ABSTRACT: In the last decade, the Vilcanota River sub-basin (Cusco, Peru) has shown high water vulnerability due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures typical of the economic model. In a context of pandemic and ecological crisis, addressing the complexity of the value of water becomes pertinent in order to overcome the exclusive use of mechanisms to calculate monetary value or sustain environmental governance based on cost-benefit analysis. The main objective of the study was to analyze water consumption rates in the Vilcanota River sub-basin to integrate management with a vision from ecological economics. To do this, the dynamic factors, impacts and responses of water governance were analyzed, and the problem of value was addressed through the analysis of hydrological flows with the ecological economy approach. A high consumption of the household sector was found (urban: 265151.71 m3/h, rural: 163087.50 m3/h), mainly due to urban expansion, change in land use and other local problems in a mainly agricultural area. where an analysis of the social metabolism in the Vilcanota River sub-basin and the inclusion of complexity management in environmental public policy is necessary.

RESUMEN: En la última década, la subcuenca del río Vilcanota (Cusco, Perú) ha mostrado una alta vulnerabilidad hídrica debido al cambio climático y a las presiones antrópicas propias del modelo económico. En un contexto de crisis pandémica y ecológica, abordar la complejidad del valor del agua se hace pertinente a fin de superar el uso exclusivo de mecanismos para calcular el valor monetario o sostener una gobernanza ambiental basada en el análisis costo-beneficio. El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar las tasas de consumo de agua en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota para integrar la gestión con una visión desde la economía ecológica. Para ello se analizaron los factores dinámicos, impactos y respuestas de la gobernanza hídrica, y se abordó el problema del valor mediante el análisis de los flujos hidrológicos con el enfoque de la economía ecológica. Se encontró un alto consumo del sector hogares (urbano: 265151,71 m3/h, rural: 163087,50 m3/h), principalmente debido a la expansión urbana, cambio de uso de suelo y otras problemáticas locales sobre una zona principalmente agrícola, donde se hace necesario un análisis del metabolismo social en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota y la inclusión de la gestión de la complejidad en la política pública ambiental.

RESUMEN Numerosos autores han interpretado el margen pacífico colombiano como sucesivas acreciones de terrenos oceánicos, con la generación de cuencas de antearco bajo un régimen tectónico compresivo-transpresivo vigente durante el Cretácico tardío-Mioceno. Existe nueva información adquirida en la última década, consistente en nuevas secciones sísmicas y geológicas reprocesadas, además de información de pozos y columnas estratigráficas. En el presente trabajo se analiza esta nueva información y se hace notar que no presenta coherencia con los modelos de sucesivas acreciones de terrenos oceánicos propuestos a la fecha. Los nuevos datos sugieren que, entre el Cretácico tardío y el Eoceno Medio-tardío, las cuencas costa adentro (onshore basins) estuvieron regidas por una extensa plataforma marina, con crecimiento de carbonatos arrecifales hacia el final de ese periodo. Coetáneo a la sedimentación del Cretácico tardío, se presentó magmatismo efusivo, principalmente basáltico. A partir del Oligoceno, la evolución de las cuencas estuvo dominada por procesos diferentes durante tres periodos. Primero, en el Oligoceno-Mioceno temprano, en la cuenca Tumaco y subcuenca San Juan ocurrió un evento transtensional acompañado del emplazamiento de cuerpos ígneos hacia sus bordes orientales, con la generación de estructuras de pilares tectónicos, fosas tectónicas y fallas tipo dominó. En tanto, la subcuenca Atrato presentó hacia su límite sur deformación con fallas inversas locales concentradas en su flanco oriental. Segundo, durante el Mioceno Medio-tardío se levantó el flanco occidental de la cuenca Tumaco, mientras que en la subcuenca San Juan tuvo lugar deformación transpresiva dada por la interacción del sistema de fallas San Juan y Garrapatas. Tercero, durante el Pleistoceno, en la subcuenca Atrato se generó el anticlinal de Baudó asociado a un régimen transpresional. Los resultados aquí expuestos sugieren que no hay evidencia de acreción de terrenos oceánicos en las cuencas estudiadas; tampoco se observan los efectos generados por la presencia de un sistema de subducción durante el Cretácico tardío-Eoceno Medio. Esto abre la posibilidad de que el sistema de subducción en el margen pacífico colombiano haya comenzado en el Oligoceno temprano.

ABSTRACT Several authors have interpreted the Colombian Pacific margin as a succession of oceanic terrane accretions, with generation of forearc basins under a compressive-transpressive tectonic regime during the Late Cretaceous-Miocene. New data acquired in the last decade, consisting of reprocessed seismic lines, geological cross-sections, stratigraphic data from wells, and new stratigraphic columns, are analyzed in this study. We suggest that the proposed models of successive terrane accretions are not supported by the new data; rather, the onshore basins were likely controlled by a marine platform from the Late Cretaceous to the Middle-Late Eocene, with reef growth to the end of this period. In the Late Cretaceous, contemporary to the sedimentation stage, effusive magmatism, mainly basaltic, also occurred. Since Oligocene time, the basins were affected by three different tectonic processes. First, during the Oligocene-Early Miocene, an extensional-transtensional event occurred in the Tumaco Basin and San Juan Sub-basin, which produced horst and graben structures and domino faults, along with the emplacement of igneous bodies in the eastern flank of the basins. The Atrato Sub-basin was affected by local reverse faulting towards its eastern edge. Second, during the Mid-Late Miocene, the western side of the Tumaco Basin was uplifted, and transpressive deformation occurred in the San Juan Sub-basin as evidenced by the San Juan and Garrapatas fault systems. Finally, in the Atrato Sub-basin, a transpressional regime is evidenced by the Baudó anticline. Our results suggest there is no evidence of oceanic terrane accretions in the abovementioned basins during the Late Cretaceous-Middle Eocene. Furthermore, we do not see evidence of a subduction system during that period. We conclude that subduction in western Colombia could have begun during the Early Oligocene instead.

ABSTRACT Water security in Andean watersheds depends on adaptive water management in the face of glaciohydrological and socioeconomic impacts. The Parón sub-basin in the Santa River basin (Ancash, Peru) is a suitable case in this respect. Water is regulated by a floodgate in the Parón lake, which has become a focal point of social conflict. This study analyzes the water balance of this sub-basin using a semi-distributed hydrological model for the present (2006-2016) and future (2030-2050), considering different scenarios of precipitation variation, glacial melting, and increased water demand. Without regulation of the lake, the sub-basin would enter into a strong water deficit in the dry months (June-August). Until 2030 (2050), assuming a maximum regulation of 2.6 m³/s, a 15% (35%) increase in precipitation, and a 10% (26%) decrease in the glacier contribution to the annual flow, water availability would be reduced by 37% (35%). In a pessimistic scenario with a 15% (35%) decrease in precipitation, water availability would still be reduced by 47% (56%) annually. These results highlight the need to keep a socially acceptable minimum water flow (>2 m³/s) to avoid critical levels of water scarcity in the dry months and to address the needs of local water users.

RESUMEN La seguridad hídrica en las cuencas andinas depende de una gestión adaptativa del agua ante los impactos glaciohidrológicos y socioeconómicos. La subcuenca Parón en la cuenca del río Santa (Áncash, Perú) representa un caso idóneo en este aspecto. El agua es regulada mediante una compuerta en la laguna Parón, convertida en un punto focal de conflicto social. Este estudio analiza el balance hídrico de esta subcuenca mediante un modelo hidrológico semidistribuido para el presente (2006-2016) y futuro (2030-2050), considerando diferentes escenarios de variación de la precipitación, derretimiento glaciar e incremento de la demanda del agua. Sin regulación de la laguna, la subcuenca entraría en un fuerte déficit hídrico en los meses de estiaje (junio-agosto). Hasta el 2030 (2050), asumiendo una regulación máxima de 2.6 m³/s, un aumento de la precipitación en 15% (35%) y una disminución de la contribución glaciar al caudal en 10% (26%) a nivel anual, la disponibilidad hídrica se reduciría en 37% (35%). En un escenario pesimista con una disminución de la precipitación en 15% (35%), la disponibilidad hídrica se reduciría aún en 47% (56%) anualmente. Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de mantener un mínimo de caudal de agua (>2 m³/s) socialmente aceptable para evitar niveles críticos de escasez hídrica en los meses de estiaje y para satisfacer las necesidades de los usuarios de agua locales.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi espacializar as operações de pesca esportiva e avaliar a frequência de uso das áreas de pesca no estado do Amazonas, combinando a abordagem do Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) e informações disponíveis nos documentos enviados ao Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas (IPAAM). As informações sobre as operações de turismo de pesca esportiva foram coletadas na base de dados do IPAAM e dos Certificados de Registro de Pesca (CRPs). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise descritiva e a espacialização dos locais foi realizada por meio do software Q-GIS. De 2002 a agosto de 2021, foram feitas 163 solicitações de CRP. Houve uma diminuição na quantidade de primeiras solicitações de CRP, com pico em 2018 e 2019, N=17 e N=18, respectivamente. A atividade é realizada em 24 municípios, sendo Barcelos (31,36%) e Presidente Figueiredo (17,75%) os mais populares. Em nível de sub-bacias, a pesca esportiva está presente principalmente nas bacias dos rios Negro, Amazonas, Aripuanã, Madeira, Purus e Solimões. No geral, 26,38% das operações ocorrem em áreas de conservação, especificamente em Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS). Barcelos registou o maior número de rios utilizados, com 15 rios. Esses resultados podem subsidiar propostas futuras para a gestão sustentável da pesca por meio do zoneamento das áreas de pesca no estado do Amazonas. SIG (SIG IPAAM. . (IPAAM) CRPs. CRPs (CRPs) QGIS. QGIS Q GIS. GIS Q-GIS 200 2021 16 CRP 201 2019 N17 N 17 N=1 N18 18 N=18 respectivamente 2 municípios 31,36% 3136 31 36 (31,36% 17,75% 1775 75 (17,75% populares subbacias, subbacias sub bacias, sub-bacias Negro Aripuanã Madeira Solimões geral 2638 26 38 26,38 conservação RDS. RDS (RDS) utilizados 1 (IPAAM (CRPs 20 202 N1 N= 31,36 313 3 (31,36 17,75 177 7 (17,75 263 26,3 (RDS 31,3 (31,3 17,7 (17,7 26, 31, (31, 17, (17, (31 (17 (3 (1 (

Abstract The objective of this study was to spatialize sport fishing operations and assess the frequency of the use of the fishing areas in the state of Amazonas by combining the Geographic Information System (GIS) approach and information available in the documents sent to the Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas (IPAAM). Information on sport fishing tourism operations was gathered from the IPAAM database and fishing licenses (FLs). Data analysis was conducted utilizing descriptive analysis, and the spatialization of the locations was performed using Q-GIS software. From 2002 to August 2021, 163 requests for FLs were made. There was a decrease in the amount of first time FL requests, with a peak in 2018 and 2019, N=17 and N=18, respectively. The activity is conducted in 24 municipalities, with Barcelos (31.36%) and Presidente Figueiredo (17.75%) being the most popular. At the sub-basin level, sport fishing is notably present in the Negro, Amazonas, Aripuanã, Madeira, Purus and Solimões River basins. Overall, 26.38% of operations take place in conservation areas, specifically in sustainable development reserves (SDRs). Barcelos recorded the largest number of rivers used, with 15 rivers. These results can support future proposals for the sustainable management of fisheries through the zoning of fishing areas in the state of Amazonas. GIS (GIS IPAAM. . (IPAAM) FLs. (FLs) QGIS Q software 200 2021 16 made 201 2019 N17 N 17 N=1 N18 18 N=18 respectively 2 municipalities 31.36% 3136 31 36 (31.36% 17.75% 1775 75 (17.75% popular subbasin sub basin level Negro Aripuanã Madeira basins Overall 2638 26 38 26.38 SDRs. SDRs (SDRs) used 1 (IPAAM (FLs 20 202 N1 N= 31.36 313 3 (31.36 17.75 177 7 (17.75 263 26.3 (SDRs 31.3 (31.3 17.7 (17.7 26. 31. (31. 17. (17. (31 (17 (3 (1 (

Abstract Based on the concern about what territorial factors can be determinant in a process of Agricultural Territorial Planning (OTA) in the Limón River sub-basin, a micro-territory in Alto Catatumbo, in the northeast of Colombia, it was carried out, through the application of techniques of qualitative and quantitative evaluation, a review of the conditions of Rural Territorial Development (DTR), Territorial Governance (GT), performance of Agricultural Production Systems (SPA), Environmental conflicts and Territorial Tensions. The sub-basin is an area shared between three municipalities and two departments, it has a population of around five thousand inhabitants, mostly rural. Agricultural production is its main economic activity and the source of a strong conflict over land and water use. Composite indices of DTR, GT and SPA performance were prepared and applied, olso environmental reports and municipal planning documents were reviewed. The results indicate that the determining factors of the OTA in the sub-basin are related to low levels of social conditions and a weak Territorial Governance, confirm the high conflicts of land and water use and raise the need to objectively define the long-term vision of the territory. (OTA subbasin, subbasin sub basin, basin microterritory micro territory Catatumbo Colombia out evaluation DTR , (DTR) GT, (GT) SPA, (SPA) Tensions departments inhabitants rural applied reviewed longterm long term (DTR (GT (SPA

Resumen A partir de la inquietud sobre qué factores territoriales pueden ser determinantes en un proceso de Ordenamiento Territorial Agropecuario (OTA) en la subcuenca del Río Limón, un microterritorio en el Alto Catatumbo, al nororiente de Colombia, se realizó, mediante la aplicación de técnicas de evaluación cualitativas y cuantitativas, una revisión de las condiciones del Desarrollo Territorial Rural (DTR), la Gobernanza Territorial (GT), el desempeño de los Sistemas de Producción Agropecuario (SPA), los conflictos Medio Ambientales y las Tensiones Territoriales. La subcuenca es un área compartida entre tres municipios y dos departamentos, presenta una población de alrededor de cinco mil habitantes, en su mayoría rural. La producción agropecuaria es su principal actividad económica y la fuente de un fuerte conflicto de uso del suelo y el agua. Se elaboraron y aplicaron índices compuestos de DTR, GT y de desempeño de los SPA, se revisaron informes ambientales y documentos de planeación municipal. Los resultados indican que los factores determinantes del OTA en la subcuenca se relacionan con bajos niveles de condiciones sociales y una débil Gobernanza Territorial, confirman los conflictos altos de uso del suelo y el agua, y plantea la necesidad de definir objetivamente la visión de largo plazo del territorio. (OTA Limón Catatumbo Colombia realizó cuantitativas DTR , (DTR) GT, (GT) SPA (SPA) Territoriales departamentos habitantes rural agua municipal territorio (DTR (GT (SPA

Abstract As the largest carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems, soils play a critical role in food production, mitigation and adaption to climate change, and sustainability of agroecosystems. In this context, the aim of this study is to estimate variations in soil carbon stocks resulting from land use and management changes in different biomes that compose the Bacia Estendida do Rio São Francisco (BESF - Extended São Francisco River Basin), between 1985 and 2017. For this, remote sensing data and information from the IBGE agriculture and livestock census were used, in addition to emission factors to estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) changes. The results indicate that BESF had about 5.70 million ha degraded in the analyzed period, in addition to an increase of 0.72 Tg C year-1 in SOC stocks. The sub-medium São Francisco River basin recorded the highest SOC gain, with an increase of 0.54 Tg C ha-1; on the other hand, the sub-medium São Francisco River sub-basin had the greatest SOC losses, with an estimated reduction of 0.07 Tg C year-1. In short, this study provides important evidence on changes in SOC stocks in the region, emphasizing the importance of native vegetation conversion to agriculture and livestock systems under sustainable soil management for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and maintaining soil quality. ecosystems production change agroecosystems context Basin, Basin , Basin) 198 2017 used (SOC 570 5 70 5.7 period 072 0 72 0.7 year1 year 1 year- submedium sub medium gain 054 54 0.5 ha1 ha-1 hand subbasin losses 007 07 0.0 year1. 1. short region quality 19 201 57 7 5. 0. 05 ha- 00 20 2

Abstract A new species of Ancistrus is described from the rio Vacacaí drainage, rio Jacuí basin, laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. The new species differs from A. brevipinnis, the common species in the laguna dos Patos system, by having a dark brown to black background body color and dorsal and caudal fins plain dark, without lighter spots or bands. A morphometric and molecular comparison of different populations of A. brevipinnis from the laguna dos Patos system suggests that previously undetected species diversity is present in that basin. The type-locality of A. brevipinnis, originally described as Rio Grande do Sul State, is herein restricted to the rio Camaquã sub-basin of the laguna dos Patos system, and a redescription of A. brevipinnis is provided based on that population. drainage basin Brazil bands typelocality type locality State subbasin sub population

Resumo Uma nova espécie de Ancistrus é descrita da drenagem do rio Vacacaí, bacia do rio Jacuí, sistema da laguna dos Patos, sul do Brasil. A nova espécie se diferencia de A. brevipinnis, a espécie comum no sistema da laguna dos Patos, por possuir o corpo marrom escuro a negro, bem como as nadadeiras dorsal e caudal homogeneamente escuras, sem pontos ou bandas claras. Uma comparação morfométrica e molecular de diferentes populações de A. brevipinnis do sistema da laguna dos Patos sugere a existência de diversidade específica previamente não detectada nesta bacia. A localidade-tipo de A. brevipinnis, originalmente descrita como Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, é aqui restrita para a sub-bacia do rio Camaquã do sistema da laguna dos Patos, e uma redescrição de A. brevipinnis é apresentada com base nessa população. Vacacaí Jacuí Brasil negro escuras claras localidadetipo localidade tipo Sul subbacia sub população

Abstract Net erosion recorded in lithological columns of hundreds of wells from the proximal domain of the Sergipe–Alagoas Basin was quantified through palaeoburial indicators: transit time sonic logs (DT) and vitrinite reflectance profiles (VRe). The preferred determinations with DT logs of pelitic rocks compound a large database and are less subject to variations in sampling and laboratory procedures. The sonic log profiles of 485 wells have been used for the calculation of the net erosion grid, while just 60 VRe profiles have been used for this purpose. Net erosion varies typically from 100 to 700 m in the Sergipe Sub-basin to the south, probably as a result of isostatic compensation to the sedimentary loads of the post-rift stratigraphic sequences. The Alagoas Sub-basin to the north stands as the most eroded. The average net erosion in the Alagoas SB is around 750 m but reaches more than 1,200 m in the north. The main cause of the erosion of the syn-rift strata in the Alagoas SB is probably the long-time sub-aerial exposure of uplifted rift flanks. Late Albian tectonic inversion, focused on northern Alagoas SB, enhanced erosion as evidenced in seismic sections, especially those parallel to the coast. SergipeAlagoas indicators (DT VRe. . (VRe) procedures 48 grid 6 purpose 10 70 Subbasin Sub basin south postrift post sequences eroded 75 1200 1 200 1,20 synrift syn longtime long subaerial sub aerial flanks inversion sections coast (VRe 4 7 120 20 1,2 12 2 1,

Resumo Relatamos um novo registro do criticamente ameaçado Leptopanchax itanhaensis, em uma poça temporária próxima à localidade-tipo e em uma vala de estrada da mesma sub-bacia. Apesar dos extensos esforços de coleta ao longo dos anos para encontrar a espécie e das preocupações com uma potencial extinção regional, cinco indivíduos foram amostrados com sucesso em Fevereiro e Março de 2024. No entanto, estes novos registros levantam o alerta em relação à urgente necessidade de esforços de conservação do habitat da espécie. A área atual, onde a espécie foi redescoberta, está sob ameaça iminente de desmatamento, enfatizando a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo. itanhaensis localidadetipo localidade tipo subbacia. subbacia sub bacia. bacia sub-bacia regional 2024 entanto atual redescoberta desmatamento contínuo 202 20 2

Abstract We report new records of the critically endangered Leptopanchax itanhaensis in a temporary pool near its type locality and in a roadside ditch from the same sub-basin. Despite extensive collection efforts over the years to find the species and concerns of potential regional extinction, five individuals were successfully sampled in February and March 2024. However, those newfound records raise concerns regarding the urgent necessity for conservation efforts in the species’ habitat. The current area, where the species was rediscovered, is under imminent threat of deforestation, emphasizing the imperative for ongoing monitoring. subbasin. subbasin sub basin. basin sub-basin extinction 2024 However habitat area rediscovered deforestation monitoring 202 20 2

Resumen Se presenta la caracterización regional del contexto de inestabilidad de laderas y taludes a lo largo de la Ruta Nacional de montaña 613 ubicada en Coto Brus, Costa Rica, disparada por precipitaciones intensas durante el paso del huracán Eta entre el 1 y 6 de noviembre de 2020. Estableciendo el contexto geológico, geomorfológico e hidroclimático, además de observaciones de campo, mapas inventario de deslizamientos y depurado de insumos geoespaciales, se brinda una propuesta de zonificación a priori del corredor montañoso en tramos estables y propensos ante deslizamientos (presencia deslizamientos, pendiente, altura taludes y laderas). A partir de mapas inventario de deslizamientos, estudio por subcuencas hidrológicas, interpretación geológica y predominancia de suelos MH derivados de materiales volcaniclásticos, se determina moderada a alta disección en gran parte de la zona de influencia del corredor, determinándose que al menos 24 % de la ruta es susceptible a procesos de remoción en masa, con influencia de controles geológico-estructurales. Además, los moduladores hidroclimáticos e hidrometeorológicos (larga y corta estancia, respectivamente), que favorecen con cada época lluviosa los eventos extremos de precipitación en el Pacífico sur, podrían disparar a futuro inestabilidad de laderas en el corredor; sin excluir escenarios de sismos superficiales generados en alguna de las cinco fallas geológicas por las cuales atraviesa el corredor. Este estudio contribuye a la definición posterior del peligro y riesgo, como estudio base que establece las condiciones ambientales del corredor vial.

Abstract In this regional investigation, it is characterized the slope instability along the 613 National Road corridor located in Coto Brus county in Costa Rica, triggered by intense precipitation rates between November the 1st and the 6th related to Eta's hurricane pathway. By stablishing the geological, geomorphological and hydroclimatic context, besides field annotations, landslides map inventory and geospatial terrain inputs, it is proposed a priori road zonation in stable and landslide prone sections of the mountain corridor (considering landslide occurrence, slope, and slope height). From landslides map inventory, hydrological sub-basin analysis, geological setting and MH soil-type predominance derived from volcaniclastic deposits allows to determine moderate to high terrain dissection and at least 24 % of the road corridor is prone to slope instability with a clear influence of geological tectonic features. In addition, there are hydroclimatic and hydrometeorological features (long and short period modulators, respectively) that could trigger hillslope instability along the road corridor in the near future, by the development of extreme precipitation events every rainy season on Costa Rica's southern Pacific, without excluding possible superficial seismic rupture scenarios at one of the five active fault traces that crosses the road corridor. This study contributes to future geological hazard and risk assessments, as a base study of the environmental conditions that moderate geodynamic processes at the road corridor.

Resumen Se presenta la caracterización regional del contexto de inestabilidad de laderas y taludes a lo largo de la Ruta Nacional de montaña 613 ubicada en Coto Brus, Costa Rica, disparada por precipitaciones intensas durante el paso del huracán Eta entre el 1 y 6 de noviembre de 2020. Estableciendo el contexto geológico, geomorfológico e hidroclimático, además de observaciones de campo, mapas inventario de deslizamientos y depurado de insumos geoespaciales, se brinda una propuesta de zonificación a priori del corredor montañoso en tramos estables y propensos ante deslizamientos (presencia deslizamientos, pendiente, altura taludes y laderas). A partir de mapas inventario de deslizamientos, estudio por subcuencas hidrológicas, interpretación geológica y predominancia de suelos MH derivados de materiales volcaniclásticos, se determina moderada a alta disección en gran parte de la zona de influencia del corredor, determinándose que al menos 24 % de la ruta es susceptible a procesos de remoción en masa, con influencia de controles geológico-estructurales. Además, los moduladores hidroclimáticos e hidrometeorológicos (larga y corta estancia, respectivamente), que favorecen con cada época lluviosa los eventos extremos de precipitación en el Pacífico sur, podrían disparar a futuro inestabilidad de laderas en el corredor; sin excluir escenarios de sismos superficiales generados en alguna de las cinco fallas geológicas por las cuales atraviesa el corredor. Este estudio contribuye a la definición posterior del peligro y riesgo, como estudio base que establece las condiciones ambientales del corredor vial.

Abstract In this regional investigation, it is characterized the slope instability along the 613 National Road corridor located in Coto Brus county in Costa Rica, triggered by intense precipitation rates between November the 1st and the 6th related to Eta’s hurricane pathway. By stablishing the geological, geomorphological and hydroclimatic context, besides field annotations, landslides map inventory and geospatial terrain inputs, it is proposed a priori road zonation in stable and landslide prone sections of the mountain corridor (considering landslide occurrence, slope, and slope height). From landslides map inventory, hydrological sub-basin analysis, geological setting and MH soil-type predominance derived from volcaniclastic deposits allows to determine moderate to high terrain dissection and at least 24 % of the road corridor is prone to slope instability with a clear influence of geological tectonic features. In addition, there are hydroclimatic and hydrometeorological features (long and short period modulators, respectively) that could trigger hillslope instability along the road corridor in the near future, by the development of extreme precipitation events every rainy season on Costa Rica’s southern Pacific, without excluding possible superficial seismic rupture scenarios at one of the five active fault traces that crosses the road corridor. This study contributes to future geological hazard and risk assessments, as a base study of the environmental conditions that moderate geodynamic processes at the road corridor.

Abstract Entre Ríos province has many basins that nourish its characteristic water network. It is integrated by various channels from small streams to large flow rivers. However, at present, there is little observed hydrometric information. For the design of a hydraulic structure, it is essential to define the design flow. In watercourses where gauging stations are not available, hydrological models must be used to estimate peak flows, but the accuracy of their results will be uncertain if there is no data on observed events for their calibration. One possibility to reduce the uncertainty in flow estimation in ungauged basins is to resort to regionalization techniques. This term is used to describe the transfer of information from one site to another within an area of similar hydrological behavior. (Tucci, 2002). This work of regionalization of peak flow was based on the application of statistical techniques of multivariate analysis that allow defining equations to determine flows in the different basins of the province of Entre Ríos. This work was based on the application of regionalization and multiple correlation techniques that allow defining equations to determine flows in the different courses of the province of Entre Ríos. For this purpose, the information available from gauging stations that had flow records measured for more than twenty years was used. In addition, the information base was expanded by incorporating maximum flows from different sub-basins obtained through calibrated hydrological models belonging to the Feliciano stream and Gualeguaychú river basins. Using the aforementioned techniques, first, hydrologically homogeneous basin and sub-basin regions were determined, and then the physical and hydrological parameters that best correlated with flow. Finally, equations were developed to estimate flow rates for different recurrences for each of the regions as a function of these parameters.

Resumen La provincia de Entre Ríos tiene una gran cantidad de cuencas que alimentan la importante red hídrica que la caracteriza. La misma está integrada por diversos cauces que van desde pequeños arroyos hasta caudalosos ríos. Sin embargo, en la actualidad hay escasa información hidrométrica observada. Para el proyecto de una obra hidráulica es imprescindible definir el caudal de diseño. En los cursos de agua donde no se dispone de estaciones de aforo, se debe recurrir a modelos hidrológicos para la estimación de caudales máximos, pero la precisión de sus resultados presentará incertidumbre si no se cuenta con datos de eventos observados para su calibración. Una posibilidad para disminuir la incertidumbre en la estimación de caudales en cuencas no aforadas es recurrir a técnicas de regionalización. Dicho término se utiliza para denominar la transferencia de información de un sitio a otro dentro de un área de comportamiento hidrológico semejante (Tucci, 2002). Este trabajo de regionalización de caudales máximos se basó en la aplicación de técnicas estadísticas de análisis multivariado que permitieron definir ecuaciones para determinar caudales en las distintas cuencas de la provincia de Entre Ríos. Para ello, se utilizó la información disponible de estaciones de aforo que contaban con registros de caudales medidos por más de veinte años. Además, se amplió la base de información incorporando caudales máximos de distintas subcuencas obtenidos mediante modelos hidrológicos calibrados pertenecientes a las cuencas del Arroyo Feliciano y del río Gualeguaychú. A través de las técnicas mencionadas se determinaron, por un lado, regiones de cuencas y subcuencas hidrológicamente homogéneas y, por otro lado, los parámetros físicos e hidrológicos que mejor correlacionaron con el caudal. Finalmente, se desarrollaron ecuaciones que permiten estimar los caudales para distintas recurrencias para cada una de las regiones en función de tales parámetros.

ABSTRACT The ecomorphology reflects morphological variations that may indicate significant ecological processes. In this study, the influence of environmental variables on the ecomorphological composition of stream fish was tested. The study was developed in ten streams within a conservation area in the Juruena River sub-basin, in Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The sampling occurred during the drought period in July 2012. The fish were sampled with simple sieves and trawl nets. We analyzed 17 variables of the physical habitat and 14 morphological indices based on morphometric measurements of the fish. In total, 753 specimens were collected, comprising four orders, 14 families, and 27 species. Only fine sediments influenced the ecomorphological composition of the fish assemblages. This substrate variable acted as a filter for the ecomorphology of fish that usually inhabit slow waters, have a morphology adapted towards a good stabilization capacity and maneuverability, fins capable of large and rapid impulses, and that feed close to the surface. Our results can contribute to the understanding of the ecological processes that drive the composition of fish assemblages in conserved Amazonian streams. tested subbasin, subbasin sub basin, basin sub-basin state Brazil 2012 nets 1 total 75 collected orders families 2 species waters maneuverability impulses surface 201 7 20

RESUMO A ecomorfologia reflete variações morfológicas que podem indicar processos ecológicos significativos. Neste estudo, testamos a influência de variáveis ambientais na composição ecomorfológica de peixes de riachos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em dez riachos em uma área de conservação na sub-bacia do Rio Juruena, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. A amostragem ocorreu durante o período de estiagem em julho de 2012. Os peixes foram amostrados com redes de peneira e redes de arrasto. Foram analisadas 17 variáveis do habitat físico e 14 índices morfológicos baseados em medidas morfométricas dos peixes. No total, foram coletados 753 exemplares de quatro ordens, 14 famílias e 27 espécies. Apenas sedimentos finos influenciaram a composição ecomorfológica das assembleias de peixes. Esta variável de substrato funcionou como um filtro para a ecomorfologia de peixes que normalmente habitam águas lentas, têm uma morfologia adaptada a uma boa capacidade de estabilização e manobrabilidade, nadadeiras capazes de impulsos grandes e rápidos, e que se alimentam junto à superfície. Nossos resultados podem contribuir para a compreensão dos processos ecológicos que estruturam as assembléias de peixes em riachos amazônicos conservados. significativos subbacia sub bacia Juruena Grosso Brasil 2012 arrasto 1 total 75 ordens 2 espécies lentas manobrabilidade rápidos superfície conservados 201 7 20

SUMMARY Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is an economic tool that seeks to compensate landowners for the conservation of their forested lands and reduce the negative impacts of land use change in forest areas that are important for the provision of ecosystem services (ES). However, it is essential to verify that the implementation of this mechanism is focused on where it is most needed. In this study, an analysis of the evolution of PES in the Pixquiac sub-basin in Veracruz was carried out, and the degree of coincidence between the supported areas and hydrological priority areas was evaluated. Information regarding the fiscal years of PES in the region from 2003 - 2016 was statistically analyzed, and the priority areas and areas of PES were determined using geographic information systems. Results showed that payments amounted to USD 1,076,782 in an area of 5,450 ha during the period analyzed. However, only 881.58 ha (24.5 % of the total hydrological priority areas) were considered in this payment scheme. Decision-makers must have up-to-date information that allows them to focus available resources at a more precise spatial scale. In addition, efforts must be made by the actors involved to ensure greater participation by forest owners and ecosystem service users.

RESUMEN El pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) es una herramienta de mercado que busca compensar a los dueños por la conservación de sus terrenos forestales y aminorar la problemática del cambio de uso de la tierra en zonas boscosas importantes para la provisión de servicios ambientales (SA). Sin embargo, en su implementación, resulta fundamental verificar que este mecanismo se focalice a donde realmente se requiere. En el presente estudio se analizó la evolución del PSA en la subcuenca Pixquiac, Veracruz y evaluó el grado de coincidencia entre las áreas apoyadas y áreas prioritarias hidrológicas. Para ello, se analizó estadísticamente la información de los ejercicios fiscales del PSA en la región durante 2003 - 2016, con sistemas de información geográfica se determinaron las áreas prioritarias y áreas de PSA. Los resultados mostraron que el monto de pago ascendió a USD $1.076.782 en una superficie de 5.450 ha durante el periodo analizado. Sin embargo, solo 881,58 ha (24,5 % del total de áreas prioritarias hidrológicas) fueron consideradas en este esquema de pago. Es necesario que los tomadores de decisiones cuenten con información oportuna que permita focalizar los recursos disponibles a una escala espacial más precisa. Además, se deben conjuntar esfuerzos por parte de los actores involucrados para que exista mayor participación de los dueños de los bosques y usuarios de los SA.

Abstract Introduction: The city of Xalapa, Veracruz, faces a drinking water supply problem that increases every year due, among other factors, to deforestation and population growth. Objective: To determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of domestic water users for forest conservation, taking into account the recharge zones of the Pixquiac sub-basin. Materials and methods: A structured survey was designed and randomly applied to a representative sample of 113 households in Xalapa. The information was analyzed using an econometric model identifying the main social, economic and environmental aspects related to WTP for hydrological service for domestic use. Results and discussion: The potential annual WTP amounts to 17 243 032.08 MXN by domestic water service users in Xalapa, Veracruz; 92.04 % of the population has an average monthly WTP of 10.23 MXN for the conservation of forest areas. This value is considered high in relation to other studies whose average contribution per person is 5.00 MXN and may be due to the high level of awareness that exists in the region about the importance of forests. Income, source of income, educational level and age are significant variables positively related to WTP. Conclusion: There is WTP by users that can be used to encourage forest conservation in water recharge zones in the study area.

Resumen Introducción: La ciudad de Xalapa, Veracruz, enfrenta un problema de abastecimiento de agua potable que incrementa cada año debido, entre otros factores, a la deforestación y al incremento poblacional. Objetivo: Determinar la disposición a pagar (DAP) de los usuarios de agua de uso doméstico para la conservación de bosques, considerando las zonas de recarga de la subcuenca Pixquiac. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñó y aplicó aleatoriamente una encuesta estructurada a una muestra representativa de 113 hogares en Xalapa. La información se analizó a través de un modelo econométrico que identificó los principales aspectos sociales, económicos y ambientales, relacionados con la DAP por el servicio hidrológico de uso doméstico. Resultados y discusión: El potencial de la DAP anual asciende a 17 243 032.08 MXN por parte de usuarios del servicio de agua potable a nivel doméstico en Xalapa, Veracruz; 92.04 % de la población tiene una DAP mensual promedio de 10.23 MXN para la conservación de las áreas forestales. Este valor se considera alto en relación con otros estudios cuyo promedio de aportación por persona oscila en 5.00 MXN y puede deberse al alto nivel de concientización que existe en la región sobre la importancia de los bosques. El ingreso, la fuente de ingresos, el nivel educativo y la edad son variables significativas que se relacionan positivamente con la DAP. Conclusión: Existe la DAP por parte de los usuarios que puede aprovecharse para incentivar la conservación forestal en las zonas de recarga de agua en el área de estudio.