initial stages of fungal colonization.

Resumen Antecedentes: Actualmente muchos paisajes están dominados por suelos degradados con baja disponibildiad de fósforo, debido a una baja concentración en el suelo o al secuestro del fósforo por minerales ricos en hierro. Preguntas: ¿Los ácidos orgánicos pueden aumentar la disponibilidad de fósforo y el crecimiento de plantas en suelos bajos en fósforo? De ser así, ¿estos efectos están modulados por hongos ectomicorrícicos? Especies de estudio: Pinus pseudostrobus y su hongo ectomicorrícico Pisolithus arhizus. Sitio y años de estudio: El experimento se realizó en una casa de sombra (35 % de sombra) en Morelia Michoacán en 2015. Métodos: Realizamos dos experimentos con Pinus pseudostrobus y su hongo ectomicorrícico Pisolithus arhizus adicionando seis sales de ácidos orgánicos. Las sales de citrato de sodio, oxalato de sodio, acetato de sodio, tartrato de sodio, succinato de sodio y malato de sodio se añadieron en las siguientes concentraciones 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 y 64 micromolar. Resultados: Las sales orgánicas, particularmente tartrato y malato, solubilizaron el fósforo e incrementaron el crecmiento de las plantas después de 12 meses en ausencia de P. arhizus. En los pinos inoculados con P. arhizus, solamente el citrato, tartrato y succionato aumentaron la biomasa y algunos caracteres morfológicos. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que añadir los ácidos orgánicos apropiados a suelos severamente degradados, pueden ayudar en el establecimiento de los pinos y sus efectos positivos fueron mayores que la asociación con micorrizas para plantas durante las etapas iniciales de colonización por los hongos.

This article delves into the multifaceted mechanisms driving evolution, exploring the foundational principles of natural selection alongside advanced theories of cybernetics, symbiogenesis, and autopoiesis. Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection highlights the gradual adaptation of organisms, favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction. This principle is further examined through the lens of sexual selection, which focuses on traits that increase reproductive success. Cybernetic theories, particularly those proposed by Stafford Beer, introduce regulatory functions and homeostatic balances that underscore the dynamic relationship between organisms and their environments. The role of symbiosis, as articulated in symbiogenesis, reveals how interspecies cooperation leads to significant evolutionary changes, such as the development of essential cellular organelles. The concept of autopoiesis and natural drift offers a paradigm where evolutionary change is a continuous adaptive process, maintaining structural and functional integrity within living systems. This perspective is expanded through the theory of system differentiation, which emphasizes the role of sexual reproduction and genetic recombination in driving species diversification and ecosystem complexity. Integrating these diverse frameworks, the article presents a comprehensive view of evolutionary processes, from the inheritance of acquired characteristics to the generation of new genetic variations through symbiosis and horizontal gene transfer. By synthesizing these insights, the article underscores the interconnectedness and resilience of living systems, offering profound implications for understanding biodiversity and the adaptive capabilities of life on Earth.

Este artículo profundiza en los mecanismos multifacéticos que impulsan la evolución, explorando los principios fundamentales de la selección natural junto con las teorías avanzadas de la cibernética, la simbiogénesis y la autopoiesis. El concepto de selección natural de Charles Darwin destaca la adaptación gradual de los organismos, favoreciendo los rasgos que mejoran la supervivencia y la reproducción. Este principio se examina más a fondo a través de la lente de la selección sexual, que se centra en los rasgos que aumentan el éxito reproductivo. Las teorías cibernéticas, en particular las propuestas por Stafford Beer, introducen funciones reguladoras y equilibrios homeostáticos que subrayan la relación dinámica entre los organismos y sus entornos. El papel de la simbiosis, tal como se articula en la simbiogénesis, revela cómo la cooperación entre especies conduce a cambios evolutivos significativos, como el desarrollo de orgánulos celulares esenciales. El concepto de autopoiesis y deriva natural ofrece un paradigma en el que el cambio evolutivo es un proceso adaptativo continuo, que mantiene la integridad estructural y funcional dentro de los sistemas vivos. Esta perspectiva se amplía a través de la teoría de la diferenciación de sistemas, que enfatiza el papel de la reproducción sexual y la recombinación genética en el impulso de la diversificación de especies y la complejidad de los ecosistemas. Integrando estos diversos marcos, el artículo presenta una visión integral de los procesos evolutivos, desde la herencia de características adquiridas hasta la generación de nuevas variaciones genéticas a través de la simbiosis y la transferencia horizontal de genes. Al sintetizar estas ideas, el artículo subraya la interconexión y la resiliencia de los sistemas vivos, ofreciendo profundas implicaciones para la comprensión de la biodiversidad y las capacidades de adaptación de la vida en la Tierra.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las setas, son organismos eucariotas con una estructura simple de hifas, desarrollándose en diversas condiciones gracias a sus bajos requerimientos nutricionales. Desempeñan roles cruciales en los ecosistemas, como la descomposición de materia orgánica y simbiosis con plantas. Existen alrededor de 2.1679 especies de macrohongos descritas globalmente, y en Ecuador se estima unas 144 783 especies. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la historia de los hongos comestibles con un énfasis especial en Ecuador evaluando la situación actual. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de literatura en bases de datos académicas sobre el uso de macrohongos desde 2004 hasta 2024. Se seleccionaron estudios relevantes tras evaluar títulos y resúmenes. Resultados: Los hongos han existido por millones de años, con registros fósiles del Devónico y Cretácico. Su consumo humano data del Paleolítico Superior, evidenciado en cálculos dentales de la “Dama Roja” en España. La aculturación tras la conquista española limitó el uso de hongos, aunque su uso persiste en comunidades indígenas contemporáneas. La micología ecuatoriana aún es un campo emergente, con estudios limitados sobre especies usadas por comunidades indígenas. Especies encontradas en Ecuador han sido estudiadas extensamente en Asia, donde se reconocen por sus propiedades medicinales y aplicaciones industriales. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos indican que los hongos identificados y recolectados en comunidades indígenas ecuatorianas podrían tener aplicaciones significativas en varios campos por lo que su preservación e identificación no son solo importantes por ser parte del patrimonio de las comunidades indígenas sino también para el desarrollo nuevas aplicaciones científicas y comerciales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mushrooms are eukaryotic organisms with a simple structure of hyphae, capable to live in different conditions due to their low nutritional requirements. They play crucial roles in ecosystems, such as decomposing organic matter and symbiosis with plants. Globally, there are around 21 679 described species of macrofungi, and in Ecuador, the estimated presence is around 144 783 species. Materials and Methods: An exhaustive literature review was conducted on academic databases regarding the use of macrofungi from 2004 to 2024. Relevant studies were selected after evaluating titles and abstracts. Results: Mushrooms have existed for millions of years, with fossil records dating back to the Devonian and Cretaceous periods. Human consumption dates back to the Upper Paleolithic, evidenced by dental calculus from the “Red Lady” in Spain. The Colonial period limited mushroom use, although practices persist in contemporary indigenous communities. Modern Ecuadorian mycology is still an emerging field, with limited studies on species used by indigenous communities. Many species found in Ecuador have been extensively studied in Asia, where they are recognized for their medicinal properties and industrial applications. Conclusions: These findings indicate that mushrooms identified and collected in indigenous communities in Ecuador could have significant applications in various fields. Therefore, their preservation and identification are not only important for being part of the heritage of indigenous communities but also for the development of new scientific and commercial applications.

Resumen: La prominencia del croquis y observación arquitectónica han sido desplazadas por el uso creciente de las herramientas CAD por parte de los estudiantes de arquitectura. Sin embargo, se defiende la tesis de que es posible trabajar estas herramientas conjuntamente. La investigación contempla un diseño de método mixto en dos fases secuenciales. Primero se establece para una muestra de 102 proyectos de título de la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad Católica del Norte-Chile la omnipresencia de las representaciones CAD y que los croquis son empleados en dos tercios de dichos proyectos. En la segunda fase, con un caso de estudio, se evidencia la simbiosis de los croquis con el CAD, especialmente en sus funciones prescriptiva y especulativa. El artículo aporta a la discusión sobre la integración de lo analógico y digital en la enseñanza de la arquitectura y la reflexión sobre la vigencia del croquis como sello identitario en dicha escuela.

Abstract: The prominence of sketching and architectural observation has been displaced by the increasing use of CAD tools among architecture students. However, the thesis that these tools can be effectively used together is defended. The research employs a mixed-method design with two sequential phases. Firstly, the prevalence of CAD representations and the utilization of sketches in two-thirds of the projects are recognized for a sample of 102 thesis projects from the School of Architecture of Catholic University of the North-Chile. In the second phase, through a case study, the symbiosis of sketches with CAD, particularly in their prescriptive and speculative functions, is demonstrated. The article contributes to the discussion on the integration of analog and digital approaches in architectural education and prompts reflection on the continued relevance of sketches as an identity hallmark in the aforementioned school.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane-duck symbiosis (SDS) is an ecological breeding production method wherein meat ducks are released in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields during the middle and late stages of sugarcane growth. The effects of SDS on sugarcane rhizobacterial diversity remain poorly understood. We conducted field experiments with sugarcane monoculture (SC) and SDS and performed genetic analyses on the rhizobacterial communities based on 16S rRNA across different growth stages of sugarcane. The effects of soil physicochemical factors on the bacterial community structure were analyzed via redundancy analysis. We found that soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), nitrate N (NN), and ammonium N (AN) contents of sugarcane rhizosphere soils increased during different growth periods in SDS. During the perennial root stages, the Shannon-, Ace-, and Chao1 indices increased, whereas the available P (AP) content decreased. The soil pH was more balanced and its effect on the soil bacterial community was insignificant. The dominant sugarcane rhizosphere flora were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, norank_f__norank_o__Gaiellales, Sphingomonas, norank_f__Roseiflexaceae, Bacillus, and norank_f__Xanthobacteraceae, but with significant inter-annual variations. Redundancy analysis showed that SOM, TN, NN, AN, AP, catalase (CAT) and invertase (INV) activity were closely associated with the diversity of the soil bacterial communities, and TN and INV activity were the main drivers of sugarcane rhizobacterial communities in the SDS groups. In conclusion, SDS improves the fertilizer supply capacity and soil quality of sugarcane soils by regulating major soil nutrient content, available nutrients, and microbial diversity. This study provides a theoretical basis for scientifically managing SDS and the screening of biocontrol bacteria.

Abstract Introduction.Soybean establishes a symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum that allows it to fix atmospheric N. Coinoculation with other plant growth-promoting microorganisms can increase Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) and plant growth. Objective. Determine if inoculation with P-solubilizing fungi (SP), Aspergillus flavus (S1) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum (S2), affects growth and BNF variables in soybeans. Materials and methods. In the greenhouse on an Andisol and an Ultisol, growth variables and BNF were evaluated in soybeans inoculated with B. japonicum and 2 SPs. Five treatments were evaluated: an absolute control (T), addition of phosphate rock (RF), addition of RF and inoculation with B. japonicum (BRF) and the addition of RF, B. japonicum and the 2 SPs independently (BRFS1 and BRFS2). An unrestricted randomized design with 4 repetitions was established and the data was analyzed according to normality, either with ANDEVA and DGC at 5% or Kruskal Wallis at 5%. Results. The responses obtained showed a positive effect on the evaluated variables when soybeans were inoculated with SP in addition with B. japonicum. The effect was a trend in Andisol, for the variables aerial fresh weight and number of nodules and their dry weight, while for Ultisol significance was found for these same variables, as well as for aerial dry weight, leaf area and N content and foliar P, with the greatest effect in BRFS2. In absolute terms, the highest P content in the soil microbial biomass and the highest SP population was found in the treatment with the presence of S2. The populations of N Fixers (NF) in the soil were higher for T and RF that did not have inoculation with B. japonicum. Conclusion. Inoculation with SP fungi can positively affect BNF, foliar N and P amounts as well as soybean plant growth.

Resumen Introducción. La soya establece una simbiosis con Bradyrhizobium japonicum para fijar N atmosférico. La coinoculación con otros microorganismos promotores del crecimiento (MPC) puede incrementar la Fijación Biológica de Nitrógeno (FBN) y el crecimiento de las plantas. Objetivo. Determinar si la inoculación con los hongos solubilizadores de P (SP), Aspergillus flavus (S1) y Trichoderma longibrachiatum (S2), afecta variables de crecimiento y de FBN en soya. Materiales y métodos. En un Andisol y un Ultisol en invernadero, se evaluaron variables de crecimiento y FBN en soya inoculada con B. japonicum y 2 SP. Se evaluaron 5 tratamientos: un testigo absoluto (T), adición de roca fosfórica (RF), adición de RF e inoculación con B. japonicum (BRF) y la adición de RF, B. japonicum y los 2 SP de manera independiente (BRFS1 y BRFS2). Se estableció un diseño irrestricto al azar con 4 repeticiones y los datos se analizaron según la normalidad, con ANDEVA y DGC al 5% o Kruskal Wallis al 5%. Resultados. Se obtuvo un efecto positivo sobre las variables evaluadas, cuando la soya se inoculó con los SP además de B. japonicum. El efecto fue tendencia en el Andisol, para las variables peso fresco aéreo y número de nódulos y su peso seco, mientras que para el Ultisol se encontró significancia para estas mismas variables, así como para el peso seco aéreo, área foliar y contenido de N y P foliar, el efecto fue mayor en BRFS2. En términos absolutos el mayor contenido de P en la biomasa microbiana del suelo y la mayor población de SP se encontró en el tratamiento con la presencia de S2. Las poblaciones de Fijadores de N fueron mayores para T y RF. Conclusión. La inoculación con hongos SP puede afectar positivamente la FBN, las cantidades de N y P foliar así como el crecimiento de las plantas de soya.

Resumen: El nitrógeno en el suelo es crucial para la agricultura, pero a menudo es limitante, afectando el rendimiento de los cultivos. La deficiencia requiere fertilizantes sintéticos, pero su uso inadecuado causa daños ambientales y costos elevados. Las bacterias del género Rhizobium, simbiontes de leguminosas, ofrecen una solución al fijar nitrógeno de manera sostenible, reduciendo la dependencia de fertilizantes. Esta investigación determinó el número más probable (NMP) de células de Rhizobium spp. procedente de dos biofertilizantes comerciales de origen ecuatoriano y mexicano en condiciones de invernadero. Para esto, se realizó la inoculación directa con disoluciones seriadas (10-1 a 10-10) en macetas con pomina esterilizada al vapor, donde se germinaron plantas de frijol ejotero (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) de la variedad Blue Lake. A los 45 días después de siembra (DDS) se evaluaron los siguientes indicadores morfológicos: área foliar, peso de la planta en húmedo, altura de planta y número de flores, determinándose diferencias estadísticas entre el tipo de biofertilizante y la concentración de cada dilución. El experimento se adecuó a un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo de parcela dividida con tres repeticiones por dilución, en consideración de las fluctuaciones de temperatura presentes en la zona de estudio. El NMP, al 95% de confianza, fue de 4,45x107 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-5 para el biofertilizante mexicano, y 1,48x105 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-4 para el biofertilizante ecuatoriano. La dilución óptima estimada para ambos productos fue de 10-8.

Abstract: Soil nitrogen is crucial for agriculture, but it is often limited, affecting crop yields. Deficiency requires synthetic fertilizers, but their improper use results in environmental damage and high costs. Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, symbionts of legumes, offer a sustainable solution by fixing nitrogen, thus reducing dependence on fertilizers. This research determined the most probable number (MPN) of cells of Rhizobium spp. from two commercial biofertilizers of Ecuadorian and Mexican origin under greenhouse conditions. For this, direct inoculation with serial dilutions (10-1 to 10-10) was performed in pots with steam-sterilized pumice where Blue Lake variety snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were germinated. The following morphological indicators were evaluated at 45 days after sowing (DAS): leaf area, plant wet weight, plant height, and number of flowers, determining statistical differences between the type of biofertilizer and the concentration of each dilution. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates per dilution, considering temperature fluctuations in the study area. The MPN at 95% confidence was 4.45x107 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-5 dilution for the Mexican biofertilizer, and 1.48x105 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-4 dilution for the Ecuadorian biofertilizer. The estimated optimal dilution for both products was 10-8.

Abstract Background: The seeds of Magnolia guatapensis shows difficulties to germinate and the seedlings have a low development rate. Questions: How long does it take the germination of M. guatapensis seeds? Is there a relationship between the substrate sterilization and the germination process? Which is the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) in M. guatapensis? Studied species: Magnolia guatapensis Study site and dates: Medellín, Colombia. August 2020. Methods: Analyses of the seed's viability were performed with a tetrazolium test and through germination evaluation. Also, the seedling obtained were inoculated with Glomus spp, evaluating their growth up to 240 days of germination. The colonization of seedling roots by AMF was compared with to the adult trees. Results: Magnolia guatapensis fruits measured 36 mm on average, they had 12 carpels with 1 or 2 seeds each. The seeds show a viability of 23 % through the tetrazolium test and 57 % measured through germination in sterilized soil. A higher percentage of germination was found between 38 and 40 days. In adult trees, the roots showed up to 80.2 % of colonization by AMF. Colonization in seedlings was not observed, although the seedlings inoculated with Glomus showed greater stem diameter and leaf area. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, the growth stage of the M. guatapensis seedling is the most critical for the survival of the individuals. It is necessary to continue studying successful propagation methods of M. guatapensis and symbiosis with microorganisms to contribute to the conservation of the species.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las semillas de Magnolia guatapensis presentan dificultades para germinar y las plántulas tienen poco éxito en el desarrollo. Preguntas: ¿Cuánto tiempo tarda la germinación de semillas de M. guatapensis? ¿Existe alguna relación entre la esterilización del sustrato y la germinación? ¿Cuál es el efecto de los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (AMF) en M. guatapensis? Especies de estudio: Magnolia guatapensis Sitio y años de estudio: Medellín, Colombia. Agosto 2020. Métodos: Se realizaron análisis de viabilidad de semillas con la prueba de tetrazolio y a través de la germinación. Luego, las plántulas se inocularon con Glomus spp, evaluando su crecimiento hasta 240 días de edad. La colonización de raíces de plántulas por HMA se comparó con árboles adultos. Resultados: Los frutos de M. guatapensis midieron 36 mm en promedio y presentaron 12 carpelos con 1 o 2 semillas cada uno. La viabilidad de semillas resultó en 23 % con la prueba de tetrazolio y en 57 % a través de la germinación en suelo esterilizado. El mayor porcentaje de germinación se obtuvo entre los días 38 y 40. En árboles, se observó 80.2 % de colonización por HMA. En plántulas no se observó colonización, presentaron mayor diámetro del tallo y área foliar cuando se inocularon con Glomus. Conclusiones: Con base en los resultados, la etapa de crecimiento de plántula de M. guatapensis es más crítica para la supervivencia de individuos. Se requiere continuar estudiando métodos exitosos de propagación de M. guatapensis y simbiosis con microorganismos para contribuir con la conservación de la especie.

ABSTRACT The symbiosis of common beans with nitrogen-fixing bacteria provides an efficient approach to sustainable and economical food production. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of cost-effective nitrogen management strategies in organic common bean cultivation, including the application of poultry manure and organic liquid fertilizer, seed and co-inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and/or Rhizobium tropici), and supplementary Rhizobium tropici inoculation. The study spanned three years in a well-established organic cultivation field (2018) and an initial organic cultivation area (2019 and 2020) in Brazil. It was arranged in a randomized blocks design in a 2 × 5 (2018) and 2 × 6 (2019 and 2020) factorial scheme, with four replicates. The most profitable strategy involves seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and additional inoculation with Rhizobium tropici at stage V4-5 (fifth trifoliate leaf fully expanded), while the most costly strategy was the application of poultry manure at the V3 stage (first trifoliate leaf fully expanded). Thus, the use of diazotrophic bacteria for seed inoculation and co-inoculation (Azospirillum brasilense and/or Rhizobium tropici) ensured financial returns and system profitability in common bean cultivation. nitrogenfixing fixing production Therefore costeffective cost effective fertilizer coinoculation co andor or tropici, , wellestablished well established 2018 (2018 2019 (201 2020 Brazil scheme replicates V45 V V4 V4- fifth expanded, expanded expanded) first expanded. . Thus 201 (20 202 20 (2 (

RESUMO A simbiose do feijão comum com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio proporciona uma abordagem eficiente para a produção de alimentos sustentável e econômica. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicação de estratégias custo-efetivas de manejo de nitrogênio no cultivo orgânico do feijão comum, incluindo a aplicação de esterco de aves e fertilizante orgânico líquido, inoculação de sementes e coinoculação com bactérias diazotróficas (Azospirillum brasilense e/ou Rhizobium tropici), e inoculação suplementar com Rhizobium tropici. O estudo durou três anos em um campo de cultivo orgânico bem estabelecido (2018) e uma área inicial de cultivo orgânico (2019 e 2020) no Brasil. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 × 5 (2018) e 2 × 6 (2019 e 2020), com quatro repetições. A estratégia mais lucrativa envolve a inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e inoculação adicional com Rhizobium tropici no estádio V4-5 (quinta folha trifoliada totalmente expandida), enquanto a estratégia mais cara foi a aplicação de esterco de aves no estádio V3 (primeira folha trifoliada totalmente expandida). Assim, o uso de bactérias diazotróficas para inoculação e coinoculação de sementes (Azospirillum brasilense e/ou Rhizobium tropici) garantiu retorno financeiro e rentabilidade do sistema no cultivo do feijão comum. econômica Portanto custoefetivas custo efetivas líquido eou ou tropici, , 2018 (2018 2019 (201 2020 Brasil 2020, repetições V45 V V4 V4- quinta expandida, expandida expandida) primeira expandida. . Assim 201 (20 202 20 (2 (

Resumen El presente artículo se propone analizar el cuento “Biopolítica” de Luis Carlos Barragán Castro. Después de una presentación del escritor colombiano y de su obra, el manuscrito reflexiona teóricamente acerca de las nociones de New Weird -supuesta pertenencia genérica del cuento- de simbiosis, además de discutir los malentendidos en torno al anarquismo. En efecto, el texto de Barragán ofrece una visión original y actualizada del anarquismo gracias a su tratamiento mediante el tema de la simbiosis. Esta unión entre ambos conceptos es el objeto del análisis textual que se propone luego y que tiene como fin problematizar la construcción, en el relato, de una comunidad utópica. Biopolítica “Biopolítica Castro obra supuesta simbiosis efecto construcción relato utópica

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o conto “Biopolítica” de Luis Carlos Barragán Castro. Após uma apresentação do escritor colombiano e sua obra, o manuscrito reflete teoricamente sobre as noções de New Weird - suposto pertencimento genérico da história - de simbiose, além de discutir os mal-entendidos em torno do anarquismo. De fato, o texto de Barragán oferece uma visão original e atualizada do anarquismo graças ao seu tratamento através do tema da simbiose. Essa união entre ambos os conceitos é objeto da análise textual que se propõe posteriormente e cujo propósito é problematizar a construção, na história, de uma comunidade utópica. Biopolítica “Biopolítica Castro obra simbiose malentendidos mal entendidos fato construção utópica

Abstract This paper aims to analyse the story “Biopolítica”, by Luis Carlos Barragán Castro. After a presentation of the Colombian writer and his work, the manuscript reflects theoretically on the notions of New Weird -supposed story’s genre- and symbiosis, in addition to discussing the misunderstandings surrounding anarchism. Indeed, Barragán’s text offers an original and updated vision of anarchism thanks to its treatment trough the symbiosis’s theme. This union between both concepts is the object of the textual analysis that is proposed later and whose purpose is to problematize the construction, in the story, of a utopian community. Biopolítica, Biopolítica , “Biopolítica” Castro work supposed storys s genre symbiosis Indeed Barragáns symbiosiss theme construction community “Biopolítica

Abstract Studies have underscored a growingdemand for innovative practices in the cultivation of seedlings from forest species, with a notable emphasis on the utilization of organic waste, inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and phosphate fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of organic residues, inoculation with AMF, and phosphorus on the growth and quality of Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. seedlings. Two independent experiments were conducted. In Experiment I, treatments included inoculation with various AMF species: control (without inoculation), Clareoideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus heterosporum, Rhizophagus clarum, and MIX (a combination of the three AMF species), all in conjunction with varying doses of phosphorus (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 mg kg-1 soil). In Experiment II, treatments comprised a control group (without AMF) and inoculation with Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora albida, Clareoideoglomus etunicatum, and MIX (a combination of the four AMF species), each associated with four substrates: S1) soil + coarse sand – SCS, S2) SCS + poultry manure, S3) SCS + cattle manure, and S4) SCS + sheep manure. Peltophorum dubium seedlings exhibited heightened growth with the inoculation of R. heterosporum, R. clarum, and MIX. Positive responses were observed in seedlings when exposed to organic residues, particularly sheep manure, resulting in increased biomass production and enhanced Dickson quality index. The AMF inoculation, specifically with R. heterosporum, R. clarum, and MIX, provided optimal growth conditions for P. dubium seedlings. Remarkably, the utilization of organic residues, notably substrates with chicken manure and cattle manure, exerted substantial positive effects on both growth and quality of P. dubium seedlings. species waste , (AMF) fertilization residues Spreng. Spreng (Spreng. Taub conducted I without inoculation) etunicatum heterosporum clarum species) 0, 0 (0 60 120 180 24 kg1 kg 1 kg- soil. . soil) II margarita albida S1 S S2 S3 S4 R index P Remarkably (AMF (Spreng ( 6 12 18 2

Resumo Os trabalhos têm mostrado demanda crescente na busca de práticas para produção de mudas de espécies florestais, destacando tendências no aproveitamento de resíduos orgânicos, inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e adubação fosfatada. Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo avaliar o efeito de resíduos orgânicos, inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e fósforo no crescimento e qualidade de mudas de Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. Dois experimentos foram realizados independentes. Para o Experimento I, os tratamentos consistiram na inoculação com as espécies de FMA: controle (sem-inoculado), Clareoideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus heterosporum, Rhizophagus clarum e MIX (mistura das três espécies de FMA), todos associados a doses de fósforo (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 mg kg-1 de solo). Para experimento II, os tratamentos consistiram em uma testemunha (sem FMA) e inoculação com Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora albida, Clareoideoglomus etunicatum e MIX (mistura das quatro espécies de FMA), associados a quatro substrato: S1) solo + areia grossa – SCS, S2) SCS + esterco de aves, S3) SCS + esterco bovino e S4) ECS + esterco ovino. Mudas de P. dubium apresentaram maior crescimento com a inoculação de R. heterosporum, R. clarum e MIX. As mudas responderam positivamente ao uso de resíduos orgânicos, principalmente esterco ovino, aumentando a produção de biomassa e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. Mudas de P. dubium se beneficiaram da inoculação com FMA, sendo que os inóculos R. heterosporum, R. clarum e MIX proporcionaram as melhores condições de crescimento. Mudas de P. dubium responderam expressivamente no crescimento e qualidade ao uso de resíduos orgânicos, principalmente ao esterco de galinha e bovino. florestais orgânicos FMA (FMA fosfatada Objetivouse Objetivou Spreng. Spreng (Spreng. Taub independentes I seminoculado, seminoculado sem inoculado , (sem-inoculado) heterosporum mistura 0, 0 (0 60 120 18 24 kg1 kg 1 kg- solo. . solo) II margarita albida substrato S1 S S2 aves S3 S4 ovino P R Dickson (Spreng (sem-inoculado ( 6 12 2

ABSTRACT: High-quality seedlings are one of the key factors in achieving high yield and precocity of blueberries. The inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the development of seedlings in the nursery, ensuring more vigorous seedlings in a shorter time. This study evaluated the effect of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the development of ‘PowderBlue’blueberryseedlings. The treatments were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, in which the first factor was the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora rosea, Glomus clarum, G. rosea + G. clarum, and a control level without mycorrhizae, while the second factor consisted of usingindole-3-butyric acid(IBA) and a control level without IBA. Semi-hardwood cuttings were planted in pots containing sterilized soil and kept in a greenhouse for 660 days. The percentage of rooted cuttings, plant height, root system length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities, SPAD index, mycorrhizal efficiency and dependence, number of spores, and soil basal respiration were evaluated. Plants inoculated with G. clarum without IBA and inoculated with G. rosea with IBA showed higher dry matter and SOD and POD enzyme activities, but the use of IBA had a negative effect on the fungus. The inoculation of blueberry cuttings with G. clarummay help seedlingdevelopment, thus improving biometric and biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the plant regulator IBAwas essential in establishing the symbiosis between blueberry and the AMF G. rosea. ABSTRACT Highquality High quality blueberries (AMF nursery time ‘PowderBlueblueberryseedlings. PowderBlueblueberryseedlings ‘PowderBlue blueberryseedlings. PowderBlue blueberryseedlings ‘PowderBlue’blueberryseedlings scheme G mycorrhizae usingindole3butyric usingindolebutyric usingindole 3 butyric acidIBA acid acid(IBA Semihardwood Semi hardwood 66 days height length mass (POD (SOD activities index dependence spores fungus seedlingdevelopment parameters Furthermore ‘PowderBlueblueberryseedlings 6

RESUMO: Um dos fatores primordiais para alcançar alta produtividade e precocidade de mirtileiros é o emprego de mudas de alta qualidade. A inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) pode potencializar o desenvolvimento de plântulas no viveiro, garantindo mudas mais vigorosas e em menor espaço de tempo. O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da inoculação de fungos micorrízicosarbusculares no desenvolvimento de mudas de mirtileiro cv. Powderblue. Os tratamentos utilizados foram arranjados em um esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo o primeiro fator os diferentes fungos micorrízicos arbusculares G. rosea, G. clarum, G. rosea + G. clarum e um nível controle sem micorrizas, o segundo fator foi com uso de AIB e um nível controle sem AIB. Estacas semi-lenhosas foram plantadas em vasos contendo solo esterilizado, mantidos em casa de vegetação durante 660 dias. A porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, altura de plantas, comprimento de sistema radicular, e massa seca de parte aérea, sistema radicular e planta toda, atividade das enzimas peroxidase e superóxido dismutase, índice SPAD, eficiência e dependência micorrízica, número de esporos e respiração basal do solo foram avaliadas. Plantas inoculadas com G. clarum sem AIB e inoculadas com G. rosea com AIB apresentaram maior matéria seca e atividade das enzimas SOD e POD, em contrapartida, o uso de AIB teve efeito negativo sobre esse fungo. A inoculação de estacas de mirtilo com G. clarum pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento das mudas, melhorando assim, parâmetros biométricos e bioquímicos, além disso, o regulador vegetal AIB demonstra-se essencial no estabelecimento da simbiose entre o mirtileiro e o FMA G. rosea. RESUMO qualidade (FMA viveiro tempo cv Powderblue 2 G micorrizas semilenhosas semi lenhosas esterilizado 66 dias enraizadas plantas aérea toda dismutase SPAD micorrízica avaliadas POD contrapartida fungo assim bioquímicos disso demonstrase demonstra se 6

Abstract Herpyllobiid copepods are highly transformed mesoparasites that infect marine benthic polychaete annelids. The genus Herpyllobius Steenstrup and Lütken, 1861, the most diverse in the family, was known to infect exclusively polychaetes of the family Polynoidae, but it was recently reported also on another family. Species of Herpyllobius have been reported mainly from cold latitudes including Arctic and Antarctic areas, except for two subtropical species. During the taxonomic examination of flabelligerid polychaetes collected from a Western Australian coral reef system, a mesoparasitic copepod was found infecting a specimen of Lamispina horsti (Haswell, 1892). The copepod represents an undescribed species of Herpyllobius. The new species, Herpyllobius paulayi n. sp. belongs to a group of congeneric species (Group III) lacking intergenital processes or sclerotized dots. It diverges from the other species in this group by its possession of a unique combination of characters: 1) a globose ectosoma with pilose surface; 2) elongate, thick cylindrical egg sacs with +10 egg rows; 3) endosoma discoid, short, with two lateral, asymmetrical flattened processes and a medial lobe; 4) it attaches to the host prostomium; and 5) it infects a non-polynoid subtropical polychaete species. annelids Lütken 1861 Polynoidae areas system Haswell, Haswell (Haswell 1892. 1892 . 1892) n sp Group III dots characters 1 surface 2 elongate 10 +1 rows 3 discoid short lateral lobe 4 prostomium 5 nonpolynoid non polynoid 186 189 + 18