Abstract Hunting has been banned in Brazil by a Federal Law (No. 5197), except in a few cases where it has been regulated, for over 50 years now. Since then, the country suffered dramatic land use change, especially in its Central-South region. In this study we investigate the possible influence of land use change on hunters’ socioeconomic profile (e.g., education, income) and motivation (e.g., leisure or subsistence) in the Central-South Brazil since the implementation of the ban policy. On a systematic literature review we found 18 papers about hunting activities and hunters’ profile in this region, one third of which presented evidence of change in hunting activities or in hunters’ profile somehow related to land use change since 1967. With this small number of articles, it was not possible to fully assess whether there was a change in hunting culture in the target region as a result of changes in land use. However, the found studies present consistent evidence of changes in hunting culture, especially in regard to a trade on the hunted species, hunting techniques and hunters’ profile. Considering the relevance of hunting in agricultural landscapes for wildlife conservation, we hope the present results stimulate further studies on this field. No. No (No 5197, 5197 , 5197) regulated 5 now then CentralSouth Central South hunters e.g., eg e g (e.g. education income subsistence policy 1 1967 articles However species conservation field 519 e.g. (e.g 196 51 e.g 19

Resumo A caça é uma atividade proibida no Brasil por uma Lei Federal (nº 5.197), exceto em alguns casos onde é regulamentada, há mais de 50 anos. Desde então, o país sofreu uma mudança dramática no uso da terra, especialmente na região Centro-Sul. Neste estudo investigamos a possível influência da mudança no uso da terra no perfil socioeconômico (e.g., educação, renda) e motivação (e.g., lazer, subsistência) dos caçadores no Centro-Sul do Brasil desde a implementação da política de proibição. Em uma revisão sistemática da literatura encontramos 18 artigos sobre atividades cinegéticas e o perfil dos caçadores nesta região, sendo que um terço apresentou evidências de alguma mudança nas atividades cinegéticas ou no perfil dos caçadores, relacionada à mudança do uso da terra desde 1967. Com este pequeno número de artigos, não foi possível avaliar plenamente se houve mudança na cultura cinegética na região-alvo em decorrência de mudanças no uso da terra. No entanto, os estudos encontrados apresentam evidências consistentes de mudanças na cultura da caça, principalmente no que diz respeito ao comércio das espécies caçadas, técnicas de caça e perfil dos caçadores. Considerando a relevância da caça em paisagens agrícolas para a conservação da vida selvagem, esperamos que os presentes resultados estimulem novos estudos nesta área. nº 5.197, 5197 5.197 , 5 197 5.197) regulamentada anos então CentroSul. CentroSul Centro Sul. Sul e.g., eg g (e.g. educação renda lazer subsistência proibição 1 1967 regiãoalvo alvo entanto caçadas selvagem área 519 5.19 19 e.g. (e.g 196 51 5.1 e.g 5.

Abstract Implementing sustainable management strategies for common-use resources influences traditional peoples’ and communities’ territorialization processes. This article aims to provide historical context on the use of natural resources in the Amanã Lake region, Maraã, Amazonas, Brazil. It also seeks to describe the territorial boundaries and hunting areas of one riverine community, presenting a proposal for establishing a sustainable management plan for subsistence hunting. Data covered a fifty-year period and were obtained through semi-structured interviews, systematic mapping of hunting locations, and participatory mapping of natural resource use in the region. The proposed take and no-take zones for wildlife management were based on previously established models in the region and on discussions with the villagers. Over the studied period, two territorial perspectives were identified, and their co-occurrence has had significant impacts on the territoriality of the community. The hunting area used by villagers decreased as its designated use area did, but at a different pace. This shift led to overlaps and conflicts over resource use. The proposed spatial wildlife management plan (area of 22,216.22 ha) was considered appropriate by the villagers, but there is still a need to develop this strategy based on local territorialities. commonuse common peoples communities processes Maraã Amazonas Brazil community fiftyyear fifty year semistructured semi structured interviews locations notake no identified cooccurrence co occurrence did pace 2221622 22 216 22,216.2 ha territorialities 222162 2 21 22,216. 22216 22,216 2221 22,21 222 22,2 22,

Resumo A adoção de estratégias de manejo sustentável de recursos de uso comum é uma forma de interferir nos processos de territorialização de povos e comunidades tradicionais. Este artigo visa contextualizar historicamente o uso de recursos naturais na região do lago Amanã, Maraã-AM, descrever a delimitação territorial e as áreas de caça de uma comunidade ribeirinha e apresentar uma proposta de zoneamento para o manejo sustentável da caça de subsistência. Os dados abrangem um recorte temporal de cinquenta anos e foram obtidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, mapeamento sistemático de pontos de caça e mapeamento participativo do uso de recursos na região. A proposta de zoneamento formulada buscou referências em modelos consagrados e na discussão junto à comunidade. Ao longo do período analisado foram identificadas duas lógicas territoriais cuja combinação tem impactos importantes na territorialidade da comunidade estudada. A área de caça utilizada por moradores da comunidade acompanha a tendência de retração da área de uso a ela destinada, porém em ritmo distinto, gerando sobreposições e conflitos. A proposta de zoneamento para manejo espacial de fauna (de 22.216,22 ha de área) foi considerada adequada pelos comunitários, mas segue sendo necessário desenvolver esta estratégia de manejo da fauna com base nas territorialidades locais. tradicionais Amanã MaraãAM, MaraãAM Maraã AM, AM Maraã-AM subsistência semiestruturadas estudada destinada distinto conflitos 2221622 22 216 22.216,2 comunitários locais 222162 2 21 22.216, 22216 22.216 2221 22.21 222 22.2 22.

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos a partir de las investigaciones desarrolladas en el sitio Laguna del Indio (37° 25’ 33”S-61° 55’ 18”O, partido de Coronel Suárez, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina). Se trata de un sitio en estratigrafía, ubicado sobre la costa este de la laguna homónima. En este sector se realizaron excavaciones y la recolección de materiales en superficie, a partir de los cuales se recuperaron restos arqueofaunísticos, artefactos líticos y fragmentos cerámicos. El análisis de los materiales y un conjunto de dataciones radiocarbónicas permiten proponer que la laguna funcionó como espacio para la instalación de campamentos residenciales de corta duración y para el desarrollo de prácticas venatorias durante el Holoceno medio y tardío. Asimismo, se discuten aquí las tendencias presentes acerca de las pautas de consumo, el abastecimiento de recursos líticos y la variabilidad artefactual.

Abstract This paper presents the results of research carried out at the Laguna del Indio site (37° 25’ 33” S – 61° 55’ 18” W), district of Coronel Suárez, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The stratigraphic site is located in the eastern sector of the homonymous lagoon. Excavations and the collection of surface materials recovered archaeofaunistic remains, lithic artifacts, and potsherds. Analysis of the materials and a set of radiocarbon dates indicate that the lagoon functioned as a space for short-term residential camps and the development of hunting practices during the middle and late Holocene. Current debates on consumption patterns, the supply of lithic resources, and artefactual variability are discussed.

Resumen. En ambientes Neotropicales, sabemos poco sobre la abundancia de vertebrados silvestres tradicionalmente cazados. Con base en registros de cacería de subsistencia (2005-2019) así como en información etnográfica proveniente de campesinos-cazadores mayas, evaluamos la fluctuación interanual en la tasa de captura de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) en una comunidad del noroeste de la Península de Yucatán. Encontramos que el número de presas disminuyó con los años, mostrando una tasa de captura (presas/salida) a la baja hasta 50% menor entre el primer (2005-2006) y tercer periodo (2010-2011) de registros. La mayoría de los entrevistados (74%; N = 31) percibieron dicha disminución del venado principalmente en los últimos 10 años y asociada a la cacería (71%). La consistencia entre la tendencia de caza y la percepción de los campesinos sobre la abundancia del venado sugiere que esta especie podría estar en riesgo ante futuros escenarios de uso en el noroeste del Mayab contemporáneo.

Abstract. In Neotropical environments, we know little about the abundance of wild vertebrates traditionally hunted. Based on subsistence hunting records (2005-2019) as well as ethnographic information from Maya peasant-hunters, we assessed the inter-annual capture rate of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a rural community in the northwest of the Yucatan Peninsula. We found that the number of prey decreased over the years, showing a declining capture rate (prey/trip) that decreased by as much as 50% from the first (2005-2006) to the third period (2010-2011) of records. The majority of peasant-hunters interviewed (74%; N = 31) perceived this reduction in deer to have taken place mainly over the past 10 years as consequence of hunting (71%). The agreement between the hunting trend and peasants’ perceptions regarding the abundance of white-tailed deer suggests that this species may be at risk in future scenarios of use in northwest of contemporary Mayab.

Resumo O helminto Echinococcus vogeliRausch & Bernstein, 1972 é o agente causador da Equinococose Neotropical, uma doença zoonótica crônica e endêmica da região Neotropical. Este parasito é transmitido entre o cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus) e suas presas, como pacas (Cuniculus paca) e cutias (Dasyprocta spp.). No Brasil, a maioria dos casos humanos de Equinococose Neotropical é registrada nos estados do Acre e Pará, embora existam poucos dados disponíveis sobre a ocorrência de potenciais hospedeiros definitivos e intermediários de E. vogeli na Amazônia. No presente estudo, foram investigadas áreas de floresta ao redor de 46 comunidades humanas localizadas no interior e entorno de seis unidades de conservação de uso sustentável no sudoeste da bacia amazônica brasileira e, por meio de armadilhas fotográficas, foram avaliadas as presenças de potenciais hospedeiros silvestres de E. vogeli. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados o padrão de consumo da carne dos hospedeiros silvestres por meio de entrevistas com 136 moradores dessas comunidades. Foram registradas pacas, cutias e cachorros-vinagre, bem como cães domésticos (Canis familiaris) utilizando os mesmos habitats, todos potenciais reservatórios da Equinococose Neotropical. Além disto, confirmamos a alto consumo de paca e cutia nas comunidades. Os dados do presente trabalho contribuem para pesquisas em andamento sobre a presença dos potenciais reservatórios de E. vogeli em ambientes brasileiros.

Abstract The helminth Echinococcus vogeliRausch & Bernstein, 1972 is a causative agent of Neotropical Echinococcosis, a chronic zoonotic disease which is endemic to the Neotropical region. This parasite is transmitted from bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) to their prey, which include lowland pacas (Cuniculus paca) and agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.). In Brazil, most human cases of Neotropical Echinococcosis have been recorded in the Amazonian states of Acre and Pará, although few data are available on the occurrence of the potential definitive or intermediate hosts of E. vogeli in the Amazon region. In the present study, we surveyed the forests surrounding 46 human communities located within and around of outside six sustainable-use protected areas in the southwestern Amazon basin of Brazil. The forests were surveyed using camera traps to determine the local presence of potential wild hosts of E. vogeli, and the exploitation of these hosts for game meat was evaluated through interviews with 136 subsistence hunters resident in the local communities. We recorded pacas, agoutis, and bush dogs, as well as domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), all potential reservoirs of Neotropical Echinococcosis, using the same habitats. We also confirmed the frequent consumption of paca and agouti meat by subsistence hunters and their families in the study communities. Our data contribute to the understanding of the occurrence of E. vogeli in Brazilian ecosystems.

ABSTRACT Subsistence hunting is the main source of protein for forest reserve dwellers, contributing to the development of spurious infections by Calodium hepaticum, frequently associated with the consumption of the liver from wild mammals. The prevalence of infections by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal protozoa is considered an indicator of the social vulnerability of a country, besides providing information on habits, customs and quality of life of a given population. Intestinal parasites mostly affect poor rural communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study reports the results of a parasitological survey carried out in 2017 and 2019, in two municipalities (Xapuri and Sena Madureira) in Acre State. Stool samples were collected from 276 inhabitants. Upon receipt, each sample was divided into two aliquots. Fresh samples without preservative were processed and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. Samples fixed in 10% formalin were processed by the spontaneous sedimentation and the centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Calodium hepaticum eggs were found in three stool samples. The overall STH prevalence was 44.9%. The hookworm prevalence (19.2%) was higher than that of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.7%), an unexpected finding for municipalities belonging to the Western Brazilian Amazon. When considering parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli showed the highest positivity rates, of 13% and 10.9%, respectively. This study is the first report of spurious infection by C. hepaticum among forest reserve dwellers that consume undercooked liver of lowland pacas. Additionally, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in Acre State.

RESUMO As palmeiras têm sido consideradas uma importante fonte de matéria-prima lenhosa em substituição à madeira, contudo, os usos dos caules de espécies nativas do Brasil são conhecidos apenas em nível local ou regional. Realizamos uma revisão da literatura sobre o conhecimento tradicional dos usos dos caules de espécies de palmeiras nativas do bioma Amazônia no Brasil, e relacionamos os tipos de uso com as características morfológicas dos caules. A revisão resultou em informações sobre 45 espécies com caules solitários ou cespitosos, e seis tipos de tamanhos de caules: alto (15 espécies), médio a curto (3), médio (5), pequeno (17), acaulescente (1) e escandente (4). Encontramos 80 indicações de uso dos caules em sete categorias e 14 subcategorias. Uma análise de similaridade mostrou que, em geral, caules com portes altos, médios a curtos, médios, pequenos (≥ 10 cm de diâmetro) e escandentes, solitários ou cespitosos, são usados para construções, móveis, artesanatos, utensílios, ferramentas e instrumentos musicais. Apenas caules de pequeno porte (< 10 cm de diâmetro) são usados para fazer armas para caça e pesca, e os caules escandentes para confecção de cordas. Caules de Socratea exorrhiza, Euterpe oleracea e Desmoncus polyacanthos são os mais utilizados para atender às necessidades de subsistência em comunidades tradicionais da Amazônia brasileira. Nossos resultados indicam o uso potencial dos caules de diversas espécies nativas de palmeiras como fontes de materiais alternativos na indústria manufatureira e como fontes de renda sustentável para as comunidades amazônicas.

ABSTRACT Palms may be an important source of renewable raw material to replace wood, however, the uses of the stems of native species of the Brazil are known only at the local or regional level. We carried out a literature review on the traditional knowledge of the uses of the stems of palm species native to the Amazon biome in Brazil, and related the types of uses with morphological characteristics of the stems. The review resulted in information on 45 species with solitary or cespitose stems, and six stem-size types: tall (15 species), medium-short (3), medium (5), small (17), acaulescent (1) and climbing (4). We found 80 indications of stem use in seven categories and 14 subcategories. A similarity analysis showed that, in general, tall, medium-short, medium, small (≥ 10 cm in diameter) and climbing stem types, solitary or cespitous, are used for construction, furniture, handicrafts, utensils, tools and musical instruments. Only small stems (< 10 cm diameter) are used to manufacture weapons for hunting and fishing, and climbing stems are used in the manufacture of ropes. Stems of Socratea exorrhiza, Euterpe oleracea and Desmoncus polyacanthos are the most frequently used to meet subsistence needs in traditional communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Our findings indicate that there is a potential for use of several native palm stems as sources for alternative materials in the manufacture industry and as sustainable income sources for Amazonian communities.

Abstract: To study the diet of a sample of peasants from Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico who suffered seasonal changes in body composition, we conducted an observational study of dietary patterns over 24-hour periods made at 15-day intervals during the 2001-2002 agricultural cycle. The study was complemented with a list of locally hunted, harvested or gathered foods, obtained from key informant interviews in 2018. Significantly more Kilocalories (Kcal) were obtained from the local environment than from store-purchased foods in both seasons, emphasizing the dietary importance of local subsistence production over commercial endeavors. There were no Kcal differences between seasons. Food obtained from agricultural plots, backyards and woodlands offered a balanced diet, but diversity was greater during the abundance season. The results suggest that the reported weight loss during the scarcity season is not due to a lack of food, but to the deterioration of the diet´s complementarity which store foods are unable to compensate for.

Resumen: Se comparó la dieta y su estacionalidad en una muestra campesina de Calakmul, Campeche, México, que había mostrado cambios estacionales en su composición corporal. Se realizó un estudio quincenal de pesado y consumo de alimentos durante el ciclo agrícola de 2001-2002, que se complementó con un listado de alimentos cazados, cosechados o recolectados localmente obtenido en 2018 de informantes claves. Las kilocalorías (Kcal) ingeridas de origen local fueron significativamente mayores a las de alimentos comprados tanto en la temporada de abundancia como en la de escasez, lo que sugiere que en esta población el sistema de producción de alimentos sigue siendo más importante para la dieta que los ingresos monetarios. A pesar de las pérdidas de peso durante la temporada de escasez reportadas con anterioridad, no se encontraron diferencias en Kcal consumidas entre temporadas. Los alimentos del solar, la milpa y el monte ofrecen una dieta más diversa durante la temporada de abundancia, por lo que se concluye que los cambios observados en el fenotipo no son una consecuencia de la falta de alimentos, sino del menoscabo estacional en la complementariedad de la dieta que la comida comprada no puede subsanar.

Resumen: Sin duda, la relación entre los perros y los seres humanos en el Ártico ha evolucionado o se ha adaptado a medida que las poblaciones han pasado de un nomadismo estacionario a un sedentarismo parcial, de una economía de subsistencia tradicional a una economía dependiente del mundo industrial. En este documento analizamos esos cambios evolutivos entre los inuit, una sociedad de cazadores y pescadores, centrándonos sobre todo en el caso de Kalaallit Nunaat (Groenlandia), donde los cánidos siguen siendo genuinos y pertenecientes a una de las razas más antiguas del mundo y reconocida como tal desde 1990. Igualmente, explicamos la especial relación simbiótica entre los perros y los cazadores inuit, haciendo hincapié en su conceptualización desde una comunidad tradicional a una sociedad moderna que se resiste a perder su identidad cultural, pese a verse afectada por el proceso de globalización, la contaminación medioambiental y el calentamiento global del planeta.

Abstract: Undoubtedly the relations between dogs and human beings in the Artc has evolved or adapted as populations went from a seasonal nomadism to a partial sedentarism, from a traditional subsistence economy to have their economy depend on the industrialized world. In this article, we analyze those evolutionary changes among Inuit people, a hunting and fishing society, by focusing on the case of the Kalaallit Nunaat people (Greenland), where dogs continue to be genuine, descended from one of the world’s oldest races, and acknowledged as that from 1990. Similarly, we explain the special symbiotic relation between dogs and Inuit hunters, underlining this concept from a traditional community embedded in a modern society that opposes the loss of their cultural identity, despite suffering the consequences of the globalization process, environmental pollution, and global warming.

Resumo: Sem dúvida, a relação entre os cachorros e os seres humanos no Ártico tem evolucionado ou se tem adaptado conforme as populações têm passado de um nomadismo estacionário a um sedentarismo parcial, de uma economia de subsistência tradicional a uma economia dependente do mundo industrial. Nesse artigo analisamos esses câmbios evolutivos entre os inuit, uma sociedade de caçadores e pescadores, focalizando principalmente o caso de Kalaallit Nunaat (Groenlândia), onde os caninos continuam sendo genuínos e pertencem a uma das raças mais antigas do mundo, assim reconhecida desde 1990. Igualmente, explicamos a relação simbiótica especial entre os cachorros e os caçadores inuit, salientando na sua conceptualização desde uma comunidade tradicional a uma sociedade moderna, que se resiste a perder sua identidade cultural, embora seja afetada pelo processo de globalização, a contaminação meio ambiental e o aquecimento global do planeta.

ABSTRACT This workpresents the first systematic zooarchaeological informationfor the Strobel plateau. The bone record presented was retrieved from excavations made in hunting blinds, sites with a remarkable frequency in the región. The purpose of this work is twofold. First, since bone conser- vation represents a major problem for the archaeological studies of the plateau, to the objective is to distinguish, from a taphonomic perspective, the existence of more and less conservative sectors of bone evidence within the area. Second, the subsistence strategies adopted in the plateau during the Late Holocene will be assessed in order to discuss the presence of faunal management varia- bility. The results indicate that although the plateau occupation exhibits a marked logistic and/ or seasonal character, the adopted strategies are characterized by the development of multiple alternatives and different modalities in relation to the use of faunal resources.

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta la primera información zooarqueológica sistemática para la meseta del Strobel. La totalidad del registro óseo presentado procede de excavaciones realizadas en estructuras de parapetos, sitios que exhiben una notable frecuencia en la región. El propósito de este trabajo es doble. En primer lugar, dado que la conservación ósea representa una pro blemática importante en la arqueología de la meseta, se busca distinguir, desde una perspectiva tafonómica, la existencia de sectores más y menos conservativos de evidencia ósea en el interior del área. En segundo lugar, se evalúan las estrategias de subsistencia implementadas en la meseta durante el Holoceno tardío con el objeto de discutir la presencia de variabilidad en el manejo de la fauna. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, si bien la ocupación de la meseta exhibe un marcado carácter logístico y/o estacional, las estrategias implementadas se caracterizan por el desarrollo de alternativas múltiples y diferentes modalidades en relación con la utilización de los recursos faunísticos.

RESUMEN El venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus), es un recurso importante para las comunidades rurales por los bienes que aporta a las familias campesinas e indígenas. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el conocimiento tradicional y el valor nutricional de O. virginianus en la comunidad de Pitzotlán, Morelos, México. Se aplicaron entrevistas a profundidad a once cazadores, observación participante y recorridos guiados. Para el análisis nutricional de la carne de venado se emplearon técnicas de la Asociación Oficial de Químicos Analíticos (AOAC International). Los cazadores locales reconocen diferentes aspectos de la biología de la especie como hábitos alimentarios, dimorfismo sexual, época de reproducción y comportamiento social. Se registran tres técnicas de cacería: "arreadas" (100 %), "espiadas" (100 %) y "lampareadas" (54 %), las cuales se practican en áreas agrícolas y forestales de selva baja caducifolia. Las "arreadas" como practica colectiva para la cacería del venado, son concebidas como espacios de recreación y socialización comunitaria. Las categorías de uso registradas fueron en las siguientes proporciones: alimentario, medicinal y ornamental (100 %), herramienta (45 %), amuleto (10 %) y venta (10 %). Las principales formas de preparación fueron el "guaxmole", barbacoa, "asadura", carne seca, carne frita y bistecs. La carne de venado (base seca) reportó 75,14 gr/100 gr de proteínas y 7,88 gr/100 gr de minerales totales. El venado cola blanca es un recurso faunístico importante para las familias campesinas de Pitzotlán, debido a que los conocimientos tradicionales sobre su apropiación tienen una función en su alimentación, salud, cosmovisión y vida comunitaria.

ABSTRACT The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is an important resource for rural communities for the goods it contributes to peasant and indigenous families. The objective of the research was to analyze the traditional knowledge and nutritional value of O. virginianus in the community of Pitzotlán, Morelos, Mexico. In-depth interviews were applied to eleven hunters, participant observation and guided tours. For the nutritional analysis of venison, techniques from the Official Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC International) were used. Local hunters recognize different aspects of the biology of the species such as feeding habits, sexual dimorphism, breeding season and social behavior. Three hunting techniques are recorded: "arreadas" (100 %), "espiadas" (100 %) and "lampareadas" (54 %), which are practiced in agricultural and forest areas of low deciduous forest. The "arreadas" as a collective practice for hunting deer, are conceived as spaces for recreation and community socialization. The categories of use registered were in the following proportions: food, medicinal and ornamental (100 %), tool (45 %), amulet (10 %) and sale (10 %). The main forms of preparation were "guaxmole", barbecue, "asadura", dried meat, fried meat, and steaks. Venison meat (dry basis) reported 75.14 g / 100 g of protein and 7.88 g / 100 g of total minerals. The white-tailed deer is an important wildlife resource for the rural families of Pitzotlán because the traditional knowledge about its appropriation has a role in their diet, health, worldview, and community life.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the ethnozoological knowledge that the inhabitants of the Bonifacio García community, Morelos, Mexico, conserve about wild vertebrate. Semi-structured interviews were applied to 30 key informants, through participant observation and guided tours, traces such as footprints, excreta, burrows and pelts and in vivo observation were researched for the identification of the mentioned species and the following indexes were calculated: value of diversity of use for each species (VDS) and of medicinal uses (DVM), as well as the diversity index of the treated diseases (DITD). The study recorded a total of 42 wild vertebrate species, of these 28 are used: mammals 39.3%, birds 32%, reptiles 18%, fish 7.1% and amphibia 3.6%. The main use values were alimentary (0.54), medicinal (0.46) and ornamental (0.43). The white-tailed deer, the black iguana and the rattlesnake registered 0.57 of VDS and a DVM of 0.19. The main diseases treated are cancer, respiratory and skin diseases and rheumatism with an DITD of 0.17. The animals are obtained by means of subsistence hunting in the fields (50%), croplands (43%) and backyards (7%), using most frequently shotguns as arms for capture. We conclude that the appropriation of vertebrates complements basic needs for food and health; therefore, ethnozoological knowledge must be integrated into public policies that enable the conservation and management of wild fauna in the community.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el conocimiento etnozoológico que conservan de los vertebrados silvestres los habitantes de la comunidad Bonifacio García en Morelos, México. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 30 informantes clave, mediante la observación participante y recorridos guiados se buscaron rastros como huellas, excretas, madrigueras, pieles y observación in vivo para la identificación de las especies citadas y se calcularon los siguientes índices: valor de diversidad de uso para cada especie (VDE) y de uso medicinal (VDM), así como el índice de diversidad de las enfermedades tratadas (IVDE). Se reportan 41 especies de vertebrados que los entrevistados reconocen, de los cuales 28 son aprovechados: mamíferos 39.3%, aves 32%, reptiles 18%, peces 7.1% y anfibios 3.6%. Los principales valores de uso fueron alimentario (0.54), medicinal (0.46) y ornamental (0.43). El venado cola blanca, la iguana negra y la víbora de cascabel registraron 0.57 de VDE y un VDM de 0.19. Las principales enfermedades tratadas son: cáncer, afecciones respiratorias, enfermedades de la piel y reumatismo con un IVDE de 0.17. La apropiación de los vertebrados silvestres se lleva a cabo por medio de la cacería de subsistencia en el campo (50%), terrenos de cultivo (43%) y el traspatio (7%) utilizando con mayor frecuencia escopeta como arma de captura. Se concluye que la apropiación de vertebrados permite complementar necesidades básicas de alimentación y salud; por lo que los conocimientos etnozoológicos deben de integrarse a políticas públicas que permitan la conservación y manejo de la fauna silvestre en la comunidad.

Abstract: measured by common skeletal stress markers for these coastal populations. Individuals analyzed dated to the Archaic (c. 7000 BC-200 AD, n=95) and Diaguita (c. 1000-1536 AD, n=75) periods. The Archaic individuals practiced gathering and hunting subsistence, relying on desert and ocean resources. The Diaguita practiced a subsistence strategy including agriculture, food collecting from the Pacific, and camelid pastoralism. As per health index methodology, seven indicators were scored (stature, linear enamel hypoplasia, dental disease, cribra orbitalia/porotic hyperostosis, infection, degenerative joint disease, and trauma). Results indicated equal health index values for both samples, although there were some differences in individual indicator values. The risk of having any pathology did not increase with age-at-death. Essentially, health as measured by common stress markers did not vary substantially after subsistence change. Such results are further evidence that the hypothesis of a health decline after subsistence change to agriculture is not always demonstrated, and it is important to elucidate what buffering variables beyond diet, to include cultural adaptations, may be at play.

Resumen: Los restos de esqueletos humanos del norte semiárido de Chile prehistórico fueron analizados utilizando el Índice de Salud del Hemisferio Occidental para comprobar si el cambio de subsistencia de la recolección/caza a la agricultura estuvo acompañado por una disminución en el estrés fisiológico de acuerdo con la medición realizada por marcadores de estrés esquelético comunes para estas poblaciones costeras. Los individuos analizados datan de los periodos Arcaico (c. 7000 AC-200 DC, n = 95) y Diaguita (c. 1000 - 1536 DC, n = 75). Los individuos Arcaicos practicaron la recolección y la caza para subsistir, dependiendo de los recursos del desierto y del océano. Los Diaguita practicaron una estrategia de subsistencia que incluía la agricultura, la recolección de alimentos del Pacífico y el pastoreo de camélidos. Según la metodología del índice de salud, se midieron siete indicadores (estatura, hipoplasia lineal del esmalte, enfermedad dental, cribra orbitalia/hiperostosis porótica, infección, enfermedad degenerativa de las articulaciones y trauma). Los resultados dieron valores de índice de salud iguales para ambas muestras, aunque hubo algunas diferencias en los valores del indicador individual. El riesgo de padecer cualquier patología no aumentó con la edad al momento de la muerte. Esencialmente, la salud medida por los marcadores de estrés comunes no varió sustancialmente después del cambio de subsistencia. Tales resultados constituyen evidencia adicional de que no siempre se demuestra la hipótesis de un deterioro en la salud después del cambio de subsistencia a la agricultura, y de que es importante dilucidar qué variables amortiguadoras más allá de la dieta, para incluir adaptaciones culturales, puedan estar en juego.

Abstract: This paper presents the techno-typological analysis carried out on the projectile points of Boyo Paso 2 (1500-750 year BP, Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina), in order to assess how the dynamic of the late prehispanic sociocultural process influenced the design of hunting weapons. Projectile points were described in techno-typological terms, classified in typological subgroups and functionally assigned to arrow or dart point. The subgroup of tiny arrowpoints with short triangular-shaped blade, con- tracted stems and barbed shoulders dominates the assemblage. All of them were made of opal and chalcedony, a high quality rock for tool knapping. Moreover, a subgroup of quartz unstemmed with a triangular-shaped blade and concave base dar- tpoints as well as another subgroup of bone arrowpoints with triangular-shaped blade, straight stems and barbed shoulders were also recognized. The diversity of projectile point-types and hafting methods identified in Boyo Paso 2, along with the extensive use of the bow, the selection of high-quality lithic raw material and the incorporation of bone-tipped projectiles, led to interpret that hunting was not a complementary subsistence activity. Instead, it was integrated in a mixed foraging and cultivation economy where flexibility was one of its defining traits.

Resumen: Se presentan los resultados obtenidos del análisis tecno-tipológico efectuado sobre las puntas de proyectil recuperadas en el sitio Boyo Paso 2 (1500-750 AP, Sierras de Córdoba, Argentina), intentando establecer cómo la dinámica socioeconómica tardía se reflejó en el diseño de los artefactos. Los cabezales fueron analizados consignando atributos tipológico-descriptivos, clasificados en subgrupos tipológicos y finalmente adscritos funcionalmente. El subgrupo tipológico de puntas de proyectil con pedúnculo diferenciado, aletas entrantes y limbo triangular corto de tipo isósceles dominó el conjunto, siendo la calcedonia y el ópalo la roca seleccionada para su elaboración. También se documentaron puntas de proyectil de dimensiones ligeramente mayores en cuarzo, con limbo triangular y base escotada, así como fragmentos asignados a puntas de proyectil de hueso con pedúnculo aserrado y aletas entrantes. La diversidad de cabezales recuperados, junto con los distintos sistemas de enmangue, la adopción generalizada del arco como forma de propulsión, el empleo selectivo de rocas y la incorporación de materias primas óseas, es interpretada como un indicador arqueológico de que la caza no era una actividad complementaria. Por el contrario, integraría junto al cultivo y la recolección un sistema económico de tipo mixto, en donde la flexibilidad fue uno de los rasgos definitorios.

Se identificaron Ixodidae del género Amblyomma en 65 ejemplares de pecaríes tayasuidos de vida libre (43 Tayassu pecari y 22 Pecari tajacu), aprovechados de la cacería de subsistencia en la comunidad de San Luis Chico de la Reserva de Biosfera y Territorio Indígena Originario Campesino Pilón Lajas. Los ixodidos se colectaron entre julio y septiembre de 2010 y mayo a julio de 2011. La identificación sistemática y el análisis morfológico se realizaron utilizando claves taxonómicas con el estereomicroscopio y micrometría con el programa computarizado Motic Versión 2.0. En Tayassu pecari se encontraron cuatro especies de garrapatas; Amblyomma naponense (86.05%), A. oblongoguttatum (58.1%), A. brasiliense (55.81%) y A. sculptum (2.32%). En Pecari tajacu se encontró Amblyomma naponense (95.5%), A. oblongoguttatum (64%) y A. brasiliense (23%). El análisis para determinar la asociación de garrapatas frente a los hospederos tayasuidos mostró diferencia significativa (p≤0,05) de A. brasiliense, que podría atribuirse a la especificidad parasitaria del ixodido hacia tayasuidos y su endemismo en Sudamérica; el análisis frente a las variables de edad y sexo no fue significativo, por lo que concluimos que los ixodidos formarían parte normal de la fauna parasitaria de los tayasuidos. El presente estudio constituye el primer registro de garrapatas del género Amblyomma en tayasuidos del Departamento del Beni, y el primer reporte de A. brasiliense para Bolivia.

Ixodidae of the genus Amblyomma were identified in 65 specimens of wild tayasuids peccaries (43 Tayassu pecari and 22 Pecari tajacu) obtained from subsistence hunting in the community of San Luis Chico (Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Indigenous Territory). Ixodids were collected between Jury to September 2010 and May to Jury 2011. Systematic identification and morphological analysis were performed using taxonomic keys with stereomicroscope and micrometry with the Motic Versión 2.0 computer program. In Tayassu pecari four species of ticks were found: Amblyomma naponense (86.05%), A. oblongoguttatum (58.1%), A. brasiliense (55.81%) and A. sculptum (2.32%). In Pecari tajacu, we found Amblyomma naponense (95.5%), A. oblongoguttatum (64%) andA brasiliense (23%). The analysis of the association of ticks with tayasuids showed a significant difference (p<0.05) from A brasiliense, which could be attributed to the parasitic specificity of ixodids to tayasuids and their endemism in South America; the analysis of age and sex were not significant, so we conclude that ixodids would be a normal part of the parasitic fauna of the tayasuids. The present study constitutes the first tick record of the genus Amblyomma on tayasuids from Beni Department, and the first report of A brasiliense for Bolivia.