ABSTRACT Overfishing, industrial fishing and climate change generate impacts that affect the marine fishery resource, the main source of income and food for coastal populations of artisanal fishers. The creation of conditions that increase the adaptive capacity of fishers will decrease their vulnerability to impacts. This research proposes to determine an Exclusive Zone for Artisanal Fishing-ZEPA as a strategy for sustainable management of fishery resources and climate adaptation for artisanal fishers in the study area. Marxan was used to identify three scenarios for the location of the ZEPA and participatory mapping was carried out with fishers to obtain the fourth scenario. High similarity was found between scenarios 2 and 4, which shows that the scientific (Marxan) and participatory (population) approaches coincide in the location of the ZEPA. The final ZEPA was located in the coastal marine zone of the municipalities of Tumaco and Francisco Pizarro, with a total area of 2,008 km2. Included important conservation targets for artisanal fisheries such as artisanal fishing grounds, ecosystems (mangroves, beaches and estuaries), areas of occurrence of species (seerfish, snappers, sea bass, piangua, marmoset shrimp) among others. More than 80 % of the fishers agreed that the strategy would help reduce their vulnerability to threats such as climatic phenomena, overfishing, pollution, among others. The contribution to climate change adaptation of the study area’s population is highlighted.

RESUMEN La sobrepesca, la pesca industrial y el cambio climático generan impactos que afectan al recurso pesquero marino, la principal fuente de ingreso y alimento de las poblaciones costeras de pescadores artesanales. La creación de condiciones que incrementen la capacidad de adaptación de los pescadores disminuirá su vulnerabilidad a los impactos. Esta investigación propone determinar una Zona Exclusiva de Pesca Artesanal-ZEPA como estrategia de manejo sostenible de los recursos pesqueros y de adaptación climática para los pescadores artesanales del área de estudio. Se utilizó el programa Marxan para identificar tres escenarios para la ubicación de la ZEPA y se realizó una cartografía participativa con pescadores para obtener el cuarto escenario. Se encontró similitud alta entre el escenario 2 y 4, lo que muestra que el enfoque científico (Marxan) y participativo (población) coinciden en la ubicación de ZEPA. La ZEPA definitiva se ubicó en la zona marino costera de los municipios de Tumaco y Francisco Pizarro, con un área total de 2 008 km2. Incluyó objetos de conservación importantes para la pesca artesanal como caladeros de pesca artesanal, ecosistemas (manglares, playas y estuarios), áreas de ocurrencia de especies (sierra, pargos, corvina, piangua, camarón tití), entre otros. Se identificó que más de 80 % de los pescadores estuvo de acuerdo en que la estrategia le aportaría a reducir su vulnerabilidad frente a amenazas como fenómenos climáticos, sobrepesca, contaminación, entre otros. Se resalta la contribución a la adaptación al cambio climático de la población del área de estudio.

ABSTRACT. A commercial fishery for the smooth hammerhead shark (Sphyrna zygaena) exists in the waters off northern Peru. Although international and domestic norms regulate this species, adult specimens are becoming rare. Monthly visits to four ports in the La Libertad region were made to measure S. zygaena landings and understand the present state of the fishery. We found that 92% of the specimens landed were juveniles or younger and that 10% of the original biomass remains in the fishery. This highlights that stricter regulations such as protecting breeding areas, establishing a legal catch length, and limiting the catch volume and fishing season are urgently needed to maintain a sustainable fishery.

Abstract It is commonly assumed that beach seining (BS) is more sustainable than bottom trawling because it involves non-motorized operations and limited fishing power. However, no scientific evidence supports this assumption. To address this gap, we evaluated the impact of beach seining, taking a small-scale shrimp fishery in northeast Brazil. Data collected monthly from December 2016 to November 2017 and in literature, were assessed (BS 31,001 individuals, 119 species, 37 families, and 19 orders; BT 6,031 individuals, 58 species, 20 families, and 14 orders). Beach seining demonstrated a lower proportion of bycatch (BS 1:2.3; BT 1:3.2), higher total shrimp catch (BS 87.2 t; BT 65 t), and greater species diversity than bottom trawling catches (BS 119; BT 58). Other aspects were closer associated with bottom trawling, such as the composition of dominant families (Sciaenidae and Pristigasteridae), the proportion of rare species (BS 30%; BT 24%) juveniles (BS 11g; BT 13g), the risk of species extinction, and the composition of ecological guilds. Despite their social significance, both fishing gears showed similar ecological indicators and adverse effects. The findings establish that the ecological concerns related to the impact of bottom trawling are also applicable to beach seine. BS nonmotorized non motorized power However assumption gap smallscale small scale Brazil 201 literature 31001 31 001 31,00 individuals 11 3 1 orders 6031 6 031 6,03 5 2 orders. . orders) 12.3 123 2.3 1:2.3 13.2, 132 3.2 , 1:3.2) 872 87 87. t t, t) 58. 58) Sciaenidae Pristigasteridae, Pristigasteridae Pristigasteridae) 30% 30 24% 24 11g g 13g, 13g 13g) extinction guilds significance effects seine 3100 00 31,0 603 03 6,0 12 12. 23 2. 1:2. 13 13.2 32 3. 1:3.2 8 310 0 31, 60 6, 1:2 13. 1:3. 1: 1:3

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi espacializar as operações de pesca esportiva e avaliar a frequência de uso das áreas de pesca no estado do Amazonas, combinando a abordagem do Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) e informações disponíveis nos documentos enviados ao Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas (IPAAM). As informações sobre as operações de turismo de pesca esportiva foram coletadas na base de dados do IPAAM e dos Certificados de Registro de Pesca (CRPs). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise descritiva e a espacialização dos locais foi realizada por meio do software Q-GIS. De 2002 a agosto de 2021, foram feitas 163 solicitações de CRP. Houve uma diminuição na quantidade de primeiras solicitações de CRP, com pico em 2018 e 2019, N=17 e N=18, respectivamente. A atividade é realizada em 24 municípios, sendo Barcelos (31,36%) e Presidente Figueiredo (17,75%) os mais populares. Em nível de sub-bacias, a pesca esportiva está presente principalmente nas bacias dos rios Negro, Amazonas, Aripuanã, Madeira, Purus e Solimões. No geral, 26,38% das operações ocorrem em áreas de conservação, especificamente em Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS). Barcelos registou o maior número de rios utilizados, com 15 rios. Esses resultados podem subsidiar propostas futuras para a gestão sustentável da pesca por meio do zoneamento das áreas de pesca no estado do Amazonas. SIG (SIG IPAAM. . (IPAAM) CRPs. CRPs (CRPs) QGIS. QGIS Q GIS. GIS Q-GIS 200 2021 16 CRP 201 2019 N17 N 17 N=1 N18 18 N=18 respectivamente 2 municípios 31,36% 3136 31 36 (31,36% 17,75% 1775 75 (17,75% populares subbacias, subbacias sub bacias, sub-bacias Negro Aripuanã Madeira Solimões geral 2638 26 38 26,38 conservação RDS. RDS (RDS) utilizados 1 (IPAAM (CRPs 20 202 N1 N= 31,36 313 3 (31,36 17,75 177 7 (17,75 263 26,3 (RDS 31,3 (31,3 17,7 (17,7 26, 31, (31, 17, (17, (31 (17 (3 (1 (

Abstract The objective of this study was to spatialize sport fishing operations and assess the frequency of the use of the fishing areas in the state of Amazonas by combining the Geographic Information System (GIS) approach and information available in the documents sent to the Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas (IPAAM). Information on sport fishing tourism operations was gathered from the IPAAM database and fishing licenses (FLs). Data analysis was conducted utilizing descriptive analysis, and the spatialization of the locations was performed using Q-GIS software. From 2002 to August 2021, 163 requests for FLs were made. There was a decrease in the amount of first time FL requests, with a peak in 2018 and 2019, N=17 and N=18, respectively. The activity is conducted in 24 municipalities, with Barcelos (31.36%) and Presidente Figueiredo (17.75%) being the most popular. At the sub-basin level, sport fishing is notably present in the Negro, Amazonas, Aripuanã, Madeira, Purus and Solimões River basins. Overall, 26.38% of operations take place in conservation areas, specifically in sustainable development reserves (SDRs). Barcelos recorded the largest number of rivers used, with 15 rivers. These results can support future proposals for the sustainable management of fisheries through the zoning of fishing areas in the state of Amazonas. GIS (GIS IPAAM. . (IPAAM) FLs. (FLs) QGIS Q software 200 2021 16 made 201 2019 N17 N 17 N=1 N18 18 N=18 respectively 2 municipalities 31.36% 3136 31 36 (31.36% 17.75% 1775 75 (17.75% popular subbasin sub basin level Negro Aripuanã Madeira basins Overall 2638 26 38 26.38 SDRs. SDRs (SDRs) used 1 (IPAAM (FLs 20 202 N1 N= 31.36 313 3 (31.36 17.75 177 7 (17.75 263 26.3 (SDRs 31.3 (31.3 17.7 (17.7 26. 31. (31. 17. (17. (31 (17 (3 (1 (

Resumen: El propósito general de esta investigación cualitativa con diseño etnográfico es mostrar los desafíos que enfrenta la comunidad zapoteca de pescadores de Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). De manera específica, se pretende explicar el estado que presentan los ODS y sus metas más significativas, además de conocer la percepción de la población respecto a sus fortalezas y problemáticas relevantes. Se encontró que, si a pesar de las limitaciones presentes, el estimable capital humano, social y natural disponible se emplea acertadamente, el futuro puede ser promisorio.

Abstract: The general purpose of this qualitative research with ethnographic design is to show the challenges faced by the Zapotec fishing community of Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, in the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Specifically, it is intended to explain the status of the SDGs and their most significant aims, in addition to knowing the perception of the population regarding their strengths and relevant problems. It was found that if, despite the present limitations, the considerable human, social and natural capital available is used wisely, the future could be promising.

Resumen Introducción. Las actividades pesqueras generan un volumen de desechos relacionados con el procesamiento de especies (vísceras, cabezas y espinas), los descartes de la fauna acompañante, especies de bajo valor comercial y pérdidas relacionadas con problemas de manejo. La producción de harina de pescado es el proceso más común para recuperar los nutrientes de los subproductos del procesamiento del pescado. Sin embargo, aquellos lugares con infraestructura reducida o donde el volumen de residuos producidos no justifique la ecuación económica para la conversión en harina o aceite de pescado, el ensilaje biológico podría ser la tecnología de elección para promover una gestión sostenible de los residuos. Objetivo. Recopilar, organizar y resumir la literatura relacionada con la fermentación biológica de residuos de pescado y sus aplicaciones. Desarrollo. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica (enero 1994 – diciembre 2020) referida al aprovechamiento integral de los residuos de la pesca, principalmente focalizada a la utilización de las bacterias ácidos lácticas en la biofermentación de los mismos. La información se organizó en diferentes secciones: ensilado de pescado, bacterias acido lácticas, fuentes de hidratos de carbono referidas a la elaboración de ensilados biológicos de pescado. Conclusiones. Los estudios analizados destacan la posibilidad de utilizar una amplia variedad de fuentes de hidratos de carbono, iniciadores biológicos y condiciones de fermentación de desechos de pescado. Los resultados satisfactorios muestran el potencial uso de los desechos de pescado en diferentes aplicaciones. Este trabajo podría aportar a las pesquerías que quieran adoptar esta tecnología para el tratamiento adecuado de los residuos con la finalidad de contribuir a la bioeconomía de reciclaje.

Abstract Introduction. Different fishing activities generate a waste volume related to the processing species (viscera, heads and bones), the discards of the companion fauna, species of low commercial value and the losses related to handling problems. Fish meal production is the most common process for recovery nutrients from these fish processing byproducts. However, those places with reduced infrastructure or where the volume of wastes produced do not justified the economic equation for conversion into fish meal or oil, the biological silage could be the technology of choice to promote a sustainable waste management. Objective. To compilate, organize and summarize literature related to biological fermentation of fish waste and its applications. Development. A bibliographic review was carried out (January 1994 - December 2020) referring to the comprehensive use of fishing residues mainly focused on the use of lactic acid bacteria in fish waste fermentation. The information was organized in different sections: fish silage, lactic acid bacteria and carbohydrate sources for biological silage. Conclusions. The studies analyzed in this review highlight the possibility of using a wide variety of carbohydrate sources, biological starters and fish waste fermentation conditions. The satisfactory results show the potential use of fish waste in different applications. This work could contribute to the fisheries that decide to adopt this kind technology in order to provide an innovative and viable recycling bioeconomy.

Abstract Every activity that involves exploitation of natural resources, such as fishing, needs to be organized and conducted based on information from monitoring programs to allow continuous evaluation. With the increasing fishing pressure in Brazil, the understanding of the importance of fisheries monitoring programs and how they can inform and assist in conservation decision-making remains limited. Based on the literature on fisheries and participatory conservation, we call attention to the need to generate information on the national fisheries sector in order to improve fisheries in the country. Given the context of the need to generate information on fishing stocks under exploitation, as well as to identify potential alternative fisheries and carry out various sectoral analyses in compliance with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, we present and discuss in the present paper the lack of a system of continuous fishing monitoring in Brazil and its effects on the fisheries sustainability in the country. resources evaluation decisionmaking decision making limited country 203 Development 20 2

Resumo Toda atividade que atua envolvendo a exploração de recursos naturais, como a pesca, precisa ser organizada e conduzida com base nas informações dos programas de monitoramento para permitir uma avaliação contínua. Com o aumento da pressão pesqueira no Brasil, o entendimento da importância dos programas de monitoramento da pesca e como eles podem informar e auxiliar na tomada de decisões de conservação permanece limitado. Com base na literatura sobre pesca e conservação participativa, chamamos a atenção para a necessidade de gerar informações sobre o setor pesqueiro nacional para melhorar a pesca no país. Dado o contexto da necessidade de gerar informações sobre os estoques pesqueiros em exploração, bem como identificar potenciais alternativas de pesca e realizar diversas análises setoriais em conformidade com a Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, é apresentada e discutida no presente trabalho a falta de um sistema de monitoramento contínuo da pesca no Brasil e seus efeitos na sustentabilidade da pesca no país. naturais contínua limitado participativa país 203 Sustentável 20 2

Resumen Introducción: La predicción de zonas potenciales de pesca se considera uno de los enfoques más inmediatos y efectivos en las pesquerías, es una técnica importante para la toma de decisiones en el manejo de los recursos pesqueros. Ayuda a los pescadores a reducir su costo de combustible y también a disminuir la incertidumbre de sus capturas, esta técnica permite contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria nacional e internacional. En este estudio, se construyeron diferentes combinaciones de modelos estadísticos predictivos como modelos lineales generalizados y modelos aditivos generalizados. Objetivo: predecir la distribución espacial de las zonas potenciales de pesca del pez dorado (Coryphaena hippurus L.) en el Pacífico colombiano. Métodos: La variable de respuesta se expresó en escala de captura por unidad de esfuerzo, es decir, el número de individuos de C. hippurus capturados por un número total de anzuelos disponibles entre 2002 y 2015. Temperatura de la superficie del mar, concentración de clorofila, anomalía del nivel del mar y batimetría, se utilizaron como variables explicativas para los meses de estacionalidad de C. hippurus (noviembre - marzo). Resultados: El modelo con mejor rendimiento para la predicción de zonas potenciales de pesca fue un modelo aditivo generalizado con distribución de error gaussiana y función de enlace de registro, que se seleccionó en función del criterio de información de Akaike, el R2 y la desviación explicada. La validación del modelo se realizó calculando el error cuadrático medio a través de un enfoque de validación cruzada. El ajuste de este modelo fue del 50 %, lo que puede considerarse adecuado para el tipo de datos utilizados. Enero y marzo fueron los meses con mayor captura por unidad de esfuerzo y noviembre-diciembre los meses con menor. Conclusión: Las zonas potenciales de pesca previstas coincidieron satisfactoriamente con investigaciones anteriores, lo que sugiere que nuestro modelo es una herramienta poderosa para la evaluación, toma de decisiones y uso sostenible de los recursos pesqueros de C. hippurus en el Pacífico colombiano.

Abstract Introduction: The prediction of potential fishing areas is considered one of the most immediate and practical approaches in fisheries and is an essential technique for decision-making in managing fishery resources. It helps fishermen reduce their fuel costs and the uncertainty of their fish catches; this technique allows to contribute to national and international food security. In this study, we build different combinations of predictive statistical models such as Generalized Linear Models and Generalized Additive Models. Objective: To predict the spatial distribution of PFZs of the dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus L.) in the Colombian Pacific Ocean. Methods: We built different combinations of Generalized Linear Models and Generalized Additive Models to predict the Catch Per Unit Effort of C. hippurus captured from 2002 to 2015 as a function of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration, sea level anomaly, and bathymetry. Results: A Generalized Additive Model with Gaussian error distribution obtained the best performance for predicting PFZs for C. hipurus. Model validation was performed by calculating the Root Mean Square Error through a cross-validation approach. The R2 of this model was 50 %, which was considered suitable for the type of data used. January and March were the months with the highest Catch per Unit Effort values, while November and December showed the lower values. Conclusion: The predicted PFZs of C. hippurus with Generalized Additive Models satisfactorily with the results of previous research, suggesting that our model can be explored as a tool for the assessment, decision making, and sustainable use of this species in the Colombian Pacific Ocean.

Small-scale fisheries play a significant role in livelihoods and food and nutrition security for millions of people around the world. However, these benefits are under threat, especially in developing countries such as in Africa, as a result of poor governance. The historical developmentalist and welfarist approach to management of small-scale fisheries in developing countries, dating back from colonial era, has resulted in problems of open-access regimes that usually lead to over-capitalisation, geographic spread of landing sites that makes it difficult to organise fishers for management activities, inadequate management capacity and poor funding of the sector. These lead to over-exploitation and degradation of fish resources, thereby negatively impacting the current and long-term benefits for small-scale fishing communities and society at large. Most countries that start off with such problematic fisheries management regimes and set on this path find it very difficult to reform the regimes. This article argues that South Africa needs to draw lessons from the mistakes of other (developing) countries in terms of the type of fisheries management regime governing small-scale fisheries, as it sets up and creates a new inland small-scale fisheries sector. Such 'path dependence' can set a country on courses of action and decisions that are extremely difficult to reverse and extricate a country from. There is no doubt of the need for more equitable distribution of access rights and benefits to inland fisheries for communities that had been excluded and marginalised under colonialism and apartheid. However, this has to been done without endangering the fish resources and in effect the very sustainable social-economic benefits that such reforms intend to achieve.

Resumo A mariscagem é uma atividade artesanal e meio de subsistência familiar de diversas comunidades litorâneas ao longo da costa brasileira, sendo Anomalocardia brasiliana uma das principais espécies de molusco exploradas. Esse trabalho objetivou obter informações sobre a distribuição temporal, crescimento, rendimento e o índice gonadossomático do molusco bivalve A. brasiliana em um estoque natural a fim de fornecer subsídios para a extração sustentável deste recurso. O estudo foi realizado em uma área do estuário do rio Acaraú, na Praia Volta do Rio, município de Acaraú, Ceará, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente durante um ano na maré baixa de sizígia, utilizando o método dos quadrados aleatórios. A temperatura da água, do sedimento e a salinidade foram aferidas in situ. Foram coletadas amostras de sedimento para análise granulométrica. Os espécimes foram quantificados, mensurados e pesados individualmente. Foram amostrados um total de 8.507 exemplares de A. brasiliana, a maior densidade registrada teve 2.534 indivíduos/m2, aqueles com maior comprimento de concha tinham entre 21 e 25 mm, o rendimento da carne apresentou um valor médio de 12,42%. As médias das variáveis biométricas dos indivíduos apresentaram diferenças significativas durante o período amostral. Os histogramas de frequência evidenciaram a presença de indivíduos adultos e juvenis, indicando um ciclo reprodutivo contínuo no estoque natural estudado. Estes resultados auxiliarão no exercício da mariscagem sustentável na praia da Volta do Rio. Recomenda-se a captura de A. brasiliana com comprimento acima de 20 mm e a redução do esforço de captura nos meses de abril a setembro, período em que foi observada a maior densidade de juvenis, a fim de garantir a sustentabilidade desse estoque.

Abstract Shellfish gathering is an artisanal activity and a means of family subsistence for several coastal communities along the Brazilian coast and Anomalocardia brasiliana is one of the main exploited mollusk species. This paper aimed to obtain information about the temporal distribution, growth, yield, and gonadosomatic index of the bivalve mollusk A. brasiliana in a natural stock to provide subsidies for the sustainable extraction of this resource. The study was carried out in an area of the Acaraú River estuary, on Volta do Rio Beach, municipality of Acaraú, Ceará, Brazil. Samples were collected monthly for one year at spring low tide, using the random squares method. Water and sediment temperature and salinity were measured in situ. Sediment samples were collected for granulometric analysis. The specimens were individually quantified, measured, and weighed. A total of 8,507 A. brasiliana specimens were sampled, and the highest density recorded was 2,534 individuals/m2, whose longest shell length reached between 21 and 25 mm, while the mean meat yield was 12.42%. The means of biometric variables of individuals showed significant differences during the sample period. Frequency histograms evidenced the presence of adult and juvenile individuals, showing a continuous reproductive cycle in the studied natural stock. These results can assist the sustainable shellfish gathering activity on Volta do Rio Beach. We recommend that A. brasiliana is above 20 mm in length to be captured and the reduction in the capture effort from April to September, when the highest density of juveniles was observed, to guarantee the sustainability of this stock.

Abstract Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of patents related to products and/or processes from aquatic organisms. Therefore, this paper aims to identify patent documents related to fishery resources available in the Brazilian patent system of the National Institute of Industrial Property. The research involved patents deposited/provided between 1999 and 2019, with the search in the system occurring through the descriptors: fish(s), mollusk(s), crustacean(s), and algae(s). A total of 363 records were found, where the group of fish presented the highest representation (40%), followed by algae (35%), crustaceans (14%), and mollusks (10%). The apex of 34 patent applications was found in the year 2011. Moreover, the results showed that the inventions registered are directed mainly to food, drugs, biocides, cosmetics, cultivation, processing and beneficiation, water treatment, patents for sustainable technologies (green patents), and biotechnology. Brazil holds most patent applications, followed by the United States of America (USA), which focuses its patent applications mainly on algae and fish. Considering the Brazilian biodiversity and the country’s technological development in recent years, Brazil needs to expand its technological autonomy and competitive capacity in the aquaculture and fisheries sector, mainly through the strengthening of R&D and innovation activities.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the administrative structure of the bluefin tuna capture and fattening ranches, in Ensenada, Baja California to learn about the value and supply chain management, the collaboration with academics, the access to financing and promotion, and the bluefin tuna’s international sustainability measures effect on exports to the Japanese market. Methodology: mixed study emphasizing the qualitative approach by means of interviews to key informants. Results: the reconstruction of the productive chain contrasting the degree of contribution of the academy, financial institutions and government. Limitations: interviews were mostly virtual, reducing nonverbal language, interest and motivation, others face-to-face. Value: empirical study about the fishery of in the wild endangered species, which is highly profitable and valued by the export market. Conclusions: a strategic linkage associated with its geographic location is evident, rare concurrence of the triple helix model, influence of the market and international organizations in charge of the sustainability of the species.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la estructura administrativa de los ranchos de captura y engorda de atún aleta azul en Ensenada, Baja California, para conocer la gestión de la cadena de valor y de la cadena de suministros, la colaboración con académicos e investigadores, el acceso a financiamiento y al fomento y el efecto de las medidas internacionales de sustentabilidad del atún aleta azul en las exportaciones al mercado japonés. Metodología: mixta con énfasis en el enfoque cualitativo a través de entrevistas a informantes claves. Resultados: la reconstrucción del encadenamiento productivo mediante el contraste entre el nivel de contribución de la academia, de las instituciones financieras y del gobierno. Limitaciones: las entrevistas en su mayoría fueron virtuales reduciendo el lenguaje no verbal, el interés y motivación; otras, presenciales. Valor: estudio empírico sobre la pesquería de una especie escasa en el medio natural, muy redituable y valorada por un mercado de exportación. Conclusiones: se evidencia un eslabonamiento estratégico vinculado a su ubicación geográfica, escasa concurrencia del modelo triple hélice, influencia del mercado y organizaciones internacionales encargadas de la sustentabilidad de la especie.

Abstract Reference points (RP), objectives and limits are used to facilitate fishery management, with Maximum Sustainable Yield, Maximum Economic Yield and Bioeconomic Equilibrium among the RP. Because some RPs include economic parameters (i.e. cost of effort and income), changes in prices will clearly impact on fishery resource management. To explore and display the importance of price as a modulator of fishing RPs in this study, the effect of changes in first sale fishery product (catch) prices on RPs was evaluated in two hypothetical and contrasting fisheries (i.e. sardine and abalone) using a Gordon-Schaefer surplus production bioeconomic model with profitability, effort, catches and stock biomass as key performance indicators (KPI).

Resumen Para facilitar el manejo pesquero se emplean puntos de referencia (PR) objetivos y límites. Entre los PR destacan el Máximo Rendimiento Sostenible, el Rendimiento Máximo Económico y el Punto de Equilibrio Bioeconómico. Debido a que algunos PR se estiman tomando en cuenta variables económicas (i.e. costo del esfuerzo e ingreso) se hace evidente que los cambios en los precios tendrán repercusiones en el manejo de los recursos pesqueros. Con la intención de explorar y evidenciar la importancia del precio como modulador de los PR pesqueros en el presente estudio se evalúa el efecto de cambios en los precios de primera venta de los productos de la pesca (captura) sobre los PR en dos pesquerías hipotéticas y contrastantes (i.e. sardina y abulón). Para la realización del análisis se utilizó un modelo bioeconómico de producción excedente de Gordon-Schaefer bajo indicadores de desempeño (KPI) de rentabilidad, esfuerzo, capturas y tamaño del stock.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou analisar o índice de sustentabilidade de cada dimensão da ecologia, economia, social e tecnologia, bem como identificar atributos sensíveis que determinam a sustentabilidade do cultivo de plantas ornamentais em Makassar. A avaliação rápida para programa modificado de avaliação rápida do programa de pesca usando o método de escalonamento multidimensional (MDS) foi usado como o instrumento analítico. Os resultados da análise de ordenação MDS mostraram que o valor do índice de sustentabilidade de cada dimensão, ou seja, ecologica (37,30), econômica (40,90), social (31,74) e tecnologica (34,33) foram categorizados como menos sustentáveis com valor de índice médio de todas as dimensões de 36,07. A análise de alavancagem visualiza que 9 de 17 atributos mostraram ser atributos sensíveis que afetam a sustentabilidade do negócio de plantas ornamentais em Makassar, ou seja, frequência de gestão de resíduos das culturas, fontes de água, utilização de resíduos de plantas, escala de mercado, lucratividade, situação do terreno comercial, certificado de registro da empresa, uso de tecnologia moderna e frequência de uso de tecnologias ambientalmente adequadas. O governo deve fornecer zonas comerciais especiais para plantas ornamentais, de modo que todos os produtores de plantas ornamentais em Makassar possam ser agrupados em uma única zona. Além disso, pode aumentar o produto interno bruto regional, oportunidades de emprego e abrir oportunidades de crescimento de outros setores industriais.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the sustainability index of each dimension of ecology, economy, social, and technology as well as identify sensitive attributes that determine the sustainability of ornamental plant farming in Makassar. The rapid appraisal for program modified from rapid appraisal for fisheries program using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) method was used as the analytical instrument. MDS ordination analysis results showed the sustainability index value of each dimension, namely ecology (37.30), economic (40.90), social (31.74), and technology (34.33) were categorized as less sustainable with an average index value of all dimensions was 36.07. The leverage analysis visualizes that 9 out of 17 attributes has shown to be sensitive attributes that affect the business sustainability of ornamental plant in Makassar, namely frequency of crop waste management, water sources, utilization of plant waste, market scale, profitability, business land status, company registration certificate, use of modern technology, and frequency of environmentally friendly technology usage. Government should provide special business zones for ornamental plant so that all ornamental plant farmer in Makassar can be grouped into one zone. Furthermore, it can increase gross regional domestic product, employment opportunities, and opening up opportunities of other industrial sectors growth.

Abstract Objective: Evaluate whether the artisanal crab fishing activity is carried out with sustainable development criteria in Bahia of Kino, Mexico. Methodology: Gordon-Schaefer bioeconomic model. Results: The increases in fishing effort are not generating production levels that maximize benefits, due to strong pressures on this species, which puts its sustainability at risk. Limitations: The inconsistency in the official records of fishing agencies, due to changes in criteria during the study period. Conclusions: In the design of policies, for the management of fisheries resources, economic and social variables should be introduced that describe the prevailing market structure and evaluate the levels of economic efficiency, as well as the social relations of production.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar si la actividad pesquera artesanal de jaiba se realiza con criterios de desarrollo sustentable en Bahía de Kino, México. Metodología: Modelo bioeconómico de Gordon-Schaefer. Resultados: Los incrementos del esfuerzo pesquero no están generando niveles de producción que maximicen beneficios, debido a fuertes presiones sobre esta especie, que pone en riesgo su sustentabilidad. Limitaciones: La inconsistencia en los registros oficiales de dependencias de pesca, debido a cambios de criterios durante el período de estudio. Conclusiones: En el diseño de políticas de manejo de los recursos pesqueros, deberán introducirse variables económicas y sociales que describan la estructura de mercado imperante y evalúen los niveles de eficiencia económica, así como las relaciones sociales de producción.