ABSTRACT Social technology is based around three axes: community, environmental protection and economic solidarity. The páramo itself is a vital ecosystem for water regulation as it is the source of water supplies for human consumption and performance of economic activities. This article intends to identify the limitations to apply social technology to the protection of the páramo in the central highlands of Ecuador, where processes of self-management, empowerment, participation, agreement-making, cooperation and pursuit for collective welfare have been observed. The methodology is quantitative within the framework of discourse analysis. The results show that, in order to reach a large agreement for the protection and recovery of the páramo, involving all of the communities settled in the area, it is necessary to overcome limitations mostly related to the lacking attention by the government in regards to basic utilities, management plans for conservation areas and studies for economic alternatives allowing communities to subsist in the lower zones, compromising not to extend their agricultural borders further into the highlands. This information helps strengthen natural resource management from a new perspective.

RESUMEN La tecnología social se fundamenta en tres ejes: la comunidad, el cuidado ambiental y la solidaridad económica. Por su parte, el páramo es un ecosistema vital en la regulación hídrica porque sustenta el suministro de agua para consumo humano y el desarrollo de actividades económicas. Este artículo se centra en identificar las limitaciones para aplicar los fundamentos de la tecnología social en la protección del páramo, ubicado en la Sierra central del Ecuador, lugar donde se observan procesos de autogestión, empoderamiento, participación, logro de acuerdos, cooperación y búsqueda del bienestar colectivo. La metodología es cualitativa, en el marco del análisis del discurso. Los resultados muestran que, para que exista un gran acuerdo de protección y recuperación del páramo, entre todas las comunidades asentadas en esta zona, es necesario vencer limitaciones relacionadas, principalmente, con la falta de atención por parte del gobierno en temas de servicios básicos, planes de manejo para áreas de conservación y estudio de alternativas económicas que permitan a las comunidades subsistir en las zonas bajas y comprometerse a no ampliar la frontera agrícola hacia zonas altas. Esta información contribuye a fortalecer la gestión de recursos naturales desde una nueva perspectiva.

RESUMO A tecnologia social baseia-se em três eixos: a comunidade, o cuidado ambiental e a solidariedade econômica. O páramo é um ecossistema vital para a regulação hídrica pois ele fornece agua para o consumo humano e a realização de atividades económicas. Esse artigo focou-se na identificação das limitações para aplicar os fundamentos da tecnologia social para a proteção do páramo, situado na Sierra central de Equador, sítio onde pode-se observar processos de autogestão, empoeiramento, participação, efetuação de acordos, cooperação e procuração de um bem-estar coletivo. A metodologia é qualitativa, dentro do contexto da análise do discurso. Os resultados mostram que, para ter um acordo grande para a proteção e recuperação do páramo, com todas as comunidades estabelecidas na zona, é necessário vencer limitações relacionadas principalmente à falta de atenção do governo em relação à serviços básicos, planes de gestão de áreas de conservação e estudo de alternativas económicas que permitam que as comunidades possam subsistir nas zonas baixas, e comprometer-se a não estender a fronteira agrícola em direção às zonas altas. Essa informação contribui a fortalecer a gestão de recursos naturais com uma nova perspectiva.

Abstract Bahía Blanca and Punta Alta are the most important urban agglomeration in the south of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, with 300 extensive farmers in their area of influence. In this semi-arid region, wind erosion affects human health in the city, due to suspended dust, and the sustainability of agricultural production, due to soil loss. Faced with this critical territorial problem, the Rural Extension Agency of the National Institute of Agricultural Technology Bahía Blanca has conducted out surveys and interacted with different actors to set up a Territorial Observatory of Local Sustainable Practices. This article aims to describe the levels of information generated in this process, which is still under development, and to assess its usefulness in recognizing transformations towards the use of sustainable practices in the territory. The study adopts an exploratory-descriptive design. Geographic Information Systems maps and the MESMIS method generated information layers. These were socialized and disseminated to contribute to understanding the territorial dynamics in the adoption of sustainable innovations and to reduce the margin of error in the decisions of public-private actors in the territory for its development and sustainability.

Resumen Las ciudades de Bahía Blanca y Punta Alta son el aglomerado urbano más importante del sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, en la República Argentina, con 300 productores extensivos en su área de influencia. En esta región semiárida, la erosión eólica afecta a la salud humana en la ciudad, por el polvo en suspensión, y a la sustentabilidad de la producción agropecuaria, por la pérdida de suelo. Frente a esta problemática crítica del territorio, la Agencia de Extensión Rural del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Bahía Blanca ha efectuado relevamientos e interactuado con distintos actores para constituir un Observatorio Territorial de Prácticas Sostenibles Locales. El objetivo del artículo es describir los niveles de información generados en este proceso, que aún está en desarrollo, y valorar su utilidad para reconocer transformaciones hacia el empleo de prácticas sustentables en el territorio. El estudio adopta un diseño exploratorio-descriptivo. Se utilizaron mapas de Sistemas de Información Geográfica y el método MESMIS para generar capas de información, las cuales se socializaron y difundieron para contribuir al conocimiento de la dinámica territorial para la adopción de innovaciones sustentables y reducir el margen de error en decisiones de actores público-privados del territorio para su desarrollo y sustentabilidad.

Resumo As cidades de Bahía Blanca e Punta Alta são o aglomerado urbano mais importante do sul da Provincia de Buenos Aires, na República Argentina, com 300 produtores extensivos na sua área de influência. Nesta região semiárida, a erosão eólica afeta à saúde humana na cidade, por el polvo en suspensión, y a la sustentabilidad de la producción agropecuaria, pela pérdida do solo. Frente a essa problemática crítica do território, a Agência de Extensião Rural do Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuária Bahía Blanca tem efetuado relevamentos e interatuado com distintos atores para constituir um Observatório Territorial de Práticas Susutentáveis Locais. O objetivo do artigo é descreveros níveis de informação gerados neste processo, que ainda está em desenvolvimento, e valorar sua utilidade para reconhecer transformações em vias do emprego de práticas sustentáveis no território. O estudo adota um desenho exploratório-descritivo. Utilizam-se mapas de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica e o método MESMIS para gerar capas de informação, as quais foram socializadas e difundiron para contribuir ao conhecimento da dinâmica territorial para a adoção de inovações sustentáveis e reduzir o margem de erro em decisões de atores público-privados do território para seu desenvolvimento sustentável.

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever os aspectos metodológicos, operacionais e atravessamentos políticos do projeto ‘Avaliação da contaminação ocupacional, ambiental e em alimentos por agrotóxicos na Bacia do Juruena, Mato Grosso (MT)’, realizado entre 2015 e 2019, em municípios de elevada produção agrícola voltada para o agronegócio: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio. Fundamentada na epidemiologia crítica, na vigilância popular e do desenvolvimento, a pesquisa participativa envolveu a população por meio de articulações com prefeituras, sindicatos e escolas públicas e trabalhadores(as) rurais e urbanos. Coletaram-se amostras de matriz ambiental (água, ar, sedimento), alimentar (hortaliças, commodities e animais) e humanas (sangue e urina) e realizou-se um inquérito populacional das condições de saúde autorreferidas, exposição ambiental, alimentar e ocupacional de trabalhadores(as) e moradores(as). Os dados revelaram um processo de contaminação impositiva em todo o território da bacia do rio Juruena, no ambiente, em alimentos, e o adoecimento agudo e crônico supostamente relacionado com a exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos. O processo participativo na pesquisa almejou fortalecer a luta por territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis mediante redes cooperativas, vigilância popular de base territorial e das populações expostas aos agrotóxicos, além de outros desdobramentos que modifiquem legislações e processos destrutivos do atual modelo de desenvolvimento. Objetivouse Objetivou se metodológicos Avaliação Juruena MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 2019 agronegócio Parecis Júlio crítica desenvolvimento prefeituras trabalhadoresas trabalhadores as trabalhadores(as urbanos Coletaramse Coletaram água, água (água ar sedimento, sedimento sedimento) hortaliças, hortaliças (hortaliças animais sangue urina realizouse realizou autorreferidas moradoresas. moradoresas moradores . moradores(as) ambiente cooperativas (MT) 20 moradores(as (MT 2

ABSTRACT The aim was to describe the methodological, operational, and political aspects of the project ‘Assessment of occupational, environmental and food contamination by pesticides in the Juruena Basin, Mato Grosso (MT)’, carried out between 2015 and 2019 in municipalities with high agricultural production geared towards agribusiness: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal, and Campos de Júlio. Based on critical epidemiology, popular and developmental surveillance, the participatory research involved the population through links with town halls, unions public schools, and rural and urban workers. Environmental (water, air, sediment), food (vegetables, commodities, and animals), and human (blood and urine) samples were collected, and a population survey was carried out on self-reported health conditions, environmental, food, and occupational exposure of workers and residents. The data revealed a process of imposing contamination throughout the territory of the Juruena River basin, in the environment, in food, and in acute and chronic illnesses supposedly related to environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides. The participatory process in the research aimed to strengthen the struggle for healthy and sustainable territories through cooperative networks, grassroots territorial surveillance, and populations exposed to pesticides, as well as other developments that modify legislation and destructive processes of the current development model. methodological operational Assessment Basin MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 agribusiness Parecis Sapezal Júlio epidemiology surveillance halls schools water, water (water air sediment, sediment sediment) vegetables, vegetables (vegetables commodities animals, animals animals) blood urine collected selfreported self reported conditions residents basin environment networks model (MT) 20 (MT 2

RESUMO As Unidades de Conservação (UC) constituem domínios territoriais estratégicos para a gestão socioambiental na Amazônia. Neste estudo, questiona-se como os moradores e gestores de uma UC definem seus territórios de sustentabilidade para a Amazônia, especificamente, em atenção à saúde. Para isso, foi realizada pesquisa de campo em uma comunidade localizada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Rio Negro. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas técnicas, como entrevistas, diário de campo e observação direta. Como resultados, destaca-se que grande parte das famílias possuía sustento baseado em uma unidade de produção familiar, cuja renda média mensal é abaixo de um salário mínimo, e gerada principalmente na agricultura e pesca. Dadas as condições de vida e saúde na reserva, gestores e moradores entrevistados problematizam os pressupostos sustentáveis que definem os atuais modelos de UC na região amazônica, visto que não apresentam ações estratégicas para o efetivo desenvolvimento humano e social de suas famílias. A noção de saúde na Amazônia está imbricada no controle coletivo sobre esses territórios, e se ela não é suficientemente ampla para compreendê-los, precisa ser reelaborada. (UC estudo questionase questiona especificamente isso Negro dados técnicas entrevistas direta resultados destacase destaca familiar mínimo pesca reserva amazônica compreendêlos, compreendêlos compreendê los, los compreendê-los reelaborada

ABSTRACT Conservation Units (UCs) constitute strategic territorial domains for social and environmental management in the Amazônia. In this study, we question how residents and managers of a UC define their sustainability territories, specifically, in health care. Field research was carried out in a community located in the Rio Negro Sustainable Development Reserve. For data collection, techniques such as interviews, field diary and direct observation were used. As a result, their empirical data show that a large proportion of families had a livelihood based on a family production unit, with an average monthly income below the minimum wage, and generated mainly in agriculture and fishing. Considering the living and health conditions in the reserve, managers and residents interviewed problematize the sustainable assumptions that define current models of UC in the Amazônia, since they do not have strategic actions for the effective human and social development of their families. The notion of health in the Amazon is embedded in collective control over these territories, and if it is not broad enough to encompass them, it needs to be redefined. UCs (UCs Amazônia study territories specifically care Reserve collection interviews used result unit wage fishing reserve them redefined

Abstract The energy transition requires minerals that are increasingly difficult to obtain on the surface, so the ocean floor and by virtue of its mineral reserves, could meet projected demand and contribute to achieving the sustainable development goals. However, there are contradictory discourses regarding the role of sustainability in deep-sea mining. On the one hand, it is suggested that it would have less impact than surface mining. On the other hand, it argues about the negative impacts on the ocean and effects on human well-being and the livelihoods of local communities. Thus, the objective is to problematize the relationship between sustainability and deep-sea mining, based on the approach of the resource frontier and how these spaces are produced, the predominant narratives, and what are the dynamics that underlie this process. Using tools of bibliometric analysis and qualitative content analysis, it was possible to account for dominant narratives about circular economy, biodiversity, governance, and blue economy in the literature. Dynamics underlying the creation of the resource frontier are the search for new sources of minerals, the need to control resources, and positioning the ocean as a zone of unlimited development, which configure deep-sea mining as an emerging frontier for sustainability.

Resumo A transição energética exige minerais cada vez mais difíceis de obter na superfície, para que o fundo do oceano e, em virtude de suas reservas minerais, possam atender à demanda projetada e contribuir para alcançar os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável. No entanto, há discursos contraditórios sobre o papel da sustentabilidade na mineração em alto mar. Por um lado, sugere-se que teria menos impacto do que a mineração de superfície. Por outro lado, argumenta sobre os impactos negativos no oceano e os efeitos no bem-estar humano e nos meios de subsistência das comunidades locais. Assim, o objetivo é problematizar a relação entre sustentabilidade e mineração em alto mar, a partir da abordagem da fronteira de recursos e, em particular, como esses espaços são produzidos, as narrativas predominantes e quais são as dinâmicas que subjazem a esse processo. Utilizando ferramentas de análise bibliométrica e análise qualitativa de conteúdo, foi possível dar conta das narrativas dominantes sobre economia circular, biodiversidade, governança e economia azul na literatura. As dinâmicas subjacentes à criação da fronteira de recursos são a busca de novas fontes de minerais, a necessidade de controlar os recursos e o posicionamento do oceano como uma zona de desenvolvimento ilimitado, que configuram a mineração em alto mar como uma fronteira emergente para a sustentabilidade.

Resumen La transición energética requiere minerales que cada vez son más difíciles de obtener en superficie, por lo que, el fondo del océano y en virtud de sus reservas de minerales, podría satisfacer la demanda proyectada y contribuir a alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo sustentable. Sin embargo, existen discursos contradictorios respecto al rol de la sustentabilidad en la minería en aguas profundas. Por un lado, se plantea que tendría menor impacto que la minería en superficie. Por otro lado, se argumenta sobre los impactos negativos en el océano y afectaciones en el bienestar humano y medios de vida de las comunidades locales. Así, el objetivo es problematizar en torno a la relación entre sustentabilidad y minería en aguas profundas, a partir de la aproximación de la frontera de recursos y en particular, cómo se producen estos espacios, las narrativas predominantes, y cuáles son las dinámicas que subyacen en este proceso. Utilizando herramientas del análisis bibliométrico y análisis de contenido cualitativo, se pudo dar cuenta de narrativas dominantes sobre economía circular, biodiversidad, gobernanza, y economía azul en la literatura. Dinámicas que subyacen a la creación de la frontera de recursos son la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes de minerales, la necesidad de controlar los recursos, y posicionar al océano como una zona de desarrollo ilimitado, las que, configuran a la minería en aguas profundas como frontera emergente para la sustentabilidad.

ABSTRACT This collaborative study between the University of Granma (UDG) in Cuba and the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) in Spain aimed to enhance sustainable rabbit meat production in vulnerable rural communities in eastern Cuba to contribute to food sovereignty. In partnership with the Agroindustrial Grains Company Fernando Echenique in Granma, a feed system based on staggered planting of proteinaceous plants and energy crops has been developed as an alternative to more expensive conventional feeds. Additionally, improvements have been made in reproductive management, and a genetic improvement program for animals has been implemented. The nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of these raw materials have been analyzed at UPM. Seminars addressing topics such as reproduction, nutrition, and genetic improvement in rabbit farming have also been conducted. This work presents the results obtained until June 2023, highlighting the achieved social, economic, and environmental benefits.

RESUMEN Este estudio entre la Universidad de Granma (UDG) en Cuba y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) en España pretendió aumentar la producción sostenible de carne de conejo en comunidades rurales vulnerables del oriente de Cuba, con el fin de contribuir a la soberanía alimentaria. Con la Empresa Agroindustrial de Granos Fernando Echenique de Granma, se ha desarrollado un sistema de alimentación basado en plantas proteicas escalonadas y cultivos energéticos en lugar de piensos convencionales más costosos. Además, se han realizado mejoras en el manejo reproductivo y en un programa de mejora genética de los animales. Se ha analizado el valor nutricional de estas materias primas y su digestibilidad in vitro en la UPM. También se han realizado seminarios abordando temas como la reproducción, nutrición y mejora genética en la cunicultura. Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos hasta junio de 2023, destacando los beneficios sociales, económicos y medioambientales logrados.

Abstract Mexico’s school enrolment in the 2021-2022 school year corresponds to 5.07 million students (5.5 % in higher technical and normal levels; 86.2 % in bachelor’s degrees; 7.2 % in specialties and master’s degrees; 1.1 % in doctorates), representing 4 % of the total national population. The article is structured on the basis of the deductive method and with a quantitative archetype; its objective is to determine the correlation between the higher education student population and economic growth and human development. It is hypothesized that higher education will contribute significantly to the achievement of these objectives, in the first instance to try to achieve economic growth, and then to gain access to economic, social, sustainable and human development. The hypothesis was confirmed that in Mexico during the period from 2010 to 2022, the highest number of higher education students can explain 82.6 % of the variations experienced in the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or economic growth. It was considered that the highest levels of education in the country (doctorate and master’s degrees) would have a decisive influence on the increase in GDP (economic growth) and a better position in the Human Development Index (HDI), but it turned out that the most influential variable in the estimated linear regressions is enrolment at the bachelor’s degree.

Resumen La matrícula escolar de México en el ciclo escolar 2021-2022 corresponde a 5,07 millones de alumnos (5,5 % en nivel técnico superior y normal, 86,2 % en licenciatura, 7,2 % en especialidad y maestría, y 1,1 % en doctorado), representando el 4 % de la población total nacional. El artículo se estructura con base en el método deductivo y con un arquetipo cuantitativo, teniendo como objetivo conocer el estado de correlación existente entre el universo estudiantil de educación superior con el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo humano. Se parte de la hipótesis que la educación superior contribuirá significativamente al logro de estos objetivos, en primera instancia, para tratar de alcanzar el crecimiento económico, y después, para lograr tener acceso al desarrollo económico, social, sustentable y humano. Se confirmó la hipótesis de que, en México, durante el período de 2010 a 2022, el mayor número de alumnado de nivel superior puede explicar el 82,6 % de las variaciones experimentadas en el aumento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) o crecimiento económico. Se consideraba que los más altos niveles de estudios en el país (doctorado y maestría) influirían de forma determinante en el incremento del PIB (crecimiento económico) y en una mejor posición del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), pero resultó que la variable más influyente en las regresiones lineales estimadas es la matrícula de nivel licenciatura.

Resumen Las ciudades concentran porcentajes elevado de la población humana. Estas han sido moldeadas por procesos de urbanización y desarrollo, que han conllevado a impactos positivos y negativos, desde nivel local hasta global. Este documento tiene como finalidad describir los aspectos que implica la sostenibilidad en las ciudades, para la comprensión de los retos y perspectivas en Costa Rica. Las ciudades costarricenses presentan rezagos importantes en materia de sostenibilidad. Estos incluyen el desarrollo de un enfoque amplio e integral, para abarcar y buscar la sostenibilidad del Gran Área Metropolitana. Para encaminar las ciudades del país hacia la sostenibilidad, es necesario dejar la visión cortoplacista y promover soluciones integradoras, innovadoras y que se ajusten a las necesidades país.

Abstract Cities concentrate high percentages of the human population. They have been shaped by processes of urbanization and development, which have led to impacts, both positive and negative, at local, regional and global levels. The aim of this document is to describe the aspects that sustainability in cities implies, in order to understand the challenges and perspectives in Costa Rica. Costa Rican cities are lagging behind in terms of sustainability. These include the development of a broad and integrated approach, to encompass and seek sustainability for the Greater Metropolitan Area. In order to guide the country's cities towards sustainability, it is necessary to leave behind the short-sighted and individualistic vision, to promote integrated and innovative solutions that meet the country's needs.

Health claims are considered a means to add value to food and beverages; however, it is not always evident which stakeholders benefit and to what extent they benefit. In this paper, we extend the investigation of value creation and appropriation into the domain of food, specifically food labels. Using a qualitative approach, we aimed to elucidate which forms of value can be created by legislating health claims (including those for bioactive compounds found in South African indigenous plants) on food labels. The findings reveal that health claims have the potential to advance the sustainable development agenda in South Africa, but only if structures can be put in place to appropriate human and intellectual (HI) value, as well as environmental value. Currently, there is strong evidence for economic value creation and appropriation potential, but little clear evidence that HI or environmental value will be appropriated from health claims, especially if these health claims exclude benefits from bioactive compounds found in indigenous South African plants. If we could find a means to measure the HI and environmental value creation potential of health claims, using metrics that people understand, we may be able to develop strategies to ensure that such products can benefit stakeholders beyond economic value alone (i.e. more sustainable value creation). The findings could directly impact food labelling policy formulation, considering current draft regulations to implement health claims in South Africa. SIGNIFICANCE: The medicinal plant biodiversity of South Africa offers opportunities for economic, human and intellectual (HI), and environmental value creation through legislated health claims. Without clear metrics for the HI and environmental components, economic value creation may dominate, but the value created might not be sustainable or appropriated by the desired stakeholders. Furthermore, because the current draft legislation for health claims excludes any bioactives from indigenous South African plants, much of the economic, HI and environmental value creation potential reported as potential outcomes for this research (e.g. funds to communities, knowledge preservation or biodiversity conservation) will not materialise.

Abstract The National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio), the first institution of its kind worldwide, was created in 1989 as a civil society organization, with the mission of promoting greater awareness of the value of biodiversity, to achieve its conservation and promote human development. It operated within the framework of a national biodiversity conservation strategy consisting of three types of actions: “save, know and use”, forming a publicprivate alliance with the National System of Conservation Areas, whose work represented the first step of “saving”. INBio focused on the generation of scientific knowledge of Costa Rican biodiversity (knowing) and the search and promotion of its intelligent use (using). This article describes the genesis of the institution and its main contributions to the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity between 1989-2015. These include the results of the protected areas biodiversity inventory process and the development of the largest systematic collection of biological specimens in the country’s history, fully systematized; the development of an information management system that integrated all the information from the inventory and the specimens in its collection in digital format, allowing global access to this information or its correlation with that of other sources. The results of promoting and facilitating the use of information through five programs: Natural Sciences and Conservation Biology, for scientific purposes; Bioliteracy and Education, conceptually designed for the teaching and development of awareness about the value of biodiversity; Bioprospecting, the systematic search for economic uses of biodiversity for medicinal, agricultural and industrial purposes; Conservation for Development, the use of the information for wild areas conservation purposes, surrounding communities or nature tourism, among others; Technical Assistance and Training, program in charge of assisting public and private entities, inside and outside the country, in the development of initiatives in which Biodiversity was the central element. The main results of its work and the national and international awards that INBio received for its innovative approaches and contributions are described, as well as the financial and political reasons why INBio discontinued its activities in the period 2015-2016 are summarized. Viewing the work of INBio as a first stage, the importance and need to continue with a state program on the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity is raised, in addition to its protection, with the goal of creating awareness of its value before the serious threats to life on Earth.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio), la primera institución en su género en el mundo, fue creado en 1989 como una organización de la sociedad civil, con la misión expresa de promover una mayor conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad, para lograr su conservación y fomentar el desarrollo humano. En el marco de una estrategia nacional de conservación de la biodiversidad consistente en tres tipos de acciones: “salvar, conocer y utilizar”, se conformó una alianza público-privada con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, cuya labor representó el primer paso de “salvar”. El INBio se centró en la generación de conocimiento científico de la biodiversidad costarricense (el “conocer”) y en la búsqueda y promoción de su uso inteligente (el “usar”). Este artículo describe la génesis de la institución y sus principales aportes al conocimiento y la utilización de la biodiversidad costarricense en el período 1989-2015. Estos incluyen los resultados del proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad de las áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de la colección sistemática de especímenes biológicos más grande en la historia del país, totalmente sistematizada; el desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de información que integró en formato digital toda la información del inventario y de los especímenes de su colección, permitiendo el acceso global a estos datos o su correlación con la de otras fuentes. Los resultados de la promoción y la facilitación del uso de la información se lograron mediante cinco programas: Ciencias Naturales y Biología de la Conservación, con fines científicos; Bioalfabetización y Educación, conceptualmente diseñados para la enseñanza y el desarrollo de la conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad; Bioprospección, la búsqueda sistemática de usos económicos de la biodiversidad para fines medicinales, agrícolas e industriales; Conservación para el Desarrollo, el empleo de la información para la conservación de áreas silvestres, comunidades circunvecinas o turismo naturalista, entre otros; y Asistencia Técnica y Capacitación, programa encargado de asistir a entidades públicas y privadas, dentro y fuera del país, en el desarrollo de iniciativas en que la biodiversidad fuera el elemento central. Se describen los principales resultados de su labor y los reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales que el INBio recibió por sus novedosos enfoques y aportes, al igual que se resumen las razones de carácter financiero y político por las cuales el INBio descontinuó sus actividades en el período 2015-2016. Vista la labor del INBio como una primera etapa, se plantea la importancia y necesidad de continuar con un programa estatal sobre el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad costarricense, en adición a su protección, con el fin último de que exista conciencia de su valor ante las serias amenazas para la vida en el planeta.

Resumen Las especies del género Juniperus han sido ampliamente utilizadas por los seres humanos como fuente de fitoquímicos, en medicina tradicional y para su aprovechamiento maderable; sin embargo, poco se conoce hasta ahora de los usos etnobotánicos de las especies caribeñas y en particular de los taxones distribuidos en La Española, actualmente clasificados bajo diferentes categorías de amenaza. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo reconstruir el espectro de las aplicaciones etnobotánicas dadas a Juniperus gracilior var. gracilior por moradores de 14 comunidades rurales en la vertiente sur de la Cordillera Central de República Dominicana. Estos asentamientos humanos se ubican próximos a cinco relictos poblacionales de Juniperus gracilior var. gracilior, en los que se localiza en condiciones naturales aproximadamente 80 % de los individuos del taxón. Mediante exploraciones de campo, visita y entrevistas estructuradas se recopiló información que indica que 74.1 % de sus usos corresponden a propósitos maderables, 25 % a medicina tradicional con importante eficiencia en el tratamiento de enfermedades respiratorias, digestivas y del ciclo menstrual, el resto (0.9 %) se utilizan con fines ornamentales y artesanales. Los datos obtenidos en este estudio proveen una base de conocimiento esencial para el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación, gestión y aprovechamiento sostenible de la especie.

Abstract The species of the genus Juniperus have been widely used by humans as a source of phytochemicals, in traditional medicine and for timber harvesting; however, little has been known so far about the ethnobotanical uses of Caribbean species and in particular the taxa of Hispaniola, currently classified under different threat categories. This work aimed to reconstruct the spectrum of ethnobotanical uses given to Juniperus gracilior var. gracilior by the inhabitants of 14 rural communities on the southern slope of the Central Mountain Range. These human settlements are located near five population relicts of the gracilior variety where approximately 80 % of the individuals of the taxon are found in natural conditions. Through field explorations, visits and structured interviews with local people, information was collected that indicates that 74.1 % of the variety is used for timber for different applications, 25 % for traditional medicine with important efficiency in the treatment of respiratory, digestive and menstrual cycle diseases, and 0.9 % for ornamental and handicraft uses. The data obtained in this study provide basic knowledge for the development of conservation strategies, management, and sustainable utilization of the species.

Resumen En el presente texto se problematiza sobre la noción de desarrollo sostenible como expresión (oficial) que revela la continuidad histórica de una forma de organización social y de un régimen de producción insostenibles, basados en la explotación de la naturaleza y el trabajo humano, así como en la adecuación de las instituciones sociales y de las expresiones culturales a las demandas del régimen de producción y la sociedad de mercado que materializan el poder de grupos y corporaciones. Se entiende como el resultado de un proceso histórico y una forma de civilización impuesta a los pueblos del mundo, vía la colonización evangelizadora, la dominación política y el exterminio cultural; un nuevo credo y evangelio que revestidos de racionalidad se impusieron con fuerza colonizadora a través de los discursos del progreso y desarrollo y se difundieron por el mundo para producir lo contrario: subdesarrollo. Esta revisión se orientó en el objetivo de rastrear en sus expresiones discursivas (léase oficiales) viejos preceptos que, asentados sobre novedosas adjetivaciones, mantienen intacto el algoritmo del paradigma hegemónico occidental eurocéntrico: progreso à evolución à crecimiento à desarrollo. Del análisis realizado, se desprende la insostenibilidad del desarrollo sostenible en su filiación de origen al crecimiento económico, al reconocer límites ecológicos al crecimiento material y a la naturaleza como fuente de recursos y vertedero de deshechos, al confrontar las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad ecológica y social como contradictorias, en tanto avances en la sostenibilidad ecológica acarrean afectaciones en la sostenibilidad social, en fin de cuentas, la insostenibilidad del desarrollo sostenible es la expresión de la imposibilidad física de la continuidad de la civilización del desarrollo (moderna) basada en el crecimiento económico y material y de sus formas de producción y reproducción de la vida social.

Résumé Dans cet article, la notion de développement durable est problématisée en tant qu'expression (officielle) révélant la continuité historique d'une forme d'organisation sociale et d'un régime de production insoutenables, basés sur l'exploitation de la nature et du travail humain, ainsi que sur l'adaptation des institutions sociales et des expressions culturelles aux exigences du régime de production et de la société de marché qui matérialisent le pouvoir des groupes et des corporations. Il est défini comme le résultat d'un processus historique et d'une forme de civilisation imposée aux peuples du monde, via la colonisation évangélisatrice, la domination politique et l'extermination culturelle; un nouveau credo et évangile qui, revêtus de rationalité, ont été imposés avec force colonisatrice à travers les discours du progrès et du développement en se répandant dans le monde pour produire le contraire : le sous-développement. Cette révision a été orientée vers l'objectif de retracer dans ses expressions discursives (lire officielles) de vieux préceptes qui, fondés sur de nouvelles qualifications, maintiennent intact l'algorithme du paradigme hégémonique occidental euro centrique: progrès → évolution → croissance → développement. À partir de l’analyse réalisée, il ressort l'insoutenabilité du développement durable dans son affiliation d'origine à la croissance économique, en reconnaissant les limites écologiques à la croissance matérielle et à la nature en tant que source de ressources et décharge de déchets, en confrontant les dimensions de la durabilité écologique et sociale comme contradictoires, puisque les progrès en matière de durabilité écologique entraînent des impacts sur la durabilité sociale. Bref, l'insoutenabilité du développement durable est l'expression de l'impossibilité physique de la continuité de la civilisation du développement (moderne) basée sur la croissance économique et matérielle et sur ses formes de production et de reproduction de la vie sociale.

Abstract This text problematizes the notion of sustainable development as an (official) expression that reveals the historical continuity of a form of social organization and an unsustainable production regime, based on the exploitation of nature and human labor, as well as in the adaptation of social institutions and cultural expressions to the demands of the production regime and market society that materialize the power of groups and corporations. It is understood as the result of a historical process and a form of civilization imposed on the peoples of the world, via evangelizing colonization, political domination and cultural extermination; a new creed and gospel that, clothed in rationality, were imposed with colonizing force through the discourses of progress and development and spread throughout the world to produce the opposite: underdevelopment. This review aimed to trace in its discursive expressions (read official) old precepts that, based on novel adjectives, keep intact the algorithm of the Eurocentric Western hegemonic paradigm: progress à evolution à growth à development. From the analysis carried out, the unsustainability of sustainable development emerges in its original affiliation to economic growth, by recognizing ecological limits to material growth and nature as a source of resources and a dumping ground for waste, by confronting the dimensions of ecological and social sustainability as contradictory, while advances in ecological sustainability entail effects on social sustainability, in the end, the unsustainability of sustainable development is the expression of the physical impossibility of the continuity of development civilization (modern) based on economic growth and material and its forms of production and reproduction of social life.

Abstract This study focuses on the environmental issue in Portugal after the 25th of April, analysing the problem from three main perspectives: the contextual diachronic perspective of the critical Anthropocene construction; the relevance of the environmental issue at national and international level and environmental policies in the Portuguese legislative framework, involving questions relating to the normativity of environmental law, legislative discourse and the semantic value of the expressions "environmental quality", "nature conservation", "self-sustaining development", "sustainable development", "environmental education", "natural environment", and "human environment" as concepts associated with the evolution of environmental policies in post-April 25th Portugal. The question is that the Portuguese legal framework use of these concepts may contain an ambivalent valuation, oscillating between conservationist or environmentalist goals and developmentalist aims. The qualitative research methodology is mixed, using the exploratory and the comparative method according to the principles of concordance and difference in analysing legislative discourse.

In the context of a need for finding and enabling alternatives to unequal and extractivist perspectives on development, growth, and human well-being, this positioning paper explores possibilities for STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) education with an education for sustainable development focus that counters disciplinary alienations particularly between the arts and the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) disciplines. The paper argues that unnecessary alienations between cultural-emblematic and mathematical-logical epistemes, especially those linked to narrow interpretations and restricted developments in dialogism and dialectics, respectively, are influenced by restricted understandings of epistemological, ontological, and praxiological philosophical drivers in meaning making and responsive action. In response, the paper develops a series of philosophical principles that, it argues, could usefully underpin STEAM education practices. These are a) iterations of epistemological expansion and contraction (in response to monologic meaning making), b) an expansive and deepening ontology (in response to ontological collapse in describing the world), c) critical and judgmental rationality (finding a middle ground between radical relativism and dogma), and d) concrete utopianism (in response to idealism and additive holisticism). The emergence of the four philosophical principles is developed through illustrative examples of a broad range of arts (fine art, performance art, photography, film, poetry, prose, and music).

RESUMEN Este estudio explora la compleja interacción entre la migración y la desigualdad en Ecuador, destacando la educación superior y el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible número 10 en este contexto. La migración, impulsada por la búsqueda de mejores oportunidades económicas y sociales, se revela como tanto una consecuencia como una causa de desigualdades en el país. El objetivo principal es determinar conexiones sobre esta relación, centrándose en cómo el ODS 10 puede servir como marco para abordar estas problemáticas. La metodología adoptada es multidisciplinaria, incluyendo análisis demográficos, revisión de políticas gubernamentales, entrevistas y revisión bibliográfica. Los resultados indican desafíos persistentes a pesar de los esfuerzos gubernamentales. Los migrantes, especialmente los vulnerables o marginados, enfrentan discriminación, limitado acceso a servicios esenciales y obstáculos para integrarse en la sociedad. La migración irregular se asocia con la violación de derechos humanos, exacerbando brechas socioeconómicas y educativas. Esta investigación destaca la urgencia de abordar cuestiones vinculadas a la migración y la desigualdad en Ecuador. A pesar de las políticas implementadas, persisten desafíos que requieren atención inmediata, subrayando la importancia de combatir la discriminación, mejorar el acceso a servicios esenciales como la educación superior y garantizar la protección de los derechos humanos de los migrantes.

ABSTRACT This study explores the complex interaction between migration and inequality in Ecuador, highlighting higher education and Sustainable Development Goal 10 in this context. Migration, driven by the search for better economic and social opportunities, is revealed as both a consequence and a cause of inequalities in the country. The main objective is to determine connections on this relationship, focusing on how SDG 10 can serve as a framework to address these issues. The methodology adopted is multidisciplinary, including demographic analysis, government policy review, interviews and literature review. The results indicate persistent challenges despite government efforts. Migrants, especially vulnerable or marginalized migrants, face discrimination, limited access to essential services and obstacles to integration into society. Irregular migration is associated with human rights violations, exacerbating socioeconomic and educational gaps. This research highlights the urgency of addressing issues related to migration and inequality in Ecuador. Despite the policies implemented, challenges persist that require immediate attention, highlighting the importance of combating discrimination, improving access to essential services such as higher education, and ensuring the protection of migrants' human rights.