Summary: The state of Chiapas presents degradation processes of dif ferent kinds, as a consequence of the current established agricultural model. It is estimated that, in the near future, the surface of the state of Chiapas will present more than 55% degradation, generating changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, af fecting the quality of life of human beings, mainly due to scarcity of food. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the soils in three municipalities of the central depression of Chiapas, Mexico. The analysis were interpreted taking NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 as a reference and were classified according to the world reference base (WRB), version 2014. For the evaluation of soil quality, the sustainable use of land subindex (SUSS). 144 soil samples corresponding to 21 profiles were analyzed. Of the 21 profiles studied, 17 present poor soil qualities, two a sensitive quality, one acceptable quality and one with good quality. Only two soil groups presented good fertility and are classified as Vertisols and Phaeozems, which present good quality and capacity to maintain sustainable agricultural production in this region.

Resumen: El estado de Chiapas presenta procesos de degradación de diferente índole, como consecuencia del actual modelo agrícola establecido. Se estima que, en el futuro cercano, la superficie del estado de Chiapas presente más de 55% de degradación, generando modificaciones en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo; afectando la calidad de vida de los seres humanos, principalmente por escasez de alimentos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad de los suelos en tres municipios de la depresión central de Chiapas, México. Los análisis se interpretaron tomando como referencia la NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 y se clasificaron de acuerdo con la world reference base (WRB), versión 2014, para la evaluación de calidad del suelo se utilizó el subíndice de uso sustentable del suelo (SUSS). Se analizaron 144 muestras de suelo correspondientes a 21 perfiles. De los 21 perfiles estudiados, 17 presentan calidad de suelo pobre, dos calidades sensibles, uno calidad aceptable y uno con calidad buena. Solo dos Grupos de suelo presentaron buena fertilidad y son clasificados como Vertisols y Phaeozems, los cuales presentan buena calidad y capacidad para mantener producción agrícola sostenible en esta región.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto combinado de dos tácticas de biocontrol de plagas: la biofumigación con Brassicajuncea y la inoculación de Trichoderma harzianum, sobre el crecimiento in vitro del patógeno Phomopsis spp., agente etiológico de la cancrosis en el cultivo de pecán (Carya illinoinensis). Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en envases de poliestireno en dosis de 10 y 30 g. Luego, en cada uno de estos recipientes se introdujo una caja de Petri con un disco con micelio dePhomopsis spp. o T. harzianum o ambos hongos (cultivo dual). Se incubó en cámara de cultivo. Los parámetros evaluados fueron la superficie de las colonias y el porcentaje de inhibición miceliar de Phomopsis spp. Los datos se analizaron con estadística no paramétrica mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) B. juncea no afectó el crecimiento de T. harzianum; ii) la dosis de 30 g de B. juncea suprimió completamente el crecimiento de Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de Phomopsis spp.; iv) la combinación de T. harzianum y la biofumigación con 10 g de B. juncea mostró sinergia sobre el control del crecimiento de Phomopsis spp. La biofumigación con B. juncea, la aplicación de T. harzianum y la combinación de ambas técnicas podrían ser alternativas promisorias para el control biológico de Phomopsis spp.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the combined effect of two pest biocontrol strategies: biofumigation with Brassica juncea and inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum, on the in vitro growth of the pathogen Phomopsis spp., an etiological agent of canker disease in pecan crops (Carya illinoinensis). B. juncea plants were crushed and placed in polystyrene recipients in doses of 10 and 30 g. Then, a Petri dish was introduced to each recipient, with a disk with a grown mycelium of Phomopsis spp. or T. harzianum, or both fungi (dual culture). Treatments were incubated in a culture chamber. The parameters evaluated were colonies’ surface area and percentage of mycelial inhibition of Phomopsis spp. Data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicated that: i) B. juncea did not affect the growth of T. harzianum; ii) the 30 g dose of B. juncea completely suppressed the growth of Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum significantly inhibited the growth of Phomopsis spp. colonies; iv) the combination of T. harzianum and biofumigation with 10 g of B. juncea showed synergy on the growth control of Phomopsis spp. Biofumigation with B. juncea, the application of T. harzianum, and the combination of both techniques could be promising alternatives for the biological control of Phomopsis spp.

Abstract Background: Cryotherapy is used during the postoperative phase of total knee arthroplasty to reduce pain, inflammation, blood loss, cell metabolism, and edema. The therapeutic effects of cryotherapy are achieved when skin surface temperatures are at or below 15ºC. Objective: To determine the effect of cryotherapy on the skin surface temperature of a knee undergoing total knee arthroplasty using different interfaces. Methodology: A 1X4X6 quasi-experimental and factorial study was conducted, comparing one modality of cryotherapy (ice bag), four interfaces (Robert Jones-type bandage, tubular mesh bandage, thin pillowcase-type cloth, and non-woven compress), and six periods of cryotherapy administration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes) on a knee undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The sample consisted of 60 participants randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups (interfaces). A total of 720 cryotherapy treatments were administered. Results: There was no decrease in skin surface temperature to therapeutic levels in any of the experimental groups. The mean values obtained were: Robert Jones-type bandage = 34.13ºC; tubular mesh bandage = 23.90ºC; thin pillowcase-type cloth = 22.84ºC, and non-woven compress = 21.92ºC. Conclusion: Under the experimental conditions studied, cryotherapy had no therapeutic effect.

Resumo Enquadramento: A crioterapia é utilizada no pós-operatório da artroplastia total (AT) do joelho, visando a diminuição da dor, processo inflamatório, perda sanguínea, metabolismo celular e contenção do edema. A crioterapia obtém efeitos terapêuticos para valores de temperatura superficial cutânea (TempSC) ≤ 15ºC. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da crioterapia, utilizando diferentes interfaces, sobre a TempSC do joelho da pessoa submetida a AT. Metodologia: Estudo quase-experimental, fatorial 1X4X6: uma modalidade de crioterapia (saco gelo) versus quatro interfaces - ligadura Robert Jones (LRJ), malha tubular (MT), pano fino (PF) e compressa não-tecido (CNT) - versus seis tempos de aplicação da crioterapia (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 minutos). A amostra, de conveniência, inclui 60 participantes, com distribuição aleatória por quatro grupos experimentais (interfaces). Foram realizadas 720 aplicações de crioterapia. Resultados: Em nenhum grupo experimental foi observado descida da TempSC para valores terapêuticos, obtendo-se as seguintes médias: LRJ = 34,13ºC; MT = 23,90ºC; PF = 22,84 ºC e CNT = 21,92ºC. Conclusão: Nas condições experimentais em estudo, a crioterapia não obteve efeito terapêutico.

Resumen Marco contextual: La crioterapia se utiliza en el posoperatorio de la artroplastia total (AT) de rodilla para reducir el dolor, la inflamación, la pérdida de sangre, el metabolismo celular y la contención del edema. La crioterapia consigue efectos terapéuticos para valores de temperatura de la superficie cutánea (TempSC) ≤ 15ºC. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la crioterapia utilizando diferentes interfaces sobre la TempSC de la rodilla de la persona sometida a una AT. Metodología: Estudio casiexperimental, factorial 1X4X6, una modalidad de crioterapia (bolsa de hielo) frente a cuatro interfaces - vendaje Robert Jones (LRJ), malla tubular (MT), tela fina (PF) y compresa no tejida (CNT) - frente a seis tiempos de aplicación de la crioterapia (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 y 60 minutos). La muestra de conveniencia incluyó 60 participantes, asignados aleatoriamente a cuatro grupos experimentales (interfaces). Se realizaron 720 aplicaciones de crioterapia. Resultados: En ninguno de los grupos experimentales se produjo un descenso de la TempSC para valores terapéuticos y se obtuvieron las siguientes medias: LRJ = 34,13ºC; MT = 23,90ºC; PF = 22,84 ºC y CNT = 21,92ºC. Conclusión: En las condiciones experimentales estudiadas, la crioterapia no tuvo ningún efecto terapéutico.

Abstract Introduction: Gorse (Ulex europaeus, family Fabaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to Europe and invasive in the Andean high-mountain tropical paramos. Objective: To quantify the extent of a biological invasion within a paramo near Los Nevados National Natural Park in Tolima, Colombia, and evaluate bioeconomic solutions to encourage shrub eradication while promoting the local economy and industry. Methods: An object-based supervised classification approach was conducted using UAS (Uncrewed Aircraft Systems)-based RGB imagery and a Planet-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) layer, both from 2022, to quantify the area invaded. This value, the height obtained from a UAS-derived nDSM (Normalized Digital Surface Model), and a pair of allometric equations found in the literature were employed to estimate the gorse aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground available fuel, also known as fuel load. Then, documented bioethanol production estimations were applied to calculate its potential extraction based on the AGB values. Results: The invaded area was quantified to be 66 465 m2, with an overall accuracy rate of 85.3 %. Furthermore, the fuel load was found to be approximately half of the AGB, which poses a high risk of fire in the ecosystem. The findings also suggest that up to USD 88 933.7 could be generated if all gorse in the study area is exploited to produce bioethanol. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgency of managing the biological invasion of gorse in the Andean paramo and suggests the potential for bioeconomic solutions to mitigate the impact of these invasions.

Resumen Introducción: El retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus, familia Fabaceae) es un arbusto perenne originario de Europa e invasor en los páramos andino-tropicales de alta montaña. Objetivo: Cuantificar la extensión de una invasión biológica dentro de un páramo cerca del Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados en Tolima, Colombia, y evaluar soluciones bioeconómicas para fomentar la erradicación del arbusto y, al mismo tiempo, promover la economía e industria locales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una clasificación supervisada basada en objetos utilizando imágenes RGB tomadas con UAS (sistemas de aeronaves no tripulados) y una capa NDVI (índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada) derivada de Planet, ambas de 2022, para cuantificar el área invadida. Este valor, así como la altura obtenida a partir de un nDSM (modelo digital de superficie normalizado) derivado de las imágenes UAS y un par de ecuaciones alométricas halladas en la literatura, se emplearon para estimar la biomasa aérea (AGB) y el combustible disponible superficial, también conocido como carga de combustible. Luego, se utilizaron estimaciones documentadas de producción de bioetanol para calcular su potencial extracción con base en los valores de AGB. Resultados: El área invadida se cuantificó en 66 465 m2, con una exactitud global del 85.3 %. Además, se encontró que la carga de combustible era aproximadamente la mitad del AGB, lo que representa un alto riesgo de incendio en el ecosistema. Los resultados también sugieren que se podrían generar hasta 88 933.7 dólares estadounidenses, si se explotara todo el retamo espinoso de la zona de estudio para producir bioetanol. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la urgencia de gestionar la invasión biológica del retamo espinoso en el páramo andino y sugiere potenciales soluciones bioeconómicas para mitigar el impacto de estas invasiones.

Abstract Introduction: The pelagic sea snake Hydrophis platurus has the broadest distributional range of all the snakes and is the only sea snake of tropical waters off the west coast of the Americas. Within the variation in the color pattern of this species, completely yellow specimens were considered very rare or occasional. However, a yellow pattern dominates a population established in the interior of the Golfo Dulce in the Southern Pacific of Costa Rica. Objective: We studied the abundance, activity patterns, morphometry, and feeding behavior of the yellow H. platurus within the Golfo Dulce. Methods: Between February 2009 and July 2018, we conducted surveys for sea snakes from a boat within the perimeter of the Golfo Dulce. Results: Adults from the gulf population are smaller than the bicolor oceanic population, with females having larger bodies. Sea snakes within the gulf float and move with surface currents without being linked to drift lines and debris. These snakes are mainly found in clean, calm waters with little turbulence. They feed on a wide diversity of small fish, which they capture using passive stalking predatory behaviors floating on the surface. Prey are quickly captured and swallowed alive. This species has an almost total absence of predation, a pattern that extends to this yellow population. Conclusions: The characteristics of the gulf and the direction and strength of the surface currents at its entrance might restrict the transit of this yellow population to the outside and the entry of the bicolored snakes of the oceanic population. We do not consider making taxonomic changes in this Golfo Dulce population prudent. This yellow population is relatively common within the basin. However, the high tourist traffic and other activities are risk factors for its conservation. Protection policies must be created to preserve and protect this small population of yellow sea snakes unique within this species’ distribution range.

Resumen Introducción: La serpiente marina pelágica Hydrophis platurus tiene el rango de distribución más amplio de todas las serpientes y es la única serpiente marina de aguas tropicales del oeste de América. Dentro de la variación en el patrón de color de esta especie, los ejemplares completamente amarillos se consideraban muy raros u ocasionales. Sin embargo, los patrones amarillos dominan una población establecida en el interior del Golfo Dulce en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Monitoreamos y estudiamos la abundancia, patrones de actividad, morfometría y comportamiento alimentario del H. platurus amarillo dentro del Golfo Dulce. Métodos: Entre febrero 2009 y julio 2018, realizamos búsquedas mensuales de serpientes marinas desde una embarcación dentro del perímetro del Golfo Dulce. Resultados: Los adultos de la población de golfo son más pequeños que la población oceánica bicolor, con las hembras de cuerpos más grandes. Las serpientes del Golfo Dulce flotan y se mueven con las corrientes superficiales sin asociarse con líneas de deriva y escombros. Las serpientes se encuentran principalmente en aguas limpias y tranquilas con poca turbulencia. La dieta se compone de una amplia diversidad de peces pequeños, que capturan con un comportamiento depredador de acecho pasivo, flotando en la superficie. La presa es rápidamente capturada y tragada viva. Esta especie tiene una ausencia casi total de depredación, patrón que se extiende a esta población amarilla. Conclusiones: Las características del golfo y la dirección y fuerza de las corrientes superficiales en su entrada podrían restringir el tránsito de esta población amarilla hacia el exterior y el ingreso de las serpientes bicolores de la población oceánica. No consideramos prudente realizar cambios taxonómicos en esta población. La población amarilla es relativamente abundante dentro de la cuenca. Sin embargo, el alto tráfico turístico y otras actividades son factores de riesgo para su conservación. Políticas de protección deben crearse para preservar y proteger esta pequeña población de serpientes marinas amarillas, única dentro del rango de distribución de esta especie.

Abstract Introduction: Studies on the microsporogenesis of Rubus glaucus are non-existent and little is known about the ultrastructure of the pollen grains. Objectives: To describe the microsporogenesis process, and ultrastructural aspects of the pollen grains in Rubus glaucus. Methods: Flowers at different developmental stages were embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with Safranin-Alcian Blue, PAS-Amidoblack and Lacmoid or included in resin and stained with toluidine blue. Ultrathin sections were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, the material was fixed and dehydrated in 2.2 dimethoxypropane, then with Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and the samples were coated with gold. Results: Anthers are differentiated by a cellular mass at the ends distal to the staminal filaments. During development, the anther wall presents several cellular layers and at maturity, they are reduced to the epidermis and the endothecium. Microsporocytes undergo simultaneous meiosis and form tetrahedral tetrads. The tapetum develops secretory activity until pollen grains are released, then the cellular content undergoes autolysis. During sporodermis formation, the exine is first deposited and then the intine in a centripetal form. The pollen grains are tricolporate, isopolar, oblate to peroblate, with radial simetry, circular in outline with blunt apices in polar view, ellipsoidal in equatorial view. The exine is thick, tectated, striate perforate. The sporodermis presents an ectexine formed by a tectum interrupted by perforations and thick columellae. Colpus membrane presents small exine granules and orbicules on the surface. The intine develops known structural patterns. Pollenkitt is inconspicuous. Conclusion: Anthers structure and development follows the known patterns of angiosperms. Simultaneous microsporogenesis and centripetal deposition of the sporodermis, as well as ornamentation patterns, have been previously described for the Rosaceae Family.

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios sobre la microsporogénesis de Rubus glaucus son inexistentes y poco es conocido sobre la ultraestructura del polen. Objetivos: Describir la microsporogénesis, y la ultraestructura de los granos de polen en Rubus glaucus. Métodos: Flores en diferentes etapas de desarrollo fueron incluidas en parafina o en resina. Las secciones se tiñeron con Safranin-Alcian Blue, PAS-Amidoblack y Lacmoid o incluidas en resina y teñidas con Azul de Toluidina. Secciones ultrafinas fueron observadas mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET). Para la observación con microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), el material se fijó y se deshidrató en 2.2 dimetoxipropano, luego se usó hexametildisilazano (HMDS) y las muestras se recubrieron con oro. Resultados: Las anteras se diferencian a partir de una masa celular en los extremos distales de los filamentos estaminales. Inicialmente, la pared de las anteras presenta varias capas celulares y al madurar se reducen a la epidermis y al endotecio. Los microsporocitos experimentan meiosis simultánea y forman tétradas tetraédricas. El tapete desarrolla actividad secretora hasta que se liberan los granos de polen, luego el contenido celular se desorganiza y experimenta autólisis. Al formarse la esporodermis, primero se deposita la exina y luego la intina en forma centrípeta. Los granos de polen son tricolporados, isopolares, oblados a peroblados, con simetría radial, de contorno circular con ápices romos en vista polar, elipsoidales en vista ecuatorial. La exina es gruesa, tectada, perforada estriada. La ectexina está formada por un tectum interrumpido por perforaciones y gruesas columelas. La membrana del colpo posee pequeños gránulos como restos de exina y orbículas en la superficie. La intina desarrolla patrones estructurales conocidos. El polenkit es inconspicuo. Conclusión: El desarrollo de las anteras sigue los patrones de las angiospermas. La microsporogénesis simultánea, el depósito centrípeto de la esporodermis, y los patrones de ornamentación observados han sido descritos previamente para la Familia Rosaceae.

RESUMEN La biocatálisis enzimática ha surgido como una tecnología verde en la modificación de almidones con resultados divergentes a nivel morfológico en función de procedencia de la fuente amilácea. Por consiguiente, diversos biocatalizadores enzimáticos fueron implementados para evaluar su efecto sobre las características morfológicas y semicristalinas en almidones nativos de yuca. El grado de afinidad de los biocatalizadores y la tasa de conversión sobre almidones nativos de yuca fueron determinados mediante parámetros cinéticos como la constante de Michaelis-Menten, cuyos resultados revelaron el siguiente orden de afinidad de mayor a menor: α-amilasa, amiloglucosidasa, pululanasa y β-amilasa. Además, se evidenció una mayor actividad biocatalítica de la α-amilasa y β-amilasa sobre las zonas amorfas del polímero debido a la disminución del contenido de amilosa y un aumento significativo en el grado de cristalinidad relativa. Según los análisis morfológicos y DRX, la acción de la amiloglucosidasa promovió fenómenos de exoerosión y la aparición de laceraciones en la superficie granular del almidón con la consiguiente disminución del orden semicristalino. La pululanasa provocó la obtención de gránulos fragmentados levemente erosionados con una mayor actividad biocatalítica en las zonas cristalinas asociada con el aumento significativo del contenido de amilosa aparente. El análisis de FTIR en la región 1.200-900 cm-1, correspondiente a la huella digital del almidón, permitió determinar cambios notorios en el grado del orden molecular después del ataque enzimático, este resultado fue coherente con el grado de cristalinidad relativo estimador por difracción de rayos-X. Asimismo, los resultados permitieron identificar cambios significativos en el orden semicristalino y características morfológicas durante la modificación con α-amilasa (AAM) y amiloglucosidasa (AMG) asociado a su mayor afinidad y acción preferencial sobre las estructuras amorfas ubicadas en la superficie granular del almidón nativo de yuca.

ABSTRACT Enzymatic biocatalysis has emerged as a green technology in starch modification with divergent results at the morphological level depending on the origin of the starch source. Therefore, various enzymatic biocatalysts were implemented to evaluate their effect on the morphological and semi-crystalline characteristics of native cassava starches. The degree of affinity of the biocatalysts and the conversion rate on native cassava starches were determined by kinetic parameters such as the Michaelis-Menten constant, whose results revealed the following order of affinity from highest to lowest: α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, pullulanase, and β-amylase. In addition, greater biocatalytic activity of α-amylase and β-amylase was evidenced on the amorphous zones of the polymer associated with the decrease in the amylose content and a significant increase in the degree of relative crystallinity. According to morphological analyses and XDR, the action of amyloglucosidase promoted exo-erosion phenomena and the appearance of lacerations on the granular surface of starch with the consequent decrease in the semicrystalline order. The pullulanase caused slightly eroded fragmented granules with greater biocatalytic activity on the crystalline lamellae, associated with a significant increase in the apparent amylose content. FTIR analysis in the 1,200-900 cm-1 region, corresponding to the starch fingerprint, allowed us to detect notable changes in the degree of molecular order after the enzymatic attack; this result was consistent with the degree of relative crystallinity estimated by X-ray diffraction. Likewise, the results allowed us to notice significant changes in the semi-crystalline order and morphological characteristics during the modification with α-amylase (AAM) and amyloglucosidase (AMG) associated with their greater affinity and preferential action on the amorphous structures located on the granular surface of native cassava starch.

Abstract Objective. To characterize the geographic distribution of dengue and to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation with social and climatic determinants at the census-tract level in two medium sized cities in northwestern Mexico. Methods. In this work we apply spatial analysis ecological tools, such as the Moran’s Index and the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) method, to examine global and local spatial correlation between incidence of dengue, with socioeconomic and climatic factors at the census tract-level. For the analysis of the spatial clustering, the Getis-Ord method was used to find statistically significant hot spots in each city. Results. Overall, a global spatial autocorrelation could not be identified, although local clusters of a high dengue incidence, soil surface temperature ≤ 31 °C and high degree of social marginalization coincide. Discussion. We found that at the census-tract level in urban settings, socially disadvantaged populations showed higher clusters of dengue when compared to areas with better socioeconomic conditions. A similar spatial pattern was observed in the two study sites, when considering public health conditions and its aggregation with physical attributes using spatial analysis techniques, supporting the application of this technique for a better understanding about the dengue distribution in urban areas.

Resumen Objetivo. Caracterizar la distribución geográfica de dengue confirmado y evaluar su autocorrelación espacial con determinantes sociales y climáticos a nivel de áreas pequeñas, en dos ciudades del noroeste de México. Métodos. En este trabajo se utilizan herramientas de análisis espacial, como el Índice de Moran y el método de Indicadores Locales de Asociación Espacial (LISA), para examinar la correlación espacial, global y local, entre la incidencia de dengue y factores climáticos y socioeconómicos a nivel de área geoestadística básica (AGEB). Para mapear áreas de alto riesgo, se usó el método de agrupamiento espacial de Getis-Ord. Resultados. En general, no identificamos una autocorrelación espacial global, aunque agrupamientos locales de una alta incidencia de dengue, temperatura de la superficie terrestre ≤31 °C y un alto grado de marginación social, coinciden. Discusión. Encontramos que a nivel de áreas pequeñas urbanas, poblaciones con desventaja social agrupan una mayor carga de dengue comparadas con áreas de mejores condiciones socioeconómicas. En los dos sitios de estudio, se encontraron patrones espaciales similares que correlacionaron problemas de salud y características físicas del medio ambiente utilizando os análisis espaciales, lo que soporta la utilidad de su uso sistemático para entender mejor la distribución urbana del dengue.

Abstract Gluten-free pasta (GFP) can be produced using materials such as broken rice and chickpea flour. The objective of this work was to study the effect of the extrusion process on the physicochemical, phytochemical, and cooking properties of GFP. The effect of extrusion temperature (ET: 90.18-123.8 °C), screw speed (SS: 76.6-157.3 rpm), and chickpea flour content (CHF: 0.23-23.7 %) was studied using the response surface methodology for the statistical analysis. The cooking loss diminished by combining high ET with intermediates CHF, and by combining intermediates SS with intermediates-high CHF. The cooking time diminished by combining high ET with high CHF and intermediate to high SS. The color b* increased at high CHF. Total phenolic compounds decreased by combining low ET with low CHF, as well as low ET with high SS. The optimal conditions were ET = 117 °C, SS = 134.4 rpm, and CHF = 12.57 %. Total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber were higher in the extruded treatment compared with the unextruded mixture. GFP with similar sensory acceptability to a commercial product was obtained, showing adequate physicochemical, phytochemical, and cooking properties, whose consumption presents potential health benefits.

Resumen Las pastas sin gluten (PSG) pueden producirse utilizando materiales como arroz quebrado y garbanzo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar el efecto del proceso de extrusión sobre propiedades fisicoquímicas, fitoquímicas, y de cocción de PSG. Se estudió el efecto de temperatura de extrusión (TE: 90.18 - 123.8 °C), velocidad de tornillo (VT: 76.6 - 157.3 rpm), y contenido de harina de garbanzo (CHG: 0.23 - 23.7 %), utilizando la metodología de superficie de respuesta para el análisis estadístico. La pérdida de sólidos por cocción disminuyó combinando altas TE con intermedios CHG, y combinando intermedios VT con intermedios-altos CHG. El tiempo de cocción disminuyó combinando altas TE con altos CHG, e intermedios-altos VT. El color b* aumentó utilizando altos CHG. El contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales disminuyó combinando bajas TE con bajos CHG, y combinando bajas TE con altas VT. Las condiciones óptimas fueron TE = 117 °C, VT = 134.4 rpm, y CHG = 12.57 %. La fibra dietaria total, insoluble y soluble fue mayor en el tratamiento extrudido comparado con la mezcla sin extrudir. Se obtuvieron PSG con aceptabilidad sensorial similar a un producto comercial, mostrando adecuadas propiedades fisicoquímicas, fitoquímicas, y de cocción, cuyo consumo presenta beneficios potenciales para la salud.

Resumo A fissuração pode ser investigada por termografia de infravermelho, pois defeitos em uma superfície apresentam temperaturas diferentes em relação as regiões sem defeito. A temperatura da fissura é dependente das suas dimensões, abertura e profundidade, nas quais podem ser identificadas pela termografia. Avalia-se o comportamento das temperaturas em regime controlado de aquecimento e resfriamento de fissuras em função de diferentes profundidades e quais as condições mais adequadas para identificar as fissuras. Propõe-se a observação da evolução de temperatura no aquecimento e resfriamento de uma placa de argamassa que possui fissuras com diferentes profundidades. A variação de temperatura da placa no aquecimento e resfriamento é monitorada por termogramas e termopares presentes na superfície e interior da placa em regiões próximas às fissuras. Identifica-se, pela aplicação de contraste termográfico Delta-T, que fissuras de maior profundidade possuem maior Delta-T, em módulo, durante o aquecimento, enquanto fissuras de menor profundidade possuem maior Delta-T no resfriamento. As fissuras são melhor identificadas na fase de resfriamento, pois no fim do aquecimento as fissuras de menor profundidade não são identificadas.

Abstract Cracking can be investigated by infrared thermography, as defects on a surface have different temperatures compared to regions without defects. The temperature of the crack depends on its dimensions, opening and depth, which can be identified by thermography. The possibility of classifying crack damage according to different depths by thermography in heating and cooling regimes and indicating which conditions are most suitable for identifying cracks is evaluated. It is proposed to observe the temperature evolution during the heating and cooling of a mortar slab that has cracks with different depths. The temperature variation of the plate during heating and cooling is monitored by thermograms and thermocouples present on the surface and interior of the plate in regions close to the cracks. It is identified, through the application of Delta-T thermographic contrast, that cracks of greater depth have a greater Delta-T, in modulus, during heating, while cracks of shallower depth have a greater Delta-T during cooling. Cracks are best identified during the cooling phase, as shallower cracks are not identified at the end of heating.

Resumo O presente artigo avalia o potencial de aplicação do conceito de material com gradação funcional (MGF) ao desenvolvimento de concretos mais duráveis frente à carbonatação, um dos principais mecanismos de degradação das estruturas de concreto armado. Ensaios acelerados de carbonatação com temperatura (27 ( 2 °C), concentração de CO 2 (3 ( 0,5%) e umidade (65 ( 5%) controladas foram realizados em concretos homogêneos e com gradação funcional em que a porosidade do material foi variada ao longo dos corpos de prova. Para a confecção dos corpos de prova de concreto com gradação funcional foram utilizados concretos com relações água/cimento iguais a 0,35, 0,45 e 0,55 de forma que tivéssemos uma redução de porosidade à medida que nos aproximássemos da superfície da peça. O avanço da frente de carbonatação foi avaliado após 8, 9, 10, 14 e 24 semanas de exposição acelerada, empregando-se o indicador químico fenolftaleína. A partir dos resultados obtidos observou-se que os concretos com gradação funcional apresentaram coeficiente de carbonatação (K) ligeiramente superior ao do concreto com relação a/c igual a 0,35 (1,71 e 1,54 mm.semana -0,5 , respectivamente) e bastante inferior aos concretos com relação água cimento iguais a 0,45 (2,31 mm.semana -0,5 ) e 0,55 (3,78 mm.semana -0,5 ), evidenciando que a gradação funcional pode ser um método eficiente para proporcionar o aumento da durabilidade de elementos de concreto sujeitos à carbonatação.

Abstract The present paper evaluated the potential application of the functionally graded material (FGM) concept to develop more durable concrete to carbonation, one of the main degradation mechanisms of reinforced concrete structures. Accelerated carbonation tests with controlled temperature (27 ( 2°C), CO2 concentration (3 ( 0.5%) and humidity (65 ( 5%) were carried out in homogeneous concretes and with functional gradation in which the porosity of the material was varied across the slices. For the manufacture of graded concrete specimens, concretes with water/cement ratios equal to 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55 were produced, with lower porosity (w/c = 0.35) close to the surface of the specimen. The advance of the carbonation front was evaluated after 8, 9, 10, 14, and 24 weeks of accelerated exposure, using the chemical indicator phenolphthalein. The results show that the functionally graded concrete had a carbonation coefficient (K) slightly higher than that of the concrete with a w/c ratio equal to 0.35 (1.71 and 1.54 mm.week-0.5, respectively) and much lower than concrete with water-cement ratio equal to 0.45 (2.31 mm.week-0.5) and 0.55 (3.78 mm.week-0.5). This demonstrates that functional grading can be an efficient method to increase the durability of concrete elements subject to carbonation.

Resumo As atividades de mariscagem e malacocultura produzem uma grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos compostos por conchas marinhas. O impacto ambiental do descarte inadequado pode ser atenuado com estratégias de reaproveitamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a viabilidade do uso de resíduo de conchas marinhas com substituintes parciais de agregados no concreto. As características físicas do agregado reciclado foram investigadas através das técnicas de Microscopia de Força Atômica (MFA) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) a fim de esclarecer aspectos da superfície de contato com a pasta; as características químicas e mineralógicas foram investigadas por meio dos ensaios de fluorescência de raios-X e difração de raios-X; e o ensaio de resistência à compressão foi conduzido em amostras de concreto foram moldadas para avaliação do comportamento destes materiais do comportamento destes materiais como agregado (concha tipo A) e fíler (concha tipo B). Concluiu-se que o uso de até 20% de substituição de concha marinha como agregado graúdo e 10% como filer mostrou viabilidade para aplicações em concretos estruturais e, de forma complementar, teores de até 30% podem ser direcionados à concretos não estruturais.

Abstract The improper disposal of this waste poses environmental challenges, which can be addressed through effective reuse strategies. This study aims to explore the potential of utilizing marine shell waste as partial substitutes for aggregates in concrete. The research involves investigating the physical characteristics of the recycled aggregate using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques to elucidate the contact surface with the paste. Additionally, chemical and mineralogical characteristics are analyzed through X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction tests. The compressive strength test is conducted on concrete samples to assess the performance of these materials as both aggregate (shell type A) and filler (shell type B). The findings indicate that replacing up to 20% of marine shells as coarse aggregate and 10% as filler demonstrates feasibility for applications in structural concrete. Furthermore, up to 30% replacement can be directed towards non-structural concrete, providing a comprehensive understanding of the potential applications of marine shell residues in concrete production.

Resumo A conservação de bens culturais necessita estar alinhada com a política de sustentabilidade da atualidade. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do resíduo do caulim substituindo total ou parcialmente a bentonita, na formulação de Mário Mendonça de Oliveira, para a limpeza de superfícies pétreas. E dessa forma avaliar possíveis alterações no aspecto ou na estrutura do lioz. Para tanto foram avaliadas a influência de algumas variáveis, como tempo de aplicação do emplastro e a concentração dos argilominerais utilizados. A metodologia experimental consistiu em: secagem e pulverização do resíduo; quantificação e pesagem dos reagentes; limpeza úmida da rocha; síntese, aplicação e remoção do emplastro. Ao longo da pesquisa foram empregadas técnicas de análise, para caracterizar os materiais de partida, os produtos formados e as alterações produzidas na superfície da rocha. Após a limpeza por via úmida houve uma tendência de elevação de brilho em todas as faixas estudadas; e um aumento do mesmo em todas as faixas em que foi aplicado o emplastro de 100% caulim, para os tempos de 7 e 14 dias.

Abstract The conservation of cultural heritage needs to be aligned with current sustainability policies. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of using kaolin residue, either totally or partially replacing bentonite, in Mário Mendonça de Oliveira's formulation for cleaning stone surfaces, in order to measure possible changes in the appearance or structure of Lioz stone. The influence of some variables, such as the application time of the plaster and the concentration of the clay minerals used, was evaluated. The experimental methodology consisted of drying and pulverizing the residue; quantifying and weighing the reagents; wet cleaning the rock; synthesis, application, and removal of the plaster. Throughout the research, analysis techniques were employed to characterize the starting materials, the products formed, and the alterations produced on the rock surface. After the wet cleaning process, there was a trend for increased brightness in all studied ranges, and an increase in brightness in all ranges where 100% kaolin plaster was applied during 7 and 14 days.

Abstract Aggressive natural killer cell leukaemia (ANKL) is a rare neoplasm of NK cells with poor prognosis, varied morphology and positivity for CD2, CD3 epsilon and CD56, negative for surface CD3 and CD5. A 32-year-old man presented with high grade fever, generalized weakness, significant weight loss in the last 2 months and a lower limb mass, diagnosed elsewhere as Ewing sarcoma. He initially presented with TLC of 8000/uL which drastically increased to 52000/uL, with presence of atypical lymphoid cells. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy was performed, bone marrow aspirate showed 44% atypical lymphoid cells that were 1.5 to 2 times the size of red blood cells with scant blue agranular cytoplasm, clumped chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping showed atypical lymphoid cells that were positive for CD45, CD38 and CD 56 and negative for CD34, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD20, CD10, CD19, CD138, kappa and lambda. Since a definitive diagnosis could not be reached on this, IHC on bone marrow biopsy was done, which showed the atypical lymphoid cells to be positive for CD45, CD3, CD2, CD56, CD38 and negative for CD117, CD5, CD7, CD30, CD20, CD57 and EBV. A diagnosis of aggressive natural killer lymphoma was reached. The diagnosis was difficult as the morphology and flow cytometry did not show any specific features of ANKL. The diagnosis was made after extensive immunophenotyping on bone marrow biopsy. This highlights the importance of doing NK cell markers when basic panel of antibodies are not supportive.

Resumen La leucemia agresiva de células natural killer (ANKL) es una neoplasia poco frecuente de células NK con mal pronóstico, morfología variada y positividad para los CD2, CD3 épsilon y CD56, negativa para los CD3 y CD5 de superficie. Un hombre de 32 años presentó fiebre alta, debilidad generalizada, pérdida de peso significativa desde hace 2 meses y una masa en las extremidades inferiores, diagnosticada en otro lugar como sarcoma de Ewing. Inicialmente presentó leucocitos de 8000/uL, que aumentó drásticamente a 52000/uL, con presencia de células linfoides atípicas. Se realizó una aspiración y una biopsia de médula ósea. El aspirado de médula ósea mostró un 44% de células linfoides atípicas que tenían entre 1,5 y 2 veces el tamaño de los glóbulos rojos con escaso citoplasma agranular azul, cromatina agrupada y nucléolos discretos, y la inmunofenotipificación por citometría de flujo mostró células linfoides atípicas que eran positivas para CD45, CD38 y CD 56 y negativas para CD34, CD3 y CD4. CD5, CD7, CD8, CD20, CD10, CD19, CD138, kappa y lambda. Como no se pudo llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo al respecto, se realizó un estudio inmunohistoquímico de la biopsia de médula ósea, que mostró que las células linfoides atípicas eran positivas para CD45, CD3, CD2, CD56, CD38 y negativas para CD117, CD5, CD7, CD30, CD20, CD57 y EBV. Se llegó a un diagnóstico de linfoma agresivo de células natural killer. El diagnóstico fue difícil ya, que la morfología y la citometría de flujo no mostraron ninguna característica específica de la ANKL. El diagnóstico se realizó después de una inmunofenotipificación exhaustiva mediante una biopsia de médula ósea. Esto pone de relieve la importancia de utilizar marcadores de células NK cuando el panel básico de anticuerpos no es suficiente.

Abstract Aim The bifid mandibular condyle is a morphological alteration of the temporomandibular joint in which the condyle has a groove on its upper surface that generates two condylar heads. This alteration can be unilateral or bilateral. Most bifid mandibular condyles are detected by panoramic radiographs, however, Cone Beam computed tomography of the temporomandibular joint is considered the test of choice for the diagnosis of this alteration. The purpose of this work is to present a case of bilateral bifid mandibular condyle, incidentally detected by Cone Beam computed tomography requested for a presumptive diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Clinical case A 22-year old female patient with no history of craniofacial trauma requests a Cone Beam computed tomography of the temporomandibular joints due to a presumptive diagnosis of osteoarthritis. In the volume exploration, bifid mandibular condyles were found with two condylar heads, medial and lateral bilaterally, being more accentuated in the right condyle.

Resumen Objetivo El cóndilo mandibular bífido es una alteración morfológica de la articulación temporomandibular en la que el cóndilo presenta un surco en la superficie superior que genera dos cabezas condilares. Esta alteración puede ser unilateral o bilateral. La mayoría de los cóndilos mandibulares bífidos se detectan mediante radiografías panorámicas, sin embargo, la tomografía computarizada Cone Beam de articulación temporomandibular es considerado el examen de elección para el diagnóstico de esta alteración. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar un caso de cóndilo mandibular bífido bilateral detectado incidentalmente mediante una tomografía computarizada Cone Beam solicitada por un diagnóstico presuntivo de osteoartritis. Caso clínico Una paciente de 22 años sin antecedentes de traumatismos cráneo faciales solicita una tomografía computarizada Cone Beam de articulaciones temporomandibulares por diagnóstico presuntivo de osteoartritis. En la exploración del volumen se encontraron cóndilos mandibulares bífidos con dos cabezas condilares, medial y lateral de forma bilateral, siendo más acentuado en el cóndilo derecho.