RESUMO: A principal via de transmissão do coronavírus bovino (BCoV) é o contato direto com secreções e fezes, podendo ocorrer também por meio de superfícies contaminadas. Uma revisão sistemática, seguindo as recomendações PRISMA, foi realizada para avaliar a presença de BCoV em superfícies ambientais. A busca na literatura foi realizada em março e abril de 2023 e as bases de dados utilizadas foram Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct e Springer. A revisão sistemática seguiu a estrutura PEO: População - superfícies ambientais; Exposição - contato com BCoV; Resultado - identificação da presença ou infectividade de BCoV. As informações primárias foram registradas por meio de um formulário de extração, organizando métodos para detectar a presença de BCoV, avaliar a infectividade de BCoV, tipos de superfícies avaliadas e tipo de estudo. Os termos de pesquisa “coronavírus bovino” e “BCoV” resultaram em 2703 artigos. Após remover 964 duplicatas e excluir 1546 artigos que não mencionavam o BCoV nos títulos, 193 estudos foram submetidos à leitura de resumos. Seguindo os critérios de exclusão, que não abordavam a presença do BCoV no ambiente, três artigos foram selecionados para revisão abrangente. Nestes artigos foi identificada a presença de BCoV em vários tipos de superfícies, sendo possível a detecção até 81 horas após a contaminação, dependendo do tipo de superfície. Apesar do número limitado de estudos que investigam a presença de BCoV em superfícies, os resultados sugerem o potencial de transmissão de BCoV por meio de superfícies contaminadas, devido à capacidade do vírus permanecer infeccioso por até 24 horas em fômites. Esta revisão destaca a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre a persistência de BCoV em locais de criação de bovinos, uma área atualmente carente de estudos específicos. RESUMO (BCoV fezes contaminadas PRISMA ambientais 202 PubMed Scopus Springer PEO extração estudo “BCoV 270 96 154 títulos 19 resumos exclusão ambiente abrangente 8 contaminação superfície 2 fômites bovinos específicos 20 27 9 15 1

ABSTRACT: The main transmission route of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is direct contact with secretions and feces, and potentially also via contaminated surfaces. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted to evaluate the presence of BCoV on environmental surfaces. A literature search, conducted between March and April 2023, utilized databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Springer. The review adhered to the PEO structure: Population - environmental surfaces; Exposure - contact with BCoV; Outcome - identification of presence or infectivity. Primary data were recorded using an extraction form organizing methods for detecting BCoV presence, assessing BCoV infectivity, types of surfaces evaluated, and study type. Search terms “Bovine coronavirus” and “BCoV” yielded 2703 articles. After removing 964 duplicates and excluding 1546 articles not mentioning BCoV in titles, 193 studies underwent abstract reading. Following exclusion criteria not addressing BCoV presence in the environment, three articles were selected for comprehensive review. These articles identified BCoV presence on various types of surfaces, with detection possible up to 81 hours after contamination, depending on surface type. Despite limited studies on BCoV presence on surfaces, findings suggested potential transmission via contaminated surfaces due to the virus’s ability to remain infectious for up to 24 hours on fomites. This review underscores the need for further research on BCoV persistence in farm environments, an area currently lacking focused studies. ABSTRACT (BCoV feces guidelines search 2023 PubMed Scopus Direct Springer structure infectivity evaluated type Bovine “BCoV 270 96 154 titles 19 reading environment 8 contamination viruss virus s 2 fomites environments 202 27 9 15 1 20

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Over the last few years, most countries have developed standards relating to reducing the number of places where smoking continues to be possible, particularly in the workplace. This review was intended to summarize the most recent publications on the topic. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Passive Smoking is defined as "second-hand" smoke that encompasses a complex mixture of pollutants, remaining in the dust on local surfaces where it was smoked, consisting of the original tobacco products and the components originating in the direct consumer's breath, eventually reacting to other agents gifts. These can remain on inert surfaces, sometimes for months and transmission can occur by simple touch. Some researchers estimate that there are around 4000 chemical agents in this context, of which 250 are toxic and 50 are even carcinogenic. Tobacco is one of the preventable causes of death worldwide and a modifiable risk factor, through mechanisms that include DNA damage, inflammation and oxidative stress. It involves health costs and reduced labor productivity, due to associated pathologies, namely cardiovascular, respiratory, oncological, obstetric and infectious diseases. Discussion and Conclusions Over the last few decades, there has been a global decrease in passive smoke, due to the introduction of increasingly restrictive standards in relation to places where smoking is still permitted, in society in general and, obviously, in the workplace as well. The selected articles did not highlight the following detail much but, by creating areas where smoking is permitted in the company, these should minimize the exposure of all workers, smokers and, above all, non-smokers. It would be desirable for countries/institutions where standards are less restrictive and/or enforced to change, so that all workers have a safe working environment. Furthermore, it would be interesting to understand what opinion Portuguese workers have regarding this topic, how standards are complied with in their workplaces and what are the most effective techniques to achieve greater success in this context.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos Ao longo dos últimos anos a generalidade dos países foi desenvolvendo normas relativas à diminuição dos locais onde continua a ser possível fumar, nomeadamente em contexto laboral. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir o que de mais recente se publicou sobre o tema. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo O Tabagismo Passivo é definido como fumo de "segunda mão" que engloba uma mistura complexa de poluentes, permanecendo na poeira das superfícies locais onde se fumou, constituída pelos produtos tabágicos originais e os componentes originários pela respiração do consumidor direto, eventualmente reagindo a outros agentes presentes. Estes podem permanecer nas superfícies inertes, por vezes, por meses e a transmissão pode ocorrer pelo simples toque. Alguns investigadores estimam que existam neste contexto cerca de 4000 agentes químicos, dos quais 250 são tóxicos e 50 são inclusivamente carcinogénicos. O tabaco é uma das causas preveníveis de morte mundialmente e fator de risco modificável, por mecanismos que abarcam o dano de DNA, inflamação e stress oxidativo. Ele implica custos de saúde e de diminuição da produtividade laboral, em função das patologias associadas, nomeadamente cardiovascular, respiratória, oncológica, obstétrica e infeciosa. Discussão e Conclusões Ao longo das últimas décadas verificou-se, globalmente, uma diminuição ao Tabagismo Passivo, devido à introdução de normas cada vez mais restritivas em relação aos locais onde ainda é permitido fumar, na sociedade em geral e, obviamente, em contexto de trabalho também. Os artigos selecionados não realçaram muito o seguinte detalhe mas, criando-se áreas onde é permitido fumar na empresa, estas devem minimizar a exposição de todos os trabalhadores, tabagistas e, sobretudo, não fumadores. Seria desejável que os países/instituições onde as normas são menos restritivas e/ou cumpridas, tal se alterasse, de forma a todos os trabalhadores terem um ambiente laboral seguro. Para além disso, seria interessante perceber qual a opinião que os trabalhadores portugueses têm em relação a este tema, de que forma as normas são cumpridas nos seus locais de trabalho e quais as técnicas mais eficazes para obter mais sucesso neste contexto.

Abstract The conservation of cultural heritage needs to be aligned with current sustainability policies. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of using kaolin residue, either totally or partially replacing bentonite, in Mário Mendonça de Oliveira's formulation for cleaning stone surfaces, in order to measure possible changes in the appearance or structure of Lioz stone. The influence of some variables, such as the application time of the plaster and the concentration of the clay minerals used, was evaluated. The experimental methodology consisted of drying and pulverizing the residue; quantifying and weighing the reagents; wet cleaning the rock; synthesis, application, and removal of the plaster. Throughout the research, analysis techniques were employed to characterize the starting materials, the products formed, and the alterations produced on the rock surface. After the wet cleaning process, there was a trend for increased brightness in all studied ranges, and an increase in brightness in all ranges where 100% kaolin plaster was applied during 7 and 14 days. policies Therefore residue bentonite Oliveiras Oliveira s surfaces variables used evaluated reagents synthesis research materials formed surface process 100 1 days 10

Resumo A conservação de bens culturais necessita estar alinhada com a política de sustentabilidade da atualidade. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do resíduo do caulim substituindo total ou parcialmente a bentonita, na formulação de Mário Mendonça de Oliveira, para a limpeza de superfícies pétreas. E dessa forma avaliar possíveis alterações no aspecto ou na estrutura do lioz. Para tanto foram avaliadas a influência de algumas variáveis, como tempo de aplicação do emplastro e a concentração dos argilominerais utilizados. A metodologia experimental consistiu em: secagem e pulverização do resíduo; quantificação e pesagem dos reagentes; limpeza úmida da rocha; síntese, aplicação e remoção do emplastro. Ao longo da pesquisa foram empregadas técnicas de análise, para caracterizar os materiais de partida, os produtos formados e as alterações produzidas na superfície da rocha. Após a limpeza por via úmida houve uma tendência de elevação de brilho em todas as faixas estudadas; e um aumento do mesmo em todas as faixas em que foi aplicado o emplastro de 100% caulim, para os tempos de 7 e 14 dias. atualidade Assim bentonita Oliveira pétreas lioz variáveis utilizados reagentes rocha síntese análise partida estudadas 100 1 dias 10

Abstract Cool materials have higher values of solar reflectance and lower values of thermal emittance, although still high when compared to conventional coatings, thus, their surfaces are less heated. In this regard, the goal was to identify the chemical elements present on cool surfaces that influence solar reflectance and thermal emittance. To this end, the spectral reflectance and the thermal emittance were measured with methods and equipment standardized by the Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) of 23 elastomeric cool coatings commercialized in the Brazilian market, and the chemical composition of the surfaces with EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray detector) coupled to the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) was analyzed. The presence of the metallic chemical element (titanium) in greater quantities on the surfaces was not decisive for lower thermal emittance values. The surfaces of materials with lower carbon and higher oxygen content have higher near infrared and solar reflectance. Therefore, surfaces with a matte finish have higher solar reflectance values because of the higher ratio of pigments in relation to resin than those with a glossy finish, which are mistakenly associated with higher reflectance due to its high surface gloss. thus heated regard end CRRC (CRRC 2 market Energydispersive Energy dispersive Xray X ray detector FESEM FE SEM (FE-SEM analyzed titanium (titanium Therefore gloss

Resumo Os materiais frios possuem maiores valores de refletância solar e menores, apesar de elevados, de emitância térmica comparados aos revestimentos convencionais, desta forma, aquecem menos suas superfícies. Assim, o objetivo foi identificar os elementos químicos presentes nas superfícies frias que influenciam na refletância solar e emitância térmica. Para isso, foram medidas a refletância espectral e a emitância térmica com métodos e equipamentos normatizados pelo Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) de 23 revestimentos frios elastoméricos do mercado brasileiro e analisada a composição química das superfícies com EDS (detector de energia dispersiva de raios-x) acoplado ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura por emissão de campo (SEM-FEG). A presença do elemento químico metálico (titânio) em maiores quantidades nas superfícies não foi determinante para menores valores de emitância térmica. As superfícies dos materiais com menor quantidade de carbono e maior em oxigênio possuem maior refletância no infravermelho próximo e solar. Portanto, superfícies com acabamento superficial fosco têm maiores valores de refletância solar por causa da maior proporção de pigmentos em relação à resina do que as de acabamento brilhante, que erroneamente são associadas com maior refletância por causa do alto brilho superficial. elevados convencionais forma Assim isso CRRC (CRRC 2 detector raiosx raios x raios-x SEMFEG. SEMFEG SEM FEG . (SEM-FEG) titânio (titânio Portanto brilhante (SEM-FEG

Abstract Introduction. Paraguay is the sixth largest producer and third largest exporter of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the world and this crop is the most important socio-economic crop in the country. However, its productivity can be adversely affected by diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, phytosanitary information on soybean cultivation in Paraguay is limited. Objective. To understand farmers’ perceptions of the main soybean diseases and their management. Materials and methods. Between April and May 2022, a questionnaire in Google Forms format with open and closed-ended multiple-choice questions, was applied to 45 soybean producers aged between 30 and 50 years, who cultivate in areas between 200 to 1000 ha in the departments of Alto Paraná, Itapúa, and Caaguazú in Paraguay. Results. Among the respondents, 56% considered Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as the most significant phytosanitary problem associated with soybean cultivation, followed by late-season diseases (LSD) such as brown spot (Septoria glycines) and frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora kikuchii). Respondents indicated taht they use three to four fungicide applications as a disease control measure, with their choice based on the type of product formulation. A majority of respondents noted that both the cost and frequency of applications increased over time. Additionally, 53% mentioned that biological fungicides are a viable alternative for integrated disease management. Conclusion. The responses obtained in this research allowed obtaining the perception of disease management tactics of soybean producers in Paraguay, underscoring the significance of Asian soybean rust and late-season diseases. However, there is a need for further research that can explore all aspects of pathogen management.

Resumen Introducción. Paraguay es el sexto productor y tercer exportador mundial de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), este cultivo es el de mayor importancia socioeconómica en el país. Sin embargo, su productividad puede verse afectada por enfermedades causadas por hongos fitopatógenos. Además, la información fitosanitaria sobre el cultivo de soja en Paraguay es limitada. Objetivo. Comprender la percepción de agricultores sobre las principales enfermedades de la soja y su manejo. Materiales y Métodos. Entre abril y mayo de 2022, se aplicó un cuestionario en formato de formularios de Google con preguntas abiertas y cerradas de selección múltiple a 45 productores de soja de entre 30 y 50 años, quienes cultivan en superficies de entre 200 y 1000 ha en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Itapúa y Caaguazú en Paraguay. Resultados. El 56 % de los encuestados consideró que el mayor problema fitosanitario asociado al cultivo es la roya asiática de la soja (RAS) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), seguida por las enfermedades de final de ciclo (EFC), como la mancha marrón (Septoria glycines) y mancha ojo de rana (Cercospora kikuchii). Los entrevistados indicaron que utilizan de tres a cuatro aplicaciones de fungicidas como medida de control de enfermedades, su elección fue basada en el tipo de formulación de los productos. En su mayoría, los entrevistados señalaron que el costo y la cantidad de aplicaciones aumentó con el transcurso del tiempo. El 53 % mencionó que los fungicidas biológicos son una buena alternativa para el manejo integrado de enfermedades. Conclusión. Las respuestas obtenidas en esta investigación permitieron obtener la percepción de las tácticas de manejo de enfermedades de los productores de soja en Paraguay, lo que resaltó la importancia de la RAS y las EFC. No obstante, resulta necesario que se realicen más investigaciones que puedan explorar todos los aspectos del manejo de los patógenos.

Resumen Introducción: La anestesia espinal se realiza mediante palpación de superficies para la identificación de los espacios intervertebrales lumbares. En adultos mayores el procedimiento presenta mayor dificultad debido a los cambios degenerativos de la columna vertebral asociados a la edad. Objetivo: Evaluar cuál técnica de anestesia espinal garantiza una mayor tasa de éxito entre la guiada por ultrasonido (US) y la guiada por reparos anatómicos (RA) en adultos mayores. Métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte prospectivo en pacientes con indicación de suministro de anestesia subaracnoidea independientemente de la intervención quirúrgica, llevado a cabo en el Hospital Universitario del Valle y la Fundación Hospital San José Buga. En un lapso de 12 meses se recolectaron datos durante la realización de la punción, según decisión del anestesiólogo tratante, guiada por US vs. RA. Resultados: En total se evaluaron 80 pacientes entre hombres y mujeres, mayores de 65 años, con edad media de 78,50±9,04. El número de punciones, así como de redireccionamientos, fue significativamente menor en el grupo guiado por US. Adicionalmente, se observó que en el grupo guiado por RA, el 37,5 % no coincidía con el sitio demarcado con el espacio real de punción confirmado con US (p<0,001). Podría ser la causa de un bloqueo inadecuado o de complicaciones de la punción intradural. Conclusiones: La técnica de anestesia neuroaxial guiada por US en adultos mayores podría facilitar el bloqueo neuroaxial al primer intento de punción.

Abstract Introduction: Spinal anesthesia requires palpation of surfaces in order to identify the intervertebral spaces in the lumbar spine. In elderly individuals, the procedure is more challenging due to age-related degenerative changes in the spine. Objective: To determine which technique between ultrasound (US) guidance or the use of anatomical landmarks to guide spinal anesthesia ensures a higher success rate in elderly patients. Methods: prospective observational cohort study in patients with an indication to receive subarachnoid anesthesia, regardless of the type of surgical intervention, carried out at Hospital Universitario del Valle and Fundación Hospital San José Buga. Data were collected over a 12-month period at the time of making the puncture. The treating anesthetists were free to choose between US guidance or the use of anatomical landmarks. Results: Overall, 80 patients were assessed, including men and women over 65 years of age (mean 78.5±19.04). The number of punctures as well as needle redirections were significantly lower in the US-guided group. Additionally, in the group in which anatomical landmarks were used to guide the puncture, the marked site did not coincide with the actual puncture site confirmed with US in 37.5% of cases (p<0.001). This could result in inadequate block or complications associated with intradural puncture. Conclusions: US-guided neuroaxial anesthesia in elderly individuals could facilitate success on the first attempt.

Resumen Este estudio, se centra en la cobertura forestal de tres distritos en el ámbito urbano de la provincia de Andahuaylas, región Apurímac en Perú, la cual afronta problemas de deforestación. El objetivo fue determinar la cobertura forestal en el área urbana de la provincia de Andahuaylas hasta el 2030, para la revelación de los escenarios futuros de la cobertura forestal, contribuyendo al desarrollo de la planificación urbana y a la creación de ciudades sostenibles. Para el área de estudio, se utilizaron datos registrados entre los años 2017-2023, a partir de las imágenes NDVI del portal Sentinelhub. Permitiendo disponer de información de bosques tropicales y templados; arbustos y pastizales; zonas áridas de roca; áreas urbanas o artificiales que han cambiado como consecuencia del proceso de urbanización. Se determinaron las superficies de bosque en el área de estudio. Posteriormente se utilizó la regresión lineal con un p valor = 0,046, alcanzando un R2 de 0,583 en un rango medio, logrando estimar los escenarios futuros del bosque al 2030. Se concluye que la tendencia es decreciente en la cobertura forestal en 26,50% al año 2030.

Absttract This study focuses on the forest cover of three districts in the urban area of the province of Andahuaylas, Apurímac region, Peru, which is facing deforestation problems. The objective was to determine the forest cover in the urban area of the province of Andahuaylas until 2030, to reveal future scenarios of forest cover, contributing to the development of urban planning and the creation of sustainable cities. For the study area, data recorded between the years 2017-2023 were used, based on NDVI images from the Sentinelhub portal. This allowed for the availability of information on tropical and temperate forests, shrubs and grasslands, arid rock zones, and urban or artificial areas that have changed due to the urbanization process. The forest surfaces in the study area were determined. Subsequently, linear regression was used with a p-value = 0,046, reaching an R2 of 0,583 in a medium range, managing to estimate future forest scenarios by 2030. It is concluded that the trend is decreasing in forest cover by 26,50% by the year 2030.

Abstract This paper presents the results of the archaeological research carried out at the quarry- workshop of Arroyo La Saudade locality. This study was aimed at characterizing the available raw material and the recovered archaeological assemblages. This locality is in the southwestern sector of the Ventania hilly system, in the southeast of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is associated to an outcrop of the Brecha Cerro Colorado unit, formed by good quality quartzite pebbles. On these pebbles, evidence of knapping for the extraction of raw material were detected as well as a large amount of spatially associated lithic artifacts. Two grids were excavated, and surface collections were made. On the recovered lithic assemblage, macroscopic (to characterize its colour and fracture), microscopic (through petrographic microscope) and techno-morphological analysis were conducted. Quartzite from this locality is distinguished, under a microscope, by the presence of a variable, but generally very low, degree of metamorphism, good quality for knapping, and smooth, shiny fracture surfaces. The colours are presented in a limited range, with predominance of ochre and pink. Among the recovered artifacts are cores in different stages of reduction and preparation, tools, and flakes. Some implications of these findings are discussed.

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los avances en las investigaciones desarrolladas en la localidad cantera-taller Arroyo La Saudade, las cuales estuvieron orientadas a caracterizar la materia prima disponible y los conjuntos arqueológicos recuperados. Dicha localidad se ubica en el sector suroccidental del sistema serrano de Ventania, en el sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se encuentra asociada a un afloramiento de la unidad Brecha Cerro Colorado, conformado por rodados de cuarcita de buena calidad para la talla. Sobre estos rodados se identificaron evidencias de talla para la extracción de materia prima, así como una gran cantidad de artefactos líticos en las inmediaciones. Se excavaron dos cuadrículas y se realizaron recolecciones superficiales. Sobre los artefactos recuperados se desarrollaron análisis macroscópicos (a los fines de caracterizar su color y fractura), microscópicos (por medio de microscopio petrográfico) y tecno-morfológicos. Las cuarcitas de esta localidad se distinguen, bajo microscopio, por la presencia de rasgos que denotan un grado variable de metamorfismo, pero generalmente muy bajo, una buena calidad para la talla y superficies de fractura lisas y brillantes. Se presentan en una gama acotada de colores, con predominio de los ocres y rosados. Entre los artefactos recuperados se encuentran núcleos con diferente grado de reducción y preparación, instrumentos y productos de talla. Se discuten algunas implicancias de estos hallazgos.

Abstract The present work focuses on the numerical study of the flow within a junction formed by the intersection of two millimeter channels. In particular, we study the dynamics of two identical fluids injected from opposite inlets at the contact region and at the exit channels. We analyse the effect of the cross-section on two aspects of the flow dynamics. First, its influence on the liquid fraction at the outlet channels. Second, its effect on the morphology of the stream surfaces.

Resumen El presente trabajo se enfoca en el estudio numérico del flujo dentro de una juntura formada por la intersección de dos canales milimétricos. En particular, se caracteriza la dinámica de dos fluidos idénticos inyectados desde entradas opuestas tanto en la región de contacto como en los conductos de salida. Se analiza el efecto de la forma de la sección transversal sobre dos aspectos del flujo. Primero, en la proporción de cada uno de los líquidos en los canales de salida. Segundo, en la morfología de las superficies de corriente.

Resumen La placa dental se forma a partir de una película adquirida como resultado de la alimentación que se deposita sobre las superficies dentales, por lo que un buen cepillado dental ayuda a mitigar los problemas a futuro que podría causar. Investigación de revisión sistemática, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la importancia del cepillado dental y comparar las características de un cepillado adecuado en la reducción de placa bacteriana en escolares. Se utilizó la metodología PRISMA; se revisaron bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, Scopus y Google Scholar; inicialmente Se trabajó con 1597 artículos, tan solo 18 cumplieron con el rigor científico. Concluyéndose que: los cepillos eléctricos, la técnica de Bass modificada y un adecuado cepillado debe incluir tiempo de uso, frecuencia y supervisión en caso de los niños.

Abstract Dental plaque is formed from a film acquired as a result of food that is deposited on dental surfaces, so good tooth brushing helps to mitigate the future problems that it could cause. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the importance of tooth brushing and to compare the characteristics of adequate brushing in the reduction of bacterial plaque in school children. The PRISMA methodology was used; databases PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Google Scholar were reviewed; initially 1597 articles were worked with, only 18 complied with the scientific rigor. It was concluded that: electric toothbrushes, the modified Bass technique and adequate brushing should include time of use, frequency and supervision in the case of children.

Abstract Fires affect more natural surfaces than any other disturbance factor on the planet. They result from the interaction of fuel, dry environmental conditions, and an ignition source. In the state of Michoacán conditions are conducive for the annual occurrence of numerous fires. Remote sensing offers global, consistent and objective information on fires, with the generation of series of burned areas, such as the 500m MCD64A1 generated from MODIS data. The objective of this work was to analyze this series to know the fires that occurred in the entity between 2015 and 2022, considering vegetation covers affected (INEGI Series VII) precipitation and temperature. An average of 3 340.87 pixels with fires were recorded annually; 2021, during confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic, was the year with the most fires (5 269 pixels) and 2022 with the fewest (2 398). The fires are concentrated in the driest and hottest months, mainly May (1551.00 pixels on average) and April (958.38 pixels); the highest number was recorded in April 2021 (2 347 pixels), and the second month with the most detections was May 2020 (2 094 pixels). Most events are associated with agricultural burning (48.41%), mainly in irrigated land, in spring and winter. Forest fires significantly affect temperate forests and associated secondary vegetation (32.85%); in tropical deciduous forest areas (17.14%), fires occur mostly in secondary vegetation. In years with an early onset of rains (2015 and 2018), fewer fires accumulated.

Resumen Los incendios afectan a más superficies naturales que cualquier otro factor de disturbio en el Planeta. Resultan de la coincidencia de combustible, condiciones ambientales secas y una fuente de ignición. En el estado de Michoacán existen las condiciones propicias para la ocurrencia anual de numerosas conflagraciones. La teledetección ofrece información global, consistente y objetiva sobre los incendios, con la generación de series de áreas quemadas, como MCD64A1 de 500m, generada con datos MODIS. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar esta serie para conocer los incendios ocurridos en la entidad entre 2015 y 2022, considerando las coberturas afectadas (Serie VII de INEGI), la precipitación y la temperatura. Se contabilizaron al año, en promedio 3 340.87 pixeles con incendios; 2021, durante la pandemia de Covid-19, fue el año con el mayor número de registros (5 269 pixeles) y 2022 con menos (2 398). Los incendios se concentraron en mayo (1551.00 pixeles en promedio) y abril (958.38 pixeles); el máximo número de incendios se detectó en abril de 2021 (2 347 pixeles), seguido de mayo de 2020 (2 094 pixeles). La mayoría de los eventos se asocian a quemas agrícolas (48.41%) en terrenos de riego, en primavera e invierno; los incendios forestales afectan sobre todo a bosques templados y a la vegetación secundaria asociada (32.85%); en zonas de bosque tropical caducifolio (17.14%), los incendios ocurren, en su mayoría, en vegetación secundaria. En los años con un inicio temprano de la temporada de lluvias (2015 y 2018) se acumularon menos incendios.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la morfometría de la mano de individuos jóvenes sanos de diferentes países e investigar las diferencias en la mecanografía de la mano entre países en función de los valores morfométricos obtenidos. En el estudio, se midieron 16 parámetros diferentes, incluidas dos superficies y 14 longitudes, de la mano derecha de 579 voluntarios (250 mujeres, 329 hombres) de 7 países diferentes (Turquía, Chad, Marruecos, Gabón, Kazajstán, Senegal y Siria). Se realizó un análisis factorial de los parámetros, un análisis de conglomerados según la puntuación factorial obtenida y se determinaron los tipos de manos en el estudio. Como resultado, se definieron cuatro tipos diferentes de manos y se analizó la distribución de estos tipos según países. Todos los parámetros mostraron diferencias significativas entre países en ambos sexos (p<0,05). Según los resultados del estudio, hubo una diferencia entre los tipos de manos de los hombres y de las mujeres entre países. En las mujeres, el tipo de mano tipo 1 se encontró solo en Gabón, el tipo de mano tipo 2 se encontró solo en Senegal, el tipo de mano tipo 3 se encontró en Turquía, Marruecos y Kazajstán, mientras que la mano tipo 4 se distribuyó significativamente en Senegal y Gabón (X2=104,62; gl=18, p<0,05). En los hombres, el tipo de mano tipo 1 se encontró en Turquía, el tipo de mano tipo 2 en Senegal y Gabón, el tipo de mano tipo 3 en Turquía, mientras que la mano tipo 4 se distribuyó significativamente en Marruecos y Kazajstán (X2=76,964; gl=18, p <0,05).

SUMMARY: This study aims to examine the hand morphometry of healthy young individuals from different countries and investigate the differences between countries in typing of hand based on the morphometric values obtained. In the study, 16 different parameters, including two surface areas and 14 lengths, were measured from the right hand of 579 volunteers (250 females, 329 males) from 7 different countries (Turkey, Chad, Morocco, Gabon, Kazakhstan, Senegal and Syria). Factor analysis was performed on the parameters, cluster analysis was performed according to the factor score obtained, and the hand types in the study were determined. As a result of the study, four different hand types were defined, and the distribution of these types according to countries was analyzed. All parameters showed significant differences between countries in both genders (p<0.05). According to the results of the study, there was a difference between male and female hand types between countries. In females, the type 1 hand type was found only in Gabon, the type 2 hand type was found only in Senegal, the type 3 hand type was found in Turkey, Morocco and Kazakhstan, while the type 4 hand type was significantly distributed in Senegal and Gabon (X2 =104.62; df=18, p<0.05). In males, type 1 hand type was found in Turkey, type 2 hand type in Senegal and Gabon, type 3 hand type in Turkey, while type 4 hand type was significantly distributed in Morocco and Kazakhstan (X2 =76.964; df=18, p<0.05).

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los efectos de 4 tratamientos de superficie en las características cristalográficas de la zirconia ultratranslúcida. Especímenes de zirconia totalmente sinterizados, altamente translúcidos de zirconia parcialmente estabilizada con itrio (Y-PSZ) (KATANA UTML) se dividieron en cuatro grupos experimentales y un grupo de control (n=10). Cada grupo recibió uno de los siguientes tratamientos de superficie: arenado con partículas de alúmina de 50µm (Al2O3), arenado con partículas de alúmina de 110µm y desgaste con una turbina rotativa de alta velocidad con y sin irrigación. Para cada muestra, se llevó a cabo una difracción de rayos X para analizar la intensidad del pico, calcular el tamaño del cristalito y detectar la presencia de tensiones compresivas y tensiles. La rugosidad superficial se midió en todos los especímenes utilizando un perfilómetro estándar. Además, se realizó microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) para analizar cualitativamente las superficies de los especímenes. El análisis estadístico incluyó un análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas y una prueba de Tukey post hoc (p≤0,05). El grupo de control mostró el tamaño de cristalito más alto (323nm). Todos los tratamientos de superficie llevaron a una reducción en el tamaño del cristalito, con la reducción más significativa observada en los grupos sometidos a arenado con partículas de alúmina de 110µm y desgaste de alta velocidad con irrigación. El arenado con partículas de alúmina de 50µm resultó en una menor transformación del tamaño del cristalito. Se puede observar una tendencia general de los picos de difracción a desplazarse a un ángulo más bajo en los grupos experimentales, lo que indica la presencia de estrés compresivo en las muestras. La perfilometría reveló una mayor rugosidad en las muestras con desgaste con instrumento rotatorio (en comparación con los grupos arenados. El tamaño del cristalito mostró una tendencia a disminuir después de los tratamientos de superficie. Las muestras arenadas, así como las muestras desgastadas sin irrigación, mostraron estrés compresivo. Las muestras arenadas tuvieron una menor rugosidad superficial en comparación con las muestras desgastadas con rotatorio. El arenado con partículas de alúmina de 50µm provocó la menor disminución en el tamaño del cristalito.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of 4 different surface treatments, on the crystallographic characteristics of Ultra-Translucent Zirconia. Fully sintered zirconia specimens of highly translucent yttria partially stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ) (KATANA UTML) were divided into four experimental groups and a control group (n=10). Each group received one of the following surface treatments: sandblasting with 50µm alumina particles sandblasting with 110µm alumina particles, and grinding with a rotary high-speed turbine with and without water irrigation. For each sample, x-ray diffraction was carried out to analyze peak intensity, calculate the crystallite size, and detect the presence of compressive and tensile stress. Surface roughness was measured on all specimens using a standard scanning profilometer. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to qualitatively analyze the surfaces of the specimens. Statistical analysis included repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test (p≤0.05). The control group exhibited the highest crystallite size (323nm). All surface treatments led to a reduction in the crystallite size, with the most significant reduction observed in the groups subjected to sandblasting with 110µm alumina particles and high- speed grinding with irrigation. Sandblasting with 50µm alumina particles resulted in less transformation of the crystallite size. A general tendency of the diffraction peaks to shift to a lower angle can be observed in the experimental groups, indicating the presence of compressive stress on the samples. Profilometry revealed higher roughness in the ground samples (6,14µm and 6,57µm) compared to the sandblasted groups (2,93µm and 2,02µm). The crystal domain size showed a tendency to decrease after the surface treatments. Sandblasted samples, as well as ground samples without irrigation, exhibited compressive stress. Sandblasted samples had lower surface roughness compared to the ground samples. Sandblasting with 50µm alumina particles caused the least decrease in crystallite size.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el impacto de la combinación de cloruro de benzalconio (BAC) e hipocloruro de sodio (NaOCl) y su aplicación después del ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) en procedimientos de irrigación del conducto radicular sobre la microdureza y el contenido mineral de la dentina. Las raíces distales de los terceros molares mandibulares se incluyeron en resina acrílica autopolimerizable y se seccionaron de coronal a apical, lo que dió como resultado cincuenta y cuatro secciones de raíz. Treinta secciones se sometieron a una evaluación de microdureza y veinticuatro secciones fueron elegidas al azar para el análisis mineral. La evaluación de la microdureza comprendió tres grupos: Grupo 1 (2,5% NaOCl), Grupo 2 (2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC) y Grupo 3 (2,5% NaOCl con 0,084 BAC post-17% EDTA). Para cada grupo se midieron los valores de microdureza inicial y post- irrigación. Para el análisis mineral, las muestras se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: agua destilada, 2,5% NaOCl, 2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC y 17% EDTA+2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC. La espectroscopía fotoelectrónica de rayos X midió inmediatamente el contenido de minerales de magnesio, fósforo y calcio en las superficies de la dentina después de la irrigación. Los resultados indicaron una reducción significativa en la microdureza de la dentina radicular para todas las soluciones (p<0,05). Sin embargo, no se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de reducción entre los grupos (p>0,05). El análisis XPS no reveló ninguna disparidad significativa en el contenido mineral de la superficie de la dentina entre los grupos (p>0,05). En conclusión, la adición de cloruro de benzalconio al hipocloruro de sodio, solo o después de EDTA, no indujo una alteración significativa en la microdureza o el contenido mineral de la dentina. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a una comprensión matizada de los protocolos de irrigación dental y sus efectos sobre las propiedades de la dentina durante los procedimientos de endodoncia.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the impact of the combination of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) and its application after ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in root canal irrigation procedures on the microhardness and mineral content of dentin. Distal roots of mandibular third molars were embedded in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin, sectioned coronally to apically resulting in fifty-four root sections. Thirty sections underwent microhardness evaluation, and twenty-four sections were randomly chosen for mineral analysis. The microhardness assessment comprised three groups: Group 1 (2.5% NaOCl), Group 2 (2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC), and Group 3 (2.5% NaOCl with 0.084 BAC post-17% EDTA). Initial and post-irrigation microhardness values were measured for each group. For mineral analysis, samples were categorized into four groups: distilled water, 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC, and 17% EDTA+2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy immediately measured magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium mineral contents on dentin surfaces post-irrigation. Results indicated a significant reduction in root dentin microhardness for all solutions (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference in the percentage of reduction was observed among the groups (p>0.05). XPS analysis revealed no significant disparity in dentin surface mineral content among the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the addition of Benzalkonium chloride to sodium hypochloride, either alone or after EDTA, did not induce a significant alteration in dentin microhardness or mineral content. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of dental irrigation protocols and their effects on dentin properties during endodontic procedures.

Resumen: Podríamos caracterizar ambos proyectos en esta sección como “buenos vecinos”, cada uno ofreciendo espacios que trascienden sus roles institucionales y se conectan con la comunidad de manera independiente. En el Parque Nanhu, en Mengzi, China, la Librería Avant-Garde subvierte los ideales modernistas de claridad y funcionalidad de las circulaciones con un giro escheriano. Escaleras, rampas y superficies inclinadas configuran rutas múltiples y superpuestas a través del edificio, creando intercambios inesperados con su interior. La terraza pública en la cubierta y la estructura parcialmente elevada extienden los itinerarios y programas del parque al edificio, integrando asimismo la experiencia de la lectura en el paisaje que lo rodea. En Bruselas, la escasez de espacio para escuelas secundarias llevó a dos municipios vecinos de Bélgica a adquirir un edificio de oficinas y encargar su transformación en la Escuela Karreveld. El proyecto se desarrolló en dos fases: la primera conservó la estructura y priorizó la reutilización de los materiales existentes. La segunda fase introdujo dos nuevos volúmenes para acomodar funciones adicionales. Estrategicamente ubicados, los nuevos pabellones liberan el exterior para áreas de recreación vecinales. Accesos independientes permiten el uso del pabellón deportivo fuera del horario escolar, respondiendo tanto a las necesidades de la escuela como a las del barrio.

Abstract: We could characterize both projects in this section as “good neighbors,” each offering spaces that transcend their institutional roles and engage the community independently. In Nanhu Park, in Mengzi, China, the Avant-Garde Bookstore subverts modernist ideals of the clarity and functionality of circulations with an Escherian twist. Stairs, ramps, and inclined surfaces configure multiple and overlapping routes through the building, offering unexpected exchanges with its interior. The public rooftop terrace and the partially elevated structure extend the park’s public itineraries and programs into the building, and by the same token, integrate books and the act of reading into the park’s landscape. In Brussels, the shortage of space for secondary schools led two neighboring municipalities in Belgium to acquire an office building and commission its transformation into the Karreveld School. The project was developed in two phases: the first preserved the structure and prioritized the reuse of existing materials. The second phase introduced two new volumes to accommodate additional functions. Strategically placed, the new pavilions free up exterior space for neighborhood recreational areas. Independent access points allow the sports pavilion to be used outside school hours, serving the needs of the school and the neighborhood.