A new alkaloid, named brazoide Ε (6), three known steroids (campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), two glucosides (3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylsitosterol and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl stigmasterol) and sucrose were isolated from the leaves and stems of Justicia wasshauseniana. Their structures were characterized using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. To reinforce the structural proposal, an acetylated derivative (6a) was obtained and its data compared to 6. Moreover, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) analysis was performed to determine the absolute stereochemistry, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the wB97X-D/def2-TZVP level, adopting functionals M06-2X and wB97X-D and base aug-cc-pVDZ, was employed to confirm the CD analysis. alkaloid 6, 6 , (6) campesterol, campesterol (campesterol βsitosterol, βsitosterol β sitosterol, sitosterol β-sitosterol stigmasterol, stigmasterol 3OβDglucopyranosylsitosterol OβDglucopyranosylsitosterol 3 O D glucopyranosylsitosterol 3OβDglucopyranosyl OβDglucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl wasshauseniana highresolution high resolution HRESIMS, HRESIMS (HRESIMS) 1D NMR, NMR NMR) IR (IR proposal 6a a (6a Moreover (CD stereochemistry timedependent time dependent TDDFT TD DFT (TD-DFT wB97XD/def2TZVP wB97XDdef2TZVP wBXDdefTZVP wB97X D/def2 TZVP def2 wB X def level M062X MX M06 2X M wB97XD wBXD augccpVDZ, augccpVDZ aug cc pVDZ, pVDZ aug-cc-pVDZ (6 (HRESIMS def2TZVP XD XDdef wBX Ddef2 Ddef D/def M0 ( defTZVP

RESUMO: O melão de polpa alaranjada honeydew apresenta elevado potencial nutricional e econômico, sendo amplamente apreciado como fruta doce e refrescante. Portanto, avaliar amostras comerciais de produtos tão relevantes para o mercado de frutas frescas é de grande importância. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a capacidade antioxidante, os parâmetros de qualidade e a composição química de melões do mercado brasileiro. Os valores de pH e ºBrix determinados para as amostras de melão foram 6,5 ± 0,30 e 9,2 ± 0,80 g/100 g (peso fresco), respectivamente, o que está de acordo com os resultados esperados para melões de alta qualidade. A análise cromatográfica revelou a sacarose (49% do açúcar total) como principal açúcar, seguida pela frutose (30%) e glicose (21%). Os carotenóides, que estão diretamente ligados à cor laranja característica, apresentaram teor total de 270,59 µg/g (peso seco). Além disso, o maior valor de b* comparado ao valor de a* indica a maior contribuição da cor amarela. Quanto ao potencial antioxidante, além de apresentar capacidade antioxidante para ambos os métodos aplicados, DPPH e FRAP, níveis variando de 16,40 ± 0,21 µmol equivalente de ácido ascórbico/g a 56,98 ± 0,80 µmol equivalente de Trolox/g (peso seco) foram encontrados nos extratos de melão. Ademais, os resultados foram maiores em termos de FRAP do que em DPPH. Desta forma, os resultados destacam os melões avaliados como fontes valiosas de compostos bioativos, como carotenóides e fenólicos, que contribuem para suas propriedades antioxidantes. Além disso, análises de cor, pH e teor de sólidos solúveis totais também refletem os atributos de qualidade. RESUMO econômico refrescante Portanto importância brasileiro 65 6 5 6, 030 0 30 0,3 92 9 2 9, 080 80 0,8 g100 100 g/10 peso fresco, fresco , fresco) respectivamente 49% 49 (49 30% (30% 21%. 21 21% . (21%) característica 27059 270 59 270,5 µgg µg seco. seco disso b amarela aplicados 1640 16 40 16,4 021 0,2 ascórbicog ascórbico 5698 56 98 56,9 Troloxg Trolox Ademais forma bioativos fenólicos antioxidantes 03 3 0, 08 8 g10 10 g/1 4 (4 (30 (21% 2705 27 270, 164 1 16, 02 569 56, g1 g/ ( (3 (21 (2

ABSTRACT: Orange-fleshed non-netted honeydew melon has high nutritional and economic potential, being widely appreciated as a refreshing sweet fruit. Therefore, evaluating commercial samples of such relevant products for the fresh fruit market is of great importance. This study investigated the antioxidant capacity, quality parameters, and chemical composition of honeydew melons from the Brazilian market. The values of pH and °Brix determined for melon samples were 6.5 ± 0.30 and 9.2 ± 0.80 g/100 g (fresh weight), respectively, which agree with the results expected for high-quality melons. The chromatography analysis revealed sucrose (49% of total sugar) as the main sugar, followed by fructose (30%) and glucose (21%). Carotenoids, which are directly linked to the characteristic orange color, showed a total level of 270.59 µg/g (dry weight). Additionally, the higher b* value compared to a* value indicates the highest yellow contribution. Regarding the antioxidant assays, in addition to presenting antioxidant capacity for both methods applied, DPPH and FRAP, levels ranging from 16.40 ± 0.21 µmol ascorbic acid equivalent/g to 56.98 ± 0.80 µmol Trolox equivalent/g (dry weight) were reported in melon extracts. Moreover, the results were higher in terms of FRAP than DPPH. Therefore, the results underscore the evaluated honeydew melons as valuable sources of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids and phenolics, which contribute to their antioxidant properties. Besides, analyses of color, pH, and total soluble solids content also reflect the quality attributes. ABSTRACT Orangefleshed Orange fleshed nonnetted non netted potential Therefore importance parameters Brix 65 6 5 6. 030 0 30 0.3 92 9 2 9. 080 80 0.8 g100 100 g/10 weight, weight , respectively highquality 49% 49 (49 sugar 30% (30% 21%. 21 21% . (21%) Carotenoids color 27059 270 59 270.5 µgg µg dry weight. Additionally b contribution assays applied 1640 16 40 16.4 021 0.2 equivalentg equivalent 5698 56 98 56.9 extracts Moreover compounds phenolics properties Besides attributes 03 3 0. 08 8 g10 10 g/1 4 (4 (30 (21% 2705 27 270. 164 1 16. 02 569 56. g1 g/ ( (3 (21 (2

RESUMO Kalanchoe daigremontiana é uma espécie ornamental de propagação obrigatoriamente assexuada. Entretanto, nenhum estudo in vitro foi realizado para avaliar a relação entre mudanças no ambiente de cultivo e variações genéticas de K. daigremontiana. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a melhor concentração de sais no meio Murashige & Skoog (MS) e a concentração de sacarose no meio de cultura, além da qualidade da luz, no desenvolvimento de plântulas de explantes foliares de K. daigremontiana. Além disso, realizamos uma avaliação genética das plântulas resultantes para estudar alterações fenotípicas que poderiam ser atribuídas à variação somaclonal utilizando marcadores da Amplificação Aleatória de DNA polimórfico (RAPD). Para tanto, explantes foliares de K. daigremontiana foram desinfestados e inoculados em diferentes concentrações de sais do meio MS (25, 50 ou 100%), sem sacarose. As culturas foram transferidas para sala de crescimento e submetidas a três condições de luz (branca, azul e vermelha) com fotoperíodo de 16 horas, mais a ausência de luz, sob temperatura de 27 ± 1 °C. Os explantes também foram inoculados em 25% das concentrações de sais do meio MS, suplementado com diferentes concentrações de sacarose (controle - sem sacarose; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%). Os explantes foliares de K. daigremontiana desenvolveram-se melhor sob luz branca e em qualquer uma das concentrações de sal do meio MS. Meio de cultura isento de sacarose pode ser utilizado e nenhuma variação no perfil genético das plântulas foi observada em comparação com as plantas-mãe nas condições de cultura testadas. assexuada Entretanto K Portanto (MS disso RAPD. RAPD . (RAPD) tanto 25, 25 (25 5 100%, 100 100% , 100%) branca, (branca vermelha horas 2 C °C controle 1,5 15 3,0 30 3 0 45 4 4, 6,0%. 60 6,0% 6 6,0%) desenvolveramse desenvolveram se plantasmãe plantas mãe testadas (RAPD (2 10 1, 3, 6,0 ( 6,

ABSTRACT Kalanchoe daigremontiana is an ornamental species propagated exclusively asexually. However, no in vitro studies have been conducted to assess the relationship between changes in the culture environment and genetic variations of K. daigremontiana. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of salts in the Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium and the optimal concentration of sucrose in the culture medium, in addition to the quality of light, in the development of in vitro plantlets from leaf explants of K. daigremontiana. Additionally, a genetic evaluation of the resulting plantlets was conducted to study phenotypic changes that could be attributed to somaclonal variation using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. For this purpose, leaf explants of K. daigremontiana were disinfected and inoculated in different salt concentrations (25, 50, and 100%) of MS medium without sucrose. The cultures were transferred to a growth chamber and subjected to three light conditions (white, blue, and red) with a 16-hour photoperiod, plus the absence of light, at a temperature of 27 ± 1 °C. Explants were also inoculated in 50% salt concentrations of MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of sucrose (control - without sucrose, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0%). K. daigremontiana leaf explants showed optimal development under white light and in any MS medium salt concentrations. A sucrose-free culture medium was viable, and no genetic variation was observed in the plantlets compared to the parent plants under the tested conditions. asexually However K Therefore (MS Additionally RAPD (RAPD markers purpose 25, 25 (25 50 100% 100 white, (white blue red 16hour hour 16 photoperiod 2 C °C control 15 5 1.5 30 3 0 3.0 45 4 4.5 6.0%. 60 6.0% . 6 6.0%) sucrosefree free viable (2 10 1. 3. 4. 6.0 ( 6.

RESUMEN El arándano es un fruto que posee una fuente importante de componentes bioactivos beneficiosos para la dieta humana, como las antocianinas y fenoles totales, que se ven alterados por el uso de temperaturas altas durante el procesamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso de redes neuronales artificiales en la optimización de la concentración de sacarosa y el tiempo para el pretratamiento osmótico de arándanos de la variedad Biloxi, con la finalidad de retener la mayor cantidad de antocianinas y componentes fenólicos totales en la elaboración posterior de mermelada. Se utilizó redes neuronales artificiales del tipo feedfoward, con algoritmo de entrenamiento de Backpropagation con ajuste de pesos de Levenberg-Marquardt para lograr la combinación óptima predicha que maximice la retención de estos componentes bioactivos. El modelo logró su mejor rendimiento con 11 neuronas en la capa oculta, logrando un coeficiente R2 de 0,98 y un error cuadrático medio de 4,76; lo que indica una gran capacidad de generalización. Las redes neuronales artificiales permitieron obtener la mejor combinación de los factores experimentales -concentración de sacarosa (1,64 M) y tiempo (211,52 min)- que maximizaron los contenidos de antocianinas monoméricas totales (70,98 mg cianidina-3-O-glucósido 100 g-1) y fenoles totales (110,54 mg AGE g-1) presentes en mermelada. En cambio, mediante optimización de respuesta se obtuvo que la combinación de factores experimentales que maximizó las antocianinas totales (71,59 mg cianidina-3-O-glucósido 100 g-1 de mermelada) fue 1,54 M de sacarosa y 232,73 min y para fenoles totales (111,06 mg GAE g-1 de mermelada) 1,79 M y 196,36 min. El uso de redes neuronales artificiales es una excelente alternativa para modelar fenómenos, en comparación con los métodos tradicionales.

ABSTRACT Blueberries are a fruit that is an important source of bioactive components beneficial to the human diet, such as anthocyanins and total phenolics, which are altered by the use of high temperatures during processing. This study aimed to evaluate the use of artificial neural networks in the optimization of sucrose concentration and time for the osmotic pre-treatment of blueberries of the Biloxi variety, to retain the greatest amount of anthocyanins and total phenolics in the subsequent preparation of jam. Artificial neural networks of the feedforward type were used, with a Backpropagation training algorithm with Levenberg-Marquardt weight adjustment, to achieve the optimal predicted combination that maximizes the retention of these bioactive components. The model achieved its best performance with 11 neurons in the hidden layer, achieving an R2 coefficient of 0.98 and a mean square error of 4.76, indicating a strong ability for generalization. Artificial neural networks allowed to obtain the best optimal combination of predicted multiple responses of factors consisting of a sucrose concentration of 1.64 M and a time of 211.52 min, which retained a higher content of total monomeric anthocyanins with 70.98 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside 100 g-1 of jam and total phenolics with 110.54 mg GAE g-1 of jam. On the other hand, through single-response optimization was obtained that the combination of experimental factors that maximized total anthocyanins (71.59 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside 100 g-1 of jam) was 1.54 M of sucrose and 232.73 min and for total phenols (111.06 mg GAE g-1 of jam) 1.79 M of sucrose and 196.36 min. The use of artificial neural networks is an excellent alternative for modeling phenomena, compared to traditional methods.

Abstract Honey is a natural sweetener with importante health benefits. As it has been widely recommended as a substitute of sucrose, it could be perceived as highly safe and healthy. However, it is still unknown what are the metabolic effects when honey is ingested freely and uncontrolled. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of ad libitum access to sweet solutions in hyperglycemic induced rats on the biochemical, anthropometric and feeding pattern of intake. Male wistar rats were assigned to three experimental groups (n=10) with exposure to sucrose solution (SS), honey solution (HS) and fructose/glucose solution (GFS) at 10% along 6 continuous weeks. Fluid intake from solution was lower in HS group (p < 0.05), however, the grams of sweetener ingested from the solution were similar among groups. Solution consumption showed an increasing pattern in HS and GFS groups, leading to an escalating intake and binge drinking. Honey solution intake was highly correlated with glucose (r= 0.87, p=0.001) and total cholesterol (r= 0.74, p=0.013) levels. The serum levels of glucose (322±186 mg/dL), total cholesterol (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) and triglycerides (156±62.2 mg/dL), were higher in HS group. The ad libitum ingestion protocol led to a high and sustained consumption of honey, exceeding four times the recommended intake of free sugars. This ingestive behavior resulted in deleterious effects in the experimental animals. Therefore, these findings should be taken into account when recommending honey consumption, as it may be perceived as a highly safe and healthy option, potentially leading to addictive behavior similar to that observed with sucrose intake.

Resumen La miel es un edulcorante natural con importantes beneficios para la salud. Como ha sido ampliamente recomendada como sustituto de la sacarosa, podría considerarse altamente segura y saludable. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia que informe cuáles son los efectos metabólicos cuando la miel se ingiere libremente y sin control. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos del acceso ad libitum a soluciones dulces en ratas con hiperglucemia inducida sobre el patrón de ingesta alimentario, valores bioquímicos y antropométricos. Se asignaron ratas wistar macho a tres grupos experimentales (n=10) con exposición a solución de sacarosa (SS), solución de miel (HS) y solución de fructosa/glucosa (GFS) al 10% durante 6 semanas continuas. La ingesta de líquidos de la solución fue menor en el grupo HS (p < 0.05), sin embargo, los gramos de edulcorante ingeridos de la solución fueron similares entre los grupos. El consumo de soluciones mostró un patrón creciente en los grupos HS y GFS, lo que llevó a una ingesta escalonada y de atracón. La ingesta de solución de miel estuvo altamente correlacionada con los niveles de glucosa (r= 0.872, p=0.00) y colesterol total (r= 0.742, p=0.01). Los niveles sericos de glucosa (322±186 mg/dL), colesterol total (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) y triglicíridos (156±62.2 mg/dL fueron mayores en el grupo HS. El protocolo de ingestión ad libitum resultó en un consumo elevado y mantenido de miel que excedía cuatro veces la ingesta recomendada de azúcares libres. Esta conducta ingestiva causó efectos nocivos en los animales de experimentación. Por ello, estos hallazgos deben ser considerados al recomendar la ingesta de miel, ya que podría percibirse como altamente segura y saludable provocando una conducta adictiva similar a la observada con la ingesta de sacarosa.

ABSTRACT • The possible production of fructo-oligosaccharides from sucrose was evaluated in the Base Business Unit (UEB) “Ignacio Agramonte'”, which currently produces sorbitol, with low exploitation of the installed capacity, due to lack of glucose. There was an opportunity in infrastructure, time and labor to convert the entity into a multipurpose plant. A simulation model of the technology for the production of fructo-oligosaccharide syrup from sucrose was developed, based on the enzymatic transformation of sucrose into fructo-oligosaccharides, using the recombinant enzyme 1-SST (1-sucrose: sucrose fructosyltransferase) expressed in Pichia pastoris, obtained at the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology at Sancti Spiritus. Model validation yielded relative errors lesser than 5 %. Two improvement alternatives were evaluated based on increasing the production of FOS by using the actual installed capacity in the sorbitol factory (alternative 1) and also increasing the initial concentration of the sucrose solution (alternative 2). Feasibility of the alternatives was evaluated by comparing the annual net cash income (Anci) and expenses. Alternative 2 was the best, producing 841,5 t of fructo-oligosaccharides in 90 working days, with a benefit/cost ratio of 1,2.

RESUMEN • Se evaluó la posibilidad de incorporar la produccón de fructo-oligosacáridos a partir de sacarosa en la Unidad Empresarial de Base (UEB) “Ignacio Agramonte” que produce actualmente sorbitol, con un bajo aprovechamiento de la capacidad instalada por falta de glucosa, existiendo oportunidad en infraestructura, tiempo y mano de obra para convertir la entidad en una planta multipropósito. Se desarrolló un modelo de simulación de la tecnología de producción de sirope de fructo-oligosacáridos a partir de sacarosa, basada en la transformación enzimática de la sacarosa en fructo-oligosacáridos, utiizando la enzima recombinante 1-SST (1-sacarosa: sacarosa fructosiltransferasa) expresada en Pichia pastoris, obtenida en el Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología de Sancti Spiritus. La validación del modelo arrojó errores relativos menores que el 5 %. Se evaluaron dos alternativas de mejoras a partir de aumentar la producción de FOS al utilizar la capacidad real instalada en la fábrica de sorbitol (alternativa 1) y además aumentar la concentración inicial de la solución de sacarosa (alternativa 2). Se evaluó la factibilidad de las alternativas al comparar la ganancia anual después de impuestos (Anci) y los egresos. La alternativa 2 resultó la mejor, produciéndose con ella 841,5 t de fructo-oligosacáridos en 90 días de trabajo, con una relacion beneficio / costo de 1,2.

Abstract The development of living beings depends on the health and chemical quality of the available water. In recent years, the importance of the environment in the spread of resistant and multi-resistant bacteria to antibiotics has been observed, a situation that has placed the problem of antibiotic resistance on a broader level and which is being studied from the perspective “One Health”. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of multi-resistant bacteria to antibiotics in irrigation water samples from the Chibunga river. Fourteen water samples of 100 mL each were collected in sterile containers and aseptically, were kept under refrigeration until analysis in the laboratory. Each sample was seeded by the surface seeding method on blood, cystine electrolyte deficient, MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella and thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agars, incubating in all cases at a temperature of 37 °C for a maximum time of 48 hours. The identification of bacterial colonies was carried out through physiological and biochemical tests according to the identification schemes indicated by MacFaddin. The resistance/sensitivity to antibiotics of the identified colonies was carried out by the disk diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Two species of multi-resistant bacteria were identified, including strains of Morganella morgani and Plesiomonas shigelloides resistant to antibiotics of clinical use such as ceftazidime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The results show that the waters of Chibunga river harbor bacteria with multi-resistance to antimicrobials, representing a contamination risk of agricultural products harvested in its vicinity, as well as for the people who use these waters.

Resumen El bienestar y desarrollo de los seres vivos depende de la calidad sanitaria y química del agua disponible. En los últimos años se ha venido observando la importancia del ambiente en la diseminación de bacterias resistentes y multirresistentes a los antibióticos, situación que ha colocado la problemática de la resistencia en un plano más amplio y que se está estudiando desde la perspectiva “One Health”. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la presencia de bacterias multirresistentes a los antibióticos en muestras de agua de riego provenientes del río Chibunga. Se recolectaron 14 muestras de agua de un volumen de 100 mL cada una, en envases estériles y de manera aséptica, las cuales fueron conservadas bajo refrigeración hasta su análisis en el laboratorio. Cada muestra fue sembrada por el método de siembra en superficie en los agares cistina electrolito deficiente, MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, tiosulfato citrato bilis sacarosa y agar sangre, incubándose en todos los casos a una temperatura de 37 °C durante un tiempo máximo de 48 horas. La identificación de las colonias bacterianas se realizó mediante pruebas fisiológicas y bioquímicas de acuerdo con los esquemas de identificación indicados por MacFaddin. El perfil de susceptibilidad a los antibióticos de las colonias identificadas se realizó por el método de difusión en disco de Kirby Bauer. Se lograron identificar 2 especies de bacterias multirresistentes, entre ellas, cepas de Morganella morganii y Plesiomonas shigelloides resistentes a antibióticos de uso clínico como ceftazidima, aztreonam, ciprofloxacino, ácido nalidíxico y trimetroprim-sulfametoxazol. Los resultados muestran que las aguas del río Chibunga albergan bacterias con multirresistencia a los antimicrobianos, representando un riesgo de contaminación de los productos agrícolas cosechados en sus inmediaciones, así como para las personas que utilizan estas aguas.

ABSTRACT In irrigated fields, sugarcane’s vegetative growth and carbohydrate consumption during ripening require ripener management options to improve crop yield. The hypothesis is that ripeners, together with nutrients, biostimulants, and amino acids, improve physiological responses that favor the quality of the raw material and increase the sucrose content. Consequently, the study aimed to evaluate the agro-industrial response of a fertigated sugarcane crop to ripening agents. The treatments consisted of applying chemical ripener (CR), nutritional ripener (NR), and a joint application of NR+CR, besides control with four replicates. Agro-industrial attributes (total soluble solids, apparent sucrose (AS), reducing sugars (RS), total recoverable sugar (TRS), purity, fiber, sucrose in the stalk (SS) were evaluated at 0 (before application), 12, 19, 36, and 60 days after application (DAA). The time modified the technological attributes of sugarcane under ripener application. The highest apparent sucrose and total soluble solids values were obtained with NR+CR compared to the control. The NR and NR+CR treatments presented the highest TRS contents (150 kg Mg-1) at 36 DAA. Furthermore, the NR+CR treatment increased fiber content but did not compromise the quality of the raw material, and it showed high contents of SS and purity percentage, as well as low contents of RS. The chemical and nutritional ripeners efficiently promoted sugarcane ripening in areas without drying off before harvest. NR application at the end of the cycle can potentially increase sugar yield. fields sugarcanes s yield nutrients biostimulants acids Consequently agroindustrial agro industrial agents CR, CR , (CR) NR, (NR) NRCR replicates Agroindustrial Agro AS, AS (AS) RS, RS (RS) TRS, (TRS) (SS application, application) 12 19 6 DAA . (DAA) 150 (15 Mg1 Mg 1 Mg-1 3 Furthermore percentage harvest (CR (NR (AS (RS (TRS (DAA 15 (1 Mg- (

RESUMO Em ambientes irrigados, o crescimento vegetativo da cana-de-açúcar e o consumo de carboidratos durante a maturação requerem o manejo de maturadores para aumentar a produtividade da cultura. A combinação de maturadores, com nutrientes e bioestimulantes como os aminoácidos, pode promover respostas fisiológicas que favorecem a qualidade da matéria-prima e aumentam o teor de sacarose. Dessa forma, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta agroindustrial da cultura de cana-de-açúcar fertirrigada aos agentes de maturação. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de maturador químico (MQ), nutricional (MN), aplicação conjunta de MN+MQ e controle com quatro repetições. Os atributos agroindustriais (sólidos solúveis totais, sacarose aparente (AS), açúcares redutores (AR), açúcares totais recuperáveis (ATR), pureza, fibra, sacarose no colmo (SS) foram avaliados em 0 (antes da aplicação), 12, 19, 36 e 60 dias após aplicação (DAA). O tempo modificou os atributos tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar sob aplicação de maturador. Os maiores valores de caldo AS e sólidos solúveis totais foram obtidos no MN+MQ em relação ao controle. Os tratamentos MN e MN+MQ apresentaram os maiores teores de ATR (150 kg Mg-1), aos 36 DAA. Além disso, o tratamento MN+MQ aumentou o teor de fibra, mas não comprometeu a qualidade da matéria-prima, e apresentou altos teores de SC e pureza, bem como baixos teores de AR. Os maturadores químicos e nutricionais foram eficientes em promover o amadurecimento da cana-de-açúcar em áreas sem secagem antes da colheita. A aplicação de MN no final do ciclo tem potencial para aumentar a produtividade de açúcar. irrigados canadeaçúcar cana açúcar aminoácidos matériaprima matéria prima forma MQ, MQ , (MQ) MN, (MN) MNMQ repetições AS, (AS) AR, AR (AR) ATR, (ATR) pureza fibra SS (SS aplicação, aplicação) 12 19 3 6 DAA . (DAA) 150 (15 Mg1, Mg1 Mg 1 Mg-1) disso matériaprima, prima, colheita (MQ (MN (AS (AR (ATR (DAA 15 (1 Mg-1 ( Mg-

Abstract Cotton is an important fiber crop, with special significance in the historical, cultural, and socio- economic development of the planet. In Peru, the great color variability of cotton fibers has allowed the commercialization of numerous textile products throughout the centuries. At present, cotton species native to South America, such as Gossypium barbadense, are constantly threatened by anthropogenic factors, and thus there is a clear need for species conservation. Therefore, this study aimed to collect G. barbadense germplasm in Peru, characterize the germplasm by fiber color, and evaluate the application of different methods of germplasm conservation. The evaluated methods were seed bank, field techniques, and in vitro culture. Two hundred seventy-six samples of G. barbadense were collected between 2017 and 2021 and classified by fiber color into monochrome and polychrome of white (114 samples), orange (107) and brown (41). The conservation methods showed that the seed bank samples ranged from 50 g to 1 kg, while 95% of the field accessions survived. In addition, seedlings presented positive developmental responses when they were grown in vitro under modified MS culture, sucrose 2.0%, vitamins, glycine 2.0 mgL-1, and AgNO3 2.0 mg L-1. This study provides evidence of the color variability of G. barbadense distributed throughout Peru, and confirms that this species can be managed and conserved using germplasm conservation methods.

ABSTRACT The need for studies that allow the use of brackish water in irrigated agriculture and the socioeconomic importance of melon cultivation in Brazil, especially for the Northeast region, which concentrates most of the national production and faces problems with the availability of good quality water for irrigation, motivated the present study. In this context, the objective of present study was to evaluate the growth, production and fruit quality of the ‘Goldex’ (yellow-type hybrid F1) melon under salt stress conditions. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design, with two salinity levels of irrigation water (0.8 and 4.0 dS m-1) and eight evaluation times (52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, and 66 days after transplanting). Variables of plant growth and development, production and quality of melon fruits were evaluated throughout the cycle. Plants had delayed growth characteristics and less development with the increase in irrigation water salinity, showing reductions of more than 20% in shoot dry weight, leaf area, number of branches and length of secondary branches and 16.7% in length of the main branch. In addition, salinity caused a delay in fruit development and a 16% reduction in final fruit weight, without significantly modifying carbohydrate and total soluble solids contents. Along the development, there was an increase in the total soluble solids content of the fruits, especially due to the increment of sucrose at the final stages of development. Brazil region context ‘Goldex Goldex yellowtype yellow type F1 F conditions design 0.8 08 0 8 (0. 40 4 4. m1 m 1 m-1 52, 52 (52 54 56 58 60 62 64 6 transplanting. transplanting . transplanting) cycle 20 weight area 167 16 7 16.7 branch addition contents 0. (0 m- 5 (5 2 16. (

RESUMO A necessidade de estudos que possibilitem a utilização de águas salobras na agricultura irrigada e a importância socioeconômica da cultura do melão no Brasil, especialmente para a região Nordeste, que concentra a maior parte da produção nacional e apresenta problemáticas com disponibilidade de água de boa qualidade para irrigação, norteou o presente estudo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o crescimento das plantas, a produção e a qualidade de frutos do híbrido de melão amarelo ‘Goldex’ (híbrido F1 tipo amarelo) sob condições de estresse salino. A pesquisa foi conduzida em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo dois níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,8 e 4,0 dS m-1) e oito épocas de avaliação (52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64 e 66 dias após o transplantio). Foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, de produção e de qualidade dos frutos de melão ao longo do ciclo. As plantas tiveram as características de crescimento retardadas e menor desenvolvimento em função do aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação, apresentando redução superior a 20% para a o peso seco da parte aérea, área foliar, número de ramos, comprimento de ramos secundários e 16,7% para o comprimento do ramo principal. Além disso, a salinidade provocou atraso no desenvolvimento dos frutos e redução de 16% no seu peso final, sem modificar significativamente os teores de carboidratos e sólidos solúveis totais. Ao longo do desenvolvimento houve aumento no teor de sólidos solúveis totais dos frutos, especialmente em função do acréscimo de sacarose nos estádios finais de desenvolvimento. Brasil Nordeste contexto ‘Goldex Goldex F salino casualizado 0,8 08 0 8 (0, 40 4 4, m1 m 1 m-1 52, 52 (52 54 56 58 60 62 6 transplantio. transplantio . transplantio) ciclo 20 aérea foliar 167 16 7 16,7 principal disso final 0, (0 m- 5 (5 2 16, (

Abstract In Mexico, due to the demand for fruit, orchards of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) variety ‘Hass’ of subtropical climate are erroneously established in cold areas, affecting their production; an alternative is to use cold-tolerant rootstocks of the Mexican race, tolerance related to the increase of sugars in areas of demand, which it shares through grafting with the ‘Hass’ variety; therefore, in 2021, the segregants of the ‘rootstocks’ duke 7, tepetl, aceitoso, and colecta 1 were evaluated at the College of Postgraduates; analyzing glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch contents in vegetative shoots at 1, 7, and 14 days of treatment; in chamber 1 (treatment) with luminosity of 380 μmol m-2 s-1 and temperatures with light of 15.61 °C, and darkness of 4.40 °C; and chamber 2 (control) with luminosity of 367 μmol m-2 s-1 and temperatures with light of 23.2 °C, and darkness of 19.29 °C, considering the factor of cold and low luminosity, it was observed that, chlorophyll in the leaves shows growth without photosynthetic deficiency in plants in both chambers; the glucose content of the ‘Hass’ variety varies according to the glucose content in the rootstock; the fructose content increases in grafted and non-grafted materials, acting as an osmoprotectant, the sucrose content increases in the grafted aceitoso material and the starch content is not affected; as a result, duke 7 and tepetl were the materials with the highest concentration of glucose and fructose under cold conditions.

Resumen Debido a la demanda de fruta, en México, las huertas de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) variedad ‘Hass’ de clima subtropical, se establecen erróneamente en zonas frías, afectando su producción; una alternativa es usar portainjertos de la raza mexicana tolerantes al frio, tolerancia relacionada con el incremento de azúcares, en áreas de demanda, que comparte a través del injerto con la variedad ‘Hass’, por lo que, en 2021 se evaluaron en el Colegio de Posgraduados los segregantes de los ‘portainjertos’ duke 7, tepetl, aceitoso y colecta 1, analizando contenido de glucosa, fructosa, sacarosa y almidón en brotes vegetativos, a los 1, 7 y 14 días de tratamiento, en la cámara 1 (tratamiento) con luminosidad de 380 µmol m-2 s-1 y temperaturas con luz de 15.61 °C y oscuridad de 4.4 °C y la cámara 2 (testigo) con luminosidad de 367 µmol m-2 s-1 y temperaturas con luz de 23.2 °C y oscuridad de 19.29 °C, considerando el factor frío y la baja luminosidad, se observó que la clorofila en las hojas, presenta un crecimiento sin deficiencia fotosintética en las plantas de ambas cámaras, el contenido de glucosa de la variedad ‘Hass’ varía de acuerdo al contenido de glucosa en el portainjerto, el contenido de fructosa, aumenta en los materiales injertados y no injertados, actuando como un osmoprotector, el contenido de sacarosa aumenta en el material aceitoso injertado y el contenido de almidón, no es afectado, resultando, duke 7 y tepetl los materiales con mayor concentración de glucosa y fructosa, en condiciones de frío.

Abstract Plantago major is a plant that has been attributed medicinal properties due to the diversity of compounds present in it. Crude extracts of this plant have been shown to aid in skin regeneration, stimulate cell proliferation, and exhibit antibacterial activity. This research aims to analyze the regenerative capacity of various extracts of P. major in an in vitro and in vivo model, including plant cell cultures, as biotechnology alternatives to produce metabolites of interest. Callus cultures were established in vitro using plant leaves cultured in M&S medium containing 50% salts and vitamins, supplemented with 2.5 mg/l TDZ, 3% m/v sucrose and pH 7. Different concentrations of P. major samples were tested to evaluate the in vitro cell migration. It was found that field extract treatment was the most efficient. Then, it was used to develop an ointment for analyzing its effect during skin wound healing phases in a murine model. The results of the in vivo regeneration model suggest that the P. major extract has anti-inflammatory properties which could increase the closure rate Thus, it is concluded that P. major species may be able to a positive effect on the acute phase of the skin wound healing.

Resumen Plantago major (llantén), es una planta a la que se le han atribuido propiedades medicinales debido a la diversidad de compuestos que presenta. Está comprobado que extractos crudos de esta especie, pueden ayudar a la regeneración de la piel, estimular la proliferación celular y que tienen actividad antibacterial. Por lo anterior, en la presente investigación se buscó analizar la capacidad regenerativa de diferentes extractos de P. major en un modelo in vitro e in vivo, incluyendo los cultivos celulares de la planta como una alternativa biotecnológica para la producción de metabolitos de interés. Para ello, se establecieron cultivos callogénicos a partir de hojas de plantas in vitro, utilizando un medio de cultivo con 50% de sales y vitaminas M&S, suplementado con 2,5 mg/l de TDZ, sacarosa 3% m/v y pH 7. Se probaron distintas concentraciones de diferentes muestras de P. major para evaluar cual era el efecto sobre la migración celular in vitro. Posteriormente, luego de seleccionar el tratamiento de extracto de campo como el más eficiente in vitro, se elaboró una crema a base de esta planta para analizar el efecto durante las diferentes fases de regeneración en piel en un modelo murino. En el caso del modelo de regeneración in vivo parece ser que el extracto de P. major ejerce una acción antiinflamatoria lo que favorece el incremento en la tasa de regeneración. De esta manera se concluye que la especie P. major podría tener un efecto positivo en la fase aguda del proceso de regeneración en piel.

FtsZ is a bacterial divisome protein responsible for Z-ring formation in cytokinesis. Characterization of Escherichia coli FtsZ protein oligomers (EcFtsZ) in native conditions is defiance because the protein is found as a multi-oligomer in self-association-dissociation equilibrium. We characterize the trimeric state of EcFtsZ through native PAGE, gel filtration chromatography and sucrose gradient techniques combined with chemical cross-linking. The filtration results indicate that the EcFtsZ trimer has a molecular mass of 131 kDa and a filtration friction coefficient (Rs/Rmin) equal to 1.9, while the theoretical filtration friction coefficient (fn/f1) calculated for a linear trimer yielded a value equal to 1.8 very close to the experimental value. On the other side, formaldehyde-crosslinked EcFtsZ showed a band 128 kDa recognized by anti-FtsZ antibodies, and a sedimentation friction coefficient (Smax/S20,w) equal to 1.9, while the theoretical sedimentation friction coefficient (Sn/S1) calculated for a triangular trimer was equal to the experimental value. These results suggest that EcFtsZ has two homotrimeric structures (linear and triangular). Finally, we report the aggregation of EcFtsZ at micromolar concentrations of Capsaicin without GTP and Mg2+.

La FtsZ es una proteína del divisoma bacteriano responsable de la formación del anillo Z en la citocinesis. La caracterización de los oligómeros de la proteína FtsZ de Escherichia coli (EcFtsZ) en su estado nativo es un desafío porque la proteína se encuentra como un multioligómero en equilibrio de autoasociación-disociación. Nosotros caracterizamos el estado trimérico de la EcFtsZ a través de técnicas de PAGE nativo, cromatografía de filtración en gel y gradiente de sacarosa combinada con entrecruzamiento químico. Los resultados por filtración indican que el trímero de EcFtsZ tiene una masa molecular de 131 kDa y un coeficiente de fricción por filtración (Rs/Rmin) igual a 1.9, mientras que el coeficiente de fricción por filtración teórico (fn/f1) calculado para un trímero lineal arrojó un valor igual a 1.8 que está muy cercano al valor experimental. Por otro lado, la EcFtsZ entrecruzada con formaldehído presentó una banda de 128 kDa reconocida por anticuerpos anti-FtsZ y un coeficiente de fricción por sedimentación (Smax/S20,w) igual a 1.9, mientras que el coeficiente de fricción por sedimentación teórico (Sn/S1) calculado para un trímero triangular resultó igual a valor experimental. Estos resultados sugieren que la EcFtsZ tiene dos estructuras homotriméricas (lineal y triangular). Finalmente, reportamos la agregación de la EcFtsZ a concentraciones micromolares de Capsaicina sin GTP y Mg2+.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the influence of carbohydrate (CHO) intake on oxidative status among women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational and comparative study was carried out with two groups of 21 women each with and without GDM in the city of Toluca, Mexico, from January to December 2022. The sociodemographic parameters were determined by administering the patients a medical history questionnaire; anthropometric parameters such as body weight and height were measured; and biochemical parameters including total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were calculated. The oxidant/antioxidant status was assessed as follows: malondialdehyde (MDA) as oxidative stress marker; and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as antioxidants. Dietary habits were evaluated through a 24-hour reminder in both groups of women to obtain the macronutrient classes, i.e., proteins, fats and CHOs. Based on the total carbohydrates (TCHOs), complex (CCHOs) and simple carbohydrates (SCHOs) such as sucrose were calculated. SCHOs per day were measured using the list of foods with sucrose content per 100 grams according to the Mexican Food Equivalence System (SMAE). The NutriKcal VO program was used for the dietary analysis. Statistical tests such as Student’s t test and Mann-Whitney U test were performed for the independent samples and nonhomogeneous variables, respectively, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) was determined using the IBM SPSS Statistics V19. Results: The results showed that the difference between the levels of TC (p < 0.029), TG (p < 0.029), enzymes CAT (p < 0.011) and SOD (p < 0.013), as well as MDA (p < 0.039) was significantly higher among patients in the group with GDM compared to that in the group without GDM. In addition, the group with GDM consumed a higher proportion of sucrose. Conclusions: Women with GDM have an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant status, influenced by the type of CHO they consume, particularly SCHOs such as sucrose.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la influencia del consumo de hidratos de carbono (HCO) sobre el estado oxidante en mujeres con y sin diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y comparativo a dos grupos de 21 mujeres con y sin DMG, respectivamente, en la ciudad de Toluca, México, de enero a diciembre del 2022. Para evaluar parámetros sociodemográficos, se les aplicó un cuestionario de historia clínica; en cuanto a los parámetros antropométricos, se les midió peso corporal y estatura; y respecto a los parámetros bioquímicos, colesterol total (CT) y triglicéridos (TG). Para evaluar el estado oxidante/antioxidante se cuantificaron, como marcador oxidante, el malondihaldeído (MDA), y como antioxidantes, catalasa (cat), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y capacidad antioxidante total (CAT). Los hábitos dietéticos se evaluaron a través de un recordatorio de 24 horas, en ambos grupos de mujeres, para obtener los macronutrientes: proteínas, lípidos e HCO. A partir de los hidratos de carbono totales (HCOT), se calcularon los hidratos de carbono complejos (HCOC) e hidratos de carbono simples (HCOS) como la sacarosa. Para el cálculo de HCOS por día, se usó la lista de alimentos con contenido de sacarosa por cada 100 gramos de consumo que emplea el Sistema Mexicano de Equivalentes; para el análisis de dieta, se utilizó el programa Nutrikcal VO. Se usaron las pruebas estadísticas t de Student para muestras independientes, U de Mann-Whitney para las variables no homogéneas y se realizó la correlación de Spearman (p < 0,05) en el programa SPSS, versión 19. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la diferencia entre los valores de CT (p < 0,029), TG (p < 0,029), las enzimas: cat (p < 0,011), SOD (p < 0,013), así como el MDA (p < 0,039), fueron significativamente mayores en las pacientes del grupo con DMG en comparación con el grupo sin DMG. Además, el grupo con DMG consumió mayor proporción de sacarosa. Conclusiones: Las mujeres con DMG tienen un desequilibrio en el estado oxidante/antioxidante influenciado por el tipo de HCO que consumen, en particular los HCOS como la sacarosa.

Abstract Potato plants are often subjected to heat stress during growth and development, resulting in loss of yield and quality. However, the possibility exists that commercially important genotypes show tolerance to heat stress. In this study, we aim to investigate the morphological and physiological effects of moderate conditions of heat stress on tuberization in nine potato genotypes, and how it affects propagation using an ex vitro and in vitro system. The plant material came from the In Vitro Germplasm Bank of the International Potato Center (CIP). The incubation temperatures of the cultures in in vitro and ex vitro conditions were the ambient in the laboratory and greenhouse, respectively. In in vitro system a randomized complete block design was employed in nine genotypes, two treatments: multiplication culture medium and the same culture medium supplemented with 8.0% sucrose and 500 mg/L-1 CCC, six flasks and five explants per experimental unit. Among all genotypes evaluated, Leona and Liberteña did not form tubers under ex vitro treatment conditions. Under in vitro conditions, Amarilis, Capiro, Perricholi and Tacna showed no evidence of tuberization, and Canchán was the only genotype where 100% formation of tuberous structures were produced in all evaluations. The findings concluded in this study showed that of all the potatoes evaluated, Canchán best responded to the evaluations under both in ex vitro and in vitro conditions, at maximum temperatures between 22.4 to 26.9 and 27.0 to 28.2 oC, respectively. Therefore, it is vitally important to consider its development potential in different producing locations around the world, which are directly and indirectly affected by climate change.