Abstract Due to urban population growth, there is increasing pressure to utilize open spaces in urban centers, particularly in challenging areas like watercourses. However, traditional approaches such as canalization and drainage techniques have proven ineffective and unsustainable in the face of climate change challenges. This research aims to analyze the landscapes and multifunctionality of river environments in Angers, France, identifying their functions and historical evolution, considering the population contributions and the impact on quality of life. The research employed a geohistorical analysis to examine the social, economic, and environmental dimensions through the construction of a historical timeline depicting changes in the urban space influenced by the municipality’s watercourses (Quantitative analysis). Additionally, key actors’ actions were captured and discussed through interviews and questionnaires (Qualitative analysis). This comprehensive approach facilitated the analysis of the evolutionary process of urban rivers and the identification of their multifunctional use, contributing to urban sustainability. The implementation of green and blue infrastructures (GBIs) played a significant role in this process, and participatory interventions helped garner public support for reintegrating rivers into the urban landscape. The interviews highlighted that the successful implementation of multifunctional infrastructures relies not only on clear legislation but also on political will and the adoption of sustainable economic alternatives.

Resumo Devido ao crescimento populacional urbano, existe uma pressão crescente para utilizar espaços abertos em centros urbanos, especialmente em áreas desafiadoras como cursos d’água. No entanto, abordagens tradicionais, como canalização e técnicas de drenagem, têm se mostrado ineficazes e insustentáveis diante dos desafios das mudanças climáticas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as paisagens e a multifuncionalidade dos ambientes fluviais em Angers, na França, identificando suas funções e evolução histórica, considerando as contribuições da população e o impacto na qualidade de vida. A pesquisa utilizou uma análise geo-histórica para examinar as dimensões sociais, econômicas e ambientais por meio da construção de uma linha do tempo histórica que retrata as mudanças no espaço urbano influenciadas pelos cursos d’água do município (Análise quantitativa). Além disso, as ações dos principais atores foram capturadas e discutidas por meio de entrevistas e questionários (Análise qualitativa). Essa abordagem abrangente facilitou a análise do processo evolutivo dos rios urbanos e a identificação de seu uso multifuncional, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade urbana. A implementação de infraestruturas verdes e azuis (IVAs) desempenhou um papel significativo nesse processo, e intervenções participativas ajudaram a obter o apoio público para reintegrar os rios à paisagem urbana. As entrevistas destacaram que a implementação bem-sucedida de infraestruturas multifuncionais depende não apenas de legislação clara, mas também de vontade política e adoção de alternativas econômicas sustentáveis.

Abstract The management of drainage and urban rainwater management in Brazil and in the world faces numerous challenges in order to be sustainable. When dealing with sustainability, it is important to relate the aspects: of social, environmental and economic, known as the sustainability tripod. Compensatory urban drainage techniques, through infiltration or detention and increasing the evapotranspiration rate, have the potential to reduce: the amount of rainwater runoff; flow peaks; vulnerability of urban areas to flooding; contamination of water courses. It is important that, even with all these benefits, such technologies are associated with such aspects. In this context, this systematic review article (SR) was developed, which aimed to identify trends in the use of sustainable drainage technologies adopted in Brazil and in the world, relating them to aspects of sustainability. For that, a systematic review (SR) was carried out in which the following were identified: trends in the adoption of technologies for sustainable drainage in the world and in Brazil; and the terms used and related to technologies for sustainable drainage. It was also observed, both in Brazil and in the world, that the approach to the theme begins with the technological aspect involving the implementation, life cycle and maintenance of sustainable technologies and, in sequence, the environmental, economic and social aspects unfold in this order, but which are not done in an integral way. It was possible to characterize an important knowledge gap. tripod techniques rate reduce runoff peaks flooding courses benefits context SR (SR developed identified observed implementation sequence way gap

Resumo A expansão urbana sem o acompanhamento de um planejamento sustentável é marca de vários centros urbanos brasileiros, bem como toda as implicações deste ato. O presente artigo analisa os impactos do crescimento desordenado da malha urbana de Itabaiana sobre a natureza principalmente no tocante aos recursos hídricos, com foco nos bairros Mamede Paes Mendonça e Marcela. Partindo desse pressuposto, é possível refletir acerca da expansão urbana desenfreada, com uma forte ação de impermeabilização dos solos, canalização de corpos hídricos, uso inadequado da drenagem urbana e descarte inapropriado dos efluentes. Com tais temas trabalhados, pode-se observar como a falta de planejamento ambiental vitimou e ainda vitima a saúde ambiental. brasileiros ato hídricos Marcela pressuposto desenfreada solos efluentes trabalhados podese pode se

Resumen La expansión urbana sin acompañamiento de una planificación sostenible es un sello distintivo de varios centros urbanos brasileños, así como todas las implicaciones de este acto. Este artículo analiza los impactos del crecimiento desordenado del tejido urbano de Itabaiana sobre la naturaleza, principalmente en lo que se refiere a los recursos hídricos, con foco en los barrios Mamede Paes Mendonça y Marcela. Con base en este supuesto, es posible reflexionar sobre la expansión urbana desenfrenada, con una fuerte acción de sellado de suelos, canalización de cuerpos de agua, uso inadecuado del drenaje urbano e inadecuada disposición de efluentes. Con tales temas trabajados, se puede observar cómo la falta de planificación ambiental ha victimizado y victimiza la salud ambiental. brasileños acto naturaleza hídricos Marcela supuesto desenfrenada suelos agua efluentes trabajados

Abstract Urban expansion without accompanying sustainable planning is a hallmark of several Brazilian urban centers, as well as all the implications of this act. This article analyzes the impacts of the disorderly growth of the urban fabric of Itabaiana on nature, mainly with regard to water resources, focusing on the Mamede Paes Mendonça and Marcela neighborhoods. Based on this assumption, it is possible to reflect on the unbridled urban expansion, with a strong action of soil sealing, canalization of water bodies, inadequate use of urban drainage and inappropriate disposal of effluents. With such themes worked on, one can observe how the lack of environmental planning has victimized and still victimizes environmental health. centers act nature resources neighborhoods assumption sealing bodies effluents health

RESUMO Sistemas de drenagem urbana sustentáveis (SUDS) são tecnologias que dispensam as tradicionais galerias pluviais e têm como premissa a sustentabilidade. Frutal, município do estado de Minas Gerais, sofre com problemas de drenagem pluvial e está em processo de atualização de seu plano diretor. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir, em termos teóricos, a aplicação dos SUDS nesse município, apresentando sugestões para seu plano diretor, bem como realizar a prospecção de tecnologias SUDS para fundamentar futuros estudos técnicos acerca da aplicação dessas tecnologias em Frutal, contribuindo com a literatura sobre SUDS. Para tanto, adotou como procedimentos metodológicos o estudo de caso, a revisão de literatura e o mapeamento de patentes. Como resultados, o trabalho identificou os pontos críticos de inundações e processos erosivos em Frutal, enfatizando os problemas de inundação nos bairros Centro, XV de Novembro, Princesa Isabel, Jardim das Laranjeiras, Progresso, Novo Horizonte e Caju, e de processos erosivos nos bairros Ipê Amarelo e Waldemar Marchi. Expôs uma série de diretrizes sobre os SUDS que poderão nortear eventuais mudanças no plano diretor e futuros projetos legislativos e técnicos, como incentivos econômicos e campanhas de conscientização acerca dessa tecnologia, e fornece exemplos de tecnologias patenteadas que poderão ser referência para posteriores ações de drenagem urbana, especialmente do tipo pavimentos permeáveis, sobretudo para áreas com elevado índice de ocupação do solo e com dificuldades para instalação de equipamentos superficiais de drenagem. (SUDS sustentabilidade Frutal Gerais discutir teóricos tanto caso patentes resultados Centro Novembro Isabel Laranjeiras Progresso Caju Marchi tecnologia permeáveis

ABSTRACT Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are technologies that dispense traditional storm sewers and are premised on sustainability. It was found that Frutal, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, suffers from problems with rainwater drainage and is in the process of updating its Master Plan. Therefore, this work aimed to discuss, in theoretical terms, the application of SUDS in this Municipality, presenting suggestions for its, as well as prospecting SUDS technologies to support future technical studies on the application of these technologies in the Municipality, also contributing to the literature on SUDS. For that, this study adopted a case study, literature review, and patent mapping as a methodological procedure. As a result, the work identified the critical points of flooding and erosion processes in the municipality of Frutal, emphasizing the problems of flooding in the Centro, XV de Novembro, Princesa Isabel, Jardim das Laranjeiras, Progresso, Novo Horizonte, and Caju districts, and erosion processes in the Ipê Amarelo and Waldemar Marchi districts. It exposes a series of SUDS guidelines that may lead eventual changes in the Master Plan and future legislative and technical projects, such as economic incentives and awareness campaigns about this technology, and provides examples of patented technologies that may be a reference for subsequent urban drainage actions, especially of the permeable pavement type, for areas with a high rate of soil occupation and with difficulties in installing surface drainage equipment. (SUDS sustainability Frutal Gerais Brazil Therefore discuss terms Municipality review procedure result Centro Novembro Isabel Laranjeiras Progresso Horizonte districts projects technology actions type equipment

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo en el año 2020, durante la pandemia, con una muestra por conveniencia, y tuvo como objetivo evaluar el nivel de sustentabilidad de una escuela secundaria general ubicada en Las Vigas, Guerrero, México. El estudio se dividió en tres partes. La primera consistió en el análisis del grado de vinculación del Plan de Estudios de Educación Básica 2011 de la Secretaría de Educación Pública con la sustentabilidad; la segunda, se aplicó una encuesta a docentes y estudiantes para identificar conocimientos ambientales, y la tercera, se relaciona con la aplicación de una auditoría ambiental enfocada a identificar los principales problemas y necesidades de la escuela. Los resultados demostraron una escasa vinculación del Plan de estudios 2011 con la dimensión ambiental, una vinculación parcial con lo social y una vinculación fuerte con la dimensión económica. En la encuesta, los estudiantes mostraron mayor conocimiento ambiental que los docentes, pero, aun así, se identificó un bajo nivel de compromiso generalizado con el uso racional de recursos naturales. La auditoría ambiental evidenció problemas en la disposición de agua de la llave, baños en malas condiciones, carencia de instalaciones de drenaje, cableado eléctrico escaso y muy pocas acciones de manejo de residuos sólidos urbanos. Por todo lo anterior, se llegó a la conclusión de que la escuela se encuentra en un nivel bajo de cumplimiento con la sustentabilidad.

Abstract The present research was conducted in 2020, during the pandemic, with a convenience sample, and its objective was to evaluate the level of sustainability of a general secondary school located in Las Vigas, Guerrero, Mexico. The study was divided into three parts. The first consisted of an analysis of the degree of linkage of the basic education curriculum (2011) in Mexico with sustainability; the second, a survey of teachers and students; and the third, the application of an environmental audit focused on identifying the main problems and needs of the school. The results showed a scarce linkage of the curriculum with the environmental dimension, a partial linkage with the social dimension and a strong linkage with the economic dimension. In the survey, students showed greater environmental knowledge than teachers, but even so, a low level of generalized commitment to the rational use of natural resources was identified. The environmental audit revealed problems in the disposal of tap water, bathrooms in poor condition, lack of drainage facilities, scarce electrical wiring and very few actions for the management of urban solid waste. For all the above, it was concluded that the school is in a low level of compliance with sustainability.

Resumo A presente investigação foi realizada em 2020, durante a pandemia, com uma amostra de conveniência, e visava avaliar o nível de sustentabilidade de uma escola secundária geral localizada em Las Vigas, Guerrero, México. O estudo foi dividido em três partes. A primeira consistiu numa análise do grau a que o currículo da educação básica mexicana (2011) está ligado à sustentabilidade; a segunda consistiu num inquérito a professores e alunos; e a terceira consistiu numa auditoria ambiental destinada a identificar os principais problemas e necessidades da escola. Os resultados mostraram uma fraca ligação do currículo com a dimensão ambiental, uma ligação parcial com a dimensão social e uma forte ligação com a dimensão económica. No inquérito, os estudantes mostraram maiores conhecimentos ambientais do que os professores, mas mesmo assim, foi identificado um baixo nível generalizado de empenho na utilização racional dos recursos naturais. A auditoria ambiental revelou problemas na eliminação de água da torneira, sanitários em más condições, falta de instalações de drenagem, escassos cabos eléctricos e muito poucas acções para a gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Por tudo isto, concluiu-se que a escola está a um baixo nível de conformidade com a sustentabilidade.

Resumen Introducción: La construcción del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico (PH) Reventazón fue el sexto desarrollo en el cauce principal del río Reventazón en el Caribe de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Este proyecto identificó impactos residuales y acumulativos en el sistema fluvial principal, y aquí describimos cómo se compensaron esos impactos. Métodos: Con base en estudios de línea base, se cuantificó el hábitat perdido en el río Reventazón por el proyecto hidroeléctrico, particularmente en el área que actualmente ocupa su embalse y el tramo hasta la presa PH Angostura. Además, se evaluó la ganancia ambiental que resultaría de la protección de los ríos Parismina-Dos Novillos, que forman parte del mismo sistema de drenaje. La potencial compensación se cumplió declarando el Parismina-Dos Novillos como sistema fluvial libre de barreras, es decir, libre de futuras represas hidroeléctricas, y promoviendo una serie de programas de gestión que se implementaron en las riberas de esos ríos. Para demostrar la no pérdida de biodiversidad se utilizó una expresión que compara la mejora esperada en la calidad del hábitat acuático en el río Parismina-Dos Novillos con la pérdida de hábitat acuático en el río Reventazón. Resultados: Por decreto ejecutivo, el programa para la conservación y uso sustentable del sistema fluvial Parismina-Dos Novillos fue declarado de interés público como río sin barreras y denominado ''Programa de Compensación Fluvial Parismina y Dos Novillos''. Además, se estableció el Corredor Biológico Pez Bobo, que incluye el mencionado sistema fluvial y que protege su biodiversidad. Conclusiones: El Programa de Compensación Fluvial de Parismina brinda una alternativa para compensar los impactos residuales en los sistemas acuáticos. Podría servir como marco de referencia para lograr ganancias ambientales en estos sistemas fluviales.

Abstract Introduction: The construction of the Reventazón Hydroelectric Project (PH) was the sixth development in the main channel of the Reventazón river in the Caribbean of Costa Rica. Objective: This project identified residual and cumulative impacts on the main river system, and here we describe how those impacts were compensated. Methods: Based on baseline studies, the habitat lost in the Reventazón River due to the hydroelectric project was quantified, particularly in the area currently occupied by its reservoir and the section up to the PH Angostura dam. In addition, the environmental gain that would result from protecting the Parismina-Dos Novillos rivers, which are part of the same drainage system, was evaluated. The potential compensation was fulfilled by declaring the Parismina-Dos Novillos as a river system free of barriers, that is, free of future hydroelectric dams, and by promoting a series of management programs that were implemented on the banks of those rivers. To demonstrate the non-loss of biodiversity, an expression was used that compares the expected improvement in the quality of the aquatic habitat in the Parismina-Dos Novillos river with the loss of aquatic habitat in the Reventazón river. Results: By executive decree, the program for the conservation and sustainable use of the Parismina-Dos Novillos fluvial system was declared of public interest as a river without barriers and called the ''Parismina and Dos Novillos Fluvial Compensation Program.'' In addition, the Bobo-Fish Biological Corridor was established, including this river system and protecting its biodiversity. Conclusions: The Parismina Fluvial Compensation Program provides an alternative to compensate for residual impacts on aquatic systems. It could serve as a reference framework to achieve environmental gains in these riverine systems.

Resumen: La ciudad de La Paz en Bolivia ha sido testigo de muchos eventos de desastre atribuidos a un exceso de precipitaciones, provocando inundaciones y deslizamientos de tierra en los asentamientos urbanos. Este estudio presenta una evaluación cuantitativa de los efectos de la urbanización y las precipitaciones afectadas por el cambio climático sobre un sistema de drenaje en el distrito de Achumani. El área de estudio se seleccionó con base en la transformación de la cobertura del suelo, la ocurrencia de desastres y las zonas de riesgo. Estos factores sirvieron como datos de entrada para el modelo SWMM. Se consideraron dos escenarios en el modelo digital y la simulación. El primero incluyó la expansión urbana, con base en los cambios de uso del suelo de 2003, 2013 y 2020. El segundo comprendió la posible reducción/incremento de las precipitaciones debido al cambio climático y las características del uso del suelo del año 2020. Los resultados indicaron que el incremento de superficies impermeables se correlaciona con caudales máximos e inundaciones, y que la incidencia fue mayor en el estado inicial del desarrollo urbano (entre 2003 y 2013). Además, incluso con menores intensidades de lluvia en el futuro debido al cambio climático, el sistema de drenaje aún puede sobrecargarse. Mediante la inclusión de sistemas de drenaje urbano sostenible (SUDS) en el modelo, se pudo mejorar el rendimiento del sistema al reducir el flujo e inundaciones de manera efectiva.

Abstract: The city of La Paz in Bolivia has witnessed many disaster events attributed to excessive rainfall, causing flooding and landslides in urban settlements. This study presents a quantitative evaluation of the effects of urbanization and rainfall affected by climate change on a drainage system in the Achumani district. The study area was selected based on the transformation of land cover, the occurrence of disasters and risk areas. These factors served as input data for the SWMM model. Two scenarios were considered in the digital model and the simulation. The first included urban expansion, based on land use changes in 2003, 2013 and 2020. The second included the possible reduction/increase in rainfall due to climate change and land use characteristics for the year 2020. The results indicated that the increase in impervious surfaces is correlated with maximum flows and floods, and that the incidence was higher in the initial stage of urban development (between 2003 and 2013). Also, even with lower rainfall rates in the future due to climate change, the drainage system can still be overloaded. By including sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) in the model, system performance could be improved by effectively reducing flow and flooding.

ABSTRACT Moving towards sustainable urban development leads to applying new forms of drainage, which provide multiple technical and social benefits to the community. However, in countries like Chile, there is still a large gap regarding methodologies to assess the social sustainability of projects in this area. Using a qualitative content analysis applied to experts’ interviews (n = 11), this study aims at (1) identifying metrics to assess the social sustainability of urban drainage systems; (2) identifying challenges for the implementation of such metrics, and (3) proposing changes to the current system, to assess urban drainage systems that enhance the integration of social sustainability within these systems. The results show that experts proposed metrics that may assess social sustainability, but in practice, these metrics are difficult to quantify. In terms of challenges, the fragmentation of responsibilities from organizations that are involved in managing urban drainage systems may complicate the use of new social sustainability metrics. Ultimately, it is suggested that an institution is created that can manage urban drainage systems using an integrative approach, to account for the benefits of social sustainability of urban drainage systems. These results can be used by authorities and decision-makers who work with urban drainage systems, to move towards methodologies that consider the benefits of social sustainability.

RESUMEN Avanzar hacia un desarrollo urbano sostenible conduce a aplicar nuevas formas de drenaje, las que entregan múltiples beneficios técnicos y sociales a la comunidad. No obstante, en países como Chile aún existe una gran brecha respecto de metodologías de evaluación de sostenibilidad social de proyectos de drenaje urbano. A través del análisis cualitativo de contenido aplicado a entrevistas a expertos (n = 11), este estudio busca (1) identificar métricas para la medición de la sostenibilidad social de sistemas de drenaje urbano; (2) identificar desafíos para la implementación de dichas métricas y (3) proponer modificaciones al método actual de evaluación de sistemas de drenaje para mejorar la inclusión de la sostenibilidad social en el primero. Dentro de los resultados se advirtió que expertos proponen métricas que capturan la sostenibilidad social, pero que, en la práctica, son complicadas de cuantificar. En términos de los desafíos, la fragmentación de responsabilidades de las organizaciones que participan de la gestión de sistemas de drenaje dificulta el uso de nuevas métricas de sostenibilidad social. Por último, se sugiere el desarrollo de una institución que pueda gestionar los sistemas de drenaje urbano de forma global e integral a fin de valorar los beneficios de la sostenibilidad social de sistemas de drenaje urbano. Estos resultados pueden ser utilizados por autoridades y tomadores de decisiones relacionados a sistemas de drenaje urbano para desarrollar nuevas metodologías que tomen en cuenta los beneficios de la sostenibilidad social.

RESUMO A impermeabilização de áreas em centros urbanos, resultante do processo de ocupação desordenada do solo, contribui para o aumento e a aceleração do escoamento superficial e, consequentemente, para a ocorrência de enchentes e inundações em bacias urbanas. Nesse contexto, atualmente, modelos hidrológicos vêm sendo empregados no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de gestão das águas urbanas, com vistas à drenagem urbana sustentável. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo usar um modelo hidrológico para a bacia do ribeirão Vai e Volta, localizada no município de Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, para simular o hidrograma de cheia em um canal urbano. Utilizou-se o software Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) calibrando o modelo a dados de chuva e vazão medidos. Realizou-se a calibração manual do modelo para dois eventos de precipitação com a obtenção do coeficiente de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) médio de 0,73 e erros da vazão de pico e do volume escoado inferiores a 15%. O modelo foi validado para outros três eventos distintos e obteve-se ajuste NSE médio de 0,79 e erros da vazão de pico e do volume escoado inferiores a 5%.

ABSTRACT The waterproofing of areas in urban centers, resulting from the disorderly occupation of the soil, contributes to increase and accelerate the runoff and, consequently, to the occurrence of floods and inundation in urban watersheds. In this context, hydrological models are currently being used in the development of public policies for urban water management, related to sustainable urban drainage. The present work aimed to use a hydrological model for the watershed of the Vai e Volta stream, located in the city of Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, to simulate the flood hydrograph in an urban open channel. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) software was used, calibrating the model to measured rainfall and flow data. The model was manually calibrated for two rainfall events with an average Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) of 0.73 and errors in peak flow and runoff volume below 15%. The model was validated for three other distinct events and an average NSE adjustment of 0.79 was obtained and errors in peak flow and runoff volume below 5%.

Resumo A bacia hidrográfica do rio Araguaia corresponde a 4,53% do território brasileiro e é alvo de intenso processo de ocupação e de impactos ambientais que comprometem a sua integridade socioambiental. Dentre as diversas estratégias de conservação e preservação ambiental instituídas pelas políticas ambientais brasileiras, as unidades de conservação podem auxiliar nas estratégias de gestão territorial e ambiental das bacias hidrográficas para a preservação dos recursos naturais do país. O objetivo deste artigo é justamente compreender o contexto de criação, quantidade, distribuição e a efetividade das unidades de conservação dentro da bacia hidrográfica do rio Araguaia. Foi possível identificar 49 unidades de conservação na bacia, o que representa apenas 9,42% do seu território, as quais foram organizadas por Categoria de UCs (Proteção Integral ou Uso Sustentável), Área (ha), Decreto/Lei de criação, presença ou não de Conselho Gestor e Plano de Manejo, Municípios que compreendem a unidades de conservação e a Instância Responsável de administração e gestão (Federal, Estadual e Municipal). Constatou-se, portanto, que as UCs não estão distribuídas de forma uniforme na área da bacia, sendo que não há proteção - em qualquer categoria de unidade de conservação - de nenhuma das nascentes dos principais afluentes do rio Araguaia. Em vista disso, a efetividade das áreas encontra-se comprometida pela ausência de instrumentos de gestão e recorrência histórica de desmatamentos e de incêndios.

Abstract The Araguaia River basin corresponds to 4.53% of the Brazilian territory and is the target of an intense occupation process and environmental impacts which compromise its socio-environmental integrity. Among the various conservation and environmental preservation strategies instructed by Brazilian environmental policies, conservation units (UCs) can assist in the territorial and environmental management strategies of river basins to preserve the country’s natural resources. The aim of this article is to understand the context of creation, quantity, distribution and the effectiveness of conservation units within the Araguaia River basin. We were able to identify 49 conservation units in the basin, which represents only 9.42% of its territory. These units were organized by Category (Fully Protected or Sustainable Use), Area (ha), Decree/Law of creation, presence or not of a Management Council and Management Plan, Municipalities which comprise the conservation units and the Responsible Body for administering and managing the UCs (Federal, State or Municipal). Thus, it was evidenced that the UCs are not evenly distributed in the basin area, and there is no protection - in any conservation unit category - of any of the springs of the main tributaries of the Araguaia River. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the areas is compromised by the absence of management instruments and the historical recurrence of deforestation and fires.

Abstract The installation of solar parks requires extensive areas and results in soil erosion in many cases. One suitable solution is applying lime to improve soil characteristics, such as mechanical strength, stability, workability, durability, and internal and surface erosion resistance. This soil treatment is of particular importance when dealing with hydraulic structures conceived in the solar park drainage systems. The erodibility tests were performed in a solar complex soil in an EFA apparatus constructed to measure the erosion rate of cohesive and non-cohesive soils in different flow rates. The tests were performed with or without 3% lime addition and two compaction conditions. The experiments indicated that the erodibility of lime-treated soils represents between 26% and 12% of the values obtained from untreated soils and under reduced compaction. The values ranged from 16% to 7% for controlled compaction. The results represent a significant reduction in the soil erodibility treated with lime even with reduced compaction, performing an efficient, economical, and sustainable solution for erosion control.

Resumen La construcción de carreteras al interior o en proximidad de áreas naturales ha sido identificada como una de las principales causas de perdida y fragmentación del hábitat en todo el mundo. En el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, dos corredores viales, en distintas etapas de desarrollo, comunican a la ciudad de Cali con el puerto de Buenaventura. Para evaluar y cuantificar los impactos que tienen estas carreteras en las poblaciones silvestres de fauna de la zona se desarrolló un proyecto de investigación en dos fases: modelación de corredores y validación en campo. Las interacciones entre las poblaciones de fauna silvestre y estos corredores viales fueron evaluadas y cuantificadas a partir del modelamiento de corredores con información proveniente de los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) respaldados por datos tomados en campo sobre estructuras de drenaje, atropellamientos y registros de fototrampeo. Se identificaron cuatro zonas prioritarias de cruce para nueve especies de mamíferos. Tras evaluar 738 estructuras viales, se registraron 19 especies utilizando estas estructuras y 38 especies fueron atropelladas en ambas carreteras. Dichas vías difieren en estructuras y trazados, sin embargo, comparten sus problemáticas como la falta de estructuras viales preexistentes adecuadas para el paso de fauna, su uso como refugio y el desarrollo poco estructurado en su periferia son las causas del efecto de barrera que limita la conectividad y flujo génico de animales en esta zona.

Abstract Road construction in or near natural areas has been identified as a major cause of habitat loss and fragmentation worldwide. In the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, two road corridors in different stages of development run from the city of Cali to the Buenaventura seaport. A research project was developed in two phases to evaluate and quantify the impacts these roads have on the wild fauna populations in the area: corridor modeling and field validation. Interactions between wildlife populations and these road corridors were evaluated and quantified by modelling the corridors with information from geographic information systems (GIS) supported by field data on drainage structures, road traffic jams and photo-trapping records. Four priority crossing areas were identified for nine mammal species. After evaluating 738 road structures, 19 species were recorded using these road structures and 38 species were run over on both roads. These roads differ in structures and layouts, however, their problems are shared, such as the lack of pre-existing road structures suitable for the passage of fauna, their use as a refuge and the poorly structured development on their periphery are the causes of the barrier effect that limits connectivity and gene flow of animals in this area.

RESUMEN El Drenaje ácido de mina (DAM) es actualmente el principal contaminante de las regiones mineras. Los reactores bioquímicos pasivos son una tecnología sostenible fácil de instalar que utiliza desechos agroindustriales de la región y puede operar en áreas remotas con poco mantenimiento. Además, son una tecnología limpia que involucra bioprocesos, reacciones químicas y precipitación de metales, minimizando el impacto de los vertimientos ácidos sobre suelos y cuerpos de aguas. Los reactores bioquímicos pasivos son columnas empacadas con una "mezcla reactiva" conformada por materiales orgánicos, inorgánicos y un inóculo microbiano. En esta mezcla se remedia el DAM por medio de procesos fisicoquímicos como la adsorción, precipitación, coprecipitación de los metales y de la reducción del sulfato a sulfuro, mientras se incrementa el pH y la alcalinidad. Con el fin de brindar información reciente, así como las necesidades de investigación en el tema, este documento presenta una revisión de literatura sobre la generación química y biológica de los DAM, así como su remedición utilizando reactores bioquímicos pasivos. El conocimiento de los conceptos básicos de estos procesos es extremadamente útil para evaluar las posibles aplicaciones, beneficios y limitaciones de estos sistemas de tratamiento utilizados por la biotecnología durante la biorremediación de efluentes mineros.

ABSTRACT Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is currently the main pollutant in mining areas. Passive biochemical reactors are a sustainable technology easy to install using agro-industry waste from the mining region and operating in remote locations. Besides, bioreactors are clean technology that involves bioprocesses, chemical reactions, and metal precipitation, minimizing the impact of AMD on soils and fresh water sources. The passive biochemical reactors are columns packed with a "reactive mixture" consisting of organic, inorganic materials and a microbial inoculum. In this reactive mixture, AMD is remediated through physicochemical processes such as metals adsorption, precipitation, and co-precipitation, as well as, the reduction of sulfate to sulfur, while pH and alkalinity are in-creased. To provide recent information and research needs in the subject, this document presents a review of the literature about the chemical and biological generation of AMD and its remediation using passive biochemical reactors. The knowledge of the basic concepts of these processes is extremely useful to evaluate the possible applications, benefits and limitations of these treatment systems used by biotechnology during the bioremediation of mining effluents.

Resumen Los pavimentos rígidos permeables, empleados en áreas urbanas, permiten lograr un sistema de drenaje sostenible. En la presente, se analiza el desempeño de un pavimento rígido permeable en la mejora de la calidad en el drenaje a través del diseño de 4 tramos de vías de estudio, como infraestructura urbana de bajo tránsito, ubicado en la ciudad de Juriaca, Sur del Perú, que actué como sistema urbano de drenaje sostenible durante la presencia de lluvias en la localidad, haciendo énfasis a los parámetros de comportamiento, mecánicos e hidráulicos; puesto que el diseño convencional de pavimentos en el Perú se centra más en la resistencia, mas no en la preservación del agua. La metodología de la investigación es de tipo aplicada con un diseño pre-experimental. Para el desarrollo se introducen aspectos básicos del concreto permeable en conjunto con parámetros necesarios para diseñar pavimentos urbanos y la guía AASHTO 93. En el diseño para el concreto se realizaron tres diseños de mezcla adicionando tiras de polipropileno. El diseño de mezcla optimo (0.05% de polipropileno) obtuvo como resultados mecánicos: a los 28 días, una resistencia a la compresión del concreto, de 196.95 kg/cm2, módulo de rotura 31.74 kg/cm2 y como resultado hidráulico se logró una permeabilidad de 0.463 cm/s. Para dimensionar la estructura del pavimento se consideró los criterios vigentes de la guía de diseño AASHTO 93 logrando como resultados: espesores de losa de concreto permeable de 20 cm., una subbase granular filtrante de 30 y 40 cm, con una tubería perforada de 25 cm, 30 cm y 35 cm de diámetro, en tramos y colectores principales respectivamente y una capa anticontaminante de 5 cm usada para proteger la subbase. El tiempo en que el agua se infiltra por la superficie del pavimento hacia el subdrenaje es de 1:36 horas. Concluyendo que el pavimento rígido permeable es una alternativa con aplicación eficiente en la evacuación del agua de lluvia y cumple los requerimientos estructurales, para un bajo tránsito vehicular.

Abstract Rigid permeable pavements, used in urban areas, allow to achieve a sustainable drainage system. In the present, the performance of a rigid permeable pavement in improving drainage quality is analyzed through the design of 4 sections of study roads, as urban infrastructure with low traffic, located in the city of Juliaca, South of the Perú, which acted as a sustainable urban drainage system during the presence of rains in the locality, emphasizing the behavioral, mechanical and hydraulic parameters; since conventional pavement design in Peru focuses more on resistance, but not on water preservation. The research methodology is of an applied type with a pre-experimental design. For the development, basic aspeets of permeable concrete are introduced together with the parameters necessary to design urban pavements and the AASHTO 93 guide. In the design for concrete, three mix designs were made adding polypropylene strips. The optimal mix design (0.05% polypropylene) obtained as mechanical results: after 28 days, a compressive strength of the concrete of 196.95 kg/cm2, modulus of rupture 31.74 kg/cm2 and as a hydraulic result a permeability was achieved 0.463 cm/s. To size the pavement structure, the current criteria of the AASHTO 93 design guide were considered, achieving the following results: permeable concrete slab thickness of 20 cm., A filtering granular subbase of 30 and 40 cm, with a 25 cm perforated pipe. , 30 cm and 35 cm in diameter, in sections and main collectors respectively and a 5 cm anti-pollution layer used to protect the subbase. The time in which the water infiltrates the pavement surface into the sub-drain is 1:36 hours. Concluding that the permeable rigid pavement is an alternative with efficient application in the evacuation of rainwater and meets the structural requirements, for low vehicular traffic.

Abstract Introduction: Most nitrogen added in fertilizers to oil palm plantations (Elaeis guineensis) is lost by storm drainage or nitrate leaching, which impacts receiving water bodies and associated ecosystems. Losses could affect the sustainable development of the activity. Objective: This work evaluates the nitrates monitoring in agricultural drains of an oil palm crop, as a tool for decision making of fertilizer application and loss reduction. Methodology: We analyzed the concentration of nitrates in four drains located in soil with palm cultivation of different textural class, and homogeneous conditions of plantation age, climate and fertilization type, before and after fertilization events. We estimated the nitrate load, QNO3 - (mg s-1), statistical and trend differences in drainages. Results: QNO3 - increases after fertilization, nevertheless, there is a significant difference in the in the variance of the groups (0.000033, alpha = 0.05) determined by the variation of QNO3 - of the drainage located in soil of clay textural class (Q4). The QNO3 - exhibits a more positive rate followed of a more negative decrease after fertilization in Q4 than in the drainage of sandy textural class. Discussion: The differences of QNO3 - in the drainages are related to the textural class of the drained soil, the development of the roots and the depth at which the washing, assimilation, leaching and nitrate processing processes occur. Conclusion: The monitoring of nitrates in the drains of this crop allows to estimate the tendency of QNO3 - related to the textural class of the soil, and to visualize the rate of losses by leaching or pluvial washing. We recommend monitoring of QNO3 - in oil palm drains to make decisions about reduced or delayed fertilizer application in order to reduce losses.

Resumen Introducción: La pérdida del nitrógeno adicionado en fertilizantes a las plantaciones de palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis), ocurre principalmente por arrastre pluvial o lixiviación de nitratos, los cuales impactan cuerpos de agua receptores y ecosistemas asociados. Las pérdidas pueden afectar el desarrollo sostenible de la actividad. Objetivo: Evaluamos el monitoreo de nitratos en drenajes agrícolas de un cultivo de palma aceitera, como herramienta para la toma de decisiones de aplicación del fertilizante y reducción de pérdidas. Metodología: Analizamos la concentración de nitratos en cuatro drenajes ubicados en suelo con cultivo de palma de distinta clase textural, con condiciones homogéneas de edad de la plantación, clima y tipo de fertilización, antes y después de eventos de fertilización. Estimamos la carga de nitratos, QNO3 -(mgs-1), las diferencias estadísticas y de tendencia en los drenajes. Resultados: QNO3 - aumenta después de la fertilización, pero existe una diferencia significativa en la varianza de los grupos (0,000033, alfa=0.05) determinada por la variación de QNO3 - del drenaje ubicado en suelo de clase textural arcillosa (Q4). La QNO3 - exhibe una velocidad de crecimiento más positiva y una disminución posterior más negativa en Q4 que en el drenaje de suelo de clase textural arenosa. Discusión: Las diferencias de QNO3 - en los drenajes se relaciona con la clase textural del suelo drenado, el desarrollo de las raíces y la profundidad a la que suceden los procesos de lavado, asimilación, lixiviación y procesamiento de nitratos. Conclusión: El monitoreo de nitratos en los drenajes de este cultivo permite estimar la tendencia de QNO3 - relacionada con la clase textural del suelo, y visualizar la velocidad de pérdidas por lixiviación o lavado pluvial. Recomendamos el monitoreo de QNO3 - en los drenajes de palma aceitera para tomar decisiones sobre la aplicación reducida o retrasada de fertilizante con el fin de reducir pérdidas.