Summary: The fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) and the Leaf Area Index (LAI) are biophysical variables closely related to the evapotranspiration rate of crops and their biomass production. Despite their importance, they are usually not measured directly due to their time-consuming and costly nature; however, they can be estimated on a large scale and near-real-time using spectral information captured in satellite images, although this requires prior validation at the field level. Simple linear regression models were developed and validated using 13 vegetation indices (VI) related to LAI and FCV in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Three spectral information sources were used: (i) reflectance to derive the VI; (ii) digital photographs processed with the Canopeo application to estimate FVC; and (iii) direct LAI measurements using a ceptometer. Six field samples were taken between March and June, 2020 in four alfalfa plots located in Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, Mexico. To evaluate each VI, the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were used. We found that the most suitable VI for estimating FVC was the VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 =0.987 and RMSE = 0.093). For the LAI, the VI that performed best was the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.935 and RMSE = 0.746). The results showed the suitability and practical utility of spectral information for estimating biophysical variables in alfalfa cultivation and their monitoring.

Resumen: La fracción de cobertura vegetal (FCV) y el índice de área foliar (IAF) son variables biofísicas relacionadas estrechamente con la tasa de evapotranspiración de los cultivos y su producción de biomasa. A pesar de su importancia, usualmente no se miden de manera directa debido al tiempo invertido y costo; sin embargo, se pueden estimar a gran escala y en tiempo casi real mediante información espectral captada en imágenes de satélite, pero esto requiere de su validación a nivel de campo. Se desarrollaron y validaron modelos de regresión lineal simple utilizando 13 índices de vegetación (IV) relacionados con el IAF y la FCV en alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Se usaron tres fuentes de información espectral: (i) La reflectancia para derivar los IV; (ii) fotografías digitales procesadas con Canopeo para estimar la FCV; y (iii) mediciones del IAF utilizando un ceptómetro. Se realizaron seis muestreos de campo entre marzo y junio de 2020, en cuatro parcelas de alfalfa situadas en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. Para evaluar cada IV, se utilizó el coeficiente de determinación (R2) y la raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RCME). Se encontró que el IV más apropiado para estimar la FCV fue el VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.987 y RCME = 0.093). En el caso del IAF, el IV que presentó el mejor desempeño fue el Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), R2 = 0.935 y RCME = 0.746). Los resultados mostraron la aptitud y utilidad práctica de la información espectral para estimar las variables biofísicas en el cultivo de alfalfa y su monitoreo.

Resumen (Objetivo) En este articulo se describe el proceso de elaboración de una Guia de valoración de la idoneidad didáctica de un proceso de estudio del concepto de diferencial de una función. El objetivo que se persigue es proponer un instrumento que promueva, oriente y apoye el análisis y la reflexión del profesorado en torno a los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje del concepto de diferencial. (Metodologia) El metodo de investigación empleado es el análisis de contenido y toma como punto de partida la revision sistematica de los conocimientos didactico-matematicos en investigaciones claves. El análisis esta orientado por las dimensiones o facetas que intervienen en un proceso educativo: epistémica, cognitiva, afectiva, instruccional y ecologica cuyos componentes y criterios se fundamentan en noción de idoneidad didáctica propuesta por el enfoque ontosemiotico del conocimiento y la instrucción matemáticos (EOS). (Resultados) La construccion de la Guia de valoración de la idoneidad didáctica introduce una metodologia para la reconstruccion del significado de referencia para el estudio de la diferencial en sus diversas facetas. Ademas, esta guía representa una herramienta potente para el profesor en el momento del diseño, implementación y valoración de procesos de estudio teniendo en cuenta los diversos significados de la diferencial, sus conexiones, sus potenciales conflictos semióticos y sus relaciones con otros conceptos. (Conclusiones) En línea con el marco teorico de referencia, se concluye que su uso idoneo permitiria al profesor tomar decisiones didácticas argumentadas sobre la propia gestión del proceso didactico teniendo en cuenta el contexto educativo.

Resumo (Objetivo) Este artigo descreve o processo de elaboração de um guia para avaliar a adequação didatica de um processo a fim de estudar o conceito de diferencial de uma função. O objetivo buscado e propor um instrumento que promova, oriente e apoie a analise e a reflexão dos professores sobre os processos de ensino e aprendizagem do conceito de diferencial. (Metodologia) O metodo de pesquisa utilizado e a analise de conteúdo e tem como ponto de partida a revisão sistematica do conhecimento didatico-matematico em pesquisas-chave. A analise esta norteada pelas dimensões ou facetas que intervêm em um processo educacional: epistêmica, cognitiva, afetiva, instrucional e ecologica cujos componentes e criterios se baseiam na noção de adequação didatica proposta pela abordagem ontosemiotica do conhecimento e da instrução matematica (EOS). (Resultados) A construção do Guia de avaliação da adequação didatica introduz uma metodologia para a reconstrução do significado de referência para o estudo da diferencial em suas varias facetas. Alem disso, esse guia representa uma ferramenta poderosa para o professor ao projetar, implementar e avaliar processos de estudo, levando em conta os diferentes significados da diferencial, suas conexões, seus possiveis conflitos semioticos e suas relações com outros conceitos. (Conclusões) De acordo com o marco teorico de referência, conclui-se que seu uso ideal permitiria que o professor tomasse decisões didaticas fundamentadas sobre a propria gestão do processo didatico, considerando o contexto educacional.

Abstract (Objective) This article describes the process of preparing a Guide for the Assessment of Didactic Suitability of a process for studying the concept of the differential of a function. The objective of this exercise was to propose an instrument to promote, guide and support teachers’ analysis of, and reflection on, teaching and learning processes of the differential concept. (Methodology) The research method used was content analysis, and its starting point was a systematic review of didactic-mathematical knowledge in key research. The analysis was guided by the dimensions or facets that characterize an educational process - epistemic, cognitive, affective, instructional and ecological - whose components and criteria are based on the notion of didactic suitability proposed in the Onto-semiotic Approach to Mathematical Knowledge and Instruction (OSA). (Results) The construction of the Didactic Suitability Assessment Guide introduced a methodology for the reconstruction of the reference meaning for the study of various facets of the differential. In addition, this guide represents a powerful tool for teachers at the time of designing, implementing. and evaluating study processes, taking into account the various meanings of the differential, its connections, its potential semiotic conflicts and its relationships with other concepts. (Conclusions) In line with the theoretical reference framework, it is concluded that its ideal use would allow teachers to make informed decisions about management of the didactic process, taking into account its educational context.

Abstract Introduction: Coryphaena hippurus is a species of commercial interest with a high migratory capacity, a characteristic that places it in tropical and subtropical environments, preferring areas with a temperature range between 21 and 30 °C and salinity close to 31 ppt. Although the population trend of C. hippurus is stable, the fishing of this resource is increasing and occupies important positions in the economy of the Eastern Tropical Pacific coastal countries, which demonstrates the need to design and strengthen conservation strategies for the adequate use of this resource. Given its location in tropical and subtropical environments, its availability and distribution could be affected by climate change. Objective: To analyze the current and future potential distribution of C. hippurus under climate change scenarios. Methods: Ten algorithms were used to model the potential distribution and current habitat suitability index of C. hippurus as a function of sea surface temperature, current salinity and velocity, and these results were then projected under the most extreme climate change scenario. Results: There were good performances with all the algorithms used, but the model generated with BIOCLIM (AUC: 0.89) was chosen because it also solves the problem of spatial and temporal bias found in the records of the species. The region of greatest habitat suitability for C. hippurus matches the oceanic fronts of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Under future conditions of extreme climate change, the species distribution pattern indicates a contraction, relocation, and expansion of habitat south of the equator. Conclusions: Under conditions of extreme climate change, the distribution model for C. hippurus suggests a process of topicalization of marine ecosystems in the Eastern Tropical Pacific by 2100.

Resumen Introducción: Coryphaena hippurus es una especie migratoria de interés comercial, que se encuentra en ambientes tropicales y subtropicales, prefiriendo zonas con un rango de temperatura entre 21 y 30 °C y salinidad cercana a 31 ppt. Aunque la tendencia poblacional del dorado es estable, la pesquería de este recurso está aumentando y ocupa importantes posiciones en la economía de países costeros del Pacífico Oriental Tropical, evidenciándose la necesidad de diseñar y fortalecer estrategias de conservación y mejorar el aprovechamiento de este recurso. Dada su ubicación en ambientes tropicales y subtropicales, la disponibilidad y distribución de este recurso podría verse afectado a futuro por el cambio climático. Objetivo: Analizar la distribución potencial actual y futura de C. hippurus bajo condiciones de cambio climático. Métodos: Se emplearon 10 algoritmos para modelar la distribución potencial e idoneidad de hábitat actual para C. hippurus a partir de la temperatura superficial del mar, la salinidad y velocidad de las corrientes, posteriormente se proyectaron estos resultados según el escenario de cambio climático más extremo. Resultados: Hubo buenos desempeños con todos los algoritmos empleados, pero se escogió el modelo generado con BIOCLIM (AUC: 0.89) pues además resuelve el inconveniente del sesgo espacial y temporal hallado en los registros de la especie. La región de mayor idoneidad de hábitat para C. hippurus coincide con los frentes oceánicos del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. En condiciones futuras de cambio climático extremo, el modelo de distribución de la especie indica una contracción, reubicación y expansión de hábitat hacia el sur de la línea ecuatorial. Conclusiones: En condiciones de cambio climático extremo, el modelo de distribución para C. hippurus sugiere un proceso de tropicalización de los ecosistemas marinos en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical para el año 2100.

Resumo Analisou-se a viabilidade técnica e ambiental da Erythrina poeppigiana para produzir compensados com os adesivos: fenol-formaldeído (FF); uréia-formaldeído (UF) e poliuretano à base de mamona (PU). Avaliou-se as propriedades física e mecânica: densidade aparente, teor de umidade, absorção de água, inchamento em espessura, resistência ao cisalhamento e flexão estática. Os testes apontaram a viabilidade da eritrina para produção de compensados não estruturais. A avaliação ambiental, através dos indicadores, quantificação da energia embutida e emissão de CO 2 e, demonstrou que os pain compensado produzido com adesivo PU teve melhor desempenho que os painéis com FF e UF. O tratamento T1 (FF) apresentou maior energia embutida, o T2 (UF) a maior emissão de CO 2 e. A viabilidade técnica e ambiental da eritrina para produzir compensados pode promover o desenvolvimento socioeconômico regional, ambientalmente sustentável, com vantagens em relação aos compensados estrangeiros, bem como ao desempenho ambiental.

Abstract The study analyzed the technical and environmental feasibility of using Erythrina poeppigiana to produce plywood with different adhesives: phenol-formaldehyde (PF), urea-formaldehyde (UF), and castor oil-based polyurethane (PUA). The physical and mechanical properties of the plywood were evaluated, including apparent density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, shear resistance, and static bending. Tests proved erythrina’s suitability for non-structural plywood production. The environmental impact of the production process was also evaluated, using embedded energy and CO2e emissions as indicators. The results showed that plywood produced with PU adhesive had better environmental performance compared to panels with FF and UF adhesives. T1 treatment (PF) had the highest embodied energy, while T2 (UF) had the highest CO2e emission. Overall, the study suggests that using erythrina to produce plywood can be a viable option for promoting regional socioeconomic development while also being environmentally sustainable and presents an advantage over foreign plywood in terms of environmental performance.

Summary Vasectomy is usually requested by a couple with children who consider that they have completed their family project. In the clinical practice of the urology office of the Spanish health system, the professional must respond to an increasingly frequent demand: the request for vasectomy in young and childless patients, which raises many doubts in the urologist, regarding the suitability of its realization. Vasectomy causes a supposedly irreversible loss of reproductive function. Performed at the request of healthy, young, childless men, while respecting their autonomy of decision, it can nevertheless be maleficent. This paper aims to provide bioethical arguments concerning the performance of voluntary vasectomy in these cases and to evaluate the basis of the ethical criteria usually invoked to justify it. Subsequently, the legal aspects of vasectomy in Spain and the role of the professional’s conscientious objection are analyzed.

Resumen La vasectomía es solicitada habitualmente por una pareja con hijos que considera que ha completado su proyecto familiar. En la práctica clínica de la consulta de urología del sistema sanitario español, el profesional debe dar respuesta a una demanda cada vez más frecuente: la solicitud de vasectomía en paciente joven y sin hijos, la cual despierta muchas dudas en el urólogo, relativas a la idoneidad de su realización. La vasectomía ocasiona una pérdida pretendidamente irreversible de la función reproductiva. Realizada a petición de varones sanos, jóvenes y sin hijos, respetando su autonomía de decisión, sin embargo, puede resultar maleficente. Este trabajo pretende aportar argumentos bioéticos relativos a la realización de vasectomía voluntaria en estos casos y evaluar los fundamentos de los criterios éticos invocados habitualmente para justificarla. Posteriormente, se analizan los aspectos jurídicos de la vasectomía en España y el papel de la objeción de conciencia del profesional.

BACKGROUND: There was a need to investigate the appropriateness of the standard manual wheelchairfor occupational performance in Thulamela Municipality Vhembe District, Limpopo. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional descriptive design using simple random sampling was used to select n=60 wheelchair users who were issued with standard manual wheelchairs between 2014 and 2018. The Wheelchair Outcome Measure was used to investigate the participants' level of satisfaction in engagement in ADL and IADL and the suitability of the wheelchair in terms of the user's comfort and satisfaction with positioning and prevention of skin breakdown. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The wheelchair users viewed activity participation in the home as important and were generally satisfied with their standard manual wheelchairs while performing occupational activities at home and outside the home. A total of (n=46; 78%) of the participants felt comfortable in their wheelchair. CONCLUSIONS: Wheelchair prescription should take into consideration the occupational choices of the user. Further qualitative studies to explore the factors that determined the participants' choices for their activity participation goals should be undertaken. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • Training of new occupational therapy staff in each facility in the Thulamela district to equip them with the skills to prescribe wheelchairs is necessary. • The level of importance that wheelchair participants attached to level of importance of activity participation inside and outside the home was high therefore there is a need to consider the client's occupational choices when prescribing wheelchairs. • The wheelchair needs to facilitate participation in a wide range of occupational choices ranging from self-care activities and watching TV in the home to visiting friends and family and attending events outside the home.

ABSTRACT Research on genetic improvement for the cultivation of lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) in Colombia is limited. Specifically, research related to genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) and stability in agronomic traits is scarce. This study aimed to identify superior genotypes by evaluating GEI and the stability of fruit weight (FW), ascorbic acid (AA), and yield among 10 half-sib families (HSF). Four trials were established at San Pedro de Cartago, Arboleda, Tangua and La Union of the department of Nariño (Colombia), using the randomized complete block design with four repetitions. To analyze GEI, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and some AMMI stability parameters were used. In Tangua, HSF7 and the control exhibited specific adaptation with yields of 12.82 and 13.41 t ha-1, respectively, and FW greater than 100 g. In Arboleda, HSF29 obtained the highest yield (16.14 t ha-1) with an FW of 100.53 g. HSF4, HSF28 and HSF49 reached yields above 9.0 t ha-1 and a FW greater than 100 g, indicating their stability and suitability for any of the environments evaluated. HSF25 in AA and HSF29 in yield presented specific adaptation in Arboleda. Stable families across environments with good yield were HSF4, HSF28, and HSF49, with HSF4 and HSF28 showing higher values in two of the three traits, and HSF49 excelling in all three variables. These families can be used in plant breeding programs as parents or distributed to farmers as improved varieties.

RESUMEN La investigación sobre mejoramiento genético para el cultivo de lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) en Colombia es limitada. Especificamente, la investigación relacionada con la interacción genotipo-ambiente (IGA) y la estabilidad en caracteres agronómicos es escasa. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar genotipos sobresalientes mediante la evaluación de la IGA y la estabilidad del peso del fruto (PF), ácido ascórbico (AA) y rendimiento de 10 familias de medio hermanos (FMH). Se establecieron cuatro ensayos en San Pedro de Cartago, Arboleda, Tangua y La Unión del departamento de Nariño (Colombia), utilizando el diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Para analizar el IGA se utilizó el modelo aditivo de efectos principales e interacción multiplicativa (AMMI) y algunos parámetros de estabilidad AMMI. En Tangua, FMH7 y el control presentaron adaptación específica con rendimientos de 12,82 y 13,41 t ha-1, respectivamente y PF mayor a 100 g. En Arboleda, la FMH29 obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (16,14 t ha-1) con un PF de 100,53 g. FMH4, FMH28 y FMH49 alcanzaron rendimientos superiores a 9,0 t ha-1 y un PF mayor a 100 g, lo que indica su estabilidad e idoneidad para cualquiera de los ambientes evaluados. FMH25 en AA y FMH29 en rendimiento presentaron adaptación específica en Arboleda. Las familias estables en ambientes con buen rendimiento fueron FMH4, FMH28 y FMH49, donde FMH4 y FMH28 mostraron valores superiores en dos de los tres caracteres, y FMH49 destacó en las tres variables. Estas familias pueden utilizarse en programas de fitomejoramiento como parentales o entregarse a los agricultores como variedades mejoradas.

Abstract There is currently a sensitive epidemiological moment in the country. There have been cases of patients with influenza who have died from pneumonia caused by superinfection of the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium. There has been talk in the different media about a "new bacterium" and a "killer bacterium" or "flesh eating bacterium". Documentary evidence is presented of the presence of pneumonic symptoms superinfected by S. pyogenes in 1873 in Chile. The suitability of such terms is discussed in some depth, specially, the concepts of bacterial species, clone and related.

Resumen Se cursa actualmente un momento epidemiológico sensible en el país. Han aparecido casos de pacientes con influenza que han fallecido por neumonía causada por la sobreinfección de la bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. Se ha hablado en los diferentes medios de prensa de una "nueva bacteria" y de una "bacteria asesina" o "come carne". Se presenta evidencia documental de la presencia de cuadros neumónicos sobreinfectados por S. pyogenes en 1873 en Chile. Se discute además sobre la idoneidad de tales términos, profundizando en los conceptos de especie bacteriana, clon y otros relacionados.

In this study, the analysis of metals in tap, river, wastewater, and sludge samples was conducted using ICP-OES after hotplate- or microwave-assisted digestion. Both digestion methods produced a good degree of accuracy, indicating their suitability for the analysis of the studied metals in water samples. From method development studies, 100 mL of HNO3 was found to be the optimum sample volume and acid type for digestion. The average concentrations obtained ranged from 4.9-410.8 μg/L, 5.9-465.0 μg/L, 3.6-425.4 μg/L, 16.1-647 μg/L and 9.7-784 μg/L in tap water, river, influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. All metals were below their maximum permissible limits, with the exception of Mn in all sludge samples and Pb in all tap water, Umhlathuzana River, and Northern Works influent samples. Comparable recoveries and metal concentrations were obtained by microwave and hotplate methods, suggesting that the cheaper hotplate method can be used as an effective digestion method for daily analysis. Common anion concentrations obtained ranged from 0.03-23.5 mg/L, 0.02-3 064.67 mg/L, and 0.32-175.67 mg/L for tap, river, and wastewater samples, respectively. The anion concentrations were found to be below the maximum acceptable limits indicating no negative health effect on human and aquatic life, with the exception of Cl- and SO4(2-) in Amanzimtoti and Northern River water, respectively.

The Groot Aub (GA) settlement depends entirely on groundwater for domestic purposes and other development activities. Development activities are mainly agriculture, such as animal husbandry, chicken farming and crop farming using irrigation. However, these activities have the potential to contaminate the groundwater system. A total of 87 groundwater samples were collected from the boreholes in the study area during the dry and wet season. Water quality parameters (pH, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and hydrochemistry (Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3- > SO4(2-) > Cl-) of 5 boreholes and 1 reservoir tank were analysed. The dominant cations were attributed to cation exchange processes as a coupled exchange of Na+ + K+ replacing Ca2+; and Na+ replacing Mg²+ ions in the rock-water interactions. The HCO3- anion is attributed to underlying rich carbonate rocks in the study area and chemical reactions between groundwater and silicate minerals. TDS ranged from 639.01 to 1 998.96 mg/L. The microbial levels as indicated by heterotrophic plate count (HPC) values exceed the limits imposed by the local Namibian and WHO drinking water regulations. The Piper diagrams showed a mixed water type of mainly HCO3- and SO4(2-)anions and Na+ and Ca2+ > Mg2+ cations. The study shows that the elemental composition of the groundwater is impacted significantly by primarily anthropogenic activities and secondarily geogenic processes. Based on the results of this study it is recommended that a buffer zone be created between human activities and production boreholes to avoid further groundwater contamination.

Abstract Teachers should have the competence to reflect on their own practice. The Ontosemiotic Approach offers as a tool for this purpose the “Didactic Suitability Criteria”. The objectives of the research are to refine the indicators of epistemic suitability and to deepen the epistemic dimension of the meta-didactic-mathematical knowledge of secondary school mathematics teachers in initial training. To this end, research on the object function in secondary education has been examined. In a mixed way, we have analysed, in 119 “Final Projects of the Master’s Degree (FPMD) in Secondary Mathematics Teacher Training (Catalonia, Spain)” on functions, the reflection that future teachers make on their teaching, from the epistemic suitability. Based on these analyses, the adequacy of the epistemic suitability for analysing the mathematical object function is designed. Finally, the FPMDs are reanalysed with this new guideline and it is found that their reflections present important weaknesses that could influence the quality of their instructional processes. It is concluded that if mathematics teachers were provided with a specialised guideline that makes it easier for them to consider all the meanings, representations and processes involved in the complexity of the functions, as well as the mathematical practices in which these emerge, it would improve the quality of the design, implementation, and reflection on their instructional processes.

Resumen El profesorado debe tener la competencia de reflexionar sobre su propia práctica. El enfoque ontosemiótico ofrece como herramienta para este propósito los “Criterios de Idoneidad Didáctica”. Los objetivos de esta investigación son refinar los indicadores de la Idoneidad Epistémica (IE) y profundizar en la dimensión epistémica del conocimiento meta didáctico-matemático de los profesores de matemáticas de secundaria en formación inicial. Para ello se han examinado las investigaciones sobre el objeto función en la educación secundaria. De forma mixta, se ha analizado, en 119 “Trabajos Finales del Máster (TFM) de Formación del Profesorado de Matemáticas de Secundaria (Catalunya, España)” sobre funciones, la reflexión que hacen los futuros profesores sobre su docencia, sobre la IE. A partir de estos estudios se realiza el diseño de la adecuación de la IE para analizar el objeto matemático función. Finalmente se reanalizan los TFM con esta nueva pauta y se constata que sus reflexiones presentan importantes carencias que podrían influir en la calidad de sus procesos de instrucción. Se concluye que, si se dotara al profesorado de una pauta especializada que les facilite considerar todos los significados, representaciones y procesos involucrados en la complejidad de las funciones, así como las prácticas matemáticas en las que estos emergen, mejoraría la calidad del diseño, implementación y reflexión sobre sus procesos de instrucción.

ABSTRACT The main objective of bottom and side barriers in sanitary landfills is to prevent the migration of leachates from the interior to the exterior. These liners should be designed by taking into account different properties. In many cases, to reduce costs, local soils are used as construction materials for this purpose. However, due to the great variability in the hydromechanical properties of soils, the design of lines should consider the local conditions of each location. The properties analyzed are hydraulic conductivity, Unconfined Compressive Strength and swelling potential. This article analyzes the possibility of using compacted residual soils and evaluates the variability of compaction parameters to determine the optimal construction conditions to meet international specifications for geological barriers for landfills.

RESUMEN Las barreras de fondo y laterales de los rellenos sanitarios tienen como principal objetivo evitar la migración de líquidos provenientes del interior hacia el exterior. Para la utilización de estas barreras es necesario considerar diferentes propiedades. En muchos casos, con el objetivo de disminuir los costos, se utiliza suelos locales en reemplazo de algunos materiales industrializados. Sin embargo, debido a la gran variabilidad en las propiedades hidromecánicas del suelo, se requiere que el diseño considere las condiciones locales de cada sitio. Las propiedades analizadas son la conductividad hidráulica, resistencia a la compresión simple y el potencial de hinchamiento. En este artículo se considera la posibilidad de la utilización de los suelos residuales compactados teniendo en la variabilidad de los parámetros de compactación y se determina los entornos óptimos para cumplimentar especificaciones internacionales para la conductividad hidráulica de barreras geológicas para rellenos sanitarios

Abstract Land value patterns show very distinct spatial associations with accessibility to urban centralities and physical factors in a territory. However, predictions based on models of this structure can be highly uncertain, as the underlying data also may show clustering (thus allowing for better predictions in more densely sampled areas). An assessment of this uncertainty for land value extrapolations in the San José Metropolitan Region of Costa Rica is presented, via conditional Gaussian simulation, and the determinants of this uncertainty were explored, to find spatial strengths and weaknesses in the modeling efforts. The E-Type prediction from the conditional Gaussian simulation was found to marginally improve on ordinary kriging methods and it also provided explicit uncertainty patterns, which are the inverse of the land value prediction. The estimated uncertainty was found to decrease with characteristics that identify suitability for urban land use (and thus higher land values).

Resumen Los patrones de valor del suelo muestran asociaciones espaciales claras con accesibilidad a centralidades urbanas y a factores físicos de un territorio. Sin embargo, las predicciones basadas en esta estructura pueden ser altamente inciertas, dado que los datos mismos también exhiben aglomeración (y, por tanto, permiten mejores predicciones en las zonas más densamente muestreadas). Se presenta una evaluación de esta incertidumbre para extrapolaciones de valor del suelo en la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica mediante simulaciones gaussianas condicionales y una exploración de los determinantes de esta incertidumbre, como forma de reconocer fortalezas y debilidades de esta predicción. La predicción E-Type simulada resultó marginalmente mejor que extrapolaciones mediante kriging ordinario y produjo una cuantificación espacialmente explícita de la incertidumbre. El patrón de incertidumbre resultó ser un espejo de los valores del suelo. Se encontró que la incertidumbre se reduce con características asociadas a mayor aptitud del suelo para usos urbanos y, por tanto, de mayor precio.

Abstract (Introduction) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco is a forest species of great importance for its ecosystem services and commercialization. Currently, it has been documented that climate change is affecting populations in the north of the continent; Nevertheless, how these changes will affect the distribution of the species in the future has not been assessed. (Objective) The objective of this work was to model the environmental suitability and potential distribution of P. menziesii in 3 time periods (2040, 2060 and 2080). (Methodology) Environmental suitability and potential distribution were estimated based on records and bioclimatic variables with the help of MaxEnt; transfers were made to 2 scenarios of carbon emissions in 3 time periods; finally, the loss of extension and decrease of environmental suitability were evaluated as a percentage. (Results) P. menziesii has a current potential distribution of 164 110 km2, the areas with the highest environmental suitability (> 0.5) were located in the north of the country, specifically in the states of north. However, under the climate change scenarios, these zones suffered a greater decrease in their environmental suitability of > 50 %, and their extension was reduced between 50.7 % and 92.6 %, in contrast, the most resilient populations to climate change were those in the south. (Conclusions) Pseudotsuga menziesii is favored by low temperatures, due to this, a drastic reduction in its potential distribution is expected, coupled with this, environmental suitability will drop to more than 50 % in the northern regions of the country. With a drastic loss of area, the prevalence of the species could be at a point of decline.

Resumen (Introducción) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco es una especie forestal de gran importancia por sus servicios ecosistémicos y su comercialización. Actualmente, se ha documentado que el cambio climático está afectando las poblaciones del norte del continente; sin embargo, no se ha evaluado cómo afectaría esto a la distribución de la especie en el futuro. (Objetivo) El objetivo de este trabajo fue modelar la idoneidad ambiental y la distribución potencial de P. menziesii en 3 periodos (2040, 2060 y 2080). (Metodología) Se estimó la idoneidad y distribución potencial, con base en registros y variables bioclimáticas, con ayuda de MaxEnt; se realizaron transferencias a 2 escenarios de emisiones de carbono en 3 periodos; por último, se evaluó la pérdida de extensión y disminución de idoneidad ambiental en porcentaje. (Resultados) P. menziesii tiene una distribución potencial actual de 164 110 km2, las zonas con mayor idoneidad ambiental (> 0.5) se ubicaron en el norte del país, específicamente en los estados del norte. No obstante, bajo los escenarios de cambio climático, estas áreas sufrieron mayor disminución de la idoneidad ambiental (> 50 %) y se redujo su extensión entre 50.7 % y 92.6 %; en contraste, las poblaciones más resilientes contra el cambio climático fueron las del sur. (Conclusiones) Pseudotsuga menziesii se ve favorecida por las bajas temperaturas, debido a esto, se espera un decrecimiento drástico en su distribución potencial. Aunada a ello, la idoneidad ambiental bajará a más del 50 % en las regiones norte de la nación. Con una pérdida drástica de superficie, la prevalencia de la especie pudiera encontrarse en un punto de declive.

INTRODUCTION: The choice of baseplate material for a trial complete maxillary denture is a critical decision in prosthodontic practice. One significant factor to consider is the depth of the palatal vault, which can influence the suitability of the baseplate material. Close adaptation of the denture base is essential in preventing lateral denture movement and enhancing denture retention and support. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to evaluate and determine the most suitable baseplate material to use on casts of various palatal vault depths. METHODS: A total of 120 casts with varying palatal vault depths categorized as shallow, moderate, and deep were fabricated (40 per group). Denture bases, all designed to a uniform 2-mm thickness, were created using four different commonly used materials: pink baseplate wax, self-cured acrylic resin, light-cured acrylic resin, and 3D-printed photo-polymerized resin. Both the casts and the fabricated denture bases were sectioned down the midline. Measurements of adaptation were taken from the left halves. Readings were taken of the gap between the denture bases and the casts at three predefined positions (I - incisive papilla, II - mid-palatal area and III - posterior palatal seal area. RESULTS: For shallow palates the best material (i.e., most closely adapted) in position I was light-cured acrylic, in position II was self-cured acrylic and in position III was light-cured acrylic. For moderate depth palates the best material in position I was light-cured acrylic, in position II was self-cured acrylic and in position III was light-cured acrylic. For deep palates the best material in position I was self-cured acrylic, in position II was self-cured acrylic and in position III was light-cured acrylic. CONCLUSIONS: For all three palatal depths, the material with the closest adaptation in position II (mid-palate) was the self-cured acrylic resin and in position III (the post-dam area) was the light-cured acrylic. In position I (incisive papilla) the light-cured resin performed slightly better in shallow and moderate palates and the self-cured resin in deep palates. It would thus seem that based on this study technicians and clinicians should consider using firstly light-cured acrylic resin or self-cured acrylic resin as opposed to the more commonly used pink baseplate wax for trial denture base plates.