RESUMEN La modificación de la dialéctica que propone el planteamiento de Adorno despliega una crítica inmanente del principio identificatorio que emerge del conflicto entre componente somático y concepto, entre lo idéntico y lo no idéntico. Ello resulta fundamental para comprender la dominación como segunda naturaleza en las formaciones económico-sociales modernas/coloniales. En este trabajo proponemos, en primer lugar, examinar críticamente las relaciones de alteridad que estructuran la experiencia de lo político al interior de la modernidad/colonialidad, y la configuración de la subjetividad en términos sociohistóricos. En segundo lugar, se explora, desde un abordaje decolonial del horizonte analítico de Adorno, la constelación de mecanismos ideológicos vinculados al principio identitario que se condensa en la alteridad colonial, y que, como exponemos en este análisis, convergen finalmente en una metafísica del exterminio, en donde lo particular resulta subsumido por lo universal, y, que se efectualiza como una matriz de dominación en la que se articulan la experiencia de lo abyecto y los procesos de estereotipia que vertebran la construcción simbólica y racial de América.

ABSTRACT The modification of dialectics proposed by Adorno's approach displays an immanent critique of the identifying principle that emerges from the conflict between the somatic component and the concept, between identity and non-identity. This is essential to understand domination as second nature in modern/colonial social economic formations. In this paper, we propose, first of all, to critically examine the relationships of alterity that structure the experience of the political within modernity/ coloniality, and the sociohistorical configuration of subjectivity. Secondly, from a decolonial approach to Adorno's analytical horizon, we explore the constellation of ideological mechanisms linked to the identity principle that are condensed in colonial alterity, and, that, as we expose in this analysis, finally converge in a metaphysics of extermination, where the particular is subsumed by the universal, which is carried out as a matrix of domination in which the experience of the abject and the stereotyping processes that structure the symbolic and racial construction of America are articulated.

Resumen El artículo se centra en las construcciones subjetivas que las personas (transmigrantes) desarrollan en la ciudad de Tapachula, Chiapas, en su tránsito hacia Estados Unidos. Se realiza un análisis de contenido cualitativo a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad para comprender las formas en que los individuos se relacionan con las estructuras sociales e intentan subvertirlas o transformarlas por medio de estrategias que les permiten sobrellevar la situación de espera. La inmovilidad dentro de la movilidad humana y cómo en ella se tejen nuevas subjetividades representa el rasgo de originalidad de este artículo. Se concluye que la marginación estructural a la que son sometidas las personas transmigrantes puede superarse por medio de acciones que, a pesar de su apariencia inocua, cuentan con un potencial simbólico considerable para desestabilizar los discursos hegemónicos que establecen una separación entre formas de existir, concepciones y maneras de proceder en el mundo.

Abstract This text focuses on the subjective constructions that people (transmigrants) develop in the city of Tapachula, Chiapas on their way to the United States. A qualitative content analysis is carried out based on in-depth semi-structured interviews to understand the ways in which individuals relate to social structures and try to subvert or transform them through strategies that allow them to cope with the waiting situation. Standby. Immobility within human mobility and how new subjectivities are woven into it represents the trait of originality of this article. It is concluded that the structural marginalization to which transmigrants are endured can be overcome through actions that, despite their innocuous appearance, have considerable symbolic potential to destabilize hegemonic discourses that strengthen a separation between ways of existing, conceptions and ways of proceeding in the world.

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to examine the dimension of persistence as an analytical category for collective action. For this, the results of a doctoral thesis are presented. There, the processes of political subjectivation of young people who organize and support -for more than fifteen years- popular mobilizations against police violence in Córdoba, Argentina, were studied. The collective action considered was the so-called Marcha de la Gorra, on which an ethnographic work was carried out with a psychosocial perspective. In addition to the preparation of field notes, in-depth interviews and short interviews, called ongoing conversations, were conducted. More than sixty young activists participated in these instances. From the production of data and analysis in a sustained manner, the dimension of the persistence of the March was gaining analytical significance. After eight years of duration, the longitudinal study allowed to consider the qualitative value of the persistence of collective action and its implication on the subjectivity of young people. Likewise, it was shown as a key dimension in the establishment of connections between the action in the public space and their daily territories.

Resumen El propósito del trabajo es examinar la dimensión de la persistencia como categoría analítica de la acción colectiva. Para ello, se presentan los resultados de una tesis de doctorado en la que se abordaron los procesos de subjetivación política de jóvenes que organizan y sostienen -desde hace más de quince años- movilizaciones populares frente a la violencia policial en Córdoba, Argentina. La acción colectiva estudiada fue la llamada Marcha de la Gorra, sobre la que se realizó un trabajo etnográfico con una perspectiva psicosocial. Además de la elaboración de notas de campo, se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y entrevistas breves, denominadas conversaciones en marcha. En estas instancias participaron más de sesenta jóvenes activistas. A partir de la producción de datos y análisis de manera sostenida, la dimensión de la persistencia de la Marcha fue cobrando significatividad analítica. Tras ocho años de duración, el estudio longitudinal permitió considerar el valor cualitativo de la persistencia de la acción colectiva y su implicancia en la subjetividad de las y los jóvenes. Asimismo, se mostró como una dimensión clave en el establecimiento de conexiones entre la acción en el espacio público y sus territorios cotidianos.

Abstract: This study analyzes the experiences of 17 Colombian primary education teachers in caring for students with disabilities, registered in 17 educational institutions in 11 municipalities between 2018 and 2022. Through a narrative design and a questionnaire with open-ended questions, the interactions of these teachers with the educational environment were explored. Twelve psychological and thirteen pedagogical factors were identified, and their impact was examined depending on the types of disabilities and the specific characteristics of the students and educational contexts. The results reveal high variability and subjectivity in these factors, which can both favor and hinder inclusive educational practices. Additionally, the study examines the Individual Plan for Reasonable Adjustments, highlighting significant deficiencies in its implementation and resistance from some school sectors. This underscores challenges in adopting the inclusive education model promoted by the Colombian State. This analysis provides valuable insights for the continuous improvement of inclusive practices in the Colombian educational system

Resumen: Este estudio analiza las experiencias de 17 docentes colombianos de educación primaria en la atención a estudiantes con discapacidad, registradas en 17 instituciones educativas de 11 municipios entre 2018 y 2022. Mediante un diseño narrativo y un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas, se exploraron las interacciones de estos docentes con el entorno educativo. Se identificaron 12 factores psicológicos y 13 pedagógicos y se examinó su impacto en función de los tipos de discapacidad y las características específicas de los estudiantes y contextos educativos. Los resultados revelan una alta variabilidad y subjetividad en estos factores, los cuales pueden ser tanto favorecedores como obstaculizadores de las prácticas educativas inclusivas. Adicionalmente, el estudio examina el Plan Individual de Ajustes Razonables, destacando deficiencias significativas en su implementación y resistencia por parte de algunos sectores escolares, lo cual subraya desafíos en la adopción del modelo de educación inclusiva promovido por el Estado colombiano. Este análisis proporciona insights valiosos para la mejora continua de las prácticas inclusivas en el sistema educativo colombiano

Resumo: Este estudo analisa as experiências de 17 docentes colombianos do ensino primário no atendimento a alunos com deficiência, matriculados em 17 instituições de ensino em 11 municípios entre 2018 e 2022. Por meio de um desenho narrativo e de um questionário de perguntas abertas, foram exploradas as interações destes professores com o ambiente educacional. Foram identificados 12 fatores psicológicos e 13 pedagógicos e o seu impacto foi examinado em função dos tipos de deficiência e das características específicas dos estudantes e dos contextos educativos. Os resultados revelam alta variabilidade e subjetividade nesses fatores, o que pode favorecer ou dificultar práticas educativas inclusivas. Além disso, o estudo examina o Plano Individual de Ajustes Razoáveis, destacando falhas significativas na sua implementação e resistência por parte de alguns setores escolares, o que salienta desafios na adoção do modelo de educação inclusiva promovido pelo Estado colombiano. Esta análise fornece insights valiosos para a melhoria contínua das práticas inclusivas no sistema educacional colombiano

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza cómo el poemario Susy, secretos del corazón (1989) de la poeta, dramaturga y gestora cultural argentina Susana Villalba (Buenos Aires, 1956) establece un diálogo crítico con la historieta del mismo nombre, publicada en Latinoamérica en los años sesenta y setenta. El poemario dialoga, además, con otros referentes culturales, a partir de un proceso de enunciación que hace evidentes los constructos sociales que buscan definir y fijar la feminidad. La posición crítica del texto emerge al manifestar cómo está codificada la experiencia del amor romántico en las mujeres. A nivel discursivo, a partir del empleo de mecanismos textuales relacionados con el collage y el pastiche, se genera una voz poética abierta, móvil, múltiple, lúdica, que se despliega para develar el rol de lo social en la construcción de la subjetividad.

RESUMO O presente artigo analisa como a coletânea de poemas Susy, secretos del corazón (1989) da poetisa, dramaturga e gestora cultural argentina Susana Villalba (Buenos Aires, 1956) estabelece um diálogo crítico com a história em quadrinhos de mesmo nome, publicada na América Latina nos anos sessenta e setenta. A coletânea de poemas também dialoga com outras referências culturais, a partir de um processo de enunciação que evidencia as construções sociais que buscam definir e estabelecer a feminilidade. A posição crítica do texto emerge ao manifestar como é codificada a experiência do amor romântico nas mulheres. A nível discursivo, a partir do emprego de mecanismos textuais relacionados com à colagem e o pastiche, gera-se uma voz poética aberta, móvel, múltipla, lúdica, que se desdobra para revelar o papel do social na construção da subjetividade individual.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes how the poetry collection Susy, secretos del corazón (1989) by the Argentinian poet, playwright and cultural manager Susana Villalba (Buenos Aires, 1956) establishes a critical dialogue with the comic strip of the same name, published in the sixties and seventies in Latin America. The collection of poems also engages in dialogue with other cultural references through an enunciative process that reveals the social constructs aiming to define and establish femininity. The critical stance of the text becomes evident as it illuminates how the experience of romantic love in women is codified. At the discursive level, from the use of textual mechanisms related to collage and pastiche, an open, mobile, multiple, playful poetic voice is generated- it unfolds to reveal the role of social factors in the construction of subjectivity.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the new forms of labor subordination experienced by domestic Workers operating through apps and digital platform companies. Given the contexto of intensified datafication and financialization of everyday life and neoliberal hegemony, there is a need to undertand how the socio-sexual Division of labor functions in this scenario. With the rise of the platformization of labor and the intensification of uberization, new forms of control, management, and subordination of labor are being employed, exacerbating the precariousness and informalization of workers. In the contexto of platformization of domestic work, domestic Workers, who already faced a precarious and undervalued work reality, are now doubly subordinated: by the client and by the platform company. The research began with a bibliographic and documentar review of the Terms of Use of platform companies and is currently using na active online questionnaire to profile the women working through these platforms. Initial data frm the questionnaire may suggest some hypotheses, such as changes in the profile of workers who are domestic workers through apps in terms of age and race, and that the characteristics of informalization and precariousness of domestic work are manifesting in the contexto of labor platformization.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as novas formas de subordinação de trabalho de diaristas que atuam por meio de aplicativos e empresas-plataformas digitais. Considerando a conjuntura de intensificação da dataficação e financeirização da vida cotidiana e da hegemonia neoliberal, há a necessidade de compreender como a divisão sociossexual do trabalho se comporta neste cenário. Com a ascensão do fenômeno da plataformização do trabalho e a intensificação da uberização, novas formas de controle, gerenciamento e subordinação do trabalho estão sendo utilizadas, acentuando a precarização e informalização dos trabalhadores. No contexto de plataformização do trabalho doméstico, as diaristas, que já enfrentavam uma realidade precarizada e desvalorizada de trabalho, agora se encontram duplamente subordinadas: pelo cliente e pela empresaplataforma. A pesquisa, então, se iniciou com uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental pelos Termos de Uso das empresas-plataformas e atualmente está com um questionário online ativo afim de conseguir traçar o perfil das mulheres que trabalham por meio das plataformas. Os dados iniciais retirados do questionário podem indicar algumas hipóteses, como a mudança de perfil das trabalhadoras que atuam como diaristas por meio dos aplicativos em relação à idade e raça, e que as características de informalização e precariedade do trabalho doméstico vêm se manifestando em um contexto de plataformização do trabalho.

Frente a um cenário de aumento dos adoecimentos mentais relacionados ao trabalho, torna-se cada vez mais popular a expressão “riscos psicossociais no trabalho” para se referir a aspectos no trabalho que devem ser observados na preservação da saúde mental dos trabalhadores. Institutos de pesquisa públicos governamentais estabelecem definições sobre o que são estes riscos psicossociais e seus impactos na saúde e se tornam referência para a atuação em seus países. No entanto, constata-se nelas uma mistura entre os fatores causadores de violências, e os danos e agravos à saúde propriamente ditos. A partir dos estudos sobre saúde mental e trabalho presentes na literatura científica recente, destacamos na discussão do que são os riscos psicossociais, duas questões centrais não podem faltar: a organização do trabalho e seu impacto na subjetividade do trabalhador e as relações sociais que estruturam a sociedade e também estão presentes no cotidiano do trabalho, marcando e diferenciando socialmente trabalhadores e trabalhadoras, influenciando a distribuição de poder e de melhores e piores condições de trabalho conforme raça, classe social, gênero, capacidades, entre outras formas de separação e identificação de coletivos humanos.

We are facing a crisis of an increasing work-related mental illnesses, which makes the expression “psychosocial risks at work” increasingly popular to refer to aspects at work that must be observed to preserve workers' mental health. Public government research institutes establish definitions of what these psychosocial risks are and their impacts on health and become references for action in their countries. However, there is a mix between the factors that cause violence and the damage and health problems themselves. Based on studies on mental health and work present in recent scientific literature, we highlight two central issues cannot be missed: the organization of work and its impact on the worker's subjectivity and the social relations that structure the society marking and socially differentiating male and female workers, influencing the distribution of power and better and worse working conditions according to race, social class, gender, capabilities, among other forms of separation and identification of collectives humans.

Ante un escenario de aumento de las enfermedades mentales relacionadas con el trabajo, la expresión “riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo” se está volviendo cada vez más popular para referirse a aspectos en el trabajo que deben ser observados para preservar la salud mental de los trabajadores. Los institutos de investigación de los gobiernos públicos establecen definiciones acerca de cuáles son estos riesgos psicosociales y sus impactos en la salud y se convierten en referentes para la acción en sus países. Sin embargo, existe una mezcla entre los factores que causan la violencia y los daños y problemas de salud mismos. Con base en estudios sobre salud mental y trabajo presentes en la literatura científica reciente, resaltamos en la discusión acerca de qué son los riesgos psicosociales, no pueden faltar dos temas centrales: la organización del trabajo y su impacto en la subjetividad del trabajador y que las relaciones sociales que estructuran la sociedad también están presentes en el trabajo cotidiano, marcando y diferenciando socialmente a trabajadores y trabajadoras, influyendo en la distribución del poder y en las mejores y peores condiciones laborales según raza, clase social, género, capacidades, entre otras formas de separación e identificación de colectivos humanos.

This work aims to investigate the experiences of Black female undergraduate students at the University of São Paulo (USP) to understand the challenges, achievements, and coping mechanisms related to their integration and persistence in the university. It highlights how their experiences of exclusion and belonging are shaped by the intersection of race, gender, and class. Through interviews conducted with Black female undergraduate students at USP, I seek to understand the adversities these students face in the academic environment, how they navigate these challenges, and how these experiences intersect with other dimensions of their lives, subjectivities, and identities. On one hand, I explore how experiences of racial discrimination, sexism, and other forms of inequality are perceived in their trajectories. On the other hand, I reflect on how participation in identity-based collectives and student organizations influences the construction of the identity and subjectivity of Black women at the university. Additionally, I examine the emotional impact of marginalization and how support networks and representation contribute to the resilience and retention of these students, elucidating the dynamics that influence their academic and personal lives.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as experiências de alunas de graduação negras da Universidade de São Paulo, a fim de compreender os desafios, conquistas e mecanismos de enfrentamento relacionados à sua inserção e permanência na universidade, destacando como suas experiências de exclusão e pertencimento são moldadas pela interseção de raça, gênero e classe. Através de entrevistas realizadas com alunas negras de graduação da USP, procuro entender por quais adversidades as estudantes negras passam no ambiente acadêmico, os modos pelos quais lidam com essas experiências e como elas se articulam com as outras dimensões de suas vidas, com as suas subjetividades e identidades. Exploro, por um lado, como as vivências de discriminação racial, machismo e outras formas de desigualdade são percebidos em suas trajetórias e, por outro, reflito em que medida participação em coletivos identitários e organizações estudantis afetam a construção da identidade e subjetividade das mulheres negras na universidade. Além disso, examino o impacto emocional da marginalização e como as redes de apoio e a representatividade contribuem para a resistência e permanência dessas estudantes, elucidando as dinâmicas que influenciam suas vidas acadêmicas e pessoais.

Abstract: With the neoliberal reform of the Chilean pension system in 1981, Latin America inaugurated a transformation of its pension funds. These economic changes have also generated a political rationality that sees old age as a social burden, assimilating the elderly to other subordinate identities. This article explores the contradiction between the economic failure of these reforms and their current political legitimacy as a model of governance of pension systems, a model that understands demographic ageing as a cause of the fiscal deficit of states.

Resumen: Con la reforma neoliberal del sistema previsional chileno en 1981, América Latina inauguró un proceso de transformación de los fondos de pensiones. Estos cambios económicos han generado una racionalidad política que ve a la vejez como carga social y conceptualiza a las personas mayores de forma similar a grupos de población con identidades subordinadas. Este artículo explora la contradicción entre el fracaso económico de estas reformas y su actual legitimidad política como modelo de gobernanza de los sistemas de pensiones, con el consecuente impacto en la comprensión del envejecimiento demográfico como causa del déficit fiscal de los Estados.

Abstract The dissemination of precarious work and the development of information technology in the specific social arrangement that characterizes contemporary capitalism raises a discussion about the role of digital platforms in the process of reproduction of the specific exploitation relations of this historical moment. Taking as a starting point the conceptions of Evgeni Pashukanis and Louis Althusser and attempting an approach to the Foucauldian reflections of Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval, this article proposes to understand digital platforms as an Ideological State Apparatus that performs a regional ideology centered on the entrepreneurial subject (ideology of self-entrepreneurship). It follows that the ideological apparatus of digital platforms acts in the reproduction of the relations of exploitation characteristic of neoliberal society through the constitution of a form of subjectivity that actively promotes its subjection under the imaginary experience of a relation between the entrepreneur and his own “human capital”. moment Laval selfentrepreneurship. selfentrepreneurship self entrepreneurship . self-entrepreneurship) human capital. capital capital” self-entrepreneurship

Resumo O avanço da precarização do trabalho e o desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação no arranjo social específico que caracteriza o capitalismo contemporâneo suscita a discussão sobre o papel das plataformas digitais no processo de reprodução das relações de exploração específicas desse momento histórico. Partindo das concepções de Evgeni Pachukanis e de Louis Althusser e buscando uma aproximação para com as reflexões de matriz foucaultiana de Pierre Dardot e Christian Laval, o presente artigo propõe o entendimento das plataformas digitais como aparelho ideológico de Estado que realiza uma ideologia regional centrada na subjetividade empresarial (ideologia do empresariamento de si). Conclui-se, assim, que o aparelho ideológico das plataformas digitais atua na reprodução das relações de exploração características da sociedade neoliberal pela constituição de uma forma de subjetividade que promove ativamente o próprio assujeitamento como vivência imaginária de uma relação do empresário com seu próprio “capital humano”. histórico Laval si. si . si) Concluise, Concluise Conclui se, se Conclui-se assim capital humano. humano humano”

In hierdie bydrae sal aangetoon word op welke wyse Hegel in die Phänomenologie des Geistes (1988; hierma FvdG (2013)) betoog dat subjek en objek nie afsonderlik van mekaar bedink kan word nie. Die antwoord op hierdie vraagstuk lê in 'n bepaalde toeëiening van die begrip van die absolute wat as dialektiese bemiddeling tussen subjek en objek dien, waaruit die begrip van selfbewussyn na vore tree. Selfbewussyn is nie alleen 'n hoër vorm van subjektiwiteit nie, maar vorm deel van die groter werklikheid van subjek en objek. Enersyds is die belangrikheid van hierdie vraagstuk van so 'n aard dat dit verdien om geïsoleerd binne Hegel se Phänomenologie bespreek te word, en andersyds moet die vraagstuk gekontekstualiseer word sodat die wyer debatte waarbinne Hegel se antwoord op hierdie aangeleentheid neerslag vind, ook die nodige aandag kry. Ten slotte moet daar ook gewys word op die posisie wat hierdie onderwerp binne Hegel se eie sisteem beklee, naamlik as oorgang tot die begrip van Anerkennung, bloot om die problematiek van denke oor die selfbewussyn as geïsoleerde onderwerp uit te wys. Die debat rondom die verhouding tussen subjek en objek sal vanaf Kant gerekonstrueer word, met die twee sleutelfigure van Fichte en Schelling as verteenwoordigers van uiteenlopende strominge waaruit Hegel geput het. Beide staan egter 'n bemiddelende, spekulatiewe toevoeging tot die subjek-objek-verhouding, die absolute, voor. By Fichte staan die absolute nader aan die subjek en by Schelling die objek, oftewel die natuur. Hegel neem elemente by beide oor maar behou die absolute as bemiddeling. In die eerste drie hoofstukke van Hegel se Fenomenologie van die Gees (FvdG) word die objektiewe aanspraak wat die wetenskap op die waarheid maak ondersoek en word dit as ontoereikend aangebied aan die hand van die inherent weersprekende begrippe (dat 'n ding tegelyk uit 'n eenheid en veelheid van kragte kan bestaan) waarvan dit noodwendig gebruik maak om wetenskap te kan wees. Hiermee wil Hegel nie die wetenskaplike metode as sodanig irrelevant verklaar nie, maar poog om die groter beweging wat die begrip van objektiewe eksterne werklikheid moontlik maak, te identifiseer en uiteindelik te inkorporeer by 'n meer omvangryke begrip van waarheid. Sodanige omvangryke begrip sal noodwendig rekening moet hou met die subjektiewe; die verstandsaktiwiteit waaruit begrippe gevorm word. Anders as by sy voorgangers (Descartes en Kant) beweer Hegel egter nie dat die subjektiwiteit die werklikheid omvat nie, vandaar sy gebruik van die begrip van die fenomenologie, wat op die gebeurtenis van die verskynsels fokus. Die ware is nie 'n afgesonderde noumenale sfeer wat nooit deur die subjek geken kan word nie, maar ontvou as dít wat ten dele deur die subjektiewe, die interpreterende selfbewus-syn, oopgemaak word. Ten slotte dra die besef van die wederkerigheid van subjek en objek by tot die totstandkoming van die selfbewussyn, 'n begrip wat wys op die verweefdheid van bestaan (syn) en self. Drie fases van die objektiewe opvatting van die werklikheid word in die proses van die totstandkoming van selfbewussyn uitgedaag: die aansprake van die sintuiglike sekerheid, die waarneming (gegrond op Hume se sogenaamde "secondary impressions") en ten laaste die begrip van krag as dit wat onderliggend aan alle liggame is. Hegel wys daarop dat die selfbewussyn nie die resultaat, of passiewe waarnemer is van die werklikheid soos dit in die wetenskap voorgestel word nie, maar dat dit 'n noodsaaklike bydrae lewer om die werklikheid van die wetenskap te postuleer sonder om die gewaarwording tot subjektiwiteit te reduseer. Die objektiewe en die subjektiewe is nie twee geskeide domeine van die werklikheid nie, maar gee gelyktydig aan mekaar oorsprong. Laastens sal daarop gewys word dat selfbewussyn nie eenduidig is nie, maar in verhouding staan tot ander selfbewussyne.

This article will explore in what sense subject and object are considered reciprocally in Hegel's first three chapters in the Phenomenology of Spirit. The third chapter, although notoriously difficult to read, is one of the most important epistemological documents in modern philosophy. Hegel's approach will be traced within the debate stemming from Kant's transcendental philosophy mainly through Fichte and Schelling. It will be shown that Hegel incorporated elements from all these figures to arrive at his unique position. Kant's transcendental philosophy established the idea that the thinking consciousness contributes fundamentally to knowledge to the extent that knowledge is fully produced by the subject, and the true nature of the object is unattainable to consciousness. The widely held conclusion was that Kant S thought amounted to a too strong divide between subject and object. Fichte and Schelling managed, thanks to the notion of the absolute, to mediate between subject and object, thereby opening the door to Hegel's dialectics as a philosophy of mediation. Both Fichte and Schelling, as was the case, broadly speaking, with German Idealism taken as a whole, still considered thinking as an activity of being that contributes to the fulfilment of being, linking objects to consciousness. Fichte's "absolute I", a consciousness that precedes the consciousness of the self, standing over the self and the object, was deemed to resemble the Kantian subject too closely. Schelling's natural philosophy, on the other hand, situates the absolute within nature and consciousness as developing from within nature towards the deployment of the self. This approach was considered potentially falling back into a dogmatic mode of thinking. Even if these positions remain caught in problems they seek to overcome, they did make notable progress in addressing the question of the relation of the subject to the object in a modern context. Hegel develops his initial answer to this question in the Phenomenology of Spirit first as an inheritor of the Enlightenment, notably empiricism, but stands critical of its basic suppositions. He does not accept that complete knowledge is immediately accessible, and resorts to the notion of the Absolute to indicate that mediated knowledge leads to truth. Unlike Fichte, Reinhold and Schelling, he does not immediately introduce the absolute as a mediator of knowledge but arrives at it through counterarguments for the positions put forward by the assumption of immediate objective knowledge. This dialectic approach leads to the unfolding of consciousness, self-consciousness and Spirit. Our subjective contribution to knowledge production is also not assumed beforehand, like in Kant, but is the result of the confrontation with the assumptions made by experiential knowledge. Without subjectivity, knowledge of the unity of reality is impossible, as is knowledge of the difference between objects. Knowing objects according to their nature requires subjectivity from which order is established, but the subject experiences itself as standing in relation to objects. Consciousness is confronted by an outside world that must be made sense of. Not only is the establishment of the relation between subject and object important but according to Hegel, the subject's relation to the object is reflected in his self-understanding and self-consciousness. The notion of self-consciousness is revealed precisely by the relation between subject and object, but not before this relation. Hegel therefore starts his journey to the absolute through natural consciousness, a consciousness that takes immediate knowledge of objects around us as authoritative. One can call this immediate knowledge objective in the sense that it takes no queues from subjectivity. Hegel proceeds to critique objective knowledge, claiming that immediate knowledge doesn't reckon with the factor of time, and therefore cannot be the ultimate source of truth. This critique is ambivalent, as it does recognise the world of objects as a source for knowledge, however, this must be supplemented by our own consciousness in order to arrive at a deeper understanding of this knowledge. Consciousness becomes an essential ingredient necessary for understanding. The second chapter introduces perception as the measure of reality. Perception brings a multitude of things under a general principle, thereby creating an understanding between things and their general substance. This second approach to truth cannot explain how generality and particularity exist in the first place. Hegel moves to the notoriously difficult third chapter in which he describes the dynamic relation between force and understanding. Force is identified as the underlying dimension of external reality, but it has in turn to be postulated, making necessary the involvement of the understanding as hypothesising activity. At first, force is merely described in terms of its expressions, but acknowledgement of its fundamental trait as underlying the whole of physical reality without being a tangible thing, leads to the realisation of the role of the understanding. This realisation is self-consciousness. Self-consciousness becomes aware of its participative role in its determination of the underlying structures of reality, structures that are postulated, and not apparent. In the last section, it is pointed out that self-consciousness is not to be understood as standing alone concerning objects - self-consciousness also stands in relation to other-selves. Self-consciousness is not an object and cannot be fully determined as is the case with things. This does not form the primary concern of the article and will merely be described to point to the position of self-consciousness within the larger scheme of Hegel's thinking. This does not take away the importance that the topic under discussion here has for the development of Hegel's system, which is the reason for the focus given here.

The research discussed in this article explores the experiences of special needs educators teaching the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) to diverse learners in a Cape Town special school. This study delves into how six teachers positioned themselves within the school's discourses and culture, employing an interpretive approach and drawing on theoretical frameworks such as Lefebvre's theory of spatial production, Bourdieu's concept of habitus, and Nespor's ideas related to bodies in space. The results highlighted the impact of the school's institutional culture, influenced by class, race, and age, on the teachers' personal and professional socialisation experiences. The research for this article focused on the real-life encounters of special needs educators handling diverse students in a Cape Town school, while implementing the CAPS curriculum. The study investigated how six teachers positioned themselves in relation to the prevailing discourses and culture of the school by taking an interpretivist approach and drawing on Lefebvre's theory of the creation of space, Bourdieu's (1977) idea of habitus, and Nespor's (1997) theory regarding bodies in space. The results showed that the institutional culture of the school, which was moulded by concerns of class, colour, and age, had a substantial impact on the socialisation processes of the teachers on a personal and professional level. These teachers were able to reposition themselves in relation to the institutional culture and to establish their professional identities based on their individualised ways of acting and living in the school. The study's conclusions have consequences for teacher education and policy development, highlighting the necessity of viewing these instructors as a result of the uneven South African educational system rather than as a homogenous group.

Resumen En junio de 2020 fue lanzado, desde el Ministerio de Desarrollo argentino, el Registro Nacional de la Economía Popular (ReNaTEP) que, entre otras categorías, incluyó las de trabajadora sexual y stripper. Las organizaciones de trabajadoras sexuales festejaron ante la posibilidad de inscribirse y acceder, así, al monotributo y a instrumentos de la seguridad social pero, a las pocas horas del lanzamiento y dada la presión de los sectores abolicionistas, el registro fue eliminado. Este trabajo aborda la historia de esa eliminación en clave de falta de reconocimiento y bajo el lente conceptual de la injusticia y la violencia epistémicas. Para ello, el artículo aborda tanto las formas en que el movimiento de las trabajadoras sexuales produce conocimiento, como el revuelo que causó, entre feministas abolicionistas y funcionarios, la incorporación del trabajo sexual en el ReNaTEP, y que se tradujo en la negación de las trabajadoras sexuales, de su agencia epistémica, de su subjetividad y hasta de su legitimidad como sujeto social.

Abstract In June 2020, the Argentine Ministry of Development launched the National Registry of Popular Economy (ReNaTEP) which, among other categories, included sex workers and strippers. Sex workers’ organizations celebrated the possibility of registering and thus gaining access to the mono-tax and social security instruments, but a few hours after the launching and due to the pressure from abolitionist sectors, the registry was eliminated. This paper addresses the history of this elimination in terms of lack of recognition and under the conceptual lens of epistemic injustice and violence. To this end, the article addresses both the ways in which the sex workers’ movement produces knowledge, as well as the uproar caused, among abolitionist feminists and officials, by the incorporation of sex work in the ReNaTEP, which resulted in the denial of sex workers, their epistemic agency, their subjectivity and even their legitimacy as a social subject.

Abstract: Through a historical review of the links established between philosophy and medicine, this article examines these relations considering four aspects; a) the problem of the understanding of life elaborated by medicine and the determinism present in its scientific actions of knowledge; b) the variable of indeterminacy that human subjectivity introduces before these efforts of objectification; c) the notion of normativity elaborated by G. Canguilhem, its presence in human life and the manifestations of disease; d) the philosophical analysis of the system of norms existing in the elaborations of Canguilhem and its incidence in the statements of human life and the manifestations of disease. Canguilhem, its presence in human life and the manifestations of disease; d) the philosophical analysis of the system of norms existing in Canguilhem’s elaborations and its incidence in Michel Foucault's biopolitical statements.

Resumen: Por medio de una revisión histórica de los vínculos establecidos entre la filosofía y la medicina, el presente articulo examina estas relaciones considerando cuatro aspectos; a) el problema del entendimiento de la vida que elabora la medicina y el determinismo presente en sus acciones científicas de conocimiento; b) la variable de indeterminación que la subjetividad humana introduce ante estos esfuerzos de objetivación; c) la noción de normatividad elaborada por G.Canguilhem, su presencia en la vida humana y en las manifestaciones de la enfermedad; d) el análisis filosófico del sistema de normas existente en las elaboraciones de Canguilhem y su incidencia en los enunciados biopolíticos de Michel Foucault.

Abstract: This paper presents an empirical study of the directionality of the translation of Chinese adverbs of degree. We adopt the corpus-based quantitative methodology and the qualitative method to analyze the differences between direct and inverse translations of adverbs of degree in a self-built parallel corpus. The result shows that the Spanish translators prefer to use the equivalence method, while the Chinese tend to use the omission method. Moreover, the inverse translations present a much more prominent weakening of the degree than the direct ones. We find that the subjectivity of the translator and the characteristics of Chinese adverbs of degree, such as the blurred border between different degrees and semantic degeneracy, are the main factors of the discrepancy between direct and inverse translations. This work complements the studies on translation directionality and the translation of adverbs of degree.

Resumen: Este trabajo presenta un estudio empírico sobre la direccionalidad en la traducción de los adverbios de grado chinos. Se ha adoptado una metodología cuantitativa basada en corpus y se ha realizado un estudio cualitativo para analizar las diferencias entre las traducciones directas e inversas de los adverbios de grado en un corpus paralelo construido para este estudio. El resultado muestra que los traductores hispanos prefieren utilizar el método de equivalencia, mientras que los chinos tienden a usar el método de omisión; asimismo, las traducciones inversas presentan un debilitamiento de grado mucho más relevante que las directas. De acuerdo con los hallazgos, se ha establecido que la subjetividad del traductor y las características de los adverbios de grado chinos, como el límite difuso entre las categorías y la degeneración semántica, son los principales factores de divergencias entre las traducciones directas e inversas. Este trabajo completa los estudios sobre la direccionalidad traductológica y la traducción de los adverbios de grado.